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<span>Toggle Secular and folk musical styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secular_and_folk_musical_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Islamic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Islamic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classical Islamic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Islamic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Muslim_devotional_recitation_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Muslim_devotional_recitation_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of Muslim devotional recitation and music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_Muslim_devotional_recitation_and_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of Muslim devotional recitation and music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Muslim_devotional_recitation_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nasheed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasheed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nasheed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasheed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_for_public_religious_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_for_public_religious_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Music for public religious celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_for_public_religious_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_of_opinion_over_prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_of_opinion_over_prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences of opinion over prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_of_opinion_over_prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Islamic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Islamic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contemporary Islamic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Islamic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الموسيقى في الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسيقى في الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="ইসলামি সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamische_Musik" title="Islamische Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islamische Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_los_pa%C3%ADses_isl%C3%A1micos" title="Música de los países islámicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de los países islámicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="موسیقی در جهان اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی در جهان اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_islamique" title="Musique islamique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique islamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_dos_pa%C3%ADses_isl%C3%A1micos" title="Música dos países islámicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música dos países islámicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Islami" title="Musik Islami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik Islami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה אסלאמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה אסלאמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_Islam" title="Muzik Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Исламская музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламская музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مۆسیقای ئیسلامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای ئیسلامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamilainen_musiikki" title="Islamilainen musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamilainen musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slami_m%C3%BCzik" title="İslami müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslami müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="اسلامی موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسلامی موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1482325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_studies" title="Category:Islamic studies">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a> / <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Concept of God</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid"><i>Tawhid</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Islamic monotheism)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sufism)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquettical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim hygienical jurisprudence">Hygienical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in medieval times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></span></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Islamic music</b> may refer to religious music, as performed in Islamic public services or private devotions, or more generally to musical traditions of the Muslim world. The heartland of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Due to Islam being a multi-ethnic religion, the musical expression of its adherents is vastly diverse. Indigenous traditions of various part have influenced the musical styles popular among Muslims today. The word "music" in Arabic, the language of Islam, (<i>mūsīqā</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موسيقى</span></span>) is defined more narrowly than in English or some other languages, and "its concept" was at least originally "reserved for secular art music; separate names and concepts belonged to folk songs and to religious chants".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one scholar (Jacob M. Landau) makes the generalization about Islamic music that it "is characterized by a highly subtle organization of melody and rhythm", that "the vocal component predominates over the instrumental", and that the individual musician "is permitted, and indeed encouraged, to improvise".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the question of whether music is permitted in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a> is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shawkani-8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shawkani-8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, Islamic art and music flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic music is also credited with influencing European and Western music; for example, French musicologist <a href="/wiki/Baron_Rodolphe_d%27Erlanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger">Baron Rodolphe d'Erlanger</a> in his assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in Islamic history credits <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Muhammad_al-Farabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi">Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi</a>'s <i>Kitabu l'musiqi al-kabir</i> ("The Great Book of Music") with this influence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secular_and_folk_musical_styles">Secular and folk musical styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Secular and folk musical styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Islamic_music">Classical Islamic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical Islamic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, "a fusion of musical styles" was able to develop between "pre-Islamic Arabian music" and the music of Persians, Byzantines, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Turks, Moors, because of "strong affinities between Arabic music and the music of the nations occupied by the expanding Arabic peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core area where this "new art" of classical Islamic music succeeded stretched "from the Nile valley to Persia". However, many parts of the Muslim world did not adopt the "new art" of classical Islamic music, or adopted it but also kept native music forms which were "alien" to classical Islamic music.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the farther from the area between the Nile and Persia one travels, "the less one finds undiluted Islamic music."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian music">Egyptian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iranian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey#Classical_music" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni music">Yemeni music</a></li></ul> <p>All of these regions were connected by trade long before the Islamic conquests of the 7th century, and it is likely that musical styles travelled the same routes as trade goods. However, lacking recordings, we can only speculate as to the pre-Islamic music of these areas. Islam must have had a great influence on music, as it united vast areas under the first caliphs, and facilitated trade between distant lands. Certainly, the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, brotherhoods of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a>, spread their music far and wide. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliji music">Khaliji music</a> has roots going back more than 1,000 years, to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> period, under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> and Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> and Arabic speaking countries of Central and Western North Africa, such as Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia, share some musical traditions with Egypt and the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East. Popular modern styles of music such as <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaabi (music)">Chaabi</a> originated in Berber countries. In addition, West African influences can be heard in the popular music of <a href="/wiki/Gnawa" title="Gnawa">Gnawa</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Music of Morocco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oudplyrsomhd3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oudplyrsomhd3.png/200px-Oudplyrsomhd3.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oudplyrsomhd3.png/300px-Oudplyrsomhd3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Oudplyrsomhd3.png/400px-Oudplyrsomhd3.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> player Nuruddin Ali Amaan</figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somali music</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a>. That is, the songs only use five <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> per <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic_scale" title="Heptatonic scale">heptatonic</a> (seven note) scale such as the <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a>. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">lyricists</a> (<i>midho</i>), <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> (<i>lahan</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singers</a> ('<i>odka</i> or "voice").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instruments prominently featured in Somali music include the <i>kaban</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/West_African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="West African music">West African music</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African music">African music</a></div> <p>Islam is the largest and oldest organized religion in this region, although indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sahelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian">Sahelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> styles and genres are more prominent than those influenced by Middle-Eastern theory. </p><p>West African musical genres are more varied, and tend to incorporate both native and <a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber</a> influences, rather than those of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arab</a> origin. A long history of court <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> music based on historical accounts and praise-singing exists in the region. Wind and string instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">Kora</a> harp, <a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">xalam</a> lute, or <a href="/wiki/Tambin" title="Tambin">Tambin</a> flute (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a>) are generally preferred to <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussion</a>, although percussion instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">djembe</a> are also widely played among Muslim populations </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the countries in Central Asia such as <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> have been heavily influenced by Turkic and Persian culture. Bowed instruments are common, as is bardic singing. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Music of Central Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg/250px-Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg/375px-Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg/500px-Qawwal_Qutbi_Brothers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The music of the Muslim countries of South Asia (<a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) as well as countries with sizeable Muslim minorities (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) merged Middle Eastern genres with indigenous <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">classical musical</a> modes, and is generally distinct in style and orchestration, yet due to the strong links encountered between the Middle-East, Central Asia, and South Asia, it is closer to Middle-Eastern styles than those of the periphery of the Islamic world, which tend to be purely indigenous. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Music of Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music of Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra,_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra%2C_Jakarta.jpg/250px-Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra%2C_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra%2C_Jakarta.jpg/375px-Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra%2C_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra%2C_Jakarta.jpg/500px-Al-Usysyaaq_Gambus_Orchestra%2C_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>"Al-Ushyaaq" <a href="/wiki/Arab-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Indonesian">Arab-Indonesian</a> <i>Gambus</i> musical ensemble in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, 1949</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintang</a></div> <p>Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> has been significantly less influenced by Middle Eastern traditions than <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. As a result, many local musical styles predate the coming of Islam, although exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> <a href="/wiki/Zapin" title="Zapin">Zapin</a> and <i>Joget</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <i>Gambus</i> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Qanbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Qanbus">Qanbus</a>), all of which show strong Middle Eastern influence. </p><p>There are also local music genres in Muslim-majority regions in Southeast Asia that are influenced by Arabian traditions, such as the <i>tagonian</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a> and <i>glipang</i> of the people of <a href="/wiki/Probolinggo" title="Probolinggo">Probolinggo</a> </p><p>The music of South East Asia's Muslim-majority regions is more closely related to the musical genres of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">South East</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gong_chime" title="Gong chime">Gong chime</a> ensembles such as <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">Kulintang</a> existed in the region before the arrival of Islam, and musical theory and method owe more to heavy <a href="/wiki/Chinese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese music">Chinese</a> influence, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> principles, than to Arabic musical philosophy. Variations of one of two main scales prevail in the region among different ensembles: <i><a href="/wiki/Slendro" title="Slendro">slendro</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pelog" title="Pelog">pelog</a></i> (both of which originated in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>). </p><p>In Java, use of the gamelan for Islamic devotional music was encouraged by the Muslim saint <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kalijaga" title="Sunan Kalijaga">Sunan Kalijogo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Muslim_devotional_recitation_and_music">Types of Muslim devotional recitation and music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of Muslim devotional recitation and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasheed">Nasheed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nasheed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></div><p> Nasheeds are moral, religious recitations recited in various melodies by some Muslims of today without any musical instruments. However, some nasheed groups use percussion instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daff</a>. Singing moral songs of this type without instrumentation is considered permissible (<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>) by many Muslims.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> worship services are often called <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a> or zikr. See that article for further elaboration. </p><p>The dhikr of South Asian Muslims is "quietist". The Sufi services best known in the West are the chanting and rhythmic dancing of the <a href="/wiki/Whirling_dervishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirling dervishes">whirling dervishes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlevi">Mevlevi</a> Sufis of Turkey. </p><p>However, Sufis may also perform devotional songs in public, for the enjoyment and edification of listeners. The mood is religious, but the gathering is not a worship service. </p><p>In Turkey, once the seat of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate, concerts of sacred song are called "<i>Mehfil-e-Sama'</i> " (or "gathering of <i>Sama'</i>"). Song forms include ilahi and nefe. </p><p>In South Asia, especially Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, a widely known style of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a> is <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a>. A traditional qawwali programme would include: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">hamd</a>—a song in praise of Allah</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Na%60at" class="mw-redirect" title="Na`at">na`at</a>—a song in praise of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manqabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manqabat (page does not exist)">Manqabats</a>—songs in praise of the illustrious teachers of the Sufi brotherhood to which the musicians belong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazals</a>—songs of intoxication and yearning, which use the language of romantic love to express the soul's longing for union with the divine.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> qawwali performances typically follow the naat with a manqabat in praise of Ali, and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Marsiya" title="Marsiya">marsiya</a>, a lamentation over the death of much of Ali's family at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>. </p><p>The most well-known qawwali singer in modern times is <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a>. </p><p>Another traditional South Asian genre of Sufi music is the <a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a>, which is more meditative and involves solo singing as opposed to the ensemble form seen in qawwali. The most widely known exponent of the Kafi is the Pakistani singer <a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a>. </p><p>Sufi music has developed with the times. A Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a> band, <a href="/wiki/Junoon_(band)" title="Junoon (band)">Junoon</a>, was formed in the 1990s to bring a modern twist to suit the new younger generation. The band achieved wide popularity, in Pakistan as well as in the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_for_public_religious_celebrations">Music for public religious celebrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music for public religious celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zieh</a> music—Ta'zieh is a passion play, part musical drama, part religious drama, rarely performed outside Iran. It depicts the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Hussein" title="Hussein">Hussein</a>, venerated by <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Muslims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashurah">Ashurah</a> music—performed during the <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> mourning period, commemorating the deaths of Imam Hussein and his followers. (Shia)</li> <li>Thikiri (from the Arabic word "Dhikr") which means remembrance of God—performed by the Qadiriyya Sufi orders of <a href="/wiki/WaYao" class="mw-redirect" title="WaYao">waYao</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yao_(ethnic_group_in_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao (ethnic group in Africa)">Yao</a> people in East and Southern Africa (Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzuma" title="Manzuma">Manzuma</a>—moral songs performed in Ethiopia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a>—Arabic hymns praising Muhammad.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes">Modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Maqam">Arabic Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li></ul> <p>According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, in Islamic music, "melodies are organized in terms of <i>maqāmāt</i> (singular <i>maqām</i>), or "modes," characteristic melodic patterns with prescribed scales, preferential notes, typical melodic and rhythmic formulas, variety of intonations, and other conventional devices."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>rhythmic modes are known as <i>īqāʿāt</i> (singular <i>īqāʿ</i>), and they have a "cyclical patterns of strong and weak beats".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although there are a wide variety of opinions on the permissibility of musical instruments, those who produce Islamic music with instruments often feature the following instruments: </p><p>Traditional: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Drums">Drums</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a>, bendir, <a href="/wiki/Tonbak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonbak">zarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">rebana</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gongs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_of_opinion_over_prohibition">Differences of opinion over prohibition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Differences of opinion over prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_music" title="Islam and music">Islam and music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Strictly speaking, the words 'Islamic religious music' present a contradiction in terms. The practice of orthodox Sunni and Shi'a Islam does not involve any activity recognized within Muslim cultures as 'music'. The melodious recitation of the Holy Qur'an and the call to prayer are central to Islam, but generic terms for music have never been applied to them. Instead, specialist designations have been used. However, a wide variety of religious and spiritual genres that use musical instruments exists, usually performed at various public and private assemblies outside the orthodox sphere.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eckhard Neubauer, Veronica Doubleday, Islamic religious music, <i>New Grove Dictionary of Music online</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The question of permissibility of music in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a> is historically disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shawkani-8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shawkani-8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the advent of a whole new generation of Muslim musicians who try to blend their work and faith, the issue "has taken on extra significance".<sup id="cite_ref-IT-21-7-2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-21-7-2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic art and music flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Islamic_music">Contemporary Islamic music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contemporary Islamic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">Notable nasheed artists include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atif_Aslam" title="Atif Aslam">Atif Aslam</a> – Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hussain" title="Ahmad Hussain">Ahmad Hussain</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bukhatir" title="Ahmed Bukhatir">Ahmed Bukhatir</a> – United Arab Emirates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_%C3%96zhan" title="Ahmet Özhan">Ahmet Özhan</a> – Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akag%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz_Kutbay" title="Akagündüz Kutbay">Akagündüz Kutbay</a> – Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ratib" title="Abu Ratib">Abu Ratib</a> – Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus_Ensemble" title="Al-Andalus Ensemble">Al-Andalus Ensemble</a> – Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_Wharnsby" title="Dawud Wharnsby">Dawud Wharnsby</a> – Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddad_Alwi" title="Haddad Alwi">Haddad Alwi</a> – Indonesia</li> <li><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syech_bin_Abdul_Qodir_Assegaf" class="extiw" title="id:Syech bin Abdul Qodir Assegaf">Syech bin Abdul Qodir Assegaf</a> – Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Namira" title="Hamza Namira">Hamza Namira</a> – Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Robertson" title="Hamza Robertson">Hamza Robertson</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Rami" title="Imad Rami">Imad Rami</a> – Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaid_Jamshed" title="Junaid Jamshed">Junaid Jamshed</a> – Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_Zain" title="Maher Zain">Maher Zain</a> – Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca2Medina" title="Mecca2Medina">Mecca2Medina</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Kurtis" title="Mesut Kurtis">Mesut Kurtis</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Belal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Belal">Muslim Belal</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Deen" title="Native Deen">Native Deen</a> – United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazeel_Azami" title="Nazeel Azami">Nazeel Azami</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raef_(singer)" title="Raef (singer)">Raef</a> – United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raihan" title="Raihan">Raihan</a> – Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Yusuf" title="Sami Yusuf">Sami Yusuf</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Hawwa" title="Yahya Hawwa">Yahya Hawwa</a> – Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Islam">Yusuf Islam</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain_Bhikha" title="Zain Bhikha">Zain Bhikha</a> – South Africa</li></ul> <p>Notable Sufi singers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a> – Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a> – Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabri_Brothers" title="Sabri Brothers">Sabri Brothers</a> – Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munshi_Raziuddin" title="Munshi Raziuddin">Munshi Raziuddin</a> – India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Ayaz" title="Fareed Ayaz">Fareed Ayaz</a> – Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_Lohar" title="Alam Lohar">Alam Lohar</a> – Pakistan</li></ul> <p>Noted composers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> – India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resul_Pookutty" title="Resul Pookutty">Resul Pookutty</a> – India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohail_Hyatt" title="Rohail Hyatt">Rohail Hyatt</a> – Pakistan</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Institute_of_Music" title="Afghanistan National Institute of Music">Afghanistan National Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durood" class="mw-redirect" title="Durood">Durood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Islamic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehfil" title="Mehfil">Mehfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Na'at">Na'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music_in_Iran" title="Religious music in Iran">Religious music in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandau" class="citation web cs1">Landau, Jacob M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts/Music">"Islamic Arts. Music"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Islamic+Arts.+Music&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIslamic-arts%2FMusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Shawkani-8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shawkani-8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shawkani-8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Shawkani" class="citation book cs1">Al-Shawkani, Muhammed. <i>Nayl Al-Awtaar</i>. Vol. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nayl+Al-Awtaar&rft.aulast=Al-Shawkani&rft.aufirst=Muhammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyyaGhosh2016" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharyya, Prasanta; Ghosh, Tapan Kumar (December 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-u2DQAAQBAJ&dq=music+flourish+islamic+golden+age&pg=PA173"><i>Mapping out the Rushdie Republic: Some Recent Surveys</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5562-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-5562-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+out+the+Rushdie+Republic%3A+Some+Recent+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5562-4&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=Prasanta&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Tapan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-u2DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmusic%2Bflourish%2Bislamic%2Bgolden%2Bage%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohlmanWerkman2013" class="citation book cs1">Bohlman, Philip V.; Werkman, Mary (June 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr3UaHYtfh8C&dq=music+flourished+islamic+golden+age&pg=PA13"><i>Revival and Reconciliation: Sacred Music in the Making of European Modernity</i></a>. Scarecrow Press, Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8269-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8269-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-8269-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+and+Reconciliation%3A+Sacred+Music+in+the+Making+of+European+Modernity&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Chicago&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8269-0&rft.aulast=Bohlman&rft.aufirst=Philip+V.&rft.au=Werkman%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSr3UaHYtfh8C%26dq%3Dmusic%2Bflourished%2Bislamic%2Bgolden%2Bage%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7ibDwAAQBAJ&dq=music+flourished+islamic+golden+age&pg=PT11"><i>LIFE Aladdin</i></a>. Time Home Entertainment. May 24, 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5478-4903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5478-4903-1"><bdi>978-1-5478-4903-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LIFE+Aladdin&rft.pub=Time+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.isbn=978-1-5478-4903-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7ibDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmusic%2Bflourished%2Bislamic%2Bgolden%2Bage%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/articles/feature-africans-in-the-arabian-persian-gulf">"Afropop Worldwide | Feature: Africans in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afropop+Worldwide+%26%23124%3B+Feature%3A+Africans+in+the+Arabian+%28Persian%29+Gulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafropop.org%2Farticles%2Ffeature-africans-in-the-arabian-persian-gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullahi, pp.170–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubauerDoubleday2001" class="citation web cs1">Neubauer, Eckhard; Doubleday, Veronica (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000052787">"Islamic religious music"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52787">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Islamic+religious+music&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52787&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=Eckhard&rft.au=Doubleday%2C+Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000052787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT-21-7-2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IT-21-7-2006_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/scholars-and-musicians-hotly-debate-whether-music-is-permissible-or-not-1.1262467">"Scholars and musicians hotly debate whether music is permissible or not"</a>. Irish Times. 21 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scholars+and+musicians+hotly+debate+whether+music+is+permissible+or+not&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscholars-and-musicians-hotly-debate-whether-music-is-permissible-or-not-1.1262467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Islamic music">Islamic music</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Islamic_music" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Islamic music">Islamic music</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubauerDoubleday2001" class="citation news cs1">Neubauer, Eckhardt; Doubleday, Veronica (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000052787">"Islamic religious music"</a>. <i>Grove Music online</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52787">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+online&rft.atitle=Islamic+religious+music&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52787&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=Eckhardt&rft.au=Doubleday%2C+Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000052787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jenkins, Jean and Olsen, Poul Rovsing (1976). <i>Music and Musical Instruments in the World of Islam</i>. World of Islam Festival. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905035-11-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-905035-11-9">0-905035-11-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Hassan_Touma" title="Habib Hassan Touma">Habib Hassan Touma</a> (1996). <i>The Music of the Arabs</i>, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-88-8">0-931340-88-8</a>.</li> <li>Shiloah, Amnon (1995). "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-cultural study." Wayne State University Press. Detroit. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2589-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2589-0">0-8143-2589-0</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies" title="Template talk:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_poverty" title="Islam and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception in early modern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">consultation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">use of analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">cosmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">elementary school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_Eastern_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Template:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_Eastern_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(classical_music)" title="Arabesque (classical music)">Arabesque</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">al-jeel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">Bedouin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">khaliji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">samri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">sawt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Hip hop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Iranian classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman classical music">Ottoman classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Pop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pop music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_music" title="Luri music">Luri music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israeli folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dance">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm in Arabian music">Iqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanto_(music)" title="Kanto (music)">Kanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">Khigga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">Turkish makam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Turkish_music" title="Rhythm in Turkish music">Usul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_music" title="Template:Religious music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_music" title="Template talk:Religious music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan music">Neopagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafarian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian music">Rastafarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_music" title="Taoist music">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_music" title="Zoroastrian music">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1482325#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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