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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Condemnation by the Council of Nicaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_by_the_Council_of_Nicaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homoian_Arianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homoian_Arianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Homoian Arianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homoian_Arianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggles_with_orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggles_with_orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Struggles with orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struggles_with_orthodoxy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Struggles with orthodoxy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struggles_with_orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Council_of_Nicaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Council_of_Nicaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Council of Nicaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Council_of_Nicaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_Nicaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_Nicaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aftermath of Nicaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_Nicaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Council of Constantinople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Among_medieval_Germanic_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_medieval_Germanic_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Among medieval Germanic tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_medieval_Germanic_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_5th_to_the_7th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_5th_to_the_7th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>From the 5th to the 7th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_5th_to_the_7th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_16th_to_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_16th_to_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>From the 16th to the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_16th_to_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iglesia_ni_Cristo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iglesia_ni_Cristo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Iglesia ni Cristo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iglesia_ni_Cristo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Socinian_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Socinian_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other Socinian groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Socinian_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Spiritism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arianism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismus" title="Arianismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arianismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D" title="አሪያኒስም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሪያኒስም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أريوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أريوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrianismo" title="Arrianismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arrianismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrianismu" title="Arrianismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arrianismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianl%C4%B1q" title="Arianlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آریانیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آریانیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арыянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арыянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арыянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Арианство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арианство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianegezh" title="Arianegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arianegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A1nstv%C3%AD" title="Ariánství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ariánství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadaeth" title="Ariadaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ariadaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismus" title="Arianismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arianismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arianism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αρειανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρειανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrianismo" title="Arrianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arrianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آریانیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آریانیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airiasachas" title="Airiasachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airiasachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="아리우스주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아리우스주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արիոսականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արիոսականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijanstvo" title="Arijanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianesimo" title="Arianesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אריאניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריאניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="არიანელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არიანელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арианизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арианизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uario" title="Uario – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uario" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Apианчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Apианчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismus" title="Arianismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arianismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C4%81nisms" title="Ariānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ariānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijonizmas" title="Arijonizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arijonizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianesim" title="Arianesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arianesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianizmus" title="Arianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Аријанство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аријанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisma_(te%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia)" title="Arianisma (teôlôjia) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arianisma (teôlôjia)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ആറിയനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആറിയനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاريوسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاريوسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="アリウス派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリウス派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisme" title="Arianisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arianisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianchilar" title="Arianchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arianchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89r%C3%A9sie_arienne" title="Érésie arienne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Érésie arienne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian%C3%A9sim" title="Arianésim – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arianésim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianizm" title="Arianizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arianizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Арианство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арианство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Арианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آریوسیت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آریوسیت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianizmi" title="Arianizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arianizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianizmus" title="Arianizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arianizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijanstvo" title="Arijanstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Аријанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аријанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijanstvo" title="Arijanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arijanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areiolaisuus" title="Areiolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Areiolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianismo" title="Arianismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arianismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="ลัทธิเอเรียส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิเอเรียส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius%C3%A7uluk" title="Ariusçuluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ariusçuluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Аріанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аріанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آریوسیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آریوسیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianisse" title="Arianisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Arianisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="阿利乌教派 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿利乌教派" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%83%8F%E6%B4%BE" title="阿里烏派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿里烏派" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%83%8F%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="阿里烏教派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿里烏教派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83922#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arian" redirects here. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arianism" title="Category:Arianism">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arianism</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History and theology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacians" title="Acacians">Acacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_creeds" title="Arian creeds">Arian creeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Argenteus" title="Codex Argenteus">Codex Argenteus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Arian leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Antioch" title="Aëtius of Antioch">Aëtius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demophilus_of_Constantinople" title="Demophilus of Constantinople">Demophilus of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomius_of_Cyzicus" title="Eunomius of Cyzicus">Eunomius of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Sebaste" title="Eustathius of Sebaste">Eustathius of Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Laodicea" title="George of Laodicea">George of Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Wulfila</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other Arians</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asterius_of_Cappadocia" title="Asterius of Cappadocia">Asterius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Durostorum" title="Auxentius of Durostorum">Auxentius of Durostorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_persecution_of_Christians" title="Gothic persecution of Christians">Gothic persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemius" title="Artemius">Artemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern semi-Arians</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Religious views of Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Opponents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Achillas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Achillas of Alexandria">Achillas of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_Corduba" title="Hosius of Corduba">Hosius of Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myrra</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arianism" title="Template:Arianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arianism" title="Template talk:Arianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a 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title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie"><i>Nouvelle théologie</i> (<i>Ressourcement</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  •  Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_theology" title="Constructive theology">Constructive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Eco-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology#Christianity" title="Exotheology">extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Conservative Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminist</a> in the broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology"><i>Minjung</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arianism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀρειανισμός</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Areianismós</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological doctrine</a> considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a> by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington2007241_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington2007241-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is first attributed to <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 256–336</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Christian <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> who preached and studied in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arian <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> holds that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest185662_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest185662-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was begotten by <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the difference that the Son of God did not always exist but was begotten/made<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before time by God the Father;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, Jesus was not <a href="/wiki/Coeternal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeternal">coeternal</a> with God the Father,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nonetheless Jesus began to exist outside time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arius' trinitarian theology, later given an extreme form by <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Antioch" title="Aëtius of Antioch">Aetius</a> and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Eunomius_of_Cyzicus" title="Eunomius of Cyzicus">Eunomius</a> and called <a href="/wiki/Anomoean" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomoean">anomoean</a> ('dissimilar'), asserts a total dissimilarity between the Son and the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan20116–7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan20116–7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arianism holds that the Son is distinct from the Father and therefore subordinate to him.<sup id="cite_ref-JE2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Arian</i> is derived from the name Arius; it was not what the followers of Arius' teachings called themselves, but rather a <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">term used by outsiders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiles19965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiles19965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of Arius's and his supporters' teachings were opposed to the theological <a href="/wiki/Doctrine#Religious_usage" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">Homoousian</a> Christians regarding the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and the nature of Christ. </p><p>There was a controversy between two interpretations of Jesus's divinity (Homoousianism and Arianism) based upon the theological orthodoxy of the time, one trinitarian and the other also a derivative of trinitarian orthodoxy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan20116_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan20116-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and each of them attempted to solve its respective theological dilemmas.<sup id="cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homoousianism was formally affirmed by the first two <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since then, Arianism has been condemned as "the heresy or sect of Arius".<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trinitarian (Homoousian) doctrines were vigorously upheld by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, who insisted that Jesus (God the Son) was "same in being" or "same in essence" with God the Father. Arius stated: "If the Father begat the Son, then he who was begotten had a beginning in existence, and from this it follows there was a time when the Son was not."<sup id="cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ecumenical <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> of 325 declared Arianism to be a heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Everett Ferguson</a>, "The great majority of Christians had no clear views about the nature of the Trinity and they did not understand what was at stake in the issues that surrounded it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arianism is also used to refer to other <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> theological systems of the 4th century, which regarded <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>—the Son of God, the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>—as either a begotten creature of a similar or different substance to that of the Father, but not identical (as <a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a>) or as neither uncreated nor created in the sense other beings are created (as in <a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">semi-Arianism</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a></div> <p>Some early Christians that were counted among Orthodoxy denied the eternal generation of the Son, seeing the Son as being begotten in time. These include <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertullian is considered a pre-Arian. Among the other church fathers, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> was accused of Arianism for using terms like "second God", and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a> was denounced at Rome for saying that Son is a work and creature of God.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a> of Origen is not identical to Arianism, and it has been generally viewed as closer to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan view.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Controversy over Arianism</a> arose in the late 3rd century and persisted throughout most of the 4th century. It involved most church members—from simple believers, priests, and monks to bishops, emperors, and members of Rome's imperial family. Two Roman emperors, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, became Arians or <a href="/wiki/Semi-Arians" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Arians">Semi-Arians</a>, as did prominent <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal">Vandal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> warlords both before and after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>. The antipopes <a href="/wiki/Felix_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix II">Felix II</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Ursicinus" title="Antipope Ursicinus">Ursinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were Arian, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a> was forced to sign the Arian Creed of Sirmium of 357 although the letter says he willingly agreed with Arianism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a deep controversy within the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> during this period of its development could not have materialized without significant historical influences providing a basis for the Arian doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2005127–128_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2005127–128-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariusz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ariusz.JPG/250px-Ariusz.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ariusz.JPG/375px-Ariusz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ariusz.JPG/500px-Ariusz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Imagined portrait of Arius; detail of a <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>, c. 1591, depicting the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Arius had been a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian of Antioch</a> at <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">Lucian's private academy in Antioch</a> and inherited from him a modified form of the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPullan190587_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPullan190587-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arius taught that God the Father and the Son of God did not always exist together eternally.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchies.net_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchies.net-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condemnation_by_the_Council_of_Nicaea">Condemnation by the Council of Nicaea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Condemnation by the Council of Nicaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> summoned the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, which defined the dogmatic fundaments of Christianity; these definitions served to rebut the questions posed by Arians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll198712_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll198712-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Arius was not a bishop, he was not allowed to sit on the council, and it was Eusebius of Nicomedia who spoke for him and the position he represented. <sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_1984_1762_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_1984_1762-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the bishops who were there were in agreement with the major theological points of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-orthodoxy">proto-orthodoxy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since at that time all other forms of Christianity "had by this time already been displaced, suppressed, reformed, or destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009259_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009259-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the proto-orthodox won the previous disputes, due to the more accurate defining of <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>, they were vanquished with their own weapons, ultimately being declared heretics, not because they would have fought against ideas regarded as theologically correct, but because their positions lacked the accuracy and refinement needed by the fusion of several contradictory theses accepted at the same time by later orthodox theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003253–255_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003253–255-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the roughly 300 bishops in attendance at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a>, two bishops did not sign the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> that condemned Arianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1960171–195_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1960171–195-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine the Great also ordered a penalty of death for those who refused to surrender the Arian writings: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In addition, if any writing composed by Arius should be found, it should be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offence, he shall be submitted for capital punishment. ... </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ten years after the Council of Nicaea, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, who was himself later baptized by the Arian bishop <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a> in 337 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-e446_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e446-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_1984_1762_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_1984_1762-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1909_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1909-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convened another gathering of church leaders at the regional <a href="/wiki/First_Synod_of_Tyre" title="First Synod of Tyre">First Synod of Tyre</a> in 335 (attended by 310 bishops), to address various charges mounted against <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> by his detractors, such as "murder, illegal taxation, sorcery, and treason", following his refusal to readmit Arius into fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) following his conviction at <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> of conspiracy, and Arius was, effectively, exonerated.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius eventually returned to Alexandria in 346, after the deaths of both Arius and Constantine. Though Arianism had spread, Athanasius and other <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christian</a> church leaders crusaded against Arian theology, and Arius was <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathemised</a> and condemned as a heretic once more at the ecumenical <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> of 381 (attended by 150 bishops).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II#Christianity_under_Constantius" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> (337–361) and <a href="/wiki/Valens#Struggles_with_the_religious_nature_of_the_Empire" title="Valens">Valens</a> (364–378) were Arians or <a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arians</a>, as was the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> (433?–493), and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a> were also Arians or Semi-Arians until the 7th century. The ruling elite of <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic Spain">Visigothic Spain</a> was Arian until 589. Many <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> adopted Arian beliefs upon their conversion to Christianity. The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> actively spread Arianism in North Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little of Arius's own work survives except in quotations selected for polemical purposes by his opponents, and there is no certainty about what theological and philosophical traditions formed his thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham198975_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham198975-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence from the One of Neo-Platonism was widespread throughout the Eastern Roman Empire and this influenced Arius.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arius's basic premise is that only God is independent for his existence. Since the Son is dependent he must therefore be called a creature.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arians put forward a question for their belief: "Has God birthed Jesus willingly or unwillingly?" This question was used to argue that Jesus is dependent for his existence since Jesus exists only because God wants him to be.<sup id="cite_ref-newmanreader_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmanreader-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arianism taught that the Logos was a divine being begotten by God the Father before the creation of the world, made him a medium through whom everything else was created, and that the Son of God is subordinate to God the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintockStrong186745Volume_7_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintockStrong186745Volume_7-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Logos is an inner attribute of God that is wisdom, while Jesus is called Logos only because of resemblance with the inner Logos of God.<sup id="cite_ref-newmanreader_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmanreader-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A verse from Proverbs was used for the creation of the Son: "The Lord created me at the beginning of his work."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FiorenzaGalvin1991_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FiorenzaGalvin1991-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Son was rather the very first and the most perfect of God's creatures, and he was called "God" only by the Father's permission and power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1978Chapter_9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1978Chapter_9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of "Son" is ambiguous as Arians have applied an adoptionist theology to defend the creation <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">ex nihilo</a></i> of Jesus from God.<sup id="cite_ref-newmanreader_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmanreader-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arians do not believe in the traditional doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan201172_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan201172-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter of the Arian bishop <a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Durostorum" title="Auxentius of Durostorum">Auxentius of Durostorum</a><sup id="cite_ref-faculty.georgetown.edu_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faculty.georgetown.edu-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the Arian missionary <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> gives a picture of Arian beliefs. The Arian Ulfilas, who was ordained a bishop by the Arian bishop <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a> and returned to his people to work as a missionary, believed: God, the Father, ("unbegotten" God; Almighty God) always existing and who is the only true God.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Son of God, Jesus Christ, ("only-begotten god"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was begotten before time began.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> is the illuminating and sanctifying power of God. 1 Corinthians 8:5–6 was cited as <a href="/wiki/Proof_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof text">proof text</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, even though there may be so-called gods in heaven or on earth—as in fact there are many gods and many lords/masters—yet for us there is one God (Gk. <i>theos</i> – θεός), the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord/Master (<i><a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">kyrios</a></i> – κύριος), Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%208:5–6&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 8:5–6</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The creed of Arian <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> (c. 311–383), which concludes the above-mentioned letter by Auxentius,<sup id="cite_ref-faculty.georgetown.edu_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faculty.georgetown.edu-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishes God the Father ("unbegotten"), who is the only true God, from the Son of God ("only-begotten"); and the Holy Spirit, the illuminating and sanctifying power, which is neither God the Father nor the Lord Jesus Christ: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, Ulfila, bishop and confessor, have always so believed, and in this, the one true faith, I make the journey to my Lord; I believe in only one God the Father, the unbegotten and invisible, and in his only-begotten Son, our Lord/Master and God, the designer and maker of all creation, having none other like him. Therefore, there is one God of all, who is also God of our God; and in one Holy Spirit, the illuminating and sanctifying power, as Christ said after his resurrection to his apostles: "And behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you; but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be clothed with power from on high"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again "But ye shall receive power, when the Holy Ghost is come upon you";<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither God nor Lord, but the faithful minister of Christ; not equal, but subject and obedient in all things to the Son. And I believe the Son to be subject and obedient in all things to God the Father.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFHeatherMatthews1991">Heather & Matthews 1991</a>, p. 143</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A letter from <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> (c. 250–336) to the Arian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a> (died 341) states the core beliefs of the Arians: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some of them say that the Son is an eructation, others that he is a production, others that he is also unbegotten. These are impieties to which we cannot listen, even though the heretics threaten us with a thousand deaths. But we say and believe and have taught, and do teach, that the Son is not unbegotten, nor in any way part of the unbegotten; and that he does not derive his subsistence from any matter; but that by his own will and counsel he has subsisted before time and before ages as perfect as God, only begotten and unchangeable, and that before he was begotten, or created, or purposed, or established, he was not. For he was not unbegotten. We are persecuted because we say that the Son has a beginning but that God is without beginning.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Theodoret: Arius's Letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia, translated in Peters' <i>Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe</i>, p. 41</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Principally, the dispute between <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a> and Arianism was about: </p> <ul><li>has the Son always existed eternally with the Father or was the Son begotten at a certain time in the past?</li> <li>is the Son equal to the Father or subordinate to the Father?</li></ul> <p>For Constantine, these were minor theological points that stood in the way of uniting the Empire, but for the theologians, it was of huge importance; for them, it was a matter of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the theologians of the 19th century it was already obvious that in fact Arius and Alexander/Athanasius did not have much to quarrel about, the difference between their views was very small, and that the end of the fight was by no means clear during their quarrel, both Arius and Athanasius suffering a great deal for their own views. Arius was the father of <a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousianism</a> and Alexander the father of <a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">Homoousianism</a>, which was championed by Athanasius. For those theologians it was clear that Arius, Alexander and Athanasius were far from a true doctrine of Trinity, which developed later, historically speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest18566_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest18566-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guido M. Berndt and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Steinacher" title="Roland Steinacher">Roland Steinacher</a> state clearly that the beliefs of Arius were acceptable ("not especially unusual") to a huge number of orthodox clergy; this is the reason why such a major conflict was able to develop inside the Church, since Arius's theology received widespread sympathy (or at least was not considered to be overly controversial) and could not be dismissed outright as individual heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homoian_Arianism">Homoian Arianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homoian Arianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arianism had several different variants, including <a href="/wiki/Eunomianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunomianism">Eunomianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acacians" title="Acacians">Homoian Arianism</a>. Homoian Arianism is associated with <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius</a>. Homoian Arianism avoided the use of the word <i>ousia</i> to describe the relation of Father to Son, and described these as "like" each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2005557–558_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2005557–558-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanson lists twelve creeds that reflect the Homoian faith:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2005558–559_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2005558–559-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The Second Sirmian Creed of 357</li> <li>The Creed of Nice (Constantinople) 360</li> <li>The creed put forward by <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius</a> at Seleucia, 359</li> <li>The Rule of Faith of <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a></li> <li>The creed uttered by <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> on his deathbed, 383</li> <li>The creed attributed to <a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius</a></li> <li>The Creed of <a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius of Milan</a>, 364</li> <li>The Creed of <a href="/wiki/Germinius_of_Sirmium" title="Germinius of Sirmium">Germinius</a> professed in correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Ursacius_of_Singidunum" title="Ursacius of Singidunum">Ursacius of Singidunum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valens_of_Mursa" title="Valens of Mursa">Valens of Mursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladius_of_Ratiaria" title="Palladius of Ratiaria">Palladius's</a> rule of faith</li> <li>Three credal statements found in fragments, subordinating the Son to the Father</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggles_with_orthodoxy">Struggles with orthodoxy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Struggles with orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Council_of_Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Council of Nicaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg/250px-Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg/375px-Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg/500px-Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> burning Arian books, illustration from a compendium of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, <i>c</i>. 825</figcaption></figure> <p>In 321, Arius was denounced by a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> at Alexandria for teaching a heterodox view of the relationship of Jesus to God the Father. Because Arius and his followers had great influence in the schools of Alexandria—counterparts to modern universities or seminaries—their theological views spread, especially in the eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 325, the controversy had become significant enough that the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> called an assembly of bishops, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, which condemned Arius's doctrine and formulated the original <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed_of_325" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene Creed of 325">Nicene Creed of 325</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nicene Creed's central term, used to describe the relationship between the Father and the Son, is <a href="/wiki/Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">Homoousios</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ὁμοούσιος</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune-Baker2004_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune-Baker2004-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a>, meaning "of the same substance" or "of one being" (the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> is less often used but is a more overtly anti-Arian statement on the Trinity).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The focus of the Council of Nicaea was the nature of the Son of God and his precise relationship to God the Father (see <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synods of Antioch</a>). Arius taught that Jesus Christ was divine/holy and was sent to earth for the salvation of mankind<sup id="cite_ref-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that Jesus Christ was not equal to God the Father (infinite, primordial origin) in rank <i>and</i> that God the Father and the Son of God were not equal to the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchies.net_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchies.net-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Arianism, Christ was instead not consubstantial with God the Father since both the Father and the Son under Arius were made of "like" essence or being (see <a href="/wiki/Homoiousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoiousia">homoiousia</a>) but not of the same essence or being (see <a href="/wiki/Homoousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousia">homoousia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Arian view, God the Father is a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> and is divine <i>and</i> the Son of God is not a deity but divine (I, the LORD, am <a href="/wiki/Deity_(monotheism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deity (monotheism)">Deity</a> alone.)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God the Father sent Jesus to earth for salvation of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a> is essence or being, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, and is the aspect of God that is completely incomprehensible to mankind and human perception. It is all that subsists by itself and which has not its being in another,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELossky197650–51_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky197650–51-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God the Father and God the Son and God the Holy Spirit all being uncreated.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the teaching of Arius, the preexistent Logos and thus the incarnate Jesus Christ was a begotten being; only the Son was directly begotten by God the Father, before ages, but was of a distinct, though similar, essence or substance from the Creator. His opponents argued that this would make Jesus less than God and that this was heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomazansky_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomazansky-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the distinction between the differing factions was over the phrasing that Christ expressed in the New Testament to express submission to God the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomazansky_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomazansky-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theological term for this submission is <a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">kenosis</a>. This ecumenical council declared that Jesus Christ was true God, co-eternal and consubstantial (i.e., of the same substance) with God the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine is believed to have exiled those who refused to accept the Nicaean Creed—Arius himself, the deacon Euzoios, and the Libyan bishops Theonas of Marmarica and <a href="/wiki/Secundus_of_Ptolemais" title="Secundus of Ptolemais">Secundus of Ptolemais</a>—and also the bishops who signed the creed but refused to join in condemnation of Arius, Eusebius of Nicomedia and <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Nicaea" title="Theognis of Nicaea">Theognis of Nicaea</a>. The emperor also ordered all copies of the <i>Thalia</i>, the book in which Arius had expressed his teachings, to be <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burned</a>. However, there is no evidence that his son and ultimate successor, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, who was a Semi-Arian Christian, was exiled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although he was committed to maintaining what the <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> had defined at Nicaea, Constantine was also bent on pacifying the situation and eventually became more lenient toward those condemned and exiled at the council. First, he allowed Eusebius of Nicomedia, who was a protégé of his sister, and Theognis to return once they had signed an ambiguous statement of faith. The two, and other friends of Arius, worked for Arius's rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsch2004_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1836Ch._XXI_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1836Ch._XXI-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman2003_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2003-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/First_Synod_of_Tyre" title="First Synod of Tyre">First Synod of Tyre</a> in AD 335, they brought accusations against <a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>, now bishop of Alexandria, the primary opponent of Arius. After this, Constantine had Athanasius banished since he considered him an impediment to reconciliation. In the same year, the Synod of Jerusalem under Constantine's direction readmitted <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> to communion in 336. Arius died on the way to this event in Constantinople. Some scholars suggest that Arius may have been poisoned by his opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirsch2004_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius and Theognis remained in the Emperor's favor, and when Constantine, who had been a <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumen</a> much of his adult life, accepted <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> on his deathbed, it was from Eusebius of Nicomedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_1984_1762_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_1984_1762-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_Nicaea">Aftermath of Nicaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath of Nicaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalatiumTheodoricMosaicDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PalatiumTheodoricMosaicDetail.jpg/220px-PalatiumTheodoricMosaicDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PalatiumTheodoricMosaicDetail.jpg/330px-PalatiumTheodoricMosaicDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/PalatiumTheodoricMosaicDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Once the orthodox Trinitarians succeeded in defeating Arianism, they <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">censored</a> any signs that the perceived heresy left behind. This mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> in Ravenna has had images of the Arian king, Theoderic, and his court removed. On some columns their hands remain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The First Council of Nicaea did not end the controversy, as many bishops of the Eastern provinces disputed the <i><a href="/wiki/Homoousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousios">homoousios</a></i>, the central term of the Nicene Creed, as it had been used by <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a>, who had advocated a <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">monarchianist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>. Both the man and his teaching, including the term <i>homoousios</i>, had been condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synods of Antioch</a> in 269.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1911_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1911-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, after Constantine's death in 337, open dispute resumed again. Constantine's son <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, who had become emperor of the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, actually encouraged the Arians and set out to reverse the Nicene Creed.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His advisor in these affairs was Eusebius of Nicomedia, who had already at the Council of Nicaea been the head of the Arian party, who also was made the bishop of Constantinople. </p><p>Constantius used his power to exile bishops adhering to the Nicene Creed, especially St <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, who fled to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 355 Constantius became the sole Roman emperor and extended his pro-Arian policy toward the western provinces, frequently using force to push through his creed, even exiling <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a> and installing <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Felix_II" title="Antipope Felix II">Antipope Felix II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1910_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1910-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Sirmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Council of Sirmium">Third Council of Sirmium</a> in 357 was the high point of Arianism. The Seventh Arian Confession (Second Sirmium Confession) held that both <i>homoousios</i> (of one substance) and <i>homoiousios</i> (of similar substance) were unbiblical and that the Father is greater than the Son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1912_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1912-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This confession was later known as the Blasphemy of Sirmium.) </p> <blockquote><p> But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin <i>substantia</i>, but in Greek <i>ousia</i>, that is, to make it understood more exactly, as to 'coessential,' or what is called, 'like-in-essence,' there ought to be no mention of any of these at all, nor exposition of them in the Church, for this reason and for this consideration, that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them, and that they are above men's knowledge and above men's understanding;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As debates raged in an attempt to come up with a new formula, three camps evolved among the opponents of the Nicene Creed. The first group mainly opposed the Nicene terminology and preferred the term <i>homoiousios</i> (alike in substance) to the Nicene <i>homoousios</i>, while they rejected Arius and his teaching and accepted the equality and co-eternality of the persons of the Trinity. Because of this centrist position, and despite their rejection of Arius, they were called "Semi-Arians" by their opponents. The second group also avoided invoking the name of Arius, but in large part followed Arius's teachings and, in another attempted compromise wording, described the Son as being like (<i><a href="/wiki/Acacians" title="Acacians">homoios</a></i>) the Father. A third group explicitly called upon Arius and described the Son as unlike (<i><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">anhomoios</a></i>) the Father. Constantius wavered in his support between the first and the second party, while harshly persecuting the third. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> labeled the party of <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil of Ancyra">Basil of Ancyra</a> in 358 "<a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a>". This is considered unfair by Kelly who states that some members of the group were virtually orthodox from the start but disliked the adjective <i>homoousios</i> while others had moved in that direction after the out-and-out Arians had come into the open.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1978249_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1978249-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debates among these groups resulted in numerous synods, among them the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Serdica" title="Council of Serdica">Council of Serdica</a> in 343, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Sirmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Sirmium">Fourth Council of Sirmium</a> in 358 and the double <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rimini" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Rimini">Council of Rimini</a> and Seleucia in 359, and no fewer than fourteen further creed formulas between 340 and 360, leading the pagan observer <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> to comment sarcastically: "The highways were covered with galloping bishops."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these attempts were acceptable to the defenders of Nicene orthodoxy; writing about the latter councils, Saint <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> remarked that the world "awoke with a groan to find itself Arian."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Constantius's death in 361, his successor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, a devotee of <a href="/wiki/State_religion_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="State religion of Rome">Rome's pagan gods</a>, declared that he would no longer attempt to favor one church faction over another, and allowed all exiled bishops to return; this resulted in further increasing dissension among Nicene Christians. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, however, revived Constantius's policy and supported the "Homoian" party,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1912_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1912-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exiling bishops and often using force. During this persecution many bishops were exiled to the other ends of the Roman Empire (e.g., Saint <a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a> to the eastern provinces). These contacts and the common plight subsequently led to a rapprochement between the western supporters of the Nicene Creed and the <i>homoousios</i> and the eastern Semi-Arians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Council of Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></div> <p>It was not until the co-reigns of Gratian and Theodosius that Arianism was effectively wiped out among the ruling class and elite of the Eastern Empire. Valens died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 378 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, who adhered to the Nicene Creed.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for settling the dispute. Theodosius's wife St <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flacilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelia Flacilla">Flacilla</a> was instrumental in his campaign to end Arianism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two days after Theodosius arrived in Constantinople, 24 November 380, he expelled the <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> bishop, <a href="/wiki/Demophilus_of_Constantinople" title="Demophilus of Constantinople">Demophilus of Constantinople</a>, and surrendered the churches of that city to <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a> leader of the rather small Nicene community there, an act which provoked rioting. Theodosius had just been baptized, by bishop Acholius of Thessalonica, during a severe illness, as was common in the early Christian world. In February he and <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> had published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be handed over for punishment for not doing so. </p><p>Although much of the church hierarchy in the East had opposed the Nicene Creed in the decades leading up to Theodosius's accession, he managed to achieve unity on the basis of the Nicene Creed. In 381, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second Ecumenical Council</a> in Constantinople, a group of mainly Eastern bishops assembled and accepted the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed_of_381" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene Creed of 381">Nicene Creed of 381</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was supplemented in regard to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, as well as some other changes: see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nicene_Creeds_of_325_and_381" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Nicene Creeds of 325 and 381">Comparison of Nicene Creeds of 325 and 381</a>. This is generally considered the end of the dispute about the Trinity and the end of Arianism among the Roman, non-Germanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Among_medieval_Germanic_tribes">Among medieval Germanic tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Among medieval Germanic tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">Christianity in the 5th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Christianity">Germanic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg/250px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg/375px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg/500px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>The ceiling mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Arian_Baptistery" title="Arian Baptistery">Arian Baptistery</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic King</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the time of Arianism's flowering in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the Gothic convert and Arian bishop <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> (later the subject of the letter of Auxentius cited above) was sent as a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic tribes</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, a mission favored for political reasons by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Homoians" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoians">Homoians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_provinces" title="Danubian provinces">Danubian provinces</a> played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">conversion of the Goths to Arianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Szada_2021_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szada_2021-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Ulfilas's translation of the Bible into Gothic language</a> and his initial success in converting the Goths to Arianism was strengthened by later events; the conversion of Goths led to a widespread diffusion of Arianism among other Germanic tribes as well (<a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Langobards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Svevi">Svevi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-JE2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Germanic peoples entered the provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and began founding their own kingdoms there, most of them were Arian Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-JE2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CodexArgenteus06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CodexArgenteus06.jpg/210px-CodexArgenteus06.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CodexArgenteus06.jpg/315px-CodexArgenteus06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/CodexArgenteus06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Page from the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Argenteus" title="Codex Argenteus">Codex Argenteus</a></i>, a 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> of the Gothic Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict in the 4th century had seen Arian and Nicene factions struggling for control of Western Europe. In contrast, among the Arian German kingdoms established in the collapsing Western Empire in the 5th century were entirely separate Arian and Nicene Churches with parallel hierarchies, each serving different sets of believers. The Germanic elites were Arians, and the Romance majority population was Nicene.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arian Germanic tribes were generally tolerant towards Nicene Christians and other religious minorities, including the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_states_495_AD_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Christian_states_495_AD_%28en%29.svg/210px-Christian_states_495_AD_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Christian_states_495_AD_%28en%29.svg/315px-Christian_states_495_AD_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Christian_states_495_AD_%28en%29.svg/420px-Christian_states_495_AD_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Arian and <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> kingdoms in 495</figcaption></figure> <p>The apparent resurgence of Arianism after Nicaea was more an anti-Nicene reaction exploited by Arian sympathizers than a pro-Arian development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005200_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005200-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 4th century it had surrendered its remaining ground to <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a>. In Western Europe, Arianism, which had been taught by <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a>, the Arian missionary to the Germanic tribes, was dominant among the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Langobards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 8th century, it had ceased to be the tribes' mainstream belief as the tribal rulers gradually came to adopt Nicene orthodoxy. This trend began in 496 with Clovis I of the Franks, then <a href="/wiki/Reccared_I" title="Reccared I">Reccared I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in 587 and <a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> in 653.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> were unlike the other Germanic peoples in that they entered the Western Roman Empire as <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Pagans</a> and were converted to <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a>, led by their kings, <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> of the Franks, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a> and others in Britain (see also <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gaul" title="Christianity in Gaul">Christianity in Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining tribes – the Vandals and the Ostrogoths – did not convert as a people nor did they maintain territorial cohesion. Having been militarily defeated by the armies of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, the remnants were dispersed to the fringes of the empire and became lost to history. The <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a> of 533–534 dispersed the defeated Vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their final defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Lactarius" title="Battle of Mons Lactarius">Battle of Mons Lactarius</a> in 553, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> went back north and (re)settled in south Austria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_the_5th_to_the_7th_century">From the 5th to the 7th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From the 5th to the 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of south-eastern Europe and central Europe, including many of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> respectively, had embraced Arianism (the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> converted to Arian Christianity in 376 through their bishop <a href="/wiki/Wulfila" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfila">Wulfila</a>), which led to Arianism being a religious factor in various wars in the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, organized Arianism survived in North Africa, in Hispania, and parts of Italy until it was finally suppressed in the 6th and 7th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic Spain">Visigothic Spain</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> through their king <a href="/wiki/Reccared_I" title="Reccared I">Reccared I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Toledo" title="Third Council of Toledo">Third Council of Toledo</a> in 589.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald, King of the Lombards</a> (662–671), and his young son and successor <a href="/wiki/Garibald" title="Garibald">Garibald</a> (671), were the last Arian kings in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_the_16th_to_the_19th_century">From the 16th to the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From the 16th to the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> from 1517, it did not take long for Arian and other nontrinitarian views to resurface. The first recorded English antitrinitarian was <a href="/wiki/John_Assheton" title="John Assheton">John Assheton</a>, who was forced to recant before <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> in 1548. At the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Venice" title="Council of Venice">Council of Venice</a> 1550, the early Italian instigators of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> committed to the views of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a>, who was burned alive by the orders of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> in 1553, and these were promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Biandrata" title="Giorgio Biandrata">Giorgio Biandrata</a> and others into <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antitrinitarian wing of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Reformation">Polish Reformation</a> separated from the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> <i>ecclesia maior</i> to form the <i>ecclesia minor</i> or <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a>. These were commonly referred to as "Arians" due to their rejection of the Trinity, though in fact the <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a>, as they were later known, went further than Arius to the position of <a href="/wiki/Photinus" title="Photinus">Photinus</a>. The epithet "Arian" was also applied to the early <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)" title="John Biddle (Unitarian)">John Biddle</a>, though in denial of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existence of Christ</a> they were again largely Socinians, not Arians.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1683, when <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, lay dying in Amsterdam—driven into exile by <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">his outspoken opposition to King Charles II</a>—he spoke to the minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ferguson_(minister)" title="Robert Ferguson (minister)">Robert Ferguson</a>, and professed himself an Arian.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century the "dominant trend" in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Britain</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudinarianism">Latitudinarianism</a>, was towards Arianism, with which the names of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly" title="Benjamin Hoadly">Benjamin Hoadly</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> are associated.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To quote the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> article on Arianism: "In modern times some <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> are virtually Arians in that they are unwilling either to reduce Christ to a mere human being or to attribute to him a divine nature identical with that of the Father."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar view was held by the ancient anti-Nicene <a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachi</a> (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πνευματομάχοι</span></span>, "breath" or "spirit" and "fighters", combining as "fighters against the spirit"), so called because they opposed the deifying of the Nicene Holy Ghost. Although the Pneumatomachi's beliefs were somewhat reminiscent of Arianism,<sup id="cite_ref-Wace_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wace-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were a distinct group.<sup id="cite_ref-Wace_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wace-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The teachings of the first two ecumenical councils—which entirely reject Arianism—are held by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and almost all historic <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches including <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Free_Evangelical_Churches" title="International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches">Free Evangelical</a> entirely reject the teachings associated with Arianism. </p><p>Modern groups which currently appear to embrace some of the principles of Arianism include <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. Although the origins of their beliefs are not necessarily attributed to the teachings of Arius, many of the core beliefs of Unitarians and Jehovah's Witnesses are very similar to them.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs#God" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § God</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs#Jesus_Christ" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § Jesus Christ</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> are often referred to as "modern-day Arians",<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually by <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">their opponents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Jehovah's Witnesses themselves have denied these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Watchtower_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watchtower-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant similarities in doctrine include the identification of the Father as the only true God and of Jesus Christ as the first creation of God and the intermediate agent in the creation of all other things. They also deny the personhood of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, which some Arians historically affirmed. Jehovah's Witnesses exclusively worship and pray to God the Father, or <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a>, only through Jesus (the Son) as a mediator.<sup id="cite_ref-Watchtower_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watchtower-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iglesia_ni_Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iglesia ni Cristo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">christology</a> has parallels with Arianism in that it affirms that the Father is the only true God and denies the preexistence of Christ. Thus, Iglesia ni Cristo is <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinian</a> rather than Arian in its Christology.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Socinian_groups">Other Socinian groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other Socinian groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Biblical Unitarians such as the <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_General_Conference" title="Church of God General Conference">Church of God General Conference</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzzardHunting1998_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzzardHunting1998-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also typically <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinian</a> rather than Arian in their Christology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) teaches a <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#God_the_Father,_Jesus_Christ,_and_the_Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">theology</a> concerning the nature of the Godhead. Similarities between LDS doctrines and Arianism were alleged as early as 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are a number of key differences between Arianism and Latter-day Saint theology. Whereas Arianism is a unitarian Christian form of <a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">classical theism</a>, Latter-day Saint theology is a non-trinitarian (but not unitarian) form of Christianity outside of classical theism. Whereas Arianism teaches that God is eternal, was never a man, and could not incarnate as a man, the LDS Church teaches that "God Himself is an exalted man, perfected, enthroned, and supreme."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Arianism denies that humans can become gods, the LDS Church affirms that humans can become gods through exaltation.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Arianism teaches that the Son was created, the LDS Church teaches that he was procreated as a literal spirit child of the Heavenly Father and the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the creation of Christ <i>ex nihilo</i> is a fundamental premise of Arianism, the LDS Church denies any form of <a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">creation <i>ex nihilo</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Arianism teaches that God is incorporeal, the LDS Church teaches that God has a tangible body: "The Father has a body of flesh and bones as tangible as man's; the Son also; but the Holy Ghost has not a body of flesh and bones, but is a personage of Spirit. Were it not so, the Holy Ghost could not dwell in us."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Arianism traditionally taught that God is incomprehensible even to the Son, the LDS Church rejects the doctrine that God is incomprehensible.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Arianism teaches that Christ is ontologically inferior and subordinate to the Father, the LDS Church teaches that Christ is equal in power and glory with the Father. The two should therefore be carefully distinguished; they are more similar in what they deny than in what they affirm. </p><p>The LDS Church teaches that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three separate beings united in purpose: "the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost)... are three physically separate beings, but fully one in love, purpose and will",<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as illustrated in Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Farewell Prayer">Farewell Prayer</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a> at the hands of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen#Martyrdom" title="Saint Stephen">martyrdom of Stephen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the church's first <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Article of Faith</a> states: "We believe in God, the Eternal Father, and in His Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost."<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints believe that the three are collectively "one eternal God" <sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but reject the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a> definition of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> (that the three are <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some respects, Latter-day Saint theology is more similar to <a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a> than to Arianism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritism">Spiritism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spiritism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnationist</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a> started by French educator <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a> in the 19th century, Jesus is the highest-order spirit that has ever incarnated on Earth and is distinct from God, by whom he was created. Jesus is not considered God or part of God as in Nicene Christianity, but nonetheless the ultimate model of human love, intelligence, and forgiveness,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often cited as the governor of Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_creeds" title="Arian creeds">Arian creeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Christianity">Germanic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-man_(Christianity)" title="God-man (Christianity)">God-man (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unitarianism#Historical_antecedents" title="History of Unitarianism">History of Unitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Arius wanted to emphasise the transcendence and sole divinity of God [...]. God alone is, for Arius, without beginning, unbegotten and eternal. In the terminology of negative theology, Arius stresses monotheism with ever-renewed attempts. God can only be understood as creator. He denies the co-eternal state of the Logos with God since otherwise God would be stripped of his absolute uniqueness. God alone is, and thus he was not always Father. [...] Following Proverbs 8:22–25, Arius is able to argue that the Son was created. For Arius the Logos belongs wholly on the side of the Divine, but he is markedly subordinate to God. [...] The strong support that Arius received outside of the Egyptian metropolis, and from a whole series of prominent bishops, proves that in this historical situation, the theological ideas of Arius were not especially unusual. [...] According to Alexander, Arius has assigned the Logos a place among created beings (which Arius explicitly denies); from that, he draws the conclusion that the Son/Logos of Arius is merely a man.<sup>47</sup> [...] This view is still to be found in the realm of popular scholarship and most recently led to the idea that 'Arianism', as a theology without a doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> that sees Christ merely as a man, could form a possible bridge to Islam. [...] After the Synod of Nicaea, the debate shifted and became a debate over unity and trinity in the Trinitarian notion of God—a debate which is considered, unjustly, to be a further 'Arian controversy'. [...] Only after researchers began to position Arius within the Origenist tradition, did it become possible to see that the development after Nicaea was not a conflict between 'Nicenes' and 'Arians', as common opinion claimed, but rather a debate on the nature of divine hypostasis—in particular, on the question whether it was appropriate to speak of one single or three distinct hypostases. A detailed discussion of the complicated sequence of events in this conflict from the beginning of the 330s through the 380s and individual portrayals of the key protagonists would, however, be beyond the scope of this chapter." <a href="#CITEREFBerndtSteinacher2014">Berndt & Steinacher 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Christian Church</a>, started by Arius, bishop of Alexandria (d. 336), who taught that the Son is not equivalent to the Father (ὁμοούσιος gr:<i>homoousios</i> ≅ lt:<i>consubstantialis</i>), thereby provoking a serious schism in the Christian Church, which in turn affected the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">fortunes of the Jews</a> in many countries. In view of the fact that most <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>—such as the eastern and western <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, as also the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suevi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>—were baptized into Arian Christianity, and that these tribes settled in widely spread districts of the old Roman empire, a large number of Jews, already resident in those lands, fell under Arian domination. In contrast with the domination of the orthodox church, the Arian was distinguished by a wise tolerance and a mild treatment of the population of other faiths, conduct mainly attributable to the unsophisticated sense of justice characterizing the children of nature, but also traceable in some degree to certain points of agreement between the Arian doctrine and Judaism, points totally absent in the orthodox confession. The very insistence upon the more subordinate relationship of the Son—that is, the Messiah—to God-the-father is much nearer to the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish doctrine of the Messiah</a> than to the conception of the full divinity of the Son, as enunciated at <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-JE2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arius used the two words as synonyms<sup id="cite_ref-davis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arius believed that Jesus came into existence before time existed,<sup id="cite_ref-davis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesus was considered a creature but not like the other creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-newmanreader_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmanreader-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose of Milan, Epistles iv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As quoted by <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a>: <blockquote><p>God is unoriginate, unending, eternal, constant, uncreated, unchanging, unalterable, simple, incomplex, bodiless, invisible, intangible, indescribable, without bounds, inaccessible to the mind, uncontainable, incomprehensible, good, righteous, that Creator of all creatures, the almighty <a href="/wiki/Pantocrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantocrator">Pantocrator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomazansky_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomazansky-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 57">:  57 </span></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First, the central focus of the creed is the Trinitarian nature of God. The Nicene fathers argued that the Father was always a Father, and consequently that the Son always existed with Him, co-equally and con-substantially. The Nicene fathers fought against the belief that the Son was unequal to the Father, because it effectively destroyed the unity of the Godhead. Rather, they insisted that such a view was in contravention of such Scriptures as John 10:30 "I and the Father are one" and John 1:1 "the Word was God." Saint Athanasius declared that the Son had no beginning, but had an "eternal derivation" from the Father, and therefore was co-eternal with him, and equal to God in all aspects. In a similar vein the Cappadocian Fathers argued that the Holy Spirit was also co-eternal with the Father and the Son and equal to God in all aspects. The Church Fathers held that to deny equality to any of the Persons of the Trinity was to rob God of existence and constituted the greatest heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early in his reign, during a serious illness, Theodosius had accepted Christian baptism. In 380 he proclaimed himself a Christian of the Nicene Creed, and he called a council at Constantinople to put an end to the Arian heresy (which, contrary to Nicene doctrine, claimed Jesus was created), which had divided the empire for over half a century. At Constantinople, 150 bishops gathered and revised the Nicene Creed of A.D. 325 into the creed we know today. Arianism has never made a serious challenge since.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inhibiting and paralyzing force of superstitious beliefs penetrated to every department of life, and the most primary and elementary activities of society were influenced. War, for example, was not a simple matter of a test of strength and courage, but supernatural matters had to be taken carefully into consideration. When <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a> said of the Goths in southern Gaul, 'I take it hard that these Arians should hold a part of the Gauls; let us go with God's aid and conquer them and bring the land under our dominion', [note: see p. 45 (Book II:37)] he was not speaking in a hypocritical or arrogant manner but in real accordance with the religious sentiment of the time. What he meant was that the Goths, being heretics, were at once enemies of the true God and inferior to the orthodox Franks in their supernatural backing. Considerations of duty, strategy, and self-interest all reinforced one another in Clovis's mind. However, it was not always the orthodox side that won. We hear of a battle fought a few years before Gregory became Bishop of Tours between King <a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, [note: Book IV:29] in which the Huns 'by the use of magic arts caused various false appearances to arise before their enemies and overcame them decisively.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennecke2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennecke2018">Brennecke 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington2007241-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington2007241_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitherington2007">Witherington 2007</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerndtSteinacher2014_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerndtSteinacher2014">Berndt & Steinacher 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKohlerKrauss" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; Krauss, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1757-arianism/">"ARIANISM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110155839/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1757-arianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARIANISM&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Krauss%2C+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1757-arianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest185662-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest185662_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForrest1856">Forrest 1856</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism">"Arianism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1990" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Leo Donald (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418"><i>The first seven ecumenical councils (325–787) p. 52: their history and theology</i></a>. Georgetown University Law Library. Collegeville, Minn. : Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+seven+ecumenical+councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29+p.+52%3A+their+history+and+theology&rft.pub=Collegeville%2C+Minn.+%3A+Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leo+Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newmanreader-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newmanreader_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newmanreader_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newmanreader_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newmanreader_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newmanreader.org/works/arians/chapter1-5.html">"Newman Reader – Arians of the 4th Century – Chapter 1–5"</a>. <i>www.newmanreader.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newmanreader.org&rft.atitle=Newman+Reader+%E2%80%93+Arians+of+the+4th+Century+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%E2%80%935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fworks%2Farians%2Fchapter1-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan20116–7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan20116–7_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhan2011">Phan 2011</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiles19965-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiles19965_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiles1996">Wiles 1996</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan20116-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan20116_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhan2011">Phan 2011</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianitytoday-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christianitytoday_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/theologians/athanasius.html">"Athanasius, Five-time exile for fighting 'orthodoxy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 8 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athanasius%2C+Five-time+exile+for+fighting+%27orthodoxy%27&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Ftheologians%2Fathanasius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1828" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Samuel (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwoBC7QlWYMC&q=the+history+of+arianism&pg=PP7"><i>A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from their Originals; and Illustrated in Their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers</i></a>. Beeves and Turner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+In+Which+the+Words+Are+Deduced+from+their+Originals%3B+and+Illustrated+in+Their+Different+Significations+by+Examples+from+the+Best+Writers&rft.pub=Beeves+and+Turner&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwoBC7QlWYMC%26q%3Dthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Barianism%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2005267_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2005">Ferguson 2005</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/articles/roberts_theology/roberts_07.htm">"R.E. Roberts, The Theology of Tertullian (1924), Chapter 7 (pp. 140–148)"</a>. <i>www.tertullian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tertullian.org&rft.atitle=R.E.+Roberts%2C+The+Theology+of+Tertullian+%281924%29%2C+Chapter+7+%28pp.+140%E2%80%93148%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Farticles%2Froberts_theology%2Froberts_07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Kevin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo42zEOKobwC&dq=economic+trinitarian+eternal+generation+tertullian&pg=PA95"><i>The Eternal Generation of the Son: Maintaining Orthodoxy in Trinitarian Theology</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-3965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Generation+of+the+Son%3A+Maintaining+Orthodoxy+in+Trinitarian+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3965-0&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlo42zEOKobwC%26dq%3Deconomic%2Btrinitarian%2Beternal%2Bgeneration%2Btertullian%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Arianism"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Arianism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01707c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeisner2004" class="citation book cs1">Beisner, E. Calvin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgFLAwAAQBAJ&dq=Subordinationism+and+Arianism&pg=PA107"><i>God in Three Persons</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-545-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-545-5"><bdi>978-1-59244-545-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Three+Persons&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-545-5&rft.aulast=Beisner&rft.aufirst=E.+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgFLAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSubordinationism%2Band%2BArianism%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamelliMcGuckinAshwin-Siejkowski2021" class="citation book cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.; McGuckin, J. A.; Ashwin-Siejkowski, Piotr (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyJIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Origen+Subordinationism+and+Arianism&pg=PA435"><i>T&T Clark Handbook of the Early Church</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68039-6"><bdi>978-0-567-68039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Handbook+of+the+Early+Church&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68039-6&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria+L.+E.&rft.au=McGuckin%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Ashwin-Siejkowski%2C+Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyJIEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOrigen%2BSubordinationism%2Band%2BArianism%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Liberius">"Liberius | pope | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Liberius+%7C+pope+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLiberius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09217a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Liberius"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Pope+Liberius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09217a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1847" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, Christopher (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-xhAAAAcAAJ&dq=Pope+Liberius+converted+to+Arianism+-wikipedia&pg=PA229"><i>Letters to M. Gondon, Author of 'Mouvement Religieux en Angleterre', 'Conversion de Cent Cinquante Ministres Anglicans', Etc. Etc. Etc: On the Destructive Character of the Church of Rome, Both in Religion and Polity</i></a>. F. & J. Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+M.+Gondon%2C+Author+of+%27Mouvement+Religieux+en+Angleterre%27%2C+%27Conversion+de+Cent+Cinquante+Ministres+Anglicans%27%2C+Etc.+Etc.+Etc%3A+On+the+Destructive+Character+of+the+Church+of+Rome%2C+Both+in+Religion+and+Polity&rft.pub=F.+%26+J.+Rivington&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-xhAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DPope%2BLiberius%2Bconverted%2Bto%2BArianism%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFinst.)1879" class="citation book cs1">inst.), James Todd (examiner for the Protestant educ (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtYCAAAAQAAJ&dq=Pope+Liberius+converted+to+Arianism+-wikipedia&pg=PA188"><i>A Protestant text book of the Romish controversy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Protestant+text+book+of+the+Romish+controversy&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=inst.%29&rft.aufirst=James+Todd+%28examiner+for+the+Protestant+educ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtYCAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DPope%2BLiberius%2Bconverted%2Bto%2BArianism%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tw8EAAAAQAAJ&dq=Pope+Liberius+converted+to+Arianism+-wikipedia&pg=PA271"><i>The British and Foreign Evangelical Review and Quarterly Record of Christian Literature</i></a>. Johnstone & Hnuter. 1875.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+and+Foreign+Evangelical+Review+and+Quarterly+Record+of+Christian+Literature&rft.pub=Johnstone+%26+Hnuter&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtw8EAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DPope%2BLiberius%2Bconverted%2Bto%2BArianism%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2005127–128-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2005127–128_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson2005">Hanson 2005</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPullan190587-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPullan190587_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPullan1905">Pullan 1905</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritchies.net-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritchies.net_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritchies.net_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie" class="citation web cs1">Ritchie, Mark S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritchies.net/p2wk2.htm">"The Story of the Church – Part 2, Topics 2 & 3"</a>. <i>The Story of the Church</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+the+Church&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Part+2%2C+Topics+2+%26+3&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritchies.net%2Fp2wk2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll198712-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll198712_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll1987">Carroll 1987</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez_1984_1762-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_1984_1762_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_1984_1762_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_1984_1762_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1984" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Justo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz/page/188"><i>The Story of Christianity Vol. 1</i></a>. Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz/page/176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063315-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063315-8"><bdi>0-06-063315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity+Vol.+1&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-06-063315-8&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Justo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofchristian01gonz%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003250_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2003">Ehrman 2003</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009259-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009259_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2009">Ehrman 2009</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003253–255-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003253–255_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2003">Ehrman 2003</a>, pp. 253–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1960171–195-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1960171–195_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1960">Chadwick 1960</a>, pp. 171–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819215807/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunde-33">"Emperor Constantine's Edict against the Arians"</a>. fourthcentury.com. 23 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunde-33">the original</a> on 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emperor+Constantine%27s+Edict+against+the+Arians&rft.pub=fourthcentury.com&rft.date=2010-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourthcentury.com%2Findex.php%2Furkunde-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e446-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e446_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2006" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfRTip1qBJcC&pg=PA82">"The Reign of Constantine"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine</i>. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52157-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52157-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>Instead, only 80 kilometers into his journey the infirm emperor fell deathly ill at Nicomedia, where he received baptism at the hands of the Arianizing bishop Eusebius.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Constantine&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Constantine&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52157-4&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfRTip1qBJcC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Kyle (2019) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snSvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Constantine and the Captive Christians of Persia: Martyrdom and Religious Identity in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. University of California Press. p. 58 fn. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30839-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30839-8"><bdi>978-0-520-30839-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>That the Arian bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia presided over Constantine's baptism was perhaps the most embarrassing aspect of the emperor's last days for some commentators writing several centuries later. Theophanes, a ninth-century Byzantine chronicler, claims it is a lie and that the bishop Sylvester baptized Constantine in Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+the+Captive+Christians+of+Persia%3A+Martyrdom+and+Religious+Identity+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.series=Transformation+of+the+Classical+Heritage&rft.pages=58+fn.+41&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30839-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnSvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaatz2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaatz, Kevin W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OE_EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity</i></a>. Praeger Series on the Ancient World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38360-1"><bdi>978-0-313-38360-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Controversies+and+the+Growth+of+Christianity&rft.series=Praeger+Series+on+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38360-1&rft.aulast=Kaatz&rft.aufirst=Kevin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOE_EEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanella2018" class="citation book cs1">Canella, Tessa (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43555504">"Sylvester I"</a>. In Hunter, David G.; Geest, Paul van; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J. (eds.). <i>Brill encyclopedia of early Christianity online</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079362334">1079362334</a>. <q>Its purpose was also to hand down another version of Constantine's conversion, one that was different to that disseminated by pagan sources, and especially to amend the historical memory of the Arian baptism that the emperor received at the end of his life, and instead to attribute an unequivocally orthodox baptism to him, imparted by Sylvester himself to a leprous and persecuting Constantine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sylvester+I&rft.btitle=Brill+encyclopedia+of+early+Christianity+online&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1079362334&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft.aulast=Canella&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43555504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1909-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1909_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman1909">Chapman 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a>, <i>Church History</i>, book 1, chapter 33. Anthony F. Beavers, <i>Chronology of the Arian Controversy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.ix.viii.i.html">"First Council of Constantinople, Canon 1"</a>. ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Council+of+Constantinople%2C+Canon+1&rft.pub=ccel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.ix.viii.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham198975-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham198975_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauckham1989">Bauckham 1989</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arius">"Arius | Biography, Beliefs, & Facts"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discourses+on+Minerva&rft.atitle=Arius+and+Neoplatonism&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.au=Hesiod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminervawisdom.com%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2Farius-and-neoplatonism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.wku.edu/jan.garrett/arius.htm">"The Early Unitarians: Arius and His Followers"</a>. <i>people.wku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+proto-trinitarian%2C+or+the+Father+of+Arianism%3F+%E2%80%93+Trinities&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinities.org%2Fblog%2Fplato-proto-trinitarian-or-the-father-of-arianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibolov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ribolov, Svet (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20120195">"A New Look at Arius' Philosophical Background"</a>. <i>Church Studies</i>. <b>10</b>: 203–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Studies&rft.atitle=A+New+Look+at+Arius%27+Philosophical+Background&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=203-212&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Ribolov&rft.aufirst=Svet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20120195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianism">"Arianism | Definition, History, & Controversy | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Arianism+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Controversy+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClintockStrong186745Volume_7-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClintockStrong186745Volume_7_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClintockStrong1867">McClintock & Strong 1867</a>, p. 45, Volume 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2808.htm#22">Proverbs 8:22–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FiorenzaGalvin1991-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FiorenzaGalvin1991_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchüssler_FiorenzaGalvin1991" class="citation book cs1">Schüssler Fiorenza, Francis; Galvin, John P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btI0eD3aNvoC&pg=PA164"><i>Systematic theology: Roman Catholic perspectives</i></a>. Fortress Press. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2460-6"><bdi>978-0-8006-2460-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+theology%3A+Roman+Catholic+perspectives&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2460-6&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCssler+Fiorenza&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Galvin%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtI0eD3aNvoC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1978Chapter_9-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1978Chapter_9_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly1978">Kelly 1978</a>, Chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1983" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Leo Donald (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/52"><i>The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787)</i></a>. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/52">52–54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29&rft.place=Collegeville&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leo+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Extras/Newton_Arian.html">"Newton's Arian beliefs"</a>. Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newton%27s+Arian+beliefs&rft.place=Scotland&rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics%2C+University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2FExtras%2FNewton_Arian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan201172-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan201172_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhan2011">Phan 2011</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faculty.georgetown.edu-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faculty.georgetown.edu_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faculty.georgetown.edu_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/texts/auxentius.trans.html">"Auxentius on Wulfila: Translation by Jim Marchand"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auxentius+on+Wulfila%3A+Translation+by+Jim+Marchand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.georgetown.edu%2Fjod%2Ftexts%2Fauxentius.trans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2017:3&version=nrsv">John 17:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:18&version=nrsv">John 1:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%208:22–29&version=nrsv">Proverbs 8:22–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%203:14&version=nrsv">Revelation 3:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:15&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:49&version=nrsv">Luke 24:49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:8&version=nrsv">Acts 1:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest18566-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrest18566_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForrest1856">Forrest 1856</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2005557–558-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2005557–558_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson2005">Hanson 2005</a>, pp. 557–558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2005558–559-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2005558–559_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson2005">Hanson 2005</a>, pp. 558–559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöhr2012" class="citation book cs1">Löhr, Winrich (23 October 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.uoregon.edu&rft.atitle=Arius+and+the+Nicene+Creed+%7C+History+of+Christianity%3A+Ancient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.uoregon.edu%2Frel321f15drreis%2F2015%2F11%2F09%2Farius-and-the-nicene-creed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618075711/https://transformedblog.westernseminary.edu/2014/01/16/3-things-christians-should-understand-about-the-nicene-constantinopolitan-creed/">"3 things Christians should understand about the Nicene-Constantinopolitan creed"</a>. <i>Transformed</i>. 16 January 2014. 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XXI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2003-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman2003_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman2003">Freeman 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1911-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1911_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman1911">Chapman 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Christopher A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%7C+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=Athanasius&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Ftheologians%2Fathanasius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1910-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1910_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman1910">Chapman 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman1912-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman1912_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman1912">Chapman 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/second-creed-of-sirmium-or-the-blasphemy-of-sirmium/">"Second Creed of Sirmium or 'The Blasphemy of Sirmium'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.fourthcentury.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fourthcentury.com&rft.atitle=Second+Creed+of+Sirmium+or+%27The+Blasphemy+of+Sirmium%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourthcentury.com%2Findex.php%2Fsecond-creed-of-sirmium-or-the-blasphemy-of-sirmium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1978249-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1978249_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly1978">Kelly 1978</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff2019" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (18 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uK3oDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+highways+were+covered+with+galloping+bishops.%22&pg=PT1710"><i>The Complete History of the Christian Church (With Bible)</i></a>. e-artnow. <q>The pagan Ammianus Marcellinus says of the councils under Constantius: "The highways were covered with galloping bishops;" and even Athanasius rebuked the restless flutter of the clergy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+History+of+the+Christian+Church+%28With+Bible%29&rft.pub=e-artnow&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuK3oDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bhighways%2Bwere%2Bcovered%2Bwith%2Bgalloping%2Bbishops.%2522%26pg%3DPT1710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1999/0909/p21s1.html">"The history of Christianity's greatest controversy"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. 9 September 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Christianity%27s+greatest+controversy&rft.date=1999-09-09&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1999%2F0909%2Fp21s1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legatus.org/news/on-battling-arianism-then-and-now">"On battling Arianism: then and now"</a>. <i>Legatus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legatus&rft.atitle=On+battling+Arianism%3A+then+and+now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegatus.org%2Fnews%2Fon-battling-arianism-then-and-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1912-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1912_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacpherson1912">Macpherson 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/rulers/theodosius-i.html">"Theodosius I"</a>. <i>Christian History</i>. 8 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History&rft.atitle=Theodosius+I&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Frulers%2Ftheodosius-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury" class="citation web cs1">Bury, J.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/11*.html">"History of the Later Roman Empire"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>. University of Chicago. Vol. 1 Chap. XI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=Vol.-1+Chap.-XI&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2F11%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.xii.iv.html">"Sozomen's Church History VII.4"</a>. ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sozomen%27s+Church+History+VII.4&rft.pub=ccel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf202.iii.xii.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of this version of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> is available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.ix.iii.html">"The Holy Creed Which the 150 Holy Fathers Set Forth, Which is Consonant with the Holy and Great Synod of Nice"</a>. ccel.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 10 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Bourque – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miskeptics.org/2012/07/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-jehovahs-witnesses/">Ten Things You Didn't Know about Jehovah's Witnesses.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222727/http://www.miskeptics.org/2012/07/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-jehovahs-witnesses/">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michigan Skeptics Association. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsett2003" class="citation web cs1">Dorsett, Tommy (29 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.believersweb.org/view.cfm?ID=644">"Modern Day Arians: Who Are They?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Day+Arians%3A+Who+Are+They%3F&rft.date=2003-04-29&rft.aulast=Dorsett&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.believersweb.org%2Fview.cfm%3FID%3D644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/trinity/trinity-history-arius.htm">"Trinity: Arius and the Nicene Creed"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trinity%3A+Arius+and+the+Nicene+Creed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Ftrinity%2Ftrinity-history-arius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation web cs1">Young, Alexey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/jehovah_e.htm">"Jehovah's Witnesses"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatheralexander.org%2Fbooklets%2Fenglish%2Fjehovah_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watchtower-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watchtower_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watchtower_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1984647#h=5:320-5:542">"We Worship What We Know"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a>. 1 September 1984. pp. 25–30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via Watchtower Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=We+Worship+What+We+Know&rft.pages=25-30&rft.date=1984-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1984647%23h%3D5%3A320-5%3A542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102013286">"Should You Believe in the Trinity?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania</a>. August 2013. pp. 12–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via Watchtower Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awake%21&rft.atitle=Should+You+Believe+in+the+Trinity%3F&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F102013286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iglesianicristo.net/">"Iglesia Ni Cristo (Church Of Christ)"</a>. 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iglesia+Ni+Cristo+%28Church+Of+Christ%29&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Figlesianicristo.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearce F. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechristadelphian.com/read-jesus-son-of-god">Jesus: God the Son or Son of God?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718225758/https://thechristadelphian.com/read-jesus-son-of-god">Archived</a> 18 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> CMPA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzzardHunting1998-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzzardHunting1998_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuzzardHunting1998">Buzzard & Hunting 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mattison, Hiram. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQtMAAAAYAAJ&dq=mormon+arianism&pg=PR1">A Scriptural Defence of the Doctrine of the Trinity: Or a Check to Modern Arianism as Taught by Campbellites, Hicksites, New Lights, Universalists and Mormons, and Especially by a Sect Calling Themselves "Christians"</a></i>. L. Colby, 1846.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-47-exaltation?lang=eng">"Exaltation"</a>. <i>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.atitle=Exaltation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-47-exaltation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/132?lang=eng&id=20#p20">132:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics-essays/mother-in-heaven?lang=eng">"Mother in Heaven"</a>. <i>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.atitle=Mother+in+Heaven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics-essays%2Fmother-in-heaven%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride" class="citation web cs1">McBride, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/revelations-in-context/man-was-also-in-the-beginning-with-god?lang=eng">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Man Was Also in the Beginning with God'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Church of Jesus Christ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.atitle=%27Man+Was+Also+in+the+Beginning+with+God%27&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Frevelations-in-context%2Fman-was-also-in-the-beginning-with-god%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130?lang=eng&id=22#p22">130:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_R._Holland_2007,_pg._40_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Holland" title="Jeffrey R. Holland">Holland, Jeffrey R.</a> (November 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2007/11/the-only-true-god-and-jesus-christ-whom-he-hath-sent">"The Only True God and Jesus Christ Whom He Hath Sent"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, p. 40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Only+True+God+and+Jesus+Christ+Whom+He+Hath+Sent&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F2007%2F11%2Fthe-only-true-god-and-jesus-christ-whom-he-hath-sent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/godhead#:~:text=The%20Trinity%20of%20traditional%20Christianity%20is%20referred%20to,the%20Godhead%20differ%20from%20those%20of%20traditional%20Christianity.">"The Trinity of traditional Christianity is referred to as the Godhead"</a>. <i>Newsroom of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsroom+of+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.atitle=The+Trinity+of+traditional+Christianity+is+referred+to+as+the+Godhead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fgodhead%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Trinity%2520of%2520traditional%2520Christianity%2520is%2520referred%2520to%2Cthe%2520Godhead%2520differ%2520from%2520those%2520of%2520traditional%2520Christianity.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/godhead?lang=eng">"Gospel Topics: Godhead"</a>. <i>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Godhead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fgodhead%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng&id=1#p1">1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Alma#11:44" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Alma">Alma 11:44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2011" class="citation book cs1">Zimmermann, Zalmino (2011). <i>Theory of Mediumship</i>. Allan Kardec. pp. 380–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Mediumship&rft.pages=380-381&rft.pub=Allan+Kardec&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Zalmino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanasius1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2f2GAAACAAJ"><i>Athanasius Werke</i></a> [<i>The Works of Athanasius</i>] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019104-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019104-2"><bdi>978-3-11-019104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athanasius+Werke&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019104-2&rft.au=Athanasius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2f2GAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthanasius_of_Alexandria" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>. <i>History of the Arians</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-47.htm">Part I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-48.htm">Part II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-49.htm">Part III</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-50.htm">Part IV</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-51.htm">Part V</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-52.htm">Part VI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-53.htm">Part VII</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-54.htm">Part VIII</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Arians&rft.pages=Part+I%2C+Part+II%2C+Part+III%2C+Part+IV%2C+Part+V%2C+Part+VI%2C+Part+VII%2C+Part+VIII&rft.au=Athanasius+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1989" class="citation journal cs1">Bauckham, Richard (1989). "Review of Arius: Heresy and Tradition by Rowan Williams". <i>Themelios</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Themelios&rft.atitle=Review+of+Arius%3A+Heresy+and+Tradition+by+Rowan+Williams&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndtSteinacher2014" class="citation book cs1">Berndt, Guido M.; Steinacher, Roland (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RsGDAAAQBAJ"><i>Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-09-44659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-09-44659-0"><bdi>978-14-09-44659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arianism%3A+Roman+Heresy+and+Barbarian+Creed&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-14-09-44659-0&rft.aulast=Berndt&rft.aufirst=Guido+M.&rft.au=Steinacher%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RsGDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethune-Baker2004" class="citation book cs1">Bethune-Baker, J. F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDFLAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Meaning of Homoousios in the 'Constantinopolitan' Creed</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-898-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-898-2"><bdi>978-1-59244-898-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Homoousios+in+the+%27Constantinopolitan%27+Creed&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-898-2&rft.aulast=Bethune-Baker&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJDFLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennecke2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brennecke, Hanns Christof (2018). "Arianism". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000280">10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231892603">231892603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arianism&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity+Online&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231892603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000280&rft.aulast=Brennecke&rft.aufirst=Hanns+Christof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzzardHunting1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Buzzard,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet">Buzzard, A.</a>; Hunting, C.F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDoRAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-inflicted Wound</i></a>. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. International Scholars Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57309-310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57309-310-1"><bdi>978-1-57309-310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Trinity%3A+Christianity%27s+Self-inflicted+Wound&rft.series=G+%E2%80%93+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pub=International+Scholars+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57309-310-1&rft.aulast=Buzzard&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Hunting%2C+C.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDoRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1987" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Warren (1987). <i>The building of Christendom</i>. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931888-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-931888-24-7"><bdi>0-931888-24-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16875022">16875022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+building+of+Christendom&rft.place=Front+Royal%2C+VA&rft.pub=Christendom+College+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16875022&rft.isbn=0-931888-24-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1960" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, Henry (July 1960). "Faith and Order at the Council of Nicaea: a Note on the Background of the Sixth Canon". <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 171–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000027000">10.1017/S0017816000027000</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508399">1508399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170956611">170956611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Faith+and+Order+at+the+Council+of+Nicaea%3A+a+Note+on+the+Background+of+the+Sixth+Canon&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-195&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170956611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000027000&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1909). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Eusebius of Nicomedia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia">"Eusebius of Nicomedia" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+of+Nicomedia&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Liberius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Liberius">"Pope Liberius" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Liberius&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Paul of Samosata"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Paul_of_Samosata">"Paul of Samosata" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+of+Samosata&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Semiarians and Semiarianism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Semiarians_and_Semiarianism">"Semiarians and Semiarianism" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semiarians+and+Semiarianism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter B. (2006). "Iglesia ni Cristo". <i>Encyclopedia of new religious movements</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 292–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-48433-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-48433-9"><bdi>0-203-48433-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63792403">63792403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iglesia+ni+Cristo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements&rft.place=London&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63792403&rft.isbn=0-203-48433-9&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250"><i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972712-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972712-4"><bdi>978-0-19-972712-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972712-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDzRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4OPxbnM1YkC&pg=PA259"><i>Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don't Know About Them)</i></a>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186328-8"><bdi>978-0-06-186328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Interrupted%3A+Revealing+the+Hidden+Contradictions+in+the+Bible+%28And+Why+We+Don%27t+Know+About+Them%29&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-186328-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4OPxbnM1YkC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1swbOorjzw0C&q=pro-Arian+development"><i>Church History</i></a>. Vol. 1 : From Christ to pre-Reformation. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-20580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-20580-7"><bdi>978-0-310-20580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-310-20580-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1swbOorjzw0C%26q%3Dpro-Arian%2Bdevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest1856" class="citation book cs1">Forrest, J. (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVgfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Some Account of the Origin and Progress of Trinitarian Theology: In the Second, Third, and Succeeding Centuries, and of the Manner in which Its Doctrines Gradually Supplanted the Unitarianism of the Primitive Church</i></a>. Crosby, Nichols, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Account+of+the+Origin+and+Progress+of+Trinitarian+Theology%3A+In+the+Second%2C+Third%2C+and+Succeeding+Centuries%2C+and+of+the+Manner+in+which+Its+Doctrines+Gradually+Supplanted+the+Unitarianism+of+the+Primitive+Church&rft.pub=Crosby%2C+Nichols%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVgfAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freeman_(historian)" title="Charles Freeman (historian)">Freeman, Charles</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_Western_Mind" title="The Closing of the Western Mind"><i>The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason</i></a>. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closing+of+the+Western+Mind%3A+The+Rise+of+Faith+and+the+Fall+of+Reason&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a> (1836) [1782]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm"><i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F25717%2F25717-h%2F25717-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2014" class="citation news cs1">Gross, Terry (7 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/04/07/300246095/if-jesus-never-called-himself-god-how-did-he-become-one">"If Jesus Never Called Himself God, How Did He Become One?"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=If+Jesus+Never+Called+Himself+God%2C+How+Did+He+Become+One%3F&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2014%2F04%2F07%2F300246095%2Fif-jesus-never-called-himself-god-how-did-he-become-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2005" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, R. P. C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tclFM-nRh2IC&pg=PA557"><i>The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy 318–381 AD</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03092-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03092-4"><bdi>978-0-567-03092-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Christian+Doctrine+of+God%3A+The+Arian+Controversy+318%E2%80%93381+AD&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03092-4&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=R.+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtclFM-nRh2IC%26pg%3DPA557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeatherMatthews1991" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter J.; Matthews, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8p4SxNNk1YC&pg=PA143"><i>The Goths in the Fourth Century</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-426-5"><bdi>978-0-85323-426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths+in+the+Fourth+Century&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-426-5&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8p4SxNNk1YC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Davidson_Kelly" title="John Norman Davidson Kelly">Kelly, J.N.D.</a> (1978). <i>Early Christian Doctrines</i>. San Francisco: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064334-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064334-8"><bdi>978-0-06-064334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Doctrines&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-06-064334-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.N.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2004" class="citation book cs1">Kirsch, Jonathan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z88nAAAAYAAJ"><i>God Against the Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism</i></a>. Viking Compass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670032860" title="Special:BookSources/9780670032860"><bdi>9780670032860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Against+the+Gods%3A+The+History+of+the+War+Between+Monotheism+and+Polytheism&rft.pub=Viking+Compass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780670032860&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ88nAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossky1976" class="citation book cs1">Lossky, Vladimir (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxqvWwPSCSwC"><i>The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-31-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-31-6"><bdi>978-0-913836-31-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Church&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-31-6&rft.aulast=Lossky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxqvWwPSCSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macpherson, Ewan (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Flavius Valens"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Flavius_Valens">"Flavius Valens" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. 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Vol. 7. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Strong%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcClintock.JStrongJCyclopaediaOfBiblicalTheologicalAndEcclesiasticalLiteratureVol071883%2Fpage%2Fn59%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhan2011" class="citation book cs1">Phan, Peter C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yG3Vei_6whUC&pg=PA7"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity</i></a>. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87739-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Trinity&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87739-8&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyG3Vei_6whUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullan1905" class="citation book cs1">Pullan, Leighton (1905). <i>Early Christian Doctrine</i>. Oxford Church Text Books (3rd ed.). New York: Edwin S. Gorham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Church+Text+Books&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Edwin+S.+Gorham&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Pullan&rft.aufirst=Leighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/3_ch09.htm"><i>Theological Controversies and the Development of Orthodoxy: The history of the Christian church</i></a>. volumes III and IX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Controversies+and+the+Development+of+Orthodoxy%3A+The+history+of+the+Christian+church&rft.pages=volumes-III+and+IX&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fschaff%2Fhistory%2F3_ch09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles1996" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Maurice (1996). <i>Archetypal heresy: Arianism through the centuries</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191520594" title="Special:BookSources/9780191520594"><bdi>9780191520594</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/344023364">344023364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archetypal+heresy%3A+Arianism+through+the+centuries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F344023364&rft.isbn=9780191520594&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> (2001). <i>Arius: Heresy and Tradition</i> (revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4969-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4969-5"><bdi>0-8028-4969-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arius%3A+Heresy+and+Tradition&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8028-4969-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherington2007" class="citation book cs1">Witherington, B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEvXKTG9Mf4C"><i>The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible</i></a>. Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6"><bdi>978-1-60258-017-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Word+of+God%3A+Rethinking+the+Theology+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60258-017-6&rft.aulast=Witherington&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEvXKTG9Mf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2004" class="citation book cs1">Ayres, Lewis (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nicaeaitslegacya0000ayre"><i>Nicaea and its Legacy: An approach to fourth-century trinitarian theology</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicaea+and+its+Legacy%3A+An+approach+to+fourth-century+trinitarian+theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnicaeaitslegacya0000ayre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelletini" class="citation web cs1">Belletini, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216022131/http://firstuucolumbus.org/sermons/ariuspaper.htm">"Arius in the Mirror: The Alexandrian dissent and how it is reflected in modern Unitarian Universalist practice and discourse"</a>. Sermons. Columbus, OH: First Unitarian Universalist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstuucolumbus.org/sermons/ariuspaper.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arius+in+the+Mirror%3A+The+Alexandrian+dissent+and+how+it+is+reflected+in+modern+Unitarian+Universalist+practice+and+discourse&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.series=Sermons&rft.pub=First+Unitarian+Universalist+Church&rft.aulast=Belletini&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstuucolumbus.org%2Fsermons%2Fariuspaper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennecke1999" class="citation book cs1">Brennecke, Hanns Christof (1999). "Arianism". In Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/121"><i>Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/121">121–122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2413-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2413-7"><bdi>0-8028-2413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arianism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8028-2413-7&rft.aulast=Brennecke&rft.aufirst=Hanns+Christof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2005" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ivor J. (2005). "A Public Faith". <i>Baker History of the Church</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-1275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-1275-9"><bdi>0-8010-1275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Public+Faith&rft.btitle=Baker+History+of+the+Church&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8010-1275-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ivor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1833" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman, John Henry</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/works/arians/index.html">"Arians of the Fourth Century"</a>. <i>newmanreader.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newmanreader.org&rft.atitle=Arians+of+the+Fourth+Century&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fworks%2Farians%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvis2006" class="citation book cs1">Parvis, Sarah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jgsQihyWTEC&q=sarah+parvis"><i>Marcellus of Ancyra and the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199280131" title="Special:BookSources/9780199280131"><bdi>9780199280131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcellus+of+Ancyra+and+the+Lost+Years+of+the+Arian+Controversy+325%E2%80%93345&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199280131&rft.aulast=Parvis&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jgsQihyWTEC%26q%3Dsarah%2Bparvis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2014" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Eliseo (29 July 2014). <i>The Doctrine of the Trinity is Dead: The original gospel</i>. Lost Fundamental Doctrines. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490922164" title="Special:BookSources/978-1490922164"><bdi>978-1490922164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Trinity+is+Dead%3A+The+original+gospel&rft.series=Lost+Fundamental+Doctrines&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1490922164&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Eliseo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusch1980" class="citation book cs1">Rusch, William C. (1980). <i>The Trinitarian Controversy</i>. Sources of Early Christian Thought. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1410-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1410-0"><bdi>0-8006-1410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinitarian+Controversy&rft.pub=Sources+of+Early+Christian+Thought&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8006-1410-0&rft.aulast=Rusch&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629141505/http://www.fourthcentury.com/urkunden-chart-2007">Documents of the Early Arian Controversy</a> Chronological survey of the sources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925171026/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunde-chart-opitz">English translations of all extant letters relating to early Arianism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925041017/http://www.fourthcentury.com/notwppages/arius-supporters-map.htm">A map of early sympathizers with Arius</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Barry" title="William Francis Barry">Barry, William</a> (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Arianism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Arianism">"Arianism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arianism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1757&letter=A">Jewish Encyclopedia: Arianism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414142828/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FPTIFF%2F00000052.tif&rs=1">Concordia Cyclopedia: Arianism (page 1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414142900/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FPTIFF%2F00000053.tif&rs=1">(page 2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414142854/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FPTIFF%2F00000054.tif&rs=1">(page 3)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Arianism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Arianism">"Arianism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arianism&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303133427/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/FOURTH_CENTURY_ARIANS/ARIANS_DOOR.html"><i>The Arians of the fourth century</i> by John Henry "Cardinal" Newman in "btm" format</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-highway.com/arian_Hanko1.html">Concise Summary of the Arian Controversy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Arianismtoday.com">Arianism Today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101183158/https://arianismtoday.com/">Archived</a> 1 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" 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Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007137">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560324">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arianismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118601&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ariáni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph907875&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295512005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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97.638 2 Template:Langx"," 5.00% 80.956 3 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 4.06% 65.677 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.45% 55.878 3 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.994","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18945856,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAthanasius1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthanasius_of_Alexandria\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyres2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauckham1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeisner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelletini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerndtSteinacher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethune-Baker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrennecke1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrennecke2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBury\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzzardHunting1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanella2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman1909\"] = 1,\n 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