Antibodies | Bio-Techne

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Our catalog of over 425,000 antibodies from our R&D Systems™ and Novus Biologicals™ brands have been validated for specificity and reproducibility in over 25 species for more than 15 applications, ensuring that you will find one for your research needs.</p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/search?keywords=antibody" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Find Your Antibody </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/v2_new-antibodies-hero-white.png" alt="New Antibodies Hero FG" fetchpriority="high" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="main" class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-breadcrumbs" class="system_breadcrumb_block"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reagents">Bio-Techne Reagents</a> </li> <li> Antibodies </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main> <section class="section"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-content" class="system_main_block"> <article> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h3>On This Page</h3> <p><a href="#featured">Featured Antibody Capabilities</a>  |  <a href="#portfolio">Full Antibody Portfolio</a>  |   <a href="#custom">Custom Antibody Services</a>  |  <a href="#applications">Antibodies by Applications</a>  |  <a href="#resources">Related Antibodies Resources</a> | <a href="#faqs">FAQs/Troubleshooting</a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-page-text-with-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/obt-antibody-pillar-page-banner-v5.jpg" alt="Antibody Pillar Page Banner" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h3>Since adding Novus Biologicals™, part of Bio-Techne, to our online catalog we have over 400,000 antibody products to view and purchase.</h3></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--individual-button mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default w-100"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <a href="/search?keywords=antibody" class="btn btn-primary" type="link" > Find Your Antibody </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default card-para-default"> <h2>Featured Antibody Capabilities</h2> <div class="row card_row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/reagents/antibodies/immune-cell-therapy-antibodies" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/Animal-Free-Landing-Graphics_teaser7.png" alt="Immune Cell Therapy Teaser" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/reagents/antibodies/immune-cell-therapy-antibodies" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Antibodies for Immune Cell Therapy</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Find highly specific monoclonal and recombinant monoclonal antibodies for activation, expansion, and characterization of T cell and NK cell therapies.</p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/reagents/antibodies/immune-cell-therapy-antibodies" > Learn more about Antibodies for Immune Cell Therapy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/applications/immunohistochemistry/spatial-tested-antibodies" > <div class="teaser-card-image-crop mb-3"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/applications/featured-multiplex-ab-fig-2-v3.jpg" alt="Detection of Cadherin in human colon cancer via Multiplex Immunofluorescence on COMET™" loading="lazy" > </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/applications/immunohistochemistry/spatial-tested-antibodies" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Multiplex IF Antibodies for Spatial Biology</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Antibodies for Multiplex Immunofluorescence (mIF) undergo rigorous testing for specificity, sensitivity, and biological robustness specifically on the COMET™ platform from Lunaphore, a Bio-Techne brand.  </p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/applications/immunohistochemistry/spatial-tested-antibodies" > View Primary Antibodies for Multiplex IF </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/reagents/antibodies/gpcr-antibodies" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/bt-pharmacology-hero-img.png" alt="Pharmacology Proteins Hero Image" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/reagents/antibodies/gpcr-antibodies" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Antibodies for GPCR Therapeutic Development</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Bio-Techne’s R&D System brand has been a leader in the development of GPCR antibodies. We offer the largest selection of highly validated GPCR antibodies in the industry.</p> <p><a name="portfolio"></a></p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/reagents/antibodies/gpcr-antibodies" > Learn More About Our GPCR Antibodies </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Full Antibody Portfolio</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="custom"></a></p> <figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-bordered"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibodies&category_attr=Primary%20Antibodies">Primary Antibodies</a></td> <td><a href="/reagents/antibodies/secondary-antibodies">Secondary Antibodies</a></td> <td><a href="/reagents/antibodies/recombinant-antibodies">Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibodies&applications=Knockout%20Validated">Knockout Validated Antibodies</a></td> <td><a href="/reagents/antibodies/conjugated-primary-antibodies">Conjugated Primary Antibodies</a></td> <td><a href="/reagents/antibodies/epitope-tag-antibodies">Epitope Tag Antibodies</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/reagents/antibodies/isotype-control-antibodies">Isotype Control Antibodies</a></td> <td><a href="/reagents/antibodies/biosimilar-antibodies">Biosimilar Antibodies</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=anti-idiotype">Anti-idiotype Antibodies</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-width-banner-with-image mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph-background-color--"> <div class="banner_background_image" data-bgimage="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/v8_round-black-blue-gradient-banner-1110x350.png" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-text-to-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_header_2_global"> <div><h2>Custom Antibody Services</h2></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>If you can't find the antibody that you need on our website, contact us. Leverage the expertise and skill of our antibody development scientists for your custom antibody project.</p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/services/custom-antibody-services" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Contact Our Team </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/about/v2_antibodies-teaser.png" alt="Antibodies" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-width-banner-with-image mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph-background-color--light"> <div class="banner_background_image" data-bgimage="" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-media-to-text mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/data-validation.png" alt="Validation Data" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h2>Antibody Validation Philosophy</h2></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>Bio-Techne has always been at the forefront of antibody validation testing. Our curated antibody selection is validated by using methods like knockout validation and orthogonal validation with ISH probes. See for yourself in our data image library, showing application-specific data to help you bypass the antibody screening process and generate data faster.</p> <p><a name="applications"></a></p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/reagents/antibodies/antibody-validation" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Learn More </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Antibodies by Applications</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-bordered"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=Flow%20Cytometry">Flow Cytometry</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=Western%20Blot">Western Blot</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=Immunohistochemistry">IHC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=Block/Neutralize">Blocking/Neutralizing</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=ELISA">Matched Pairs for ELISA</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=simple%20western%20antibodies&category_attr=Primary%20Antibodies">Simple Western</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibodies&applications=Immunocytochemistry/%20Immunofluorescence&category_attr=Primary%20Antibodies">ICC</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=Immunoprecipitation">Immunoprecipitation</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=antibody&applications=Dual%20RNAscope%20ISH-IHC">Dual RNAscope<sup>TM</sup> ISH-IHC</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <section class="paragraph 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class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/resources/literature/immunohistochemistry-ihc-handbook" title="Download the Handbook Now" > <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/ihc_brochure_new.png" alt="View of the Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Handbook from BioTechne" loading="lazy" > </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h2>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Handbook</h2></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a widely used immunostaining technique using antibodies to detect an antigen of interest in the cells of a fixed tissue section and provides semi-quantitative data about target protein expression, distribution, and localization.</p><p>Our recently updated handbook offers a comprehensive introduction to IHC that is well-suited for researchers new to the technique and experienced scientists looking for a quick refresher.</p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/resources/literature/immunohistochemistry-ihc-handbook" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Download the Handbook Now </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--clickable-icons-container paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col p-0 text-center"> <h2>Related Antibodies Resources</h2> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col text-center"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--indvidual-clickable-icon paragraph--view-mode--default card p-3 text-center h-100 mb-0"> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/resources/webinars/recombinant-antibody-technology" > <div><article> <div><img src='https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/webinars-icon-light.png' alt='Representation of a speaker presenting a webinar'></div> </article> </div> <p><strong>Antibody Validation Webinar</strong></p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--indvidual-clickable-icon paragraph--view-mode--default card p-3 text-center h-100 mb-0"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/blog/relax-and-go-flow-demystifying-multi-parameter-flow-cytometry" > <div><article> <div><img src='https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/webinars-icon-light.png' alt='Representation of a speaker presenting a webinar'></div> </article> </div> <p><strong>Part 1: Flow Cytometry Webinar</strong></p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--indvidual-clickable-icon paragraph--view-mode--default card p-3 text-center h-100 mb-0"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/blog/webinar-2-turning-flow-cytometry-upside-down-and-inside-out-cellular-function-revealed" > <div><article> <div><img src='https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/webinars-icon-light.png' alt='Representation of a speaker presenting a webinar'></div> </article> </div> <p><strong>Part 2: Flow Cytometry Webinar</strong></p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--indvidual-clickable-icon paragraph--view-mode--default card p-3 text-center h-100 mb-0"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/white-paper/development-validated-monoclonal-antibodies" > <div><article> <div><img src='https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/about/ISSCR-graphics_resource.png' alt='Literature Icon'></div> </article> </div> <p><strong>Monoclonal Antibodies Whitepaper</strong></p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--indvidual-clickable-icon paragraph--view-mode--default card p-3 text-center h-100 mb-0"> <a href="https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/rnd-systems-ihc-protocol-br.pdf" > <div><article> <div><img src='https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/about/ISSCR-graphics_resource.png' alt='Literature Icon'></div> </article> </div> <p><strong>IHC/ICC Protocol Guide</strong></p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-6 mb-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--indvidual-clickable-icon paragraph--view-mode--default card p-3 text-center h-100 mb-0"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/services/custom-antibody-services" > <div><article> <div><img src='https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/antibody-validation_Light_Blue.png' alt='Antibody Validation Icon'></div> </article> </div> <p><strong>Custom Antibody Services</strong></p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="faqs"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-about-antibodies7" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>About Antibodies</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-about-antibodies7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Antibodies are large glycoproteins produced by the immune system to help defend the host against foreign invaders. They are Y-shaped molecules that are composed of two identical heavy and light polypeptide chains. One heavy and light chain associate via their N-terminals, forming a domain that will bind to its antigen. An antigen is a substance that initiates an immune response. It is typically a protein, but may also be a carbohydrate, small molecule or nucleotide. Each antibody will only recognize and bind to one specific epitope (i.e. site) on an antigen. This specific binding allows antibodies to be powerful research tools for the detection of a specific protein in an assay.</p> <p><strong>Learn more in our <a href="/reagents/antibodies/antibody-validation/antibody-basics">Antibody Basics</a>.</strong></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-frequently-asked-questions19" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>Frequently Asked Questions</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-frequently-asked-questions19" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p><strong>What is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?</strong></p> <p>Monoclonal antibodies are a homogenous population of antibodies that are produced by a single clone of plasma B cells. These antibodies recognize and bind to one epitope on the antigen. Polyclonal antibodies are a heterogeneous mixture of antibodies that is produced by a population of clones of plasma B cells. The antibodies recognize the same antigen but bind to different epitopes on the antigen.</p> <p><strong>What are recombinant monoclonal antibodies?</strong></p> <p>Recombinant antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that are produced by molecular cloning techniques instead of hybridoma-based technologies. In other words, recombinant antibodies can be produced animal-free; genes for specific light chains and heavy chains are inserted into expression vectors, which are introduced into host cells. The host cells produce the antibodies, which can then be collected. Advantages of recombinant monoclonal antibodies include improved lot-to-lot consistency and reproducibility, ability to scale up to gram quantities, and opportunity for high-throughput, animal-free production.</p> <p><strong>How do you test for antibody specificity?</strong></p> <p>Bio-Techne has adopted the recommendations outlined by the International Working Group for Antibody Validation, which was published in 2016 in <em>Nature Methods</em> (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.3995" target="_blank">Uhlen, M. <em>et al. </em>(2016) Nat. Methods <strong>13</strong>:823</a>), for antibody validation. The methods we utilize include knockout validation via gene editing and knockout cell lines, and orthogonal validation using RNAscope<sup>® </sup>in situ hybridization technology. Visit our <a href="/reagents/antibodies/antibody-validation">Antibodies Built for Reproducibility</a> page to learn more.</p> <p><strong>How do you test for antibody reproducibility?</strong></p> <p>Bio-Techne takes rigorous steps toward providing antibodies that display the same high specificity from lot-to-lot. We develop and manufacture over 90% of our products in house, giving us control over product development and testing. The immunogens we use to produce our antibodies are designed to ensure correct epitope presentation using our high-quality proteins, transfected cells, or carefully selected peptide sequences. The new antibody lots are then screened beside previous commercial lots to ensure the new lots exhibit the same sensitivity and specificity. Visit our <a href="/reagents/antibodies/antibody-validation">Antibodies Built for Reproducibility</a> page to learn more.</p> <p><strong>What are secondary antibodies?</strong></p> <p>A secondary antibody is an antibody directed against another immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule. They are used to aid in the detection, sorting or purification of target antigens. Visit our <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/support/secondary-antibodies-faqs">Secondary Antibodies FAQs</a> page to learn more. </p> <p><strong>What is an isotype control?</strong></p> <p>All immunoglobulins will bind non-specifically to cells expressing Fc receptors on their surface. Antibodies raised in mice, particularly of the IgG2a isotype, bind strongly to some human leukocytes. Isotype or negative controls are incorporated into flow cytometry (or occasionally IHC) protocols to assess the level of non-specific binding to Fc receptors on the target cell.</p> <p><strong>Does your company make custom antibodies? </strong></p> <p>Yes, our expert scientists will work with you to deliver the antibody that meets all your required specifications. In tandem, an assigned project manager will ensure clear and constant communication throughout. We generate antibodies under controlled conditions with rigorous quality control testing to ensure high specificity and outstanding performance in the desired application(s). </p> <p>Learn more about our <a href="/services/custom-antibody-services">Custom Antibody Services</a>.</p> <p><strong>Could you please provide information on how to find positive controls for your primary antibodies?</strong></p> <p>The images on our datasheets will provide detailed information on potential positive controls cells and/or tissues, which have been previously tested by the lab for antibody validation. We also provide a Related Products table at the top of the datasheet, which will contain useful control information where available. In addition to these tools, we recommend checking tools such as <a href="https://www.uniprot.org">Uniprot</a> or <a href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/">Protein Atlas</a> to determine tissues and cell lines that highly express your protein of interest.</p> <p><strong>What is the difference between cross adsorbed/normal/purified antibodies?</strong></p> <p>Pre-adsorption (also referred to as cross-adsorption) is an extra step to increase the specificity of an antibody. Antibodies (for example, antibodies recognizing rabbit IgG light-chains) are passed through a matrix containing immobilized serum proteins from potentially cross-reactive species (for example, antibodies that recognize sheep and bovine light-chains). Only antibodies specific to rabbit IgG-light chains will pass through the column. Antibodies cross-reacting with sheep or bovine IgG light-chains will bind and stay adsorbed to the matrix. The result of the procedure is a more specific antibody, which is especially useful in IHC when cross-reactivity is feared. Purified antibodies have been purified by binding to protein A or protein G or by binding to the immunogen used to generate the antibody.</p> <p><strong>Why has this antibody been discontinued and is there a way to obtain the discontinued stock?</strong></p> <p>Occasionally, it becomes necessary to discontinue a product from our catalog. Some reasons include a lack of commercial interest, a disruption in supply from an outside collaborator, or unforeseen production difficulties. Rarely, a product will be discontinued for quality issues. We understand that this can be an inconvenience to our customers, and we will do our best to recommend an appropriate alternative, when available. Please contact our technical support team for help in finding any potential replacement products.   Once we list an antibody as unavailable on our website, the remaining stock has been exhausted and no additional vials remain.</p> <p><strong>I am interested in buying one of your antibodies. I am trying to place an order but your company is not on our system. Would you be able to tell me if you have any specific UK suppliers that you use?</strong></p> <p>We have a European office based in the Abingdon Science park. If you email <a href="mailto:info@bio-techne.com">info@bio-techne.com</a> they will place your order.</p> <p><strong>Can primary antibodies be reused?</strong></p> <p>We do not recommend that antibodies are reused.</p> <p><strong>What is the difference between cross adsorbed/normal/purified antibodies?</strong></p> <p>Pre-adsorption (also referred to as cross-adsorption) is an extra step to increase the specificity of an antibody. Antibodies (for example, antibodies recognizing rabbit IgG light-chains) are passed through a matrix containing immobilized serum proteins from potentially cross-reactive species (for example, antibodies that recognize sheep and bovine light-chains). Only antibodies specific to rabbit IgG-light chains will pass through the column. Antibodies cross-reacting with sheep or bovine IgG light-chains will bind and stay adsorbed to the matrix. The result of the procedure is a more specific antibody, which is especially useful in IHC when cross-reactivity is feared. Purified antibodies have been purified by binding to protein A or protein G or by binding to the immunogen used to generate the antibody.</p> <p><strong>Is your guarantee that you will refund the full price of the antibody if it doesn't work as specified still honored with this sample size?</strong></p> <p>All of our products are backed by our<a href="/guarantee"> Guarantee </a>for the applications and species listed on the datasheet. Yes, this applies to sample sizes.</p> <p><strong>Does your company honor this guarantee if the antibody is purchased through a vendor?</strong></p> <p>All of our products are backed by our <a href="/guarantee">Guarantee </a>for the applications and species listed on the datasheet. Yes, this guarantee applies to products purchased through other vendors.</p> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-troubleshooting1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>Troubleshooting</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-troubleshooting1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Optimize your experiments to get the best results. We’ve compiled a troubleshooting guide based on potential problems associated with antibodies to help meet your research needs.</p> <p><a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting/antibody-conjugation-troubleshooting">Check out our Troubleshooting Guide.</a></p> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> <div id="brandsbar-footer" class="bg-bt-primary"> <div class="container-wide container-fluid text-white"> <div class="row py-5"> <div class="footer-logo col-xl-3 col-lg-auto d-flex"> <img class="brand-bar-footer-logo" src="/themes/custom/bio_techne_global/logo.svg" alt="Bio-techne logo"> </div> <div class="col-xl-9 col-lg-auto"> <p class="ml-xl-4 bt-px_groteskbold footer-tagline">Global Developer, Manufacturer, and Supplier of High-Quality Reagents, Analytical Instruments, and Precision Diagnostics.</p> </div> <div class="included-brands col"> <span class="font-weight-bold mr-3 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