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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Uzbekistan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Uzbekistan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Recent developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Jewish community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uzbekistan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzb%C3%A8kistan" title="Uzbèkistan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Uzbèkistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Узбэчыстэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Узбэчыстэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesbekistan" title="Oesbekistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oesbekistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ኡዝቤኪስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡዝቤኪስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज्बेकिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उज्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbecastan" title="Usbecastan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Usbecastan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D2%9B%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбеқьисҭан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Узбеқьисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أوزبكستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوزبكستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbekistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uzbekistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%99%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܐܘܙܒܩܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܙܒܩܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ուզպեքիստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուզպեքիստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzb%C3%A8quistan" title="Ouzbèquistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ouzbèquistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উজবেকিস্তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উজবেকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbequist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbequistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uzbequistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज्बेकिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उज्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvekit%C3%A3" title="Uvekitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Uvekitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zb%C9%99kistan" title="Özbəkistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özbəkistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اؤزبکیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤزبکیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzb%C3%A9kistan" title="Uzbékistan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uzbékistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উজবেকিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উজবেকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Үзбәкстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үзбәкстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекістан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узбекістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбэкістан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Узбэкістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज़्बेकिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उज़्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbekistan" title="Asbekistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Asbekistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་ཟ་བེ་ཀི་སྟན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་ཟ་བེ་ཀི་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzbekistan" title="Ouzbekistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ouzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbekistan" title="Osbekistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Osbekistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbekistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uzbekistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbekistán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Uzbekistán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbechistanu" title="Uzbechistanu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Uzbechistanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsbecistan" title="Wsbecistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wsbecistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ؤزباكستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤزباكستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%92%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އުޒްބެކިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުޒްބެކިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naak%CA%BCa%CA%BCat%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85hnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakʼaʼatʼą́ąhnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakʼaʼatʼą́ąhnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज्बेकिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="उज्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%9B%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨུཛ་བེ་ཀིསི་ཏཱན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨུཛ་བེ་ཀིསི་ཏཱན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ουζμπεκιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουζμπεκιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbekistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uzbekistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekio" title="Uzbekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uzbekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbequist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbequistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Uzbequistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازبکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازبکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzb%C3%A9kistan" title="Ouzbékistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ouzbékistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbekistan" title="Oezbekistan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oezbekistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%9Aisb%C3%A9iceast%C3%A1in" title="An Úisbéiceastáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Úisbéiceastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Oosbeckistaan" title="Yn Oosbeckistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Oosbeckistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbagast%C3%A0n" title="Usbagastàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Usbagastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbekistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uzbekistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઉઝબેકિસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉઝબેકિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उझबेकिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उझबेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%A0%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="우즈베키스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우즈베키스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUsepekikana" title="ʻUsepekikana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻUsepekikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ուզբեկստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուզբեկստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज़्बेकिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उज़्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উজবেকিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উজবেকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Asbekistan" title="Úsbekistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úsbekistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="אוזבקיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוזבקיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzb%C3%A8kistan" title="Uzbèkistan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uzbèkistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzibekistan%C9%A9" title="Uzibekistanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Uzibekistanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಜ್ಬೇಕಿಸ್ಥಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಜ್ಬೇಕಿಸ್ಥಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ёзбекистан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ёзбекистан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="უზბეკეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უზბეკეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اُزبیکِستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اُزبیکِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99zbekistan" title="Ùzbekistan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Өзбекстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзбекстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Ousbek" title="Pow Ousbek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Ousbek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzubekisitani" title="Uzubekisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uzubekisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzbekistan" title="Ouzbekistan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ouzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzb%C3%A9kistan" title="Ouzbékistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ouzbékistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bzb%C3%AAkistan" title="Ûzbêkistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ûzbêkistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Өзбекстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өзбекстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbechistan" title="Usbechistan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Usbechistan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ອຸສເບກິສຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອຸສເບກິສຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbecia" title="Uzbecia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uzbecia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C4%81na" title="Uzbekistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uzbekistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekija" title="Uzbekija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uzbekija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbekistan" title="Oezbekistan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oezbekistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1ni" title="Uzbekistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Uzbekistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbecistan" title="Uzbecistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uzbecistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistuanu" title="Uzbekistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uzbekistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Czbegiszt%C3%A1n" title="Üzbegisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üzbegisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज्बेकिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उज्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozbekist%C3%A0na" title="Ozbekistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ozbekistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഉസ്ബെക്കിസ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉസ്ബെക്കിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BCbekistan" title="Użbekistan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Użbekistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhipeket%C4%81ne" title="Uhipeketāne – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Uhipeketāne" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उझबेकिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उझबेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="უზბეკეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უზბეკეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوزبيكيستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوزبيكيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوزبکسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوزبکسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯎꯓꯕꯦꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯓꯕꯦꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбэкистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Узбэкистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%87%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဥဇဘက်ကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥဇဘက်ကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbekistan" title="Oezbekistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oezbekistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज्बेकिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उज्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उज्बेकिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उज्बेकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BA%E3%83%99%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="ウズベキスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウズベキスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistaan" title="Usbekistaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Usbekistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistaan" title="Uzbekistaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Uzbekistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozbequistan" title="Ozbequistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ozbequistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଉଜବେକିସ୍ତାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଜବେକିସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeekistaan" title="Uzbeekistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Uzbeekistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston" title="Oʻzbekiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻzbekiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उजबेकिस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उजबेकिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازبکستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ازبکستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازبکستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ازبکستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ូសបេគីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ូសបេគីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzb%C3%A9kistan" title="Ouzbékistan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ouzbékistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbequist%C3%A3o" title="Uzbequistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uzbequistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93zbekstan" title="Ózbekstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ózbekstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbekistan" title="Özbekistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Özbekistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uswiksuyu" title="Uswiksuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uswiksuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекістан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Узбекістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Узбекистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="उजबेकिस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उजबेकिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازبکستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ازبکستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A0n" title="Uzbekistàn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Uzbekistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistani" title="Uzbekistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uzbekistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="උස්බෙකිස්තානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උස්බෙකිස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازبڪستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ازبڪستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZubekhi" title="IZubekhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IZubekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%EA%99%81%D0%B1%D1%94%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Оуꙁбєкистанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оуꙁбєкистанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AEzbekist%C5%AFn" title="Ůzbekistůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ůzbekistůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئۆزبەکستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆزبەکستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzb%C3%A9kistan" title="Uzbékistan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uzbékistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உசுபெக்கிசுத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbakistan" title="Uzbakistan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Uzbakistan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Үзбәкстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзбәкстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%84%E1%82%89%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ဢူႇၸပႄႉၵိတ်ႇသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢူႇၸပႄႉၵိတ်ႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉజ్బెకిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉజ్బెకిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistaun" title="Uzbekistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Uzbekistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศอุซเบกิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอุซเบกิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ӯзбекистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ӯзбекистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUsipekitani" title="ʻUsipekitani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻUsipekitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%87%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82" title="ᎤᏍᏇᎩᏍᏖᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏍᏇᎩᏍᏖᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbekistan" title="Özbekistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özbekistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbegistan" title="Özbegistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Özbegistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨕᨘᨍᨅᨙᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨘᨍᨅᨙᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Узбекистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Узбекистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازبکستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ازبکستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئۆزبېكىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆزبېكىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzb%C3%A8kistan" title="Uzbèkistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Uzbèkistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusbek%C3%A4n" title="Lusbekän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lusbekän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="烏孜別克斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="烏孜別克斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbekistan" title="Oezbekistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oezbekistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Usbekistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekistaan" title="Usbekistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Usbekistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌兹别克斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אוזבעקיסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוזבעקיסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99sb%E1%BA%B9%CC%80k%C3%ACst%C3%A1n" title="Ùsbẹ̀kìstán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ùsbẹ̀kìstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B" title="烏茲別克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏茲別克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozbek%C4%B1stan" title="Ozbekıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ozbekıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbekistan" title="Oezbekistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oezbekistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozb%C4%97kistans" title="Ozbėkistans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ozbėkistans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌兹别克斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usb%C3%A8kistan" title="Usbèkistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Usbèkistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Uzbekistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzb%C9%99kistan" title="Uzbəkistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Uzbəkistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q265#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Uzbekistan</div><div class="ib-country-names">O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Uzbekistan"><img alt="Flag of Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uzbekistan" title="Flag of Uzbekistan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Uzbekistan"><img alt="Emblem of Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="519" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan" title="Emblem of Uzbekistan">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Давлат Мадҳияси "<a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Anthem of Uzbekistan">State Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_(Instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan_%28Instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_(centered_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Uzbekistan (green)"><img alt="Location of Uzbekistan (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Uzbekistan_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Uzbekistan (green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan&params=41_19_N_69_16_E_type:city_region:UZ">41°19′N 69°16′E / 41.317°N 69.267°E / 41.317; 69.267</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UzbekConstit-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-NatEtnicPop-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>84.6% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li><li>4.8% <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li><li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li><li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li><li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Russians</a></li><li>4.0% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistani</a> • Uzbek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Aripov" title="Abdulla Aripov">Abdulla Aripov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Legislative Chamber</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> established after <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">national delimitation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formally recognised </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 2023</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">447,400<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> km2 (172,700 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">37,139,008<a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2024-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">80.2/km2 (207.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $425.238 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">57th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11,572<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">122th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $112.6 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOUZ-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">67th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3010<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2013)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 36.7<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.727<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani soum">Uzbek sum</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">UZS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+5 (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistan Time">UZT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm yyyyc</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan">+998</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:UZ" title="ISO 3166-2:UZ">UZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uz/en">gov.uz</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Co-official in <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></li><li value="2">On 31 August 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR">Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR</a> voted to declare the country independent from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The next day was declared a national holiday by the Uzbek government, and became <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Uzbekistan)" title="Independence Day (Uzbekistan)">an Independence Day</a>.</li><li value="3">dd.mm.yyyy format is used in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic scripts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Uzbekistan,<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Uzbekistan,<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked" title="Landlocked country">doubly landlocked</a> country located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. It is surrounded by five countries: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border">north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border">northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border">south</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border">southwest</a>, making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, the other being <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>. Uzbekistan is part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> world, as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek people</a>, is the official language and spoken by the majority of its inhabitants, while <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> are significant minority languages. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> The first recorded settlers in the land of what is modern Uzbekistan were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian peoples">Eastern Iranian nomads</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, who founded kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fergana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fergana">Fergana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The area was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and, after a period of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian rule</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> in the seventh century. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> converted most of the people into adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, and became a center of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. The local <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a> was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia">Mongol invasion</a> in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Mongol peoples. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (Tamerlane) in the 14th century established the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, which became a centre of science under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a>, giving birth to the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>. The territories of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Shaybanids" title="Shaybanids">Kipchak Shaybanids</a> in the 16th century. Conquests by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> towards the east led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in India. Most of Central Asia <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">was gradually incorporated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a>. In 1924, <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">national delimitation</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Soviet Union">republic of the Soviet Union</a>. It declared <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Uzbekistan)" title="Independence Day (Uzbekistan)">independence</a> as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991. Uzbekistan is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">constitutional</a> government. Uzbekistan comprises 12 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">regions</a> (vilayats), Tashkent City, and one <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> republic, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental</a> organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> state with limited <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a>",<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_-_human_rights-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UzbekConstit-2">[2]</a> significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a>, have been made following the death of the first president, <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> have drastically improved.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lillis2017-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> A United Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Uzbek economy</a> is in a gradual transition to the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, with foreign trade policy being based on <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution</a>. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. With the gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> From 2018 to 2021, the republic received a BB− <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_credit_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign credit rating">sovereign credit rating</a> by both <a href="/wiki/Standard_and_Poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard and Poor">Standard and Poor</a> (S&P) and <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> described Uzbekistan as having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low <a href="/wiki/Public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Public debt">public debt</a>, and a low <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Uzbekistan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> (SCO). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name "Uzbegistán" appears in the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Tarikh-i Rashidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kenzheakhmet_Nurlan_2013_140-28">[26]</a> The origin of the word Uzbek remains disputed. <ol><li>"free", "independent" or "own master/leader", requiring an <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (linguistics)">amalgamation</a> of uz (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic</a>: "own"), bek ("master" or "leader")<a href="#cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-29">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymously</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan" title="Oghuz Khagan">Oghuz Khagan</a>, also known as Oghuz Beg<a href="#cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-29">[27]</a></li> <li>A contraction of Uğuz, earlier Oğuz, that is, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz (tribe)">Oghuz (tribe)</a>, amalgamated with bek "<a href="/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz (tribe)">oguz</a>-leader".<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></li></ol> All three have the middle syllable/phoneme being <a href="/wiki/Cognate_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognate (linguistics)">cognate</a> with the Turkic title <a href="/wiki/Beg_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beg (title)">Beg</a>. The name of the country was often spelled as "Ўзбекистон" in Uzbek Cyrillic or "Узбекистан" in Russian during Soviet rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">History of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/170px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/255px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/340px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Female statuette wearing the <a href="/wiki/Kaunakes" title="Kaunakes">kaunakes</a>. Chlorite and limestone, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, beginning of the second millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/170px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/255px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/340px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">National Archaeological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples, Italy">Naples</a>.</figcaption></figure> The region currently known as the country of Uzbekistan has been referred to by many names over the millennia. The name, Uzbekistan first appears in 16th century literature.<a href="#cite_note-Kenzheakhmet_Nurlan_2013_140-28">[26]</a> Other names for the region include: <a href="/wiki/Transoxonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxonia">Transoxiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>. In the 14th century the region served as the birthplace, home, and capital of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>. Under Tamerlane, the region was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> which extended from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, and to just outside of <a href="/wiki/Delhi,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi, India">Delhi, India</a> The first people known to have inhabited Central Asia were <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> who came from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan, sometime in the first millennium BC; when these nomads settled in the region they built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a> At this time, cities such as Bukhoro (<a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>) and Samarqand (<a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>) emerged as centres of government and high culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a> By the fifth century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Tokharian</a> states dominated the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a> As <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> began to develop its silk trade with the West, Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements in the province of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, and further east in what is today <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, the Sogdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these merchants. As a result of this trade on what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk Route">Silk Road</a>, Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> (Mawarannahr) was one of the most influential and powerful provinces of antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png/220px-Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png/330px-Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png/440px-Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> at its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG/220px-1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG/330px-1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG/440px-1872_Vereshchagin_Triumphierend_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Triumphant crowd at <a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a>, Sher-Dor Madrasah. The <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Bukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Bukhara">Emir of Bukhara</a> viewing the <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">severed heads</a> of Russian soldiers on poles. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a> (1872).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/220px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/330px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/440px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Russian troops taking <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in 1868, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karazin" title="Nikolay Karazin">Nikolay Karazin</a></figcaption></figure> In 327 BC, Macedonian ruler <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> provinces of Sogdiana and Bactria, which contained the territories of modern Uzbekistan. Popular resistance to the conquest was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>. The kingdom was replaced with the Yuezhi-dominated <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> in the first century BC. For many centuries thereafter the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Empires, as well as by other empires, for example, those formed by the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Gokturk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturk">Gokturk</a> peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> from the seventh century onward saw the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> bring <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to Uzbekistan. In the same period, Islam began to take root among the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic peoples</a>. In the eighth century, Transoxiana, the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amudarya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syrdarya</a> rivers, was conquered by the Arabs (<a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a>), becoming a focal point soon after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. In the ninth and tenth centuries, Transoxiana was brought into the <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> State. In the tenth century it was gradually dominated by the Turkic-ruled <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>, as well as their <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuk</a> (Sultan Sanjar) overseer's.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> conquest under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> during the 13th century brought change to the region. The invasions of Bukhara, Samarkand, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ne%C3%BCrgen%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Köneürgenç">Urgench</a> and others resulted in <a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">mass murders</a> and unprecedented destruction, which saw parts of <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmia</a> being completely razed.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his four sons and his family members. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, there was an orderly succession for several generations, and control of most of Transoxiana stayed in the hands of the direct descendants of <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a>, the second son of Genghis Khan. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained a strong and united kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a> In the early 14th century, however, as the Persian empire began to break up into its constituent parts, the Chaghatai territory was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (Tamerlane),<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> emerged from these struggles in the 1380s as the dominant force in Transoxiana. Although he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, Timur became the de facto ruler of Transoxiana and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and the southern steppe region north of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. He also invaded Russia before dying during an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a> in 1405.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a> Timur was also known for his extreme brutality and his conquests were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">genocidal massacres</a> in the cities he occupied.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Timur initiated the last flowering of Transoxiana by gathering together numerous artisans and scholars from the vast lands he had conquered into his capital, Samarkand, thus imbuing his empire with a rich Perso-Islamic culture. During his reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction masterpieces were undertaken in Samarkand and other population centres.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Tamerlane also established an exchange of medical discoveries and patronised physicians, scientists and artists from the neighbouring regions such as India;<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> His grandson <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a> was one of the world's first great astronomers. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkic, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chaghatai</a> dialect, became a literary language in its own right in Transoxiana, although the Timurids were Persianate in culture. The greatest Chaghataid writer, <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>, was active in the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> (now in northwestern Afghanistan) in the second half of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg/253px-Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="253" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg/380px-Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg/506px-Map_of_3_Uzbek_tribal_dynasties_in_the_middle_of_the_19th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Areas of three Uzbek Polities ruled in Central Asia in the middle of the 19th century <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a> (Ming dynasty)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> (Qhongirat dynasty)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> (Manghit dynasty)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> The Timurid state quickly split in half after the death of Timur. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the Uzbek nomadic tribes living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1501, the Uzbek forces began a wholesale invasion of Transoxiana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> became prominent and was firmly established at this time.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The Khanate of Bukhara was eventually invaded by the foreign government of Persia in 1510, and then became a part of the Persian empire of the day. Before the arrival of the Russians, present-day Uzbekistan was divided between the Emirate of Bukhara and the <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Kokand</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartscrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sartscrop.jpg/190px-Sartscrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sartscrop.jpg/285px-Sartscrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sartscrop.jpg/380px-Sartscrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sart</a> men and two Sart boys in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, c. 1910</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> began to expand and spread into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. There were 210,306 Russians living in Uzbekistan in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907</a>. A second, less intensive phase followed the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> of 1917. At the start of the 19th century, there were some 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) separating <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the outlying regions of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Tsarist Russia</a>. Much of the land between was unmapped. In the early 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Sven_Hedin" title="Sven Hedin">Sven Hedin</a> passed through Uzbekistan, during his first expedition. By the beginning of 1920, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">resistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. On 27 October 1924 the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was created. From 1941 to 1945, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 1,433,230 people from Uzbekistan fought in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. A number also <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">fought on the German side</a>. As many as 263,005 Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, and 32,670 went missing in action.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a>, a number of Uzbek troops fought in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. At least 1,500 lost their lives and thousands more paralysed. On 20 June 1990, Uzbekistan declared its state sovereignty. On 31 August 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failed coup attempt</a> in Moscow. 1 September was proclaimed National Independence Day. The Soviet Union was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> on 26 December of that year. <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>, previously first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989, was elected president of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he was elected president of independent Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> An authoritarian ruler, Karimov died in September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> He was replaced by his long-time <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a>, on 14 December of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> On 6 November 2021, Mirziyoyev was sworn into his second term in office, after gaining a landslide victory in presidential <a href="/wiki/2021_Uzbek_presidential_election" title="2021 Uzbek presidential election">election.</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Geography of Uzbekistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">List of cities in Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UN-Uzbekistan.svg/250px-UN-Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UN-Uzbekistan.svg/375px-UN-Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UN-Uzbekistan.svg/500px-UN-Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Map of Uzbekistan, including the former <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Oral Dengiz</a></figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan has an area of 448,978 square kilometres (173,351 sq mi). It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 40th by population.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries, it is the fourth largest by area and the second largest by population.<a href="#cite_note-uzstat-48">[46]</a> Uzbekistan lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37°</a> and <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/56th_meridian_east" title="56th meridian east">56°</a> and <a href="/wiki/74th_meridian_east" title="74th meridian east">74° E</a>. It stretches 1,425 kilometres (885 mi) from west to east and 930 kilometres (580 mi) from north to south. Bordering <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>) to the north and northwest, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than 150 km or 93 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the south. Uzbekistan is a hot, dry, <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>. It is one of two <a href="/wiki/Doubly_landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly landlocked">doubly landlocked</a> countries in the world - that is, a landlocked country completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The second doubly landlocked country is <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>. In addition, due to its location within a series of <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a>, none of its rivers lead to the sea. Less than 10% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases. The <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, which has been largely desiccated by cotton production established in the Soviet era, is considered one of the world's worst environmental disasters.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The rest is the vast <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a> and mountains. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg/250px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg/375px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg/500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UZB_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> According to a 1981 Soviet study,<a href="#cite_note-alpomish-50">[48]</a> the highest point in Uzbekistan is <a href="/wiki/Khazret_Sultan" title="Khazret Sultan">Khazret Sultan</a> at 4,643 metres (15,233 ft) above sea level, in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Gissar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissar Range">Gissar Range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surxondaryo Region</a> on the border with Tajikistan, just northwest of <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> (formerly called Peak of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party).<a href="#cite_note-uzstat-48">[46]</a> However, in 2023, two mountaineers successfully summited the neighboring Alpomish peak, which they measured to be 4,668 metres (15,315 ft), 25 m higher than Khazret Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-alpomish-50">[48]</a> The climate in Uzbekistan is continental, with little <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> expected annually (100–200 millimetres, or 3.9–7.9 inches). The average summer high <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> tends to be 40 °C (104 °F), while the average winter low temperature is around −23 °C (−9 °F).<a href="#cite_note-LoC:Climate-51">[49]</a> Uzbekistan is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Alai-Western_Tian_Shan_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe">Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gissaro-Alai_open_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissaro-Alai open woodlands">Gissaro-Alai open woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghyz_and_Karabil_semi-desert" title="Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert">Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_northern_desert" title="Central Asian northern desert">Central Asian northern desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_riparian_woodlands" title="Central Asian riparian woodlands">Central Asian riparian woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_southern_desert" title="Central Asian southern desert">Central Asian southern desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg/220px-Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg/330px-Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg/440px-Karakalpakstan_Kyzyl_Qala_Cotton_Picking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption>Cotton picking near <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Uzbekistan is the seventh most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan has a rich and diverse natural environment. However, decades of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> policies in pursuit of greater <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> production have resulted in a catastrophic scenario with the agricultural industry being the main contributor to the pollution and devastation of both air and water in the country.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AralSea1989_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/220px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/330px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AralSea1989_2014.jpg/440px-AralSea1989_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> between 1989 and 2014</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> was once the fourth-largest inland sea on Earth, humidifying the surrounding air and irrigating the arid land.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Since the 1960s, when the overuse of the Aral Sea water began, it has shrunk to about 10% of its former area and divided into parts, with only the southern part of the narrow western lobe of the <a href="/wiki/South_Aral_Sea" title="South Aral Sea">South Aral Sea</a> remaining permanently in Uzbekistan. Much of the water was and continues to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_Uzbekistan" title="Cotton production in Uzbekistan">irrigation of cotton fields</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guardian-55">[53]</a> a crop requiring a large amount of water to grow.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Due to the Aral Sea loss, high salinity and contamination of the soil with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy elements">heavy elements</a> are especially widespread in <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>, the region of Uzbekistan adjacent to the Aral Sea. The bulk of the nation's water resources is used for farming, which accounts for nearly 84% of the water use and contributes to high <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a>. Heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a> for cotton growing further aggravates <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LoC:Climate-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suv-ombori.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Suv-ombori.gif/220px-Suv-ombori.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Suv-ombori.gif/330px-Suv-ombori.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Suv-ombori.gif/440px-Suv-ombori.gif 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Map of flooded areas as a result of the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Sardoba_Reservoir" title="Sardoba Reservoir">Sardoba Reservoir</a></figcaption></figure> According to the UNDP (United Nations Development Program), <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">climate risk</a> management in Uzbekistan should consider its ecological safety.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Numerous oil and gas deposits have been discovered in the south of the country.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Uzbekistan has also been home to seismic activity, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/1902_Andijan_earthquake" title="1902 Andijan earthquake">1902 Andijan earthquake</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Fergana_Valley_earthquake" title="2011 Fergana Valley earthquake">2011 Fergana Valley earthquake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1966_Tashkent_earthquake" title="1966 Tashkent earthquake">1966 Tashkent earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> A dam collapse at <a href="/wiki/Sardoba_Reservoir" title="Sardoba Reservoir">Sardoba Reservoir</a> in May 2020 flooded 35,000 hectares of land. Six people died and 111,000 evacuated with recovery estimates over 1.5 trillion som. The devastation extended into areas inside neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Politics of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliy_Majlis_(Parliament_of_Uzbekistan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg/220px-Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg/330px-Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg/440px-Oliy_Majlis_%28Parliament_of_Uzbekistan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan</a> (Lower House)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_Karimov_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Islam_Karimov_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a>, the first President of Uzbekistan, during a visit to the Pentagon in 2002</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Shavkat Mirziyoyev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/120px-Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/180px-Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/240px-Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_official_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="752" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a> 2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdulla_Aripov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Abdulla Aripov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Abdulla_Aripov.png/120px-Abdulla_Aripov.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Abdulla_Aripov.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Aripov" title="Abdulla Aripov">Abdulla Aripov</a> 4th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Prime Minister</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">since 14 December 2016</div></div></div></div> After Uzbekistan declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, an election was held, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> was elected as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Uzbekistan">first President</a> of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. The elections of the <a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis</a> (Parliament or Supreme Assembly) were held under a resolution adopted by the 16th Supreme Soviet in 1994. In that year, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the Oliy Majlis. The third elections for the bicameral 150-member Oliy Majlis, the Legislative Chamber, and the 100-member Senate for five-year terms, were held on 27 December 2009. The second elections were held from December 2004 to January 2005. The Oliy Majlis was unicameral up to 2004. Its size increased from 69 deputies (members) in 1994 to 120 in 2004–05 and currently stands at 150. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. In particular, the last paragraph seems to lack preceding context. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Uzbekistan" title="Talk:Uzbekistan">the talk page</a>. (August 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Karimov's first presidential term was extended to 2000 via a <a href="/wiki/1995_Uzbek_presidential_term_referendum" title="1995 Uzbek presidential term referendum">referendum</a>, and he was re-elected in <a href="/wiki/2000_Uzbekistani_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Uzbekistani presidential election">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Uzbekistani_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Uzbekistani presidential election">2007</a>, and 2015, each time receiving over 90% of the vote. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognise the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards. The 2002 referendum also included a plan for a bicameral parliament consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be "full-time" legislators. Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on 26 December. Following Islam Karimov's death on 2 September 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis</a> appointed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a> as interim president.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Although the chairman of the Senate, <a href="/wiki/Nigmatilla_Yuldashev" title="Nigmatilla Yuldashev">Nigmatilla Yuldashev</a>, was constitutionally designated as Karimov's successor, Yuldashev proposed that Mirziyoyev take the post of the interim president instead in light of Mirziyoyev's "many years of experience". Mirziyoyev was subsequently elected as the country's second president in the <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_presidential_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani presidential election, 2016">December 2016 presidential election</a>, winning 88.6% of the vote, and was sworn in on 14 December.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Aripov" title="Abdulla Aripov">Abdulla Aripov</a> replaced him as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Mirziyoyev removed most of Karimov's officials and urged the government to employ "new, young people who love their country." After a year in office, Mirziyoyev moved away from many of his predecessor's policies. He visited all the Uzbek regions and big cities to get acquainted with the implementation of the projects and reforms which he ordered. Many analysts and Western media compared his rule with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Communist Party">Soviet Communist Party</a> general secretary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. His rule has been quoted as being an "Uzbek Spring".<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lillis2017-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uzbekistan" title="Foreign relations of Uzbekistan">Foreign relations of Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_Uzbekistan" title="International organization membership of Uzbekistan">International organization membership of Uzbekistan</a></div> Uzbekistan joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajikistan and Afghanistan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability. Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of its military budget), the government of Uzbekistan has recently restricted American military use of the airbase at <a href="/wiki/Karshi-Khanabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Karshi-Khanabad">Karshi-Khanabad</a> for air operations in neighbouring Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Colour_revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour revolutions">colour revolutions</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at <a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan</a>, the relationship further declined, and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country to bring it closer to Russia and China. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_(22052330394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_%2822052330394%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_%2822052330394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_%2822052330394%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_%2822052330394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_%2822052330394%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_President_Karimov_at_the_President%27s_Residential_Compound_in_Samarkand_%2822052330394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4863" data-file-height="3242" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in Samarkand in November 2015</figcaption></figure> In late July 2005, the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an airbase in Karshi-Kanabad (near Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan) within 180 days.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[68]</a> Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were brought about by the UK and U.S. influences in the area of Andijan.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[68]</a> This is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West. Uzbekistan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) (since 2 March 1992), the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a> (EAPC), <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP), and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE). It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC) and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO) (comprising the five Central Asian countries, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan). In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the <a href="/wiki/GUAM" class="mw-redirect" title="GUAM">GUAM</a> alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organisation in 2005. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCO_meeting_(2022-09-16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/220px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/330px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/440px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Leaders present at the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a> summit in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Uzbekistan, in 2022 </figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan joined the new <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Cooperation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Cooperation Organisation">Central Asian Cooperation Organisation</a> (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of, and remains involved in, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">Central Asian Union</a>, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan. In December 1994 Uzbekistan applied for the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> membership and received an observer status to start the accession process. The Working Party on the Accession of Uzbekistan to the WTO held its fourth meeting on 7 July 2020 — almost 15 years after its last formal meeting.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> In September 2006, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Despite criticism, this seems to be a sign of improving relationships between Uzbekistan and the West. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_(2024_Victory_Day).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_%282024_Victory_Day%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_%282024_Victory_Day%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_%282024_Victory_Day%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_%282024_Victory_Day%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_%282024_Victory_Day%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Shavkat_Mirziyoyev_%282024_Victory_Day%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> before the <a href="/wiki/2024_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade">Moscow Victory Day Parade</a> in Moscow, Russia, 9 May 2024</figcaption></figure> The month of October 2006 also saw a decrease in the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> announced that it was planning to send a delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties, after a long period of hostile relations between the two. Although it is equivocal about whether the official or unofficial version of the <a href="/wiki/Andijan_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Andijan Massacre">Andijan Massacre</a> is true, the EU is evidently willing to ease its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is generally assumed among Uzbekistan's population that the government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> and in its theory that the 2004–2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the US and UK. In January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Lola_Karimova-Tillyaeva" title="Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva">Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva</a> was appointed to her current role as Uzbekistan's ambassador to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Karimova-Tillyaeva and her team have been instrumental in promoting inter-cultural dialogue by increasing European society's awareness of Uzbekistan's cultural and historical heritage. Uzbekistan is the 60th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Human rights in Uzbekistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2005_Andijan_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Andijan unrest">2005 Andijan unrest</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental</a> human rights organisations, such as <a href="/wiki/International_Helsinki_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights">IHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>, define Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights"<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_-_human_rights-19">[17]</a> and express profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> According to the reports, the most widespread violations are <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrests</a>, and various restrictions of freedoms: of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly. It has also been reported that forced sterilisation of rural Uzbek women has been sanctioned by the government.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organisations, independent journalists, human rights activists and political activists, including members of the banned opposition parties. As of 2015, reports on violations on human rights in Uzbekistan indicated that violations were still going on without any improvement.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked Uzbekistan near the bottom of its Freedom in the World ranking since the country's founding in 1991. In the 2018 report, Uzbekistan was one of the 11 worst countries for <a href="/wiki/Political_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Rights">Political Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Liberties">Civil Liberties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan">2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan</a>, which resulted in several hundred people being killed, is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Concern has been expressed and requests for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States,<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life and of denying its citizens <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> and freedom of expression. The government vehemently rebuffs the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In addition, some officials claim that "an <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information war</a> on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention in the country's internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Male <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uzbekistan">homosexuality</a> is illegal in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Punishment ranges from a fine to 3 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> There are an estimated 1.2 million modern slaves in Uzbekistan,<a href="#cite_note-globalslaveryindex1-90">[88]</a> most work in the cotton industry. The government allegedly forces state employees to pick cotton in the autumn months.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> World Bank loans have been connected to projects that use child labour and forced labour practices in the cotton industry.<a href="#cite_note-wbloans-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recent developments">edit</a>]</div> Islam Karimov died in 2016 and his successor Shavkat Mirziyoyev is considered by most to be pursuing a less autocratic path by increasing co-operation with human rights NGOs,<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> scheduling Soviet-style <a href="/wiki/Exit_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit visa">exit visas</a> to be abolished in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> and reducing sentences for certain misdemeanor offences.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The Amnesty International report on the country for 2017–2018 found some remnant repressive measures and lack of rule of law in eradicating modern slavery.<a href="#cite_note-auto-97">[95]</a> In February 2020, the United Nations announced that Uzbekistan had made "major progress" on stamping out forced labour in its cotton harvest as 94% of pickers worked voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Regions of Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">Districts of Uzbekistan</a></div> Uzbekistan is divided into twelve <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> (viloyatlar, singular <a href="/wiki/Viloyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Viloyat">viloyat</a>, compound noun viloyati e.g., Toshkent viloyati, Samarqand viloyati, etc.), one <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">autonomous republic</a> (respublika, compound noun respublikasi e.g. Qoraqalpogʻiston Muxtor Respublikasi, Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic, etc.), and one <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent city</a> (shahar, compound noun shahri, e.g., Toshkent shahri, Tashkent City). Names are given below in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a> languages when applicable, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist. <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; padding: 15px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Uzbekistan_location_map.svg/400px-Uzbekistan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Uzbekistan_location_map.svg/600px-Uzbekistan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Uzbekistan_location_map.svg/800px-Uzbekistan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1397" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:54px; top:70.8px"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpakstan Republic">Karakalpakstan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:190px; top:116px"><a href="/wiki/Navoiy_Region" title="Navoiy Region">Navoiy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:88.8px; top:136.4px"><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm Region">Khorezm</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:174px; top:174px"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:218px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Qashqadaryo_Region" title="Qashqadaryo Region">Qashqadaryo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:230px; top:248px"><a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surxondaryo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:224px; top:190.8px"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand Region">Samarkand</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:269.2px; top:180px"><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh_Region" title="Jizzakh Region">Jizzakh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:340.4px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:374px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Andijan_Region" title="Andijan Region">Andijan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:350px; top:148.4px"><a href="/wiki/Namangan_Region" title="Namangan Region">Namangan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:284px; top:170px"><a href="/wiki/Sirdaryo_Region" title="Sirdaryo Region">Sirdaryo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:306px; top:151.6px"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Region" title="Tashkent Region">Tashkent</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:70%; left:264px; top:138.4px"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_City" title="Tashkent City">Tashkent City</a></div> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Division</th> <th>Capital City</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Population (1 January 2024)<a href="#cite_note-stat.uz-99">[97]</a></th> <th>Key </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andijan_Region" title="Andijan Region">Andijan Region</a> Uzbek: Андижон вилояти, Andijon Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a> Andijon</td> <td>4,303</td> <td>3394,4</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a> Uzbek: Бухоро вилояти, Buxoro Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> Buxoro</td> <td>41,937</td> <td>2044,0</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a> Uzbek: Фарғона вилояти, Fargʻona Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> Fargʻona</td> <td>7,005</td> <td>4061,5</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh_Region" title="Jizzakh Region">Jizzakh Region</a> Uzbek: Жиззах вилояти, Jizzax Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh" title="Jizzakh">Jizzakh</a> Jizzax</td> <td>21,179</td> <td>1507,4</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Republic of Karakalpakstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a>: Қарақалпақстан Республикасы, Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasıʻ Uzbek: Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси, Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a> No‘kis Nukus</td> <td>161,358</td> <td>2002,7</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qashqadaryo_Region" title="Qashqadaryo Region">Kashkadarya Region</a> Uzbek: Қашқадарё вилояти, Qashqadaryo Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Karshi</a> Qarshi</td> <td>28,568</td> <td>3560,6</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xorazm_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xorazm Region">Khorezm Region</a> Uzbek: Хоразм вилояти, Xorazm Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urgench" title="Urgench">Urgench</a> Urganch</td> <td>6,464　</td> <td>1995,6</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namangan_Region" title="Namangan Region">Namangan Region</a> Uzbek: Наманган вилояти, Namangan Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a> Namangan</td> <td>7,181</td> <td>3066,1</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navoiy_Region" title="Navoiy Region">Navoiy Region</a> Uzbek: Навоий вилояти, Navoiy Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navoiy" title="Navoiy">Navoiy</a> Navoiy</td> <td>109,375</td> <td>1075,3</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarqand_Region" title="Samarqand Region">Samarkand Region</a> Uzbek: Самарқанд вилояти, Samarqand Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> Samarqand</td> <td>16,773　</td> <td>4208,5</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surkhandarya Region</a> Uzbek: Сурхондарё вилояти, Surxondaryo Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a> Termiz</td> <td>20,099</td> <td>2877,1</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirdaryo_Region" title="Sirdaryo Region">Syrdarya Region</a> Uzbek: Сирдарё вилояти, Sirdaryo Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guliston" title="Guliston">Gulistan</a> Guliston</td> <td>4,276</td> <td>914,0</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent City</a> Uzbek: Тошкент, Toshkent Shahri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> Toshkent</td> <td>327</td> <td>3040,8</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Region" title="Tashkent Region">Tashkent Region</a> Uzbek: Тошкент вилояти, Toshkent Viloyati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nurafshon" title="Nurafshon">Nurafshon</a> Nurafshon</td> <td>15,258　</td> <td>3051,8</td> <td>12 </td></tr></tbody></table> The regions are further divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">districts</a> (tuman). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Uzbekistan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tashkent"><img alt="Tashkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg/120px-Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg/180px-Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg/240px-Tashkent_skyline_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="854" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Namangan"><img alt="Namangan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg/120px-Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg/180px-Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg/240px-Moellah_Kirigizmadrassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,955,700<a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-100">[98]</a> </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:20230615_Samarkand025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samarkand"><img alt="Samarkand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20230615_Samarkand025.jpg/120px-20230615_Samarkand025.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20230615_Samarkand025.jpg/180px-20230615_Samarkand025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20230615_Samarkand025.jpg/240px-20230615_Samarkand025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Navoi_Square_(Formerly_Bobur_Square)_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_(7544000842).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andijan"><img alt="Andijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/120px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/180px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/240px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namangan_Region" title="Namangan Region">Namangan Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">678,200<a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand Region">Samarkand Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">573,200<a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andijan_Region" title="Andijan Region">Andijan Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">468,100<a href="#cite_note-UzbekStat2022-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">310,000<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">299,000<a href="#cite_note-data.gov.uz-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">285,000<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qashqadaryo_Region" title="Qashqadaryo Region">Qashqadaryo Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,000<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,000<a href="#cite_note-data.gov.uz-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Margilan" title="Margilan">Margilan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">242,500<a href="#cite_note-data.gov.uz-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Economy of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg/220px-Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg/330px-Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg/440px-Real_GDP_per_capita_development_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of real GDP per capita</figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan mines 80 tons of gold annually, seventh in the world. Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's uranium production ranks seventh globally.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The Uzbek national gas company, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekneftegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekneftegas">Uzbekneftegaz</a>, ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production with an annual output of 60 to 70 billion cubic metres (2.1–2.5 trillion cubic feet). The country has significant untapped reserves of oil and gas: there are 194 deposits of hydrocarbons in Uzbekistan, including 98 condensate and natural gas deposits and 96 gas condensate deposits.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Uzbekistan improved marginally in the 2020 Ease of Doing Business ranking by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edbwb2020-110">[108]</a> The largest corporations involved in Uzbekistan's energy sector are the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> (CNPC), <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korea_National_Oil_Corporation" title="Korea National Oil Corporation">Korea National Oil Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekneftegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekneftegas">Uzbekneftegaz</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Along with many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> or CIS economies, Uzbekistan's economy declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> It has shown robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003 and accelerating thereafter to 7%–8% per year. According to IMF estimates,<a href="#cite_note-imf-112">[110]</a> the GDP in 2008 will be almost double its value in 1995 (in constant prices). Since 2003, annual inflation rates varied, reaching almost 40% in 2010 and less than 20% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Uzbekistan has a GNI per capita of US$2,020 in current dollars in 2018, giving a <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> equivalent of US$7,230.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Economic production is concentrated in commodities. In 2011, Uzbekistan was the world's seventh-largest producer and fifth-largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> as well as the seventh-largest world producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver and uranium.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Uzbekistan" title="Agriculture in Uzbekistan">Agriculture</a> employs 27% of Uzbekistan's labour force and contributes 17.4% of its GDP (2012 data).<a href="#cite_note-uzstat-48">[46]</a> Cultivable land is 4.4 million hectares, or about 10% of Uzbekistan's total area. While official unemployment is very low, underemployment – especially in rural areas – is estimated to be at least 20%.<a href="#cite_note-cia1-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_Uzbekistan" title="Cotton production in Uzbekistan">Cotton production in Uzbekistan</a> is important to the national economy of the country.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-55">[53]</a> Uzbek cotton is even used to make banknotes in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Uzbek cotton exports have become the cause of a scandal related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and sanctions imposed on the Russian military industry. According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), Vlast, and iStories, after 24 February 2022, Uzbekistan significantly increased its exports of cotton pulp and nitrocellulose to Russia, key components for the manufacture of explosives and gunpowder. According to Ekonomichna Pravda, at least two large Uzbek exporters have been working with Russian military-industrial complex enterprises. Documents from the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation confirm that at least three Russian companies - Bina Group, Khimtrade, and Lenakhim - sold imported cotton pulp in Russia to military plants under US sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The country has a considerable production of carrots as well. The use of child labour in Uzbekistan has led several companies, including Tesco,<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> C&A,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Marks & Spencer, Gap, and H&M, to boycott Uzbek cotton.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_(5982822980).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg/220px-Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg/330px-Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg/440px-Yodgorlik_Silk_Factory_%285982822980%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Yodgorlik <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> factory</figcaption></figure> Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with an emphasis on state control, reduction of imports and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, the state-controlled media have repeatedly proclaimed the success of this "Uzbekistan Economic Model"<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and suggested that it is a unique example of a smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperism and stagnation. As of 2019, Uzbekistan's economy is one of the most diversified in Central Asia which makes the country an attractive economic partner for China.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">bureaucracy</a> has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeates the society and grows more rampant over time: Uzbekistan's 2005 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption Perception Index">Corruption Perception Index</a> was 137 out of 159 countries, whereas in 2007 Uzbekistan was 175th out of 179 countries. A February 2006 report on the country by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> suggests that revenues earned from key exports, especially <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and increasingly gas, are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The early-2010s high-profile corruption scandals involving government contracts and large international companies, notably <a href="/wiki/Telecom_corruption_scandal" title="Telecom corruption scandal">TeliaSonera</a>, have shown that businesses are particularly vulnerable to corruption when operating in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control".<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the CIS.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbekistan market has been the difficulty of converting currency. In 2003 the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF)<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and the tightening of borders have lessened the effect of this measure. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG/220px-Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG/330px-Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG/440px-Urgut_Sunday_market_bread_sellers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bread sellers in <a href="/wiki/Urgut" title="Urgut">Urgut</a></figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan experienced rampant <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> of around 1000% per year immediately after independence (1992–1994). Stabilisation efforts implemented with guidance from the IMF<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> paid off. The inflation rates were brought down to 50% in 1997 and then to 22% in 2002. Since 2003 annual inflation rates averaged less than 10%.<a href="#cite_note-imf-112">[110]</a> Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in a drastic reduction of inflation to 3.8% (although alternative estimates based on the price of a true <a href="/wiki/Market_basket" title="Market basket">market basket</a> put it at 15%).<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The inflation rates moved up to 6.9% in 2006 and 7.6% in 2007 but have remained in the single-digit range.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The government of Uzbekistan restricts foreign imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> although the excises taxes were removed for foreign cars in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150% of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution">Import substitution</a> is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports a reduction by a factor of two in the volume of consumer goods imported. A number of CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties. Uzbekistan has a Bilateral Investment Treaty with fifty other countries.<a href="#cite_note-bitUZ-138">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Stock_Exchange" title="Tashkent Stock Exchange">Republican Stock Exchange</a> (RSE) opened in 1994. The stocks of all Uzbek joint stock companies (around 1,250) are traded on RSE. The number of listed companies as of January 2013 exceeds 110. Securities market volume reached 2 trillion in 2012, and the number is rapidly growing due to the rising interest by companies of attracting necessary resources through the capital market. According to Central Depository as of January 2013 par value of outstanding shares of Uzbek emitters exceeded 9 trillion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thanks in part to the recovery of world market prices of gold and cotton (the country's key export commodities), expanded natural gas and some manufacturing exports, and increasing labour migrant transfers, the current account turned into a large surplus (between 9% and 11% of GDP from 2003 to 2005). In 2018, foreign exchange reserves, including gold, totalled around US$25 billion.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Foreign exchange reserves amounted in 2010 to US$13 billion.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Uzbekistan is predicted to be one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (top 26) in future decades, according to a survey by global bank HSBC.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Uzbekistan was ranked 83rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Demographics of Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-144">[142]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">34.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>36.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_(Shahrisabz)_(6018352949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/220px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/330px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/440px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Newlywed couples visit <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane's</a> statues to receive wedding blessings.</figcaption></figure> As of 2022, Uzbekistan has the largest population out of all the countries in Central Asia. Its 36 million citizens comprise nearly half the region's total population.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The population of Uzbekistan is very young though it is slowly aging. 23.1% of its people are younger than 16 (2020 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-cia1-117">[115]</a> According to official sources, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> comprise a majority (84.5%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tājik people">Tajiks</a> 4.8%, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> 2.4%, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a> 2.2%, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> 2.1% and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> 0.5% as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-NatEtnicPop-4">[4]</a> There is some controversy about the percentage of the Tajik population. While official state numbers from Uzbekistan put the number around 5%, the number is said to be an understatement and some Western scholars put the number up to 10%–20%.<a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-cornellcaspian.com-149">[147]</a> Uzbekistan has an <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">ethnic Korean</a> population that was <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">forcibly relocated</a> to the region by Stalin from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Soviet Far East</a> in 1937–1938. There are also small groups of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Uzbekistan">Armenians in Uzbekistan</a>, mostly in Tashkent and Samarkand. The nation is 96% Muslim (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunni</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> minority), 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and 1.7% other faiths. The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004 reports that 0.2% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> (these being ethnic Koreans). The <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> have lived in Central Asia, mostly in Uzbekistan, for thousands of years. There were 94,900 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in Uzbekistan in 1989<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> (about 0.5% of the population according to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">1989 census</a>), but now, since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, most Central Asian Jews left the region for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remained in Uzbekistan in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Russians in Uzbekistan</a> represented 5.5% of the total population in 1989. During the Soviet period, Russians and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> constituted more than half the population of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> The country counted nearly 1.5 million Russians, 12.5% of the population, in the 1970 census.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, significant emigration of ethnic Russians has taken place, mostly for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_Kids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uzbek children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/220px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/330px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/440px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek children</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_03978u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gorskii_03978u.jpg/220px-Gorskii_03978u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gorskii_03978u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_03978u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gorskii_03978u.jpg/440px-Gorskii_03978u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3222" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Shakh-i Zindeh mosque, Samarkand, in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> In the 1940s, the Crimean Tatars, along with the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>, Chechens, Pontic<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Greeks, Kumaks and many other nationalities were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported</a> to Central Asia. Approximately 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> continue to live in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Greeks in Uzbekistan">Greeks</a> in Tashkent has decreased from 35,000 in 1974 to about 12,000 in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> left the country after the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in the Fergana valley in June 1989.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Almost 10% of Uzbekistan's labour force works abroad, mostly in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG/220px-Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG/330px-Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG/440px-Nukus_Art_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Nukus Art Museum named after Savicky.</figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan has a 100% literacy rate among adults older than 15 (2019 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Life expectancy in Uzbekistan is 75 years average. 72 years among men and 78 years among women.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-162">[160]</a> President Shavkat Mirziyoyev signed a law in March 2020 that demands a national census take place at least every 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The population has not been officially counted in over 30 years. In November 2020, the first census was cancelled due to concerns about coronavirus and the sheer size of the task. It now has been scheduled for 2025−2026, with the results expected to be published in 2027.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Religion in Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_(Boukhara,_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan)_(5658826884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg/220px-Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg/330px-Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg/440px-Le_minaret_et_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Kalon_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285658826884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan is a secular country and Article 61 of its constitution states that religious organizations and associations shall be separated from the state and equal before law. The state shall not interfere in the activity of religious associations.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam</a> is the dominant religion in Uzbekistan, although Soviet power (1924–1991) discouraged the expression of religious belief, and it was repressed during its existence as a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Republic</a>. The CIA Factbook (2004) estimates that <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> constitute 88% of the population, while 9% of the population follow <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan">Russian Orthodox Christianity</a>, 3% other religions and non-religious,<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> while a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> projection stated that Uzbekistan's population is 96.7% Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Christians</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan">Russian Orthodox Christians</a>) comprised 2.3% of the population (630,000).<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> An estimated 93,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> lived in the country in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2-168">[166]</a> In addition, there are about 7,400 Zoroastrians left in Uzbekistan, mostly in Tajik areas like <a href="/wiki/Khojand" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojand">Khojand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Despite the predominance of Islam and its rich history in the country, the practice of the faith is far from monolithic. Uzbeks have practised many versions of Islam. The conflict of Islamic tradition with various agendas of <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reform</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> throughout the 20th century has left a wide variety of Islamic practices in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2-168">[166]</a> The end of Soviet control in Uzbekistan in 1991 did not bring an immediate upsurge of religion-associated <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, as many had predicted, but rather a gradual re-acquaintance with the precepts of the Islamic faith and a gradual resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> However, since 2015 there has been a slight increase in <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> activity, with small organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a> declaring allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Daesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daesh">Daesh</a> and contributing fighters abroad,<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> although the terror threat in Uzbekistan itself remains low.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Terrorism in Uzbekistan</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jewish community">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Jews">Uzbek Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukharian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharian Jews">Bukharian Jews</a></div> The Jewish community in the Uzbek lands lived for centuries, with occasional hardships during the reigns of certain rulers. During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> in the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> contributed greatly to his efforts to rebuild <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and a great Jewish centre was established there.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-173">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukharan_Jews_(before_1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg/220px-Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg/330px-Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg/440px-Bukharan_Jews_%28before_1899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Bukharan Jews, c. 1899</figcaption></figure> After the area came under Russian rule in 1868, Jews were granted equal rights with the local Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-173">[171]</a> In that period some 50,000 Jews lived in Samarkand and 20,000 in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-173">[171]</a> After the Russian revolutions in 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet regime, Jewish religious life (as with all religions) became restricted. By 1935 only one synagogue out of 30 remained in Samarkand; nevertheless, underground Jewish community life continued during the Soviet era.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-173">[171]</a> By 1970 there were 103,000 Jews registered in the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-173">[171]</a> Since the 1980s most of the Jews of Uzbekistan emigrated to Israel or to the United States of America.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> A small community of several thousand remained in the country as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit">[update]</a>: some 7,000 lived in Tashkent, 3,000 in Bukhara and 700 in Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Languages of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adib-i_sani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/170px-Adib-i_sani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/255px-Adib-i_sani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/340px-Adib-i_sani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption>A page in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> script printed in Tashkent in 1911</figcaption></figure> The Uzbek language is one of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a> branch of the Turkic language family, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>. It is the only official national language and since 1992 is officially written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Before the 1920s, the written language of Uzbeks was called Turki (known to Western scholars as <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>) and used the <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> script. In 1926 the Latin alphabet was introduced and went through several revisions throughout the 1930s. Finally, in 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabet</a> was introduced by Soviet authorities and was used until the fall of Soviet Union. In 1993 Uzbekistan shifted back to the Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabet</a>), which was modified in 1996 and is being taught in schools since 2000. Educational establishments teach only the Latin notation. At the same time, the Cyrillic notation is common among the older generation.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Even though the Cyrillic notation of Uzbek has now been abolished for official documents, it is still used by a number of some newspapers and websites. <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> branch of the Turkic language family and thus closer to <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, is spoken by half a million people, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Republic of Karakalpakstan</a>, and has an official status in that territory. Although the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> is not an official language in the country, it is widely used in many fields as a second official de-facto language. Digital information from the government is bilingual.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-fbuz-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-pres.uz-180">[178]</a> The country is also home to approximately one million native Russian speakers. Signs throughout the country are both in Uzbek and Russian.<a href="#cite_note-AA-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Шухрат_Хуррамов-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-AB-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-AC-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FFF-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a> (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) is widespread in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> because of their relatively large population of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajiks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-147">[145]</a> It is also found in large pockets in the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Kosonsoy" title="Kosonsoy">Kasansay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chust,_Uzbekistan" title="Chust, Uzbekistan">Chust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishton,_Uzbekistan" title="Rishton, Uzbekistan">Rishtan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokh_District" title="Sokh District">Sokh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Ferghana Valley</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okhangaron_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Okhangaron District">Ahangaran</a>, Baghistan in the middle <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> district, and finally in, <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitob_District" title="Kitob District">Kitab</a> and the river valleys of Kafiringan and Chaganian, forming altogether, approximately 25–30% of the population of Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-148">[146]</a> There are no language requirements to attain citizenship in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-FFF-185">[183]</a> In April 2020, a draft bill was introduced in Uzbekistan to regulate the exclusive use of the Uzbek language in government affairs. Under this legislation, government workers could incur fines for doing work in languages other than Uzbek. Though unsuccessful, it was met with criticism by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> spokeswoman, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zakharova" title="Maria Zakharova">Maria Zakharova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In response, a group of Uzbek intellectuals signed an open letter arguing for the instatement of Russian as an official language alongside Uzbek, citing historical ties, the large Russian-speaking population in Uzbekistan, and the usefulness of Russian in higher education, together with the argument that only Russian language opened the communication with the other peoples of the region and the literature of the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The Cyrillic Uzbek alphabet is still widely used, and 862 Russian-language schools are functioning in the country, compared to 1,100 in 1991, despite the fact that the Russian minority there has decreased from 1,7 million in 1990 to nearly 700,000 in 2022. In business, the Russian language outpaces Uzbek. Many Uzbeks in urban areas, as of 2019, are feeling more comfortable to speak in Russian, while Uzbek is more present in the agricultural regions. Uzbek did not manage to become a state language, and many blame the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Uzbekistan">Communications in Uzbekistan</a></div> According to the official source report, as of 10 March 2008, the number of cellular phone users in Uzbekistan reached 7 million, up from 3.7 million on 1 July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Mobile users in 2017 were more than 24 million.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The largest mobile operator in terms of number of subscribers is MTS-Uzbekistan (former <a href="/wiki/Uzdunrobita" title="Uzdunrobita">Uzdunrobita</a> and part of Russian Mobile TeleSystems) and it is followed by Beeline (part of Russia's Beeline) and UCell (ex Coscom) (originally part of the U.S. MCT Corp., now a subsidiary of the Nordic/Baltic telecommunication company <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> AB).<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> As of 2019, the estimated number of internet users was more than 22 million<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> or about 52% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Censorship">Internet Censorship</a> exists in Uzbekistan and in October 2012 the government toughened internet censorship by blocking access to proxy servers.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> has named Uzbekistan's government an "Enemy of the Internet" and government control over the internet has increased dramatically since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-196">[194]</a> The press in Uzbekistan practices <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> and foreign journalists have been gradually expelled from the country since the <a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre</a> of 2005 when government troops fired into crowds of protesters killing 187 according to official reports and estimates of several hundred by unofficial and witness accounts.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_1-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Transport in Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Toshkent_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Central Station of Tashkent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_(7502824436)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg/220px-Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg/330px-Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg/440px-Afrosiyob_Express_Train_in_Station_-_Samarkand_-_Uzbekistan_%287502824436%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Afrosiyob high-speed train</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, the nation's capital and largest city, has a four-line <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Metro" title="Tashkent Metro">metro</a> built in 1977, and expanded in 2001 after ten years' independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are currently the only two countries in Central Asia with a subway system. It is promoted as one of the cleanest systems in the former Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The stations are exceedingly ornate. For example, the station Kosmonavtlar built in 1984 is decorated using a <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">space travel</a> theme to recognise the achievements of humankind in space exploration and to commemorate the role of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dzhanibekov" title="Vladimir Dzhanibekov">Vladimir Dzhanibekov</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> of Uzbek origin. A statue of Vladimir Dzhanibekov stands near a station entrance. There are government-operated trams and buses running across the city. There are also many taxis, registered and unregistered. Uzbekistan has plants that produce modern cars. The car production is supported by the government and the Korean auto company <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a>. In May 2007 <a href="/wiki/UzDaewooAuto" class="mw-redirect" title="UzDaewooAuto">UzDaewooAuto</a>, the car maker, signed a strategic agreement with General Motors-Daewoo Auto and Technology (<a href="/wiki/GM_Daewoo" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Daewoo">GMDAT</a>, see <a href="/wiki/GM_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Uzbekistan">GM Uzbekistan</a> also).<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The government bought a stake in Turkey's Koc in <a href="/wiki/SamKochAvto" class="mw-redirect" title="SamKochAvto">SamKochAvto</a>, a producer of small buses and lorries. Afterward, it signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a> Motors of Japan to produce Isuzu buses and lorries.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Train links connect many towns in Uzbekistan, as well as neighbouring former republics of the Soviet Union. Moreover, after independence two fast-running train systems were established. Uzbekistan launched the first <a href="/wiki/Tashkent%E2%80%93Samarkand_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line">high-speed railway in Central Asia</a> in September 2011 between <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>. The new high-speed electric train <a href="/wiki/Talgo_250" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo 250">Talgo 250</a>, called Afrosiyob, was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Patentes Talgo S.L.</a> (Spain) and took its first trip from Tashkent to Samarkand on 26 August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> A large aircraft manufacturing plant was built during the Soviet era – <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Aviation_Production_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent Aviation Production Association">Tashkent Chkalov Aviation Manufacturing Plant</a> or ТАПОиЧ in Russian. The plant originated during World War II, when production facilities were evacuated south and east to avoid capture by advancing Nazi forces. Until the late 1980s, the plant was one of the leading aeroplane production centres in the USSR. With dissolution of the Soviet Union, its manufacturing equipment became outdated; most of the workers were laid off. Now it produces only a few planes a year, but with interest from Russian companies growing, there are rumours of production-enhancement plans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukbekistani_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ukbekistani_troops.jpg/220px-Ukbekistani_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ukbekistani_troops.jpg/330px-Ukbekistani_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ukbekistani_troops.jpg/440px-Ukbekistani_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek troops during a cooperative operation exercise</figcaption></figure> With close to 65,000 servicemen, Uzbekistan possesses the largest armed forces in Central Asia. The military structure is largely inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District" title="Turkestan Military District">Turkestan Military District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is standard, mostly consisting those of post-Soviet inheritance and newly crafted Russian and some American equipment. The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency" title="Defense Threat Reduction Agency">Defense Threat Reduction Agency</a> (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan (<a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vozrozhdeniye_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Vozrozhdeniye Island">Vozrozhdeniye Island</a>). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998. Following 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Central_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a>'s request for access to an air base, the <a href="/wiki/Karshi-Khanabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Karshi-Khanabad">Karshi-Khanabad</a> airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the <a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre</a> and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In 2020, it was revealed that the former US base was contaminated with radioactive materials which may have resulted in unusually high cancer rates in US personnel stationed there. Yet the government of Uzbekistan has denied this statement claiming that there has never been such a case.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> On 23 June 2006, Uzbekistan became a full participant in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO), but informed the CSTO to suspend its membership in June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Culture of Uzbekistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam in Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scout_Association_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout Association of Uzbekistan">Scout Association of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg/220px-Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg/330px-Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg/440px-Taschkent_-_Art_of_Uzbekistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG/220px-Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG/330px-Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG/440px-Theatre_Alisher_Navoi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navoi_Theater" title="Navoi Theater">Navoi Opera Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> being the majority group. In 1995 about 71% of Uzbekistan's population was Uzbek. The chief minority groups were Russians (8%), <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> (3–4.7%),<a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-cornellcaspian.com-149">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (2.5%) and <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a> (2%). It is said, however, that non-Uzbeks decline as Russians and other minority groups slowly leave and Uzbeks return from other parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzani_(Boukhara,_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan)_(5657423581).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg/220px-Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg/330px-Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg/440px-Suzani_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285657423581%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Embroidery from Uzbekistan</figcaption></figure> When Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991, there was concern that <a href="/wiki/Muslim_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim fundamentalism">Muslim fundamentalism</a> would spread across the region.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The expectation was that a country long denied freedom of religious practice would undergo a very rapid increase in the expression of its dominant faith. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, Uzbekistan's population is 96.3% Muslim; around 54% identifies as non-denominational Muslim, 18% as Sunni and 1% as Shia. Furthermore, 11% say they belong to a Sufi order.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Uzbekistan" title="Mass media in Uzbekistan">Mass media in Uzbekistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Music of Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boukhara_4696a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boukhara_4696a.jpg/220px-Boukhara_4696a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boukhara_4696a.jpg/330px-Boukhara_4696a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boukhara_4696a.jpg/440px-Boukhara_4696a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Silk and Spice Festival in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></figcaption></figure> Central Asian classical music is called <a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a>, which arose in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in the late 16th century when that city was a regional capital.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Shashmaqam is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> <a href="/wiki/Mugam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugam">Mugam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_muqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur muqam">Uyghur muqam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The name, which translates as six maqams refers to the structure of the music, which contains six sections in six different <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">Musical modes</a>, similar to classical <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a>. Interludes of spoken <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a> interrupt the music, typically beginning at a lower register and gradually ascending to a climax before calming back down to the beginning tone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Education in Uzbekistan</a></div> Uzbekistan has a high <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a>, with 99.9% of adults above the age of 15 being able to read and write.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> However, with only 76% of the under-15 population currently enrolled in education (and only 20% of the 3–6 year olds attending pre-school), this figure may drop in the future. Students attend school Monday through Saturday during the school year, and education officially concludes at the end of the 11th grade. Uzbekistan has encountered severe budget shortfalls in its education program. The education law of 1992 began the process of theoretical reform, but the physical base has deteriorated and curriculum revision has been slow. Corruption within the education system is rampant, with students from wealthier families routinely bribing teachers and school executives to achieve high grades without attending school, or undertaking official examinations.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Several universities, including <a href="/wiki/Westminster_International_University_in_Tashkent" title="Westminster International University in Tashkent">Westminster University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin University">Turin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_Development_Institute_of_Singapore_in_Tashkent" title="Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent">Management University Institute of Singapore</a>, Bucheon University in Tashkent, <a href="/wiki/TEAM_University_Tashkent" title="TEAM University Tashkent">TEAM University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inha_University_Tashkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Inha University Tashkent">Inha University Tashkent</a> maintain a campus in Tashkent offering English language courses across several disciplines. The Russian-language high education is provided by most national universities, including foreign <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gubkin_Russian_State_University_of_Oil_and_Gas" title="Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas">Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas</a>, maintaining campuses in Tashkent. As of 2019, <a href="/wiki/Webster_University" title="Webster University">Webster University</a>, in partnership with the Ministry of Education (now Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation), has opened a graduate school offering an MBA in Project Management and a MA in Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL). There are three Islamic institutes and an academy in Uzbekistan. They are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashkent_islamic_institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashkent islamic institute (page does not exist)">Tashkent islamic institute</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_Arab_high_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir Arab high school (page does not exist)">Mir Arab high school</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_hadith_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of hadith knowledge (page does not exist)">School of hadith knowledge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_islamic_academy_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International islamic academy of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">International islamic academy of Uzbekistan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uzbekistan" title="Public holidays in Uzbekistan">Public holidays in Uzbekistan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1 January: <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, "Yangi Yil Bayrami"</li> <li>14 January: <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Motherland_Day" title="Defender of the Motherland Day">Day of Defenders of the Motherland</a>, "Vatan Himoyachilari kuni"</li> <li>8 March: <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>, "Xalqaro Xotin-Qizlar kuni"</li> <li>21 March: <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, "Navroʻz Bayrami"</li> <li>9 May: <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_and_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Remembrance and Honour">Day of Remembrance and Honour</a>, "Xotira va Qadrlash kuni"</li> <li>1 September: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a>, "Mustaqillik kuni"</li> <li>1 October: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Teachers%27_Days" title="List of Teachers' Days">Teachers' Day</a>, "Oʻqituvchi va Murabbiylar kuni"</li> <li>8 December: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day" title="Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a>, "Konstitutsiya kuni"</li></ul> </div> Variable date <ul><li>End of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, Ramazon Hayiti (<a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>)</li> <li>70 days later, Qurbon Hayiti (<a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Uzbek_dishes" title="List of Uzbek dishes">List of Uzbek dishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plov.jpg/220px-Plov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plov.jpg/330px-Plov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plov.jpg/440px-Plov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Palov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_Manti_(bright).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg/220px-Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg/330px-Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg/440px-Uzbek_Manti_%28bright%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">manti</a></figcaption></figure> Uzbek cuisine is influenced by local <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>; since there is a great deal of grain farming in Uzbekistan, bread and noodles are of importance and Uzbek cuisine has been characterised as "noodle-rich". <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Mutton</a> is a popular variety of meat due to the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> in the country and it is part of various Uzbek dishes.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Uzbekistan's signature dish is <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">palov</a> (or plov), a main course typically made with rice, meat, carrots, and onions, though it was not available to ordinary people until the 1930s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are many regional variations of the dish. Often the fat found near the sheep tail, qurdiuq, is used. In the past, the cooking of palov was reserved for men, but the Soviets allowed women to cook it as well. Since then, it seems, the old gender roles have been restored.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Other notable national dishes include <a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">shurpa</a>, a soup made of large pieces of fatty meat (usually mutton), and fresh vegetables;<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naryn_(dish)" title="Naryn (dish)">norin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laghman_(food)" title="Laghman (food)">laghman</a>, noodle-based dishes that may be served as a soup or a main course;<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">manti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">chuchvara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsa_(food)" title="Samsa (food)">somsa</a>, stuffed pockets of <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> served as an appetizer or a main course; <a href="/wiki/Dimlama" title="Dimlama">dimlama</a>, a meat and vegetable stew; and various <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebabs</a>, usually served as a main course. <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> is the national hot beverage consumed throughout the day; <a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">teahouses</a> (chaikhanas) are of cultural importance.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a> is preferred in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, but both green and black teas are consumed daily, without milk or sugar. Tea always accompanies a meal, but it is also a drink of hospitality that is automatically offered: green or black to every guest.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a>, a chilled yogurt drink, is popular in summer.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The use of alcohol is less widespread than in the West, but wine is comparatively popular for a Muslim nation as Uzbekistan is largely secular. Uzbekistan has 14 wineries, the oldest and most famous being the Khovrenko Winery in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (established in 1927).<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> A number of vineyards in and around Tashkent are also growing in popularity, including Chateau Hamkor.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Sport in Uzbekistan">Sport in Uzbekistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Uzbekistan at the Olympics">Uzbekistan at the Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Uzbekistan" title="Football in Uzbekistan">Football in Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Uzbekistan" title="Rugby union in Uzbekistan">Rugby union in Uzbekistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg/220px-Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg/330px-Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg/440px-Bunyodkor_stadium2_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milliy_Stadium" title="Milliy Stadium">Milliy Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></figcaption></figure> Uzbekistan is home to former racing cyclist <a href="/wiki/Djamolidine_Abdoujaparov" title="Djamolidine Abdoujaparov">Djamolidine Abdoujaparov</a>. Abdoujaparov won the <a href="/wiki/Green_jersey" title="Green jersey">green jersey</a> points contest in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> three times.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Abdoujaparov was a specialist at winning stages in tours or one-day races when the bunch or <a href="/wiki/Peloton" title="Peloton">peloton</a> would finish together. He would often 'sprint' in the final kilometer and had a reputation as being dangerous in these bunch sprints as he would weave from side to side. This reputation earned him the nickname 'The Terror of Tashkent'.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artur_Taymazov" title="Artur Taymazov">Artur Taymazov</a> won Uzbekistan's inaugural wrestling medal at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a>, followed by three Olympic gold medals in Men's 120 kg in <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>. His 2008 gold was taken away in 2017 after a re-testing of samples from the Beijing Games and Taymazov was later stripped of his London 2012 Olympic gold medal after re-analysis of stored samples in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> His London gold had made him the most successful freestyle competitor in Olympic history. He is the 60th athlete to be disqualified from the London Olympics after the event.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Chagaev" title="Ruslan Chagaev">Ruslan Chagaev</a> is a former professional boxer representing Uzbekistan in the WBA. He won the WBA champion title in 2007 after defeating Nikolai Valuev.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Chagaev defended his title twice before losing it to Vladimir Klitschko in 2009. Another young talented boxer <a href="/wiki/Hasanboy_Dusmatov" title="Hasanboy Dusmatov">Hasanboy Dusmatov</a>, light flyweight champion at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Val_Barker_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Barker Trophy">Val Barker Trophy</a> for the outstanding male boxer of Rio 2016 on 21 August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> On 21 December 2016 Dusmatov was honoured with the AIBA Boxer of the Year award at a 70-year anniversary event of <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association" title="International Boxing Association">AIBA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kolganov" title="Michael Kolganov">Michael Kolganov</a>, an Uzbek–born sprint canoer, was world champion and won an Olympic bronze in Sydney in the K1 500-meter in 2000 on behalf of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> In 2009 and 2011, another Uzbek émigré, gymnast <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shatilov" title="Alexander Shatilov">Alexander Shatilov</a>, won a world bronze medal as an <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnast</a> in floor exercise, though he lives in and represents Israel in international competitions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Chusovitina" title="Oksana Chusovitina">Oksana Chusovitina</a> has attended eight Olympic games, and won five world medals in artistic gymnastics including an Olympic gold. Some of those medals were won while representing Germany and the Soviet Union, though she currently competes for Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Uzbekistan is the home of the International <a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a> Association.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Kurash is an internationalised and modernised form of traditional Uzbek wrestling. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan's premier football league is the <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Super_League" title="Uzbekistan Super League">Uzbek Super League</a>, which has consisted of 16 teams since 2015. The current champions (2022) are <a href="/wiki/Pakhtakor_Tashkent_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtakor Tashkent FK">FC Pakhtakor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pakhtakor_Tashkent_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtakor Tashkent FK">Pakhtakor</a> holds the record for the most Uzbekistan champion titles, having won the league ten times. Uzbekistan's football clubs regularly participate in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Champions_League" class="mw-redirect" title="AFC Champions League">AFC Champions League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="AFC Cup">AFC Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/FC_Nasaf" title="FC Nasaf">FC Nasaf Qarashi</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2011_AFC_Cup" title="2011 AFC Cup">AFC Cup in 2011</a>, the first international club cup for Uzbek football.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humo_Tashkent" title="Humo Tashkent">Humo Tashkent</a>, a professional ice hockey team was established in 2019 with the aim of joining <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> (KHL), a top level Eurasian league in the future.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Humo will join the second-tier <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Hockey_League" title="Supreme Hockey League">Supreme Hockey League</a> (VHL) for the 2019–20 season. Humo play their games at the <a href="/wiki/Humo_Ice_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Humo Ice Dome">Humo Ice Dome</a> which cost over €175 million in construction; both the team and arena derive their name from the mythical <a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a>, a symbol of happiness and freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Logo-233">[231]</a> Uzbekistan Hockey Federation (UHF) began preparation for forming national ice hockey team in joining <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">IIHF</a> competitions.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Before Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the country was part of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_football_team" title="Soviet Union national football team">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_rugby_union_team" title="Soviet Union national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Soviet Union men's national basketball team">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team">ice hockey</a>, and handball national teams. After independence, Uzbekistan created its own <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_football_team" title="Uzbekistan national football team">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_rugby_union_team" title="Uzbekistan national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Uzbekistan men's national basketball team">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_national_futsal_team" title="Uzbekistan national futsal team">futsal</a> national teams. <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> is a very popular sport in Uzbekistan, especially after Uzbekistan's sovereignty in 1991. Uzbekistan has its own Tennis Federation called the "UTF" (Uzbekistan Tennis Federation), created in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Uzbekistan also hosts an International WTA tennis tournament, the "Tashkent Open", held in Uzbekistan's capital city. This tournament has been held since 1999, and is played on outdoor hard courts. The most notable active players from Uzbekistan are <a href="/wiki/Denis_Istomin" title="Denis Istomin">Denis Istomin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akgul_Amanmuradova" title="Akgul Amanmuradova">Akgul Amanmuradova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is quite popular in Uzbekistan. The country boasts <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Rustam Kasimdzhanov</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">FIDE World Chess Champion in 2004</a>, and many junior players like <a href="/wiki/Nodirbek_Abdusattorov" title="Nodirbek Abdusattorov">Nodirbek Abdusattorov</a>, the 2021 <a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">World Rapid Chess Champion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The Uzbek team – consisting of GM <a href="/wiki/Nodirbek_Abdusattorov" title="Nodirbek Abdusattorov">Nodirbek Abdusattorov</a>, GM <a href="/wiki/Nodirbek_Yakubboev" title="Nodirbek Yakubboev">Nodirbek Yakubboev</a>, GM <a href="/wiki/Javokhir_Sindarov" title="Javokhir Sindarov">Javokhir Sindarov</a>, GM <a href="/wiki/Shamsiddin_Vokhidov" title="Shamsiddin Vokhidov">Shamsiddin Vokhidov</a> and GM <a href="/wiki/Jahongir_Vakhidov" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahongir Vakhidov">Jahongir Vakhidov</a> won gold at the <a href="/wiki/44th_Chess_Olympiad" title="44th Chess Olympiad">44th Chess Olympiad</a> in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">team handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulugbek_Rashitov" title="Ulugbek Rashitov">Ulugbek Rashitov</a>, won the country's first Olympic gold medal in taekwondo, at the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo 2021. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Judo_Championships" title="2022 World Judo Championships">World Judo Championships</a> were held in Tashkent. In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/2024_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup" title="2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup">FIFA Futsal World Cup</a> was held in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan" title="Portal:Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Health in Uzbekistan">Health in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">Outline of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: Oʻzbekiston, Ўзбекистон, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">[ozbekiˈstɒn]</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn, ʌz-, -ˈstæn/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn, -stɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg\/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg/En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg" title="File:En-us-Uzbekistan.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-law-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html">"Uzbekistan: Law "On Official Language""</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508060700/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4d328.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Law+%22On+Official+Language%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6b4d328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UzbekConstit-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekConstit_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekConstit_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.uz/en">"Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan"</a>. constitution.uz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215043716/http://constitution.uz/en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constitution.uz&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.uz%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> In the Republic of Uzbekistan any notary procedures shall be effected on the official language. Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on RUSSIAN and if possible on other acceptable language. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/11/08/Law_on_official_language.pdf">https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/11/08/Law_on_official_language.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatEtnicPop-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatEtnicPop_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatEtnicPop_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1">"Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence"</a>. Data.egov.uz. 2-001-1779. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data.egov.uz&rft.atitle=Permanent+population+by+national+and+%2F+or+ethnic+group%2C+urban+%2F+rural+place+of+residence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.egov.uz%2Feng%2Fdata%2F6117a05996188a0f14ac917b%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/">"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232057/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fuzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/#geography">"Uzbekistan"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan#geography">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. 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Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+situation+in+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+-+9%2F5%2F2024&rft.pub=Statistics+Agency+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.uz%2Fuz%2F59-foydali-ma-lumotlar%2F5859-o-zbekiston-aholisi-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.UZ-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UZ_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/November/weo-report?c=927,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, November 2023 Edition. (Uzbekistan)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 November 2023. 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IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPD%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient">"Income Gini coefficient"</a>. Human Development Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=Income+Gini+coefficient&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fincome-gini-coefficient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/">"GINI index – Uzbekistan"</a>. MECOMeter – Macro Economy Meter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MECOMeter+%E2%80%93+Macro+Economy+Meter&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%E2%80%93+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmecometer.com%2Fwhats%2Fuzbekistan%2Fgini-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-12"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988">. This source gives the British pronunciation as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌʊzbɛkɪˈstɑːn, ʌz-, -ˈstæn/</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʊzˌbɛk-/</a> found in CEPD. It also does not list the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʊzˈbɛkɪstɑːn/</a> variant in American English. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> This source does not list the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈstæn/</a> pronunciation in British English. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2011" class="citation web cs1">Pereltsvaig, Asya (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html">"Uzbek, the penguin of Turkic languages"</a>. Languages of the World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124345/https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/language-families/uzbek-the-penguin-of-turkic-languages.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. 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The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080937/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/03/are-decades-of-political-repression-making-way-for-an-uzbek-spring">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. 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Brookings. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111342/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/01/23/uzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+star+appears+in+the+credit+rating+universe&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Pajank&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffuture-development%2F2019%2F01%2F23%2Fuzbekistans-star-appears-in-the-credit-rating-universe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenzheakhmet_Nurlan_2013_140-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenzheakhmet_Nurlan_2013_140_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenzheakhmet_Nurlan_2013_140_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenzheakhmet_Nurlan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qazaq+Khanate+as+Documented+in+Ming+Dynasty+Sources&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kenzheakhmet+Nurlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_29-1">b</a> A. H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, A. C. Haddon, Man: Past and Present, p.312, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Google Books, quoted: "Who take their name from a mythical Uz-beg, Prince Uz (beg in Turki=a chief, or hereditary ruler)." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodBradley_Mayhew" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Calum; Bradley Mayhew. Uzbekistan: Golden Road to Samarkand. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Golden+Road+to+Samarkand&rft.pages=31&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Calum&rft.au=Bradley+Mayhew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997385–6_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubin1997">Lubin (1997)</a>, pp. 385–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidovich1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davidovich, E.A. (1998). "The Karakhanids (Chapter 6)". In M.S. Asimov; Clifford Edmund Bosworth (eds.). History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4.1 The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, pt. 1, the historical, social and economic setting. UNESCO Publishing. pp. 119–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103467-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-103467-7"><bdi>92-3-103467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Karakhanids+%28Chapter+6%29&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=119-44&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=92-3-103467-7&rft.aulast=Davidovich&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModelski" class="citation web cs1">Modelski, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054002/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">"Central Asian world cities (XI – XIII century)"</a>. faculty.washington.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+world+cities+%28XI+%E2%80%93+XIII+century%29&rft.aulast=Modelski&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fmodelski%2FCAWC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin1997389–90_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubin1997">Lubin (1997)</a>, pp. 389–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Sicker, Martin (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154">The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153747/https://books.google.com/books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA154">Archived</a> 12 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8">0-275-96892-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Totten, Samuel and Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C">Dictionary of Genocide: A-L</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC-CLIO, p. 422, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313346429" title="Special:BookSources/0313346429">0313346429</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433">Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Samarkand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193127/http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433">Archived</a> 24 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (CPA Media). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Medical Links between India & Uzbekistan in Medieval Times by <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman" title="Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman">Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman</a>, Historical and Cultural Links between India & Uzbekistan, <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library" title="Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library">Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library</a>, Patna, 1996. pp. 353–381. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html">"Adventure in the East"</a>. Time. 6 April 1959. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810930,00.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Adventure+in+the+East&rft.date=1959-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C810930%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Shlapentokh, Vladimir; Sendich, Munir; Payin, Emil (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108">The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005412/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg-dn0g0SikC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> 8 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-335-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-335-0">1-56324-335-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Chahryar Adle, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva (2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC">Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC">Archived</a> 29 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". UNESCO. p.232. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231039857" title="Special:BookSources/9231039857">9231039857</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Islam-Karimov">"Islam Karimov | president of Uzbekistan"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Islam+Karimov+%7C+president+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIslam-Karimov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158">"Obituary: Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903142534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37218158">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Uzbekistan+President+Islam+Karimov&rft.date=2016-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-37218158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov">"Uzbekistan elects Shavkat Mirziyoyev as president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 5 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202215308/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/uzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+elects+Shavkat+Mirziyoyev+as+president&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fdec%2F05%2Fuzbekistan-elects-shavkat-mirziyoyev-president-islam-karimov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory">"Uzbek president secures second term in landslide election victory"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. 25 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202215317/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/uzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Uzbek+president+secures+second+term+in+landslide+election+victory&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F25%2Fuzbek-president-secures-second-term-in-landslide-election-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform">"Uzbek president pledges constitutional reform | Eurasianet"</a>. eurasianet.org. 7 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202215319/https://eurasianet.org/uzbek-president-pledges-constitutional-reform">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. 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Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+world&rft.pub=worldatlas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Faatlas%2Fpopulations%2Fctypopls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uzstat-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uzstat_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uzstat_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uzstat_48-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051">Uzbekistan will publish its own book of records – Ferghana.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010043/http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2051">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 18 July 2007. 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Retrieved 22 March 2022. <q>Uzbekistan is one of the world's largest natural gas producers, annually producing around 60 billion cubic metres (bcm)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+energy+profile&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fuzbekistan-energy-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UZBEKISTAN+-+Gas+Production+%26+Reserves.-a0123542903">"UZBEKISTAN - Gas Production & Reserves"</a>. The Free Library. Farlex Inc. 18 October 2004. 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United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055442/http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/226#iiaInnerMenu">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCTAD+Division+on+Investment+and+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Bilateral+Investment+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestmentpolicyhub.unctad.org%2FIIA%2FCountryBits%2F226%23iiaInnerMenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion">"Uzbekistan's gold and foreign exchange reserves at US$ 25.49 billion"</a>. Tashkent Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501060527/http://tashkenttimes.uz/finances/3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tashkent+Times&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+gold+and+foreign+exchange+reserves+at+US%24+25.49+billion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftashkenttimes.uz%2Ffinances%2F3050-uzbekistan-s-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-at-us-25-49-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact">"Uzbekistan"</a> (in Russian). The world bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605175712/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/EXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES/ECAINRUSSIANEXT/EXTUZBEKISTANINRUS/0,,contentMDK:20546336~menuPK:1151287~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:1151265,00.html#contact">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.pub=The+world+bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTRUSSIANHOME%2FEXTRUSSIANCOUNTRIES%2FECAINRUSSIANEXT%2FEXTUZBEKISTANINRUS%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20546336~menuPK%3A1151287~pagePK%3A1497618~piPK%3A217854~theSitePK%3A1151265%2C00.html%23contact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf">"the World in 2050"</a> (PDF). HSBC. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100813/https://www.hsbc.com.mx/1/PA_esf-ca-app-content/content/home/empresas/archivos/world_2050.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+World+in+2050&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=HSBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsbc.com.mx%2F1%2FPA_esf-ca-app-content%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2Fempresas%2Farchivos%2Fworld_2050.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-143"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-144"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million">"Uzbekistan population surpasses 36 million"</a>. ashkenttimes.uz. 9 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212110418/http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+population+surpasses+36+million&rft.pub=ashkenttimes.uz&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftashkenttimes.uz%2Fnational%2F10147-uzbekistan-population-surpasses-36-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201_146-3">d</a> Cordell, Karl (1998) Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415173124" title="Special:BookSources/0415173124">0415173124</a>, p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% (<a href="#CITEREFFoltz1996">Foltz 1996</a>, p. 213; Carlisle 1995:88[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>]). </li> <li id="cite_note-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108_147-3">d</a> Jonson, Lena (1976) Tajikistan in the New Central Asia, I.B.Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085771726X" title="Special:BookSources/085771726X">085771726X</a>, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1.7 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 5% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1996213–6_148-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoltz1996">Foltz (1996)</a>, pp. 213–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-cornellcaspian.com-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cornellcaspian.com_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornellcaspian.com_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505153156/http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm">"Uzbekistan: A Regional Player in Eurasian Geopolitics?"</a>. European Security. 9 (2): 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662830008407454">10.1080/09662830008407454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-2839">0966-2839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154194469">154194469</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub/0010uzbekistan.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Security&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+A+Regional+Player+in+Eurasian+Geopolitics%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154194469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0966-2839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09662830008407454&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellcaspian.com%2Fpub%2F0010uzbekistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206165604/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf">World Jewish Population 2001</a> (PDF). American Jewish Yearbook. Vol. 101. 2001. p. 561. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Jewish+Population+2001&rft.series=American+Jewish+Yearbook&rft.pages=561&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2F2001_13_WJP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326020910/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf">World Jewish Population 2007</a> (PDF). American Jewish Yearbook. Vol. 107. 2007. p. 592. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Jewish+Population+2007&rft.series=American+Jewish+Yearbook&rft.pages=592&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2FAJYB727.CV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Allworth, Edward (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102">Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152247/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA102">Archived</a> 15 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1521-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1521-1">0-8223-1521-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf">The Russian Minority in Central Asia: Migration, Politics, and Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184216/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OP297.pdf">Archived</a> 6 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html">The Russians are Still Leaving Uzbekistan For Kazakhstan Now</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211171635/http://turkishweekly.net/news/874/the-russians-are-still-leaving-uzbekistan-for-kazakhstan-now.html">Archived</a> 11 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of Turkish Weekly. 16 December 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgtzidis1991" class="citation journal cs1">Agtzidis, Vlasis (1991). "The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union". Journal of Refugee Studies. 4 (4): 372–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.372">10.1093/jrs/4.4.372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6328">0951-6328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Persecution+of+Pontic+Greeks+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=372-381&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2F4.4.372&rft.issn=0951-6328&rft.aulast=Agtzidis&rft.aufirst=Vlasis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzio, Taras (24 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/">"Crimean Tatars Divide Ukraine and Russia"</a>. Eurasia Daily Monitor. 6 (121). The Jamestown Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223021754/https://jamestown.org/program/crimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Crimean+Tatars+Divide+Ukraine+and+Russia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=121&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fcrimean-tatars-divide-ukraine-and-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html">Greece overcomes its ancient history, finally</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-overcomes-its-ancient-history-finally-552207.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане"</a>. Неприкосновенный запас. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%3A+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8.+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.date=2009&rft.au=%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.russ.ru%2Fnz%2F2009%2F4%2Fab21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-184"><a href="#cite_ref-AC_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFА._Е._Пьянов" class="citation web cs1">А. 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BBC News. 5 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218808">the original</a> on 21 August 2013. 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Uzdaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011802/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1315">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%2C+General+Motors+sign+strategic+deal&rft.pub=Uzdaily.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdaily.com%2F%3Fc%3D118%26a%3D1315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242">SamAuto supplies 100 buses to Samarkand firms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084418/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1242">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UZDaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336">Japanese firm buys 8% shares in SamAuto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084406/http://www.uzdaily.com/?c=118&a=1336">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UZDaily.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm">First high-speed electricity train carries out first trip from Samarkand and Tashkent, 27 August 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111171755/http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-15511.htm">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033909/https://time.com/5005629/new-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%27s+History+With+Islam+Might+Explain+a+Lot+About+the+New+York+Attack+Suspect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5005629%2Fnew-york-attack-manhattan-saipov-uzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/">"Religious Identity Among Muslims"</a>. 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FC Nasaf's 2011 AFC Cup winners | Football | News | AFC Cup 2021"</a>. the-AFC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184531/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/where-are-they-now-fc-nasaf-s-2011-afc-cup-winners">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. 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Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.the-sports.org&rft.atitle=Ice+Hockey+-+Humo+Tashkent+%28Uzbekistan%29+%3A+palmares%2C+results+and+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-sports.org%2Fice-hockey-humo-tashkent-results-identity-equ83133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logo-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Logo_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uihf.uz/news#tab115">"Bird of Happiness - a symbol of the HC HUMO"</a> (in Russian). 22 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112541/http://www.uihf.uz/news#tab115">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bird+of+Happiness+-+a+symbol+of+the+HC+HUMO&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuihf.uz%2Fnews%23tab115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFakbaryusupov" class="citation web cs1">akbaryusupov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season">"Tashkent-based Humo club to play in Higher Hockey League in 2019-2020 season"</a>. tashkenttimes.uz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185733/https://tashkenttimes.uz/sports/3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tashkenttimes.uz&rft.atitle=Tashkent-based+Humo+club+to+play+in+Higher+Hockey+League+in+2019-2020+season&rft.au=akbaryusupov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftashkenttimes.uz%2Fsports%2F3971-tashkent-based-humo-club-to-play-in-higher-hockey-league-in-2019-2020-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzDaily" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">UzDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786">"UTF has played a big role in promotion of tennis in Uzbekistan- Kafelnikov"</a>. UzDaily.uz (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183359/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/15786">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UzDaily.uz&rft.atitle=UTF+has+played+a+big+role+in+promotion+of+tennis+in+Uzbekistan-+Kafelnikov&rft.au=UzDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdaily.uz%2Fen%2Fpost%2F15786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzDaily" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">UzDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230">"Denis Istomin wins, Amanmuradova loses"</a>. UzDaily.uz (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190556/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/14230">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UzDaily.uz&rft.atitle=Denis+Istomin+wins%2C+Amanmuradova+loses&rft.au=UzDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzdaily.uz%2Fen%2Fpost%2F14230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov">"Rustam Kasimdzhanov | Top Chess Players"</a>. Chess.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729132753/https://www.chess.com/players/rustam-kasimdzhanov">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=Rustam+Kasimdzhanov+%7C+Top+Chess+Players&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fplayers%2Frustam-kasimdzhanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov">"Nodirbek Abdusattorov | Top Chess Players"</a>. Chess.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506213148/https://www.chess.com/players/nodirbek-abdusattorov">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess.com&rft.atitle=Nodirbek+Abdusattorov+%7C+Top+Chess+Players&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Fplayers%2Fnodirbek-abdusattorov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/news/1915">"Uzbekistan youngsters surprise winners of 44th Chess Olympiad"</a>. Fide.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fide.com&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+youngsters+surprise+winners+of+44th+Chess+Olympiad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fnews%2F1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/futsalworldcup/uzbekistan-2024">"The William wall spurs Brazil to sixth star"</a>. Fifa.com. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fifa.com&rft.atitle=The+William+wall+spurs+Brazil+to+sixth+star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fen%2Ftournaments%2Fmens%2Ffutsalworldcup%2Fuzbekistan-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of the history of Central Asia</a></div> <ul><li>Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Rashid, Ahmed. The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? (2017)</li> <li>Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed. 1995)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey. 15 (2): 213–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939608400946">10.1080/02634939608400946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Tajiks+of+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-216&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939608400946&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubin1997" class="citation book cs1">Lubin, Nancy (1997). "Uzbekistan". In Glenn E. Curtis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0">Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies</a>. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844409382" title="Special:BookSources/9780844409382"><bdi>9780844409382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%2C+Kyrgyzstan%2C+Tajikistan%2C+Turkmenistan%2C+and+Uzbekistan%3A+Country+Studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780844409382&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkazakstankyrgyzs00curt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbekistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040933/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/uzbekistan.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/">Uzbekistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx">Uzbekistan Corruption Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324230655/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/uzbekistan/business-corruption-in-uzbekistan.aspx">Archived</a> 24 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/uz/">Uzbekistan</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210070501/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/natbibuzbek.htm">Uzbek Publishing and National Bibliography</a> from the University of Illinois Slavic and East European Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040200/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uzbekistan.htm">Uzbekistan</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-225">List of cities and populations</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16218112">Uzbekistan profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Uzbekistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Uzbekistan">Wikimedia Atlas of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UZ">Key Development Forecasts for Uzbekistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> Media <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtrk.uz/#uz/uzbekistan/">National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uzbekistan_topics" title="Template:Uzbekistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uzbekistan_topics" title="Template talk:Uzbekistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uzbekistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uzbekistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uzbekistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Uzbekistan (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan" title="Emblem of Uzbekistan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="519" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Uzbekistan" title="Template:Borders of Uzbekistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Districts of Uzbekistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme points of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forests_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forests of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of lakes of Uzbekistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of mountains of Uzbekistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of protected areas of Uzbekistan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of rivers of Uzbekistan">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uzbekistan" title="Elections in Uzbekistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uzbekistan" title="Foreign relations of Uzbekistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uzbekistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Oliy Majlis (Parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of political parties in Uzbekistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uzbekistan" title="Supreme Court of Uzbekistan">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uzbekistan" title="President of Uzbekistan">President of Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Uzbekistan" title="List of companies of Uzbekistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_sum" title="Uzbekistani sum">Sum (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxation in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Tourism in Uzbekistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Society of Uzbekistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Anthem of Uzbekistan">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Uzbekistan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uzbekistan" title="Flag of Uzbekistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Health in Uzbekistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Uzbekistan" title="Mental health in Uzbekistan">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uzbekistan" title="Public holidays in Uzbekistan">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_clothing" title="Uzbek clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Uzbekistan" title="Mass media in Uzbekistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Sport in Uzbekistan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uzbekistan" title="Outline of Uzbekistan">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uzbekistan" title="Category:Uzbekistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan" title="Portal:Uzbekistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template talk:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template talk:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits" title="List of Turkic Speaking States summits">Turkic Speaking States summits</a> (1992-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits" title="List of Turkic Council summits">Turkic Council summits</a> (2011-2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2022 Organization of Turkic States summit">2022 (Samarkand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2023 Organization of Turkic States summit">2023 (Astana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Flag of the Organization of Turkic States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day" title="Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day">Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World" title="Supreme Order of Turkic World">Supreme Order of Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406118341">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/234141824">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260657/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJght8grK8xh9JpD7HrTHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062199-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129869">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342210j">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128204606">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411811">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577488">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134560&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453053">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000418029&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1339771nt8scw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/95c0c3ee-ed52-31c4-83e6-19ced497e6d0">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10051336?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0e8dcf2d-60e2-4d13-b6d0-2457578a08eb">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/0p4uaVac">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027351009">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044996">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045283">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ozbekistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uzbekistan&params=42_N_64_E_type:country">42°N 64°E / 42°N 64°E / 42; 64</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&oldid=1258778389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan&oldid=1258778389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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