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Ancient Near Eastern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_Eastern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Egyptian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Levantine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Mesopotamian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Indo-European </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Germanic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Roman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Native American </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Inca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya_and_Aztec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya_and_Aztec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Maya and Aztec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya_and_Aztec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Polynesian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Abrahamic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.3 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.4 Mandaeism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Asian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Anitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.4 Shinto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.5 Taoism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.6 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.7 Zoroastrianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeptical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeptical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Skeptical interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeptical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Deity</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godheid" title="Godheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Godheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="देवता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="देवता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87" title="إله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lah" title="İlah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="দেবতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেবতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-b%C3%AAng" title="Sîn-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бажаство – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бажаство" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Божество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Божество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFtat" title="Deïtat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deïtat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munamatwi" title="Munamatwi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munamatwi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwdod" title="Duwdod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Duwdod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C9%A3yuli_Pulibu" title="Baɣyuli Pulibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Baɣyuli Pulibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud_(h%C3%B8jere_v%C3%A6sen)" title="Gud (højere væsen) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gud (højere væsen)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="رب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalus" title="Jumalus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jumalus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Θεότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidad" title="Deidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia%C4%B5o" title="Diaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainko_(politeismo)" title="Jainko (politeismo) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainko (politeismo)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="الوهیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الوهیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" title="Deity – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Deity" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A9" title="Divinité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Divinité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="God" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidade" title="Deidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0" title="신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստվածություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստվածություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEanstvo" title="Božanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Božanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%B0" title="Goð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Goð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9wa" title="Déwa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Déwa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%94_k%C9%9Bt%CA%8A" title="Ɛsɔ kɛtʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɔ kɛtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ದೇವರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೇವರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Құдірет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құдірет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwses" title="Duwses – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Duwses" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miungu" title="Miungu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinite" title="Divinite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Divinite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A9" title="Divinité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Divinité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xwedawend" title="Xwedawend – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwedawend" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinit%C3%A9" title="Divinité – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Divinité" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ເທວະດາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທວະດາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinitas" title="Divinitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Divinitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diev%C4%ABba" title="Dievība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dievība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievyb%C4%97" title="Dievybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dievybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divin" title="Divin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Divin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cevni" title="cevni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cevni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia" title="Dia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istens%C3%A9g" title="Istenség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Istenség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_(ankapobeny)" title="Andriamanitra (ankapobeny) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dewa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewa" title="Dewa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dewa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ကြီးမြတ်မှုအရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြီးမြတ်မှုအရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Dtl" title="Teōtl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teōtl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(algemeen)" title="God (algemeen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="God (algemeen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitat" title="Deitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Deitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੇਵਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੇਵਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios" title="Dios – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dios" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiyti" title="Diiyti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diiyti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidade" title="Deidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiyus_kay" title="Thiyus kay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thiyus kay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Божество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Божество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/di%27tu,_dietu" title="di'tu, dietu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="di'tu, dietu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyjnit%C3%AB" title="Hyjnitë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hyjnitë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="දෙවි දේවතාවියෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවි දේවතාවියෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" title="Deity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEanstvo" title="Božanstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Božanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="خوداوەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوداوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Божанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Божанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEanstvo" title="Božanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Božanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalolento" title="Jumalolento – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumalolento" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudom" title="Gudom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gudom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkadiyos" title="Pagkadiyos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkadiyos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="เทวดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lahi_varl%C4%B1k" title="İlahi varlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlahi varlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Боги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF" title="معبود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معبود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="ئىلاھ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىلاھ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalus" title="Jumalus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jumalus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27leiwa" title="Ma'leiwa – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ma'leiwa" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87" title="神祇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神祇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diev%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Dievībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dievībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supernatural being</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gods" redirects here. For the monotheistic concept of a supreme being, see <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. For the word, see <a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">God (word)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gods_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gods (disambiguation)">Gods (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Divine person" redirects here. For the theological term used in Christian theology to denote a divine person, see <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">Prosopon</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brahman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg/108px-Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg/162px-Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg/216px-Shiva_Parvati_Ganesha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="549" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg/116px-Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg/174px-Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg/232px-Green_tara_1947_wk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1900" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_beaker,_Inca,_1450-1532_AD,_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gold_beaker%2C_Inca%2C_1450-1532_AD%2C_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG/112px-Gold_beaker%2C_Inca%2C_1450-1532_AD%2C_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gold_beaker%2C_Inca%2C_1450-1532_AD%2C_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG/168px-Gold_beaker%2C_Inca%2C_1450-1532_AD%2C_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gold_beaker%2C_Inca%2C_1450-1532_AD%2C_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG/224px-Gold_beaker%2C_Inca%2C_1450-1532_AD%2C_southern_Peru_-_Staatliches_Museum_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde_M%C3%BCnchen_-_DSC08504.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg/112px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg/168px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg/224px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ares" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg/84px-Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg/126px-Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg/168px-Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1750" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Janus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/140px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/210px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg/280px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2432" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:67px;max-width:67px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/65px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/98px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/130px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="3774" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Itzamna e Ixchel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG/159px-Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG/239px-Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG/318px-Itzamna_e_Ixchel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_(Kunisada)_1856.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kami" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/228px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/342px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png/456px-Origin_of_Iwato_Kagura_Dance_Amaterasu_by_Toyokuni_III_%28Kunisada%29_1856.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1574" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of representations of deities in different cultures; clockwise from upper left: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Graeco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></div></div></div></div> A deity or god is a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> being considered to be <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> and worthy of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> due to having authority over the universe, nature or human life.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Oxford Dictionary of English defines deity as a <a href="/wiki/God_(male_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God (male deity)">god</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>, or anything revered as <a href="/wiki/Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine">divine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Scott_Littleton" title="C. Scott Littleton">C. Scott Littleton</a> defines a deity as "a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans, but who interacts with humans, positively or negatively, in ways that carry humans to new <a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">levels of consciousness</a>, beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Religions can be categorized by how many deities they worship. <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheistic</a> religions accept only one deity (predominantly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religions accept multiple deities.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheistic</a> religions accept one <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">supreme deity</a> without denying other deities, considering them as aspects of the same divine principle.<a href="#cite_note-routledge-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ross73-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a> deny any supreme eternal <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>, but may accept a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of deities which live, die and may be reborn like any other being.<a href="#cite_note-Keown-10">[10]</a>: 35–37 <a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-11">[11]</a>: 357–358  Although most monotheistic religions traditionally envision their god as <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Taliaferro-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trigger2003-13">[13]</a> none of <a href="/wiki/God#Specific_characteristics" title="God">these qualities</a> are essential to the definition of a "deity"<a href="#cite_note-Hood-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trigger-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-16">[16]</a> and various cultures have conceptualized their deities differently.<a href="#cite_note-Hood-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trigger-15">[15]</a> Monotheistic religions typically refer to their god in masculine terms,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 96  while other religions refer to their deities in a variety of ways—male, female, <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a>, or genderless.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Many cultures—including the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>—have personified <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_phenomena" title="List of natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a>, variously as either deliberate causes or effects.<a href="#cite_note-Malandra-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fløistad-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> deities were viewed as ethical concepts.<a href="#cite_note-Malandra-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fløistad-23">[23]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, deities have been envisioned as manifesting within the temple of every living being's body, as sensory organs and mind.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Deities are envisioned as a form of existence (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>) after <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a>, for human beings who gain merit through an ethical life, where they become <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">guardian deities</a> and live blissfully in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, but are also subject to death when their merit is lost.<a href="#cite_note-Keown-10">[10]</a>: 35–38 <a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-11">[11]</a>: 356–359  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">God (word)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva (Hinduism)</a></div> The English language word deity derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> deité,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> deitatem (nominative deitas) or "divine nature", coined by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">deus</a> ("god"). Deus is related through a common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) origin to <a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">*deiwos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This root yields the ancient Indian word <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a> meaning "to gleam, a shining one", from *div- "to shine", as well as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> dios "<a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>; and Latin deus "god" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> deivos).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-32">[32]</a>: 230–31  Deva is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-33">[33]</a>: 496  Etymologically, the cognates of Devi are Latin dea and Greek thea.<a href="#cite_note-HawleyWulff1998-34">[34]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daiva-</a> means "<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>, evil god",<a href="#cite_note-etymonline1-31">[31]</a> while in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> it means the opposite, referring to the "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".<a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-33">[33]</a>: 496 <a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory2-36">[36]</a> The closely linked term "<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">god</a>" refers to "supreme being, deity", according to Douglas Harper,<a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-37">[37]</a> and is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *guthan, from PIE *ghut-, which means "that which is invoked".<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-32">[32]</a>: 230–231  Guth in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> means "voice". The term *ghut- is also the source of <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> zovo ("to call"), Sanskrit huta- ("invoked", an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>), from the root *gheu(e)- ("to call, invoke."),<a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-37">[37]</a> An alternate etymology for the term "god" comes from the Proto-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Gaut" title="Gaut">Gaut</a>, which traces it to the PIE root *ghu-to- ("poured"), derived from the root *gheu- ("to pour, pour a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>"). The term *gheu- is also the source of the Greek khein "to pour".<a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-37">[37]</a> Originally the word "god" and its other Germanic cognates were <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter</a> nouns but shifted to being generally masculine under the influence of Christianity in which the <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">god is typically seen as male</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-32">[32]</a>: 230–231 <a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-37">[37]</a> In contrast, all ancient <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Indo-European cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">mythologies</a> recognized both masculine and feminine deities.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory2-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg/220px-NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg/330px-NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg/440px-NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheists</a> believe that the universe itself and everything in it forms a single, all-encompassing deity.<a href="#cite_note-Pearsall-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> There is no universally accepted consensus on what a deity is, and concepts of deities vary considerably across cultures.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 69–74 <a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huw_Owen" title="Huw Owen">Huw Owen</a> states that the term "deity or god or its equivalent in other languages" has a bewildering range of meanings and significance.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-41">[41]</a>: vii–ix  It has ranged from "infinite transcendent being who created and lords over the universe" (God), to a "finite entity or experience, with special significance or which evokes a special feeling" (god), to "a concept in religious or philosophical context that relates to nature or magnified beings or a supra-mundane realm", to "numerous other usages".<a href="#cite_note-Owen-41">[41]</a>: vii–ix  A deity is typically conceptualized as a supernatural or divine concept, manifesting in ideas and knowledge, in a form that combines excellence in some or all aspects, wrestling with weakness and questions in other aspects, <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic</a> in outlook and actions, yet tied up with emotions and desires.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2012-43">[43]</a> In other cases, the deity is a principle or reality such as the idea of "soul". The <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> of Hinduism, for example, characterize <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul, self) as deva (deity), thereby asserting that the deva and eternal supreme principle (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) is part of every living creature, that this soul is spiritual and divine, and that to realize self-knowledge is to know the supreme.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a> is the belief in the existence of one or more deities.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a> is the belief in and worship of multiple deities,<a href="#cite_note-Libbrecht-49">[49]</a> which are usually assembled into a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of gods and <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddesses</a>, with accompanying <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libbrecht-49">[49]</a> In most polytheistic religions, the different gods and goddesses are representations of forces of nature or <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral worship">ancestral principles</a>, and can be viewed either as autonomous or as aspects or <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a> of a creator God or <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute principle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic</a> theologies), which manifests <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanently</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Libbrecht-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a> accepts the existence of more than one deity, but considers all deities as equivalent representations or aspects of the same divine principle, the highest.<a href="#cite_note-ross73-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-routledge-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a> is the belief that many deities exist, but that only one of these deities may be validly worshipped.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> is the belief that only one deity exists.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-odccmono-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] A monotheistic deity, known as "God", is usually described as <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swinburne-61">[61]</a> However, not all deities have been regarded this way<a href="#cite_note-Hood-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beck2005-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and an entity does not need to be almighty, omnipresent, omniscient, omnibenevolent or eternal to qualify as a deity.<a href="#cite_note-Hood-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beck2005-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> is the belief that only one deity exists, who created the universe, but does not usually intervene in the resulting world.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Deism was particularly popular among western intellectuals during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> is the belief that the universe itself is God<a href="#cite_note-Pearsall-38">[38]</a> or that everything composes an all-encompassing, <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> deity.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a> is an intermediate position between these, proposing that the creator became a pantheistic universe.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a> is the belief that <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> pervades the universe, but that it also <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcends</a> the universe.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Agnosticism is the position that it is impossible to know for certain whether a deity of any kind exists.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> is the non-belief in the existence of any deity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg/170px-Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg/255px-Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg/340px-Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Statuette of a <a href="/wiki/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük">nude, corpulent, seated woman</a> flanked by two <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felines</a> from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000 BCE, thought by most archaeologists to represent a goddess of some kind<a href="#cite_note-mellart181-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></div> Scholars infer the probable existence of deities in the prehistoric period from inscriptions and prehistoric arts such as <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave drawings</a>, but it is unclear what these sketches and paintings are and why they were made.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Some engravings or sketches show animals, hunters or rituals.<a href="#cite_note-Ruether-78">[78]</a> It was once common for archaeologists to interpret virtually every prehistoric female figurine as a representation of a single, primordial goddess, the ancestor of historically attested goddesses such as <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Lesure-79">[79]</a> this approach has now generally been discredited.<a href="#cite_note-Lesure-79">[79]</a> Modern archaeologists now generally recognize that it is impossible to conclusively identify any prehistoric figurines as representations of any kind of deities, let alone goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-Lesure-79">[79]</a> Nonetheless, it is possible to evaluate ancient representations on a case-by-case basis and rate them on how likely they are to represent deities.<a href="#cite_note-Lesure-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a>, a female figurine found in Europe and dated to about 25,000 BCE has been interpreted by some as an exemplar of a prehistoric female deity.<a href="#cite_note-Ruether-78">[78]</a> A number of probable representations of deities have been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a><a href="#cite_note-Lesure-79">[79]</a> and the works of art uncovered at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> reveal references to what is probably a complex mythology.<a href="#cite_note-Lesure-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions_and_cultures">Religions and cultures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religions and cultures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_African">Sub-Saharan African</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan African">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_mythological_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African mythological figures">List of African mythological figures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg/120px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg/180px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg/240px-Mus%C3%A9e_africain_Lyon_130909_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Yoruba deity from Nigeria</figcaption></figure>Diverse African cultures developed theology and concepts of deities over their history. In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African countries</a>, for example, two prominent deities (locally called <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Òrìṣà</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Osun-80">[80]</a> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>, namely the god <a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a> and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Osun" class="mw-redirect" title="Osun">Osun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osun-80">[80]</a> Ogun is the primordial masculine deity as well as the archdivinity and guardian of occupations such as tools making and use, metal working, hunting, war, protection and ascertaining equity and justice.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Osun is an equally powerful primordial feminine deity and a multidimensional guardian of fertility, water, maternal, health, social relations, love and peace.<a href="#cite_note-Osun-80">[80]</a> Ogun and Osun traditions were brought into the Americas on <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a>. They were preserved by the Africans in their plantation communities, and their festivals continue to be observed.<a href="#cite_note-Osun-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-81">[81]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern African cultures</a>, a similar masculine-feminine deity combination has appeared in other forms, particularly as the Moon and Sun deities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> One Southern African cosmology consists of Hieseba or Xuba (deity, god), Gaune (evil spirits) and Khuene (people). The Hieseba includes Nladiba (male, creator sky god) and Nladisara (females, Nladiba's two wives). The Sun (female) and the Moon (male) deities are viewed as offspring of Nladiba and two Nladisara. The Sun and Moon are viewed as manifestations of the supreme deity, and worship is timed and directed to them.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In other African cultures the Sun is seen as male, while the Moon is female, both symbols of the godhead.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch-85">[85]</a>: 199–120  In <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, the supreme deity is <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> with male-female aspects, envisioned as the giver of rain, treated simultaneously as the god of darkness and light and is called Mwari Shona.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch-85">[85]</a>: 89  In the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> region, the term for a deity is Lubaale, or alternatively Jok.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_Eastern">Ancient Near Eastern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Near Eastern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egyptian">Egyptian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Egyptian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg/220px-La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg/330px-La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian tomb painting showing the gods <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, who are among the major deities in ancient Egyptian religion<a href="#cite_note-Pinch-87">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> culture revered numerous deities. Egyptian records and inscriptions list the names of many whose nature is unknown and make vague references to other unnamed deities.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson1-88">[88]</a>: 73  <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptologist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James P. Allen</a> estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts,<a href="#cite_note-Allen-89">[89]</a> whereas Christian Leitz offers an estimate of "thousands upon thousands" of Egyptian deities.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston-90">[90]</a>: 393–394  Their terms for deities were nṯr (god), and feminine nṯrt (goddess);<a href="#cite_note-Baines-91">[91]</a>: 42  however, these terms may also have applied to any being – spirits and deceased human beings, but not demons – who in some way were outside the sphere of everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-Assmann-92">[92]</a>: 216 <a href="#cite_note-Baines-91">[91]</a>: 62  Egyptian deities typically had an associated cult, role and mythologies.<a href="#cite_note-Assmann-92">[92]</a>: 7–8, 83  Around 200 deities are prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid texts</a> and ancient temples of Egypt, many <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphic</a>. Among these, were Min (fertility god), Neith (creator goddess), Anubis, Atum, Bes, Horus, Isis, Ra, Meretseger, Nut, Osiris, Shu, Sia and Thoth.<a href="#cite_note-Pinch-87">[87]</a>: 11–12  Most Egyptian deities represented natural phenomenon, physical objects or social aspects of life, as hidden immanent forces within these phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The deity Shu, for example represented air; the goddess Meretseger represented parts of the earth, and the god Sia represented the abstract powers of perception.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-95">[95]</a>: 91, 147  Deities such as Ra and Osiris were associated with the judgement of the dead and their care during the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-Pinch-87">[87]</a>: 26–28  Major gods often had multiple roles and were involved in multiple phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-95">[95]</a>: 85–86  The first written evidence of deities are from early 3rd millennium BCE, likely emerging from prehistoric beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> However, deities became systematized and sophisticated after the formation of an Egyptian state under the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> and their treatment as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">sacred kings</a> who had exclusive rights to interact with the gods, in the later part of the 3rd millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson1-88">[88]</a>: 12–15  Through the early centuries of the common era, as Egyptians interacted and traded with neighboring cultures, foreign deities were adopted and venerated.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-90">[90]</a>: 160  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levantine">Levantine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Levantine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeus_Yahweh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/220px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/330px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/440px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/God_on_the_Winged_Wheel_coin" title="God on the Winged Wheel coin">God on the Winged Wheel coin</a>, a 4th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Yehud_coinage" title="Yehud coinage">drachm</a> (quarter <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekel</a>) coin from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, possibly representing <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> seated on a winged and wheeled sun-throne</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Canaanite religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></div> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a> were polytheists who believed in a pantheon of deities,<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-CooganSmith-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkSSmith2002-101">[101]</a> the chief of whom was the god <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, who ruled alongside his consort <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">seventy sons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 22–24 <a href="#cite_note-CooganSmith-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkSSmith2002-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> was the god of storm, rain, vegetation and fertility,<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 68–127  while his consort <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> was the goddess of war<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 131, 137–139  and <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, was the goddess of love.<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 146–149  The people of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdoms of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> originally believed in these deities,<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarkSSmith2002-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> alongside their own <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> El later became <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, who took over El's role as the head of the pantheon,<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 13–17  with Asherah as his divine consort<a href="#cite_note-Niehr-105">[105]</a>: 45 <a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 146  and the "sons of El" as his offspring.<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 22–24  During the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatristic</a> faction rose to power insisting that only Yahweh was fit to be worshipped by the people of Judah.<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 229–233  Monolatry became enforced during the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">King Josiah</a> in 621 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 229  Finally, during the national crisis of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Judahites</a> began to teach that deities aside from Yahweh were not just unfit to be worshipped, but did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owen-41">[41]</a>: 4  The "sons of El" were demoted from deities to <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">angels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Day-99">[99]</a>: 22  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mesopotamian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Inanna,_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/241px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/362px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/482px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1035" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, the Sumerian goddess of love, sex, and war</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_(Assur)_from_Nimrud..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG/193px-Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG" decoding="async" width="193" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG/290px-Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG/386px-Wall_relief_depicting_the_God_Ashur_%28Assur%29_from_Nimrud..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wall relief of the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> Aššur in a "winged male" hybrid iconography</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">List of Mesopotamian deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></div> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian culture</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> had numerous <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">dingir</a> (deities, gods and goddesses).<a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 69–74 <a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics-40">[40]</a> Mesopotamian deities were almost exclusively anthropomorphic.<a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 69–74 <a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> They were thought to possess extraordinary powers<a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93  and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size.<a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93  They were generally immortal,<a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93  but a few of them, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a> were said to have either died or visited the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93  Both male and female deities were widely venerated.<a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93  In the Sumerian pantheon, deities had multiple functions, which included presiding over procreation, rains, irrigation, agriculture, destiny, and justice.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 69–74  The gods were fed, clothed, entertained, and worshipped to prevent natural catastrophes as well as to prevent social chaos such as pillaging, rape, or atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 69–74 <a href="#cite_note-Nemet-109">[109]</a>: 186 <a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 93  Many of the Sumerian deities were <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">patron guardians</a> of <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nemet-109">[109]</a> The most important deities in the Sumerian pantheon were known as the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kramer1963-110">[110]</a> and included deities known as the "seven gods who decree": <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer1963-110">[110]</a> After the conquest of Sumer by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, many Sumerian deities were <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> ones.<a href="#cite_note-Nemet-109">[109]</a> The goddess Inanna, syncretized with the East Semitic Ishtar, became popular,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolkstein-112">[112]</a>: xviii, xv <a href="#cite_note-Nemet-109">[109]</a>: 182 <a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 106–09  with temples across Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black-107">[107]</a>: 106–09  The Mesopotamian mythology of the first millennium BCE treated <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anšar</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Aššur</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kišar</a> as primordial deities.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> was a significant god among the Babylonians. He rose from an obscure deity of the third millennium BCE to become one of the most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon of the first millennium BCE. The Babylonians worshipped Marduk as creator of heaven, earth and humankind, and as their <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-18">[18]</a>: 62, 73 <a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Marduk's iconography is zoomorphic and is most often found in Middle Eastern archaeological remains depicted as a "snake-dragon" or a "human-animal hybrid".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-VDT-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European">Indo-European</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indo-European">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germanic">Germanic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germanic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg/150px-Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg/225px-Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg/300px-Kirkby_Stephen_Stone_by_Petersen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The Kirkby Stephen Stone, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Stephen" title="Kirkby Stephen">Kirkby Stephen</a>, England, depicts a bound figure, who some have theorized may be the Germanic god <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic deities">Common Germanic deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, the terms cognate with '<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">god</a>' such as <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: god and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: guð were originally neuter but became masculine, as in modern Germanic languages, after <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation</a> due their use in referring to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian god">Christian god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gudą-119">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a> (singular áss or ǫ́ss) are the principal group of gods,<a href="#cite_note-áss-120">[120]</a> while the term ásynjur (singular ásynja) refers specifically to the female Æsir.<a href="#cite_note-ásynja-121">[121]</a> These terms, states John Lindow, may be ultimately rooted in the Indo-European root for "breath" (as in "life giving force"), and are cognate with <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: os (a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">heathen</a> god) and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>: anses.<a href="#cite_note-Lindow-122">[122]</a>: 49–50  Another group of deities found in Norse mythology are termed as <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, and are associated with fertility. The Æsir and the Vanir <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">went to war</a>, according to the Nordic sources. The account in <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a> describes the Æsir–Vanir War ending in truce and ultimate reconciliation of the two into a single group of gods, after both sides chose peace, exchanged ambassadors (hostages),<a href="#cite_note-Warner-123">[123]</a>: 181  and intermarried.<a href="#cite_note-Lindow-122">[122]</a>: 52–53 <a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Norse mythology describes the cooperation after the war, as well as differences between the Æsir and the Vanir which were considered scandalous by the other side.<a href="#cite_note-Warner-123">[123]</a>: 181  The goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> of the Vanir taught magic to the Æsir, while the two sides discover that while Æsir forbid <a href="/wiki/Incest_between_siblings" class="mw-redirect" title="Incest between siblings">mating between siblings</a>, Vanir accepted such mating.<a href="#cite_note-Warner-123">[123]</a>: 181 <a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Temples</a> hosting <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">images</a> of Germanic gods (such as <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>), as well as pagan worship rituals, continued in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> into the 12th century, according to historical records. It has been proposed that over time, Christian equivalents were substituted for the Germanic deities to help suppress <a href="/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nordic religion">paganism</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianisation of the Germanic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warner-123">[123]</a>: 187–188  Worship of the Germanic gods has been revived in the modern period as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek">Greek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:415px;max-width:415px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/200px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/300px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/400px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the king of the gods in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>, shown on a gold <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 360–340 BCE)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg/207px-Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg/311px-Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg/414px-Poseidon_Penteskouphia_Louvre_CA452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1047" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Corinthian <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> plaque of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, the Greek god of the seas (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–525 BCE)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg/200px-Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg/300px-Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg/400px-Aphrodite_swan_BM_D2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2333" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Attic <a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">white-ground</a> red-figured <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, the Greek goddess of love, riding a swan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 46–470 BCE)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg/205px-Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg/308px-Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg/410px-Bust_Athena_Velletri_Glyptothek_Munich_213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1971" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the Greek goddess of wisdom, copy after a votive statue of Kresilas in Athens (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 425 BCE)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">List of Greek mythological figures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> revered both gods and goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-128">[128]</a> These continued to be revered through the early centuries of the common era, and many of the Greek deities inspired and were adopted as part of much larger pantheon of Roman deities.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 91–97  The Greek religion was polytheistic, but had no centralized church, nor any sacred texts.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 91–97  The deities were largely associated with myths and they represented natural phenomena or aspects of human behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 91–97  Several Greek deities probably trace back to more ancient Indo-European traditions, since the gods and goddesses found in distant cultures are mythologically comparable and are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-32">[32]</a>: 230–231 <a href="#cite_note-Burkert-130">[130]</a>: 15–19  <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a>, the Greek goddess of the dawn, for instance, is cognate to Indic <a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a>, Roman <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a> and Latvian <a href="/wiki/Auseklis" title="Auseklis">Auseklis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-32">[32]</a>: 230–232  <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the Greek king of gods, is cognate to Latin <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Iūpiter</a>, Old German <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Ziu</a>, and Indic <a href="/wiki/Dyaus_Pita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyaus Pita">Dyaus</a>, with whom he shares similar mythologies.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-32">[32]</a>: 230–232 <a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Other deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, originated from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Greek deities varied locally, but many shared panhellenic themes, celebrated similar festivals, rites, and ritual grammar.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The most important deities in the Greek pantheon were the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>: Zeus, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, Aphrodite, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-130">[130]</a>: 125–170  Other important Greek deities included <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 96–97  These deities later inspired the Dii Consentes galaxy of Roman deities.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 96–97  Besides the Olympians, the Greeks also worshipped various local deities.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-130">[130]</a>: 170–181 <a href="#cite_note-Pollard-137">[137]</a> Among these were the goat-legged god <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a> (the guardian of shepherds and their flocks), <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_deities" title="List of nature deities">nature spirits</a> associated with particular landforms), <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a> (who dwelled in springs), <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryads</a> (who were spirits of the trees), <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a> (who inhabited the sea), river gods, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> (a class of lustful male nature spirits), and others. The dark powers of the underworld were represented by the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood-relatives.<a href="#cite_note-Pollard-137">[137]</a> The Greek deities, like those in many other Indo-European traditions, were anthropomorphic. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> describes them as "persons, not abstractions, ideas or concepts".<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-130">[130]</a>: 182  They had fantastic abilities and powers; each had some unique expertise and, in some aspects, a specific and flawed personality.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-138">[138]</a>: 52  They were not omnipotent and could be injured in some circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Greek deities led to cults, were used politically and inspired <a href="/wiki/Votive_offerings" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive offerings">votive offerings</a> for favors such as bountiful crops, healthy family, victory in war, or peace for a loved one recently deceased.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 94–95 <a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman">Roman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">List of Roman deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg/330px-MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg/495px-MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg/660px-MANNapoli_6705_creation_of_the_man_sarcophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4460" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>4th-century <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_sarcophagi" title="Ancient Roman sarcophagi">Roman sarcophagus</a> depicting the creation of man by <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, with major Roman deities Jupiter, Neptune, Mercury, Juno, Apollo, Vulcan watching</figcaption></figure> The Roman pantheon had numerous deities, both Greek and non-Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 96–97  The more famed deities, found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts, have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities. These include the six gods and six goddesses: Venus, Apollo, Mars, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, Juno, Mercury, Vesta, Neptune, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus); as well Bacchus, Pluto and Hercules.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 96–97 <a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The non-Greek major deities include Janus, Fortuna, Vesta, Quirinus and Tellus (mother goddess, probably most ancient).<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 96–97 <a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion, while others may have been borrowed, for political reasons, from neighboring trade centers such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> civilization.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The Roman deities, in a manner similar to the ancient Greeks, inspired community festivals, rituals and sacrifices led by flamines (priests, pontifs), but priestesses (Vestal Virgins) were also held in high esteem for maintaining sacred fire used in the votive rituals for deities.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 100–101  Deities were also maintained in home shrines (lararium), such as Hestia honored in homes as the goddess of fire hearth.<a href="#cite_note-Gagarin-129">[129]</a>: 100–101 <a href="#cite_note-Kristensen-146">[146]</a> This Roman religion held reverence for sacred fire, and this is also found in Hebrew culture (Leviticus 6), Vedic culture's Homa, ancient Greeks and other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Kristensen-146">[146]</a> Ancient Roman scholars such as Varro and Cicero wrote treatises on the nature of gods of their times.<a href="#cite_note-Cicero-147">[147]</a> Varro stated, in his Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum, that it is the superstitious man who fears the gods, while the truly religious person venerates them as parents.<a href="#cite_note-Cicero-147">[147]</a> Cicero, in his <a href="/wiki/Academica_(Cicero)" title="Academica (Cicero)">Academica</a>, praised Varro for this and other insights.<a href="#cite_note-Cicero-147">[147]</a> According to Varro, there have been three accounts of deities in the Roman society: the mythical account created by poets for theatre and entertainment, the civil account used by people for veneration as well as by the city, and the natural account created by the philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-Barfield-148">[148]</a> The best state is, adds Varro, where the civil theology combines the poetic mythical account with the philosopher's.<a href="#cite_note-Barfield-148">[148]</a> The Roman deities continued to be revered in Europe through the era of Constantine, and past 313 CE when he issued the Edict of Toleration.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-138">[138]</a>: 118–120  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American">Native American</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Native American">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inca">Inca</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inca">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Inti_Raymi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inti_Raymi2.jpg/150px-Inti_Raymi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inti_Raymi2.jpg/225px-Inti_Raymi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inti_Raymi2.jpg/300px-Inti_Raymi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Inti Raymi, a winter solstice festival of the Inca people, reveres Inti, the sun deity—offerings include round bread and maize beer.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion in the Inca Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inca_religion_in_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca religion in Cusco">Inca religion in Cusco</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca culture</a> has believed in <a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a> (also called Pachacutec) as the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roza-149">[149]</a>: 27–30 <a href="#cite_note-Littleton-150">[150]</a>: 726–729  Viracocha has been an abstract deity to Inca culture, one who existed before he created space and time.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> All other deities of the Inca people have corresponded to elements of nature.<a href="#cite_note-Roza-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Littleton-150">[150]</a>: 726–729  Of these, the most important ones have been <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun deity</a>) responsible for agricultural prosperity and as the father of the first Inca king, and Mama Qucha the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters.<a href="#cite_note-Roza-149">[149]</a> Inti in some mythologies is the son of Viracocha and Mama Qucha.<a href="#cite_note-Roza-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherman-152">[152]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #f5dcd8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Inca Sun deity festival <div class="poem"> Oh creator and Sun and Thunder, be forever copious, do not make us old, let all things be at peace, multiply the people, and let there be food, and let all things be fruitful. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Inti Raymi prayers<a href="#cite_note-Parker-153">[153]</a></cite> </div> Inca people have revered many male and female deities. Among the feminine deities have been Mama Kuka (goddess of joy), Mama Ch'aska (goddess of dawn), Mama Allpa (goddess of harvest and earth, sometimes called Mama Pacha or <a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mama_Killa" title="Mama Killa">Mama Killa</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities" title="List of lunar deities">moon goddess</a>) and Mama Sara (goddess of grain).<a href="#cite_note-Sherman-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roza-149">[149]</a>: 31–32  During and after the imposition of Christianity during <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonialism</a>, the Inca people retained their original beliefs in deities through <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>, where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuznar-156">[156]</a> The male deity Inti became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around Inca deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Inca people.<a href="#cite_note-Kuznar-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fagan-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maya_and_Aztec">Maya and Aztec</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maya and Aztec">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings">List of Maya gods and supernatural beings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a> has been the supreme <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>, also revered as the god of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, water, fertility and wind.<a href="#cite_note-Littleton-150">[150]</a>: 797–798  The Maya people built <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramids" title="Mesoamerican pyramids">step pyramid temples</a> to honor Kukulkan, aligning them to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s position on the spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Littleton-150">[150]</a>: 843–844  Other deities found at Maya archaeological sites include <a href="/wiki/Chac-Xib-Chac" title="Chac-Xib-Chac">Xib Chac</a>—the benevolent male rain deity, and <a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a>—the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess.<a href="#cite_note-Littleton-150">[150]</a>: 843–844  The <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a> had 18 months, each with 20 days (and five unlucky days of Uayeb); each month had a presiding deity, who inspired social rituals, special trading markets and community festivals.<a href="#cite_note-Fagan-157">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg/220px-Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg/330px-Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg/440px-Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Quetzalcoatl in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a></figcaption></figure> A deity with aspects similar to Kulkulkan in the Aztec culture has been called <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Littleton-150">[150]</a>: 797–798  However, states Timothy Insoll, the Aztec ideas of deity remain poorly understood. What has been assumed is based on what was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a>. The deity concept was likely more complex than these historical records.<a href="#cite_note-Insoll-158">[158]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Aztec_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec culture">Aztec culture</a>, there were hundred of deities, but many were henotheistic <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnations</a> of one another (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> concept of Hinduism). Unlike Hinduism and other cultures, Aztec deities were usually not anthropomorphic, and were instead zoomorphic or hybrid icons associated with spirits, natural phenomena or forces.<a href="#cite_note-Insoll-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Aztec deities were often represented through ceramic figurines, revered in home shrines.<a href="#cite_note-Insoll-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesian">Polynesian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Polynesian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_(1830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_%281830%29.jpg/140px-Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_%281830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_%281830%29.jpg/210px-Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_%281830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_%281830%29.jpg/280px-Wooden_idols_of_Polynesia_%281830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption>Deities of Polynesia carved from wood (bottom two are demons)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian narrative">Polynesian narrative</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian people</a> developed a theology centered on numerous deities, with clusters of islands having different names for the same idea. There are great deities found across the Pacific Ocean. Some deities are found widely, and there are many local deities whose worship is limited to one or a few islands or sometimes to isolated villages on the same island.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson-161">[161]</a>: 5–6  The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a>, of what is now New Zealand, called the supreme being as <a href="/wiki/Io_Matua_Kore" title="Io Matua Kore">Io</a>, who is also referred elsewhere as Iho-Iho, Io-Mataaho, Io Nui, Te Io Ora, Io Matua Te Kora among other names.<a href="#cite_note-Coulter-162">[162]</a>: 239  The Io deity has been revered as the original uncreated creator, with power of life, with nothing outside or beyond him.<a href="#cite_note-Coulter-162">[162]</a>: 239 Other deities in the Polynesian pantheon include <a href="/wiki/Tangaroa" title="Tangaroa">Tangaloa</a> (god who created men),<a href="#cite_note-Williamson-161">[161]</a>: 37–38  <a href="/wiki/La%27a_Maomao" class="mw-redirect" title="La'a Maomao">La'a Maomao</a> (god of winds), <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABmatauenga" title="Tūmatauenga">Tu-Matauenga</a> or <a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB" title="Kū">Ku</a> (god of war), <a href="/wiki/Tu-metua" title="Tu-metua">Tu-Metua</a> (mother goddess), <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ne" title="Kāne">Kane</a> (god of procreation) and <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Rangi</a> (sky god father).<a href="#cite_note-Coulter-162">[162]</a>: 261, 284, 399, 476  The Polynesian deities have been part of a sophisticated theology, addressing questions of creation, the nature of existence, guardians in daily lives as well as during wars, natural phenomena, good and evil spirits, priestly rituals, as well as linked to the journey of the souls of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson-161">[161]</a>: 6–14, 37–38, 113, 323  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Abrahamic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg/150px-%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg/225px-%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg/300px-%C5%A0ven%C4%8Diausioji_Trejyb%C4%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Holy Trinity (1756–1758) by <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Czechowicz" title="Szymon Czechowicz">Szymon Czechowicz</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, all of whom are revered in Christianity as a single deity</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Names of God in Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div> Christianity is a monotheistic religion in which most mainstream congregations and denominations accept the concept of the Holy <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emery-163">[163]</a>: 233–234  Modern orthodox Christians believe that the Trinity is composed of three equal, <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">cosubstantial</a> persons: <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emery-163">[163]</a>: 233–234  The first person to describe the persons of the Trinity as homooúsios (ὁμοούσιος; "of the same substance") was the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> Origen.<a href="#cite_note-La_Due-164">[164]</a> Although most early Christian theologians (including <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Badcock-165">[165]</a> who believed that the Father was superior to the Son and the Son superior to the Holy Spirit,<a href="#cite_note-La_Due-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> this belief was condemned as heretical by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in the fourth century, which declared that all three persons of the Trinity are equal.<a href="#cite_note-Badcock-165">[165]</a> Christians regard the universe as an element in God's actualization<a href="#cite_note-Emery-163">[163]</a>: 273  and the Holy Spirit is seen as the divine essence that is "the unity and relation of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> and the Son".<a href="#cite_note-Emery-163">[163]</a>: 273  According to George Hunsinger, the doctrine of the Trinity justifies worship in a Church, wherein Jesus Christ is deemed to be a full deity with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> as his icon.<a href="#cite_note-Emery-163">[163]</a>: 296  The theological examination of Jesus Christ, of divine grace in incarnation, his non-transferability and completeness has been a historic topic. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 CE declared that in "one person Jesus Christ, fullness of deity and fullness of humanity are united, the union of the natures being such that they can neither be divided nor confused".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Jesus Christ, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, is the self-disclosure of the one, true God, both in his teaching and in his person; Christ, in Christian faith, is considered the incarnation of God.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-41">[41]</a>: 4, 29 <a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names of God in Islam</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a>, ʾIlāh (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إله; plural: آلهة ʾālihah), is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word meaning "god".<a href="#cite_note-Saritoprak-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-172">[172]</a> It appears in the name of the monotheistic god of Islam as <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">al-Lāh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardet-allah-175">[175]</a> which literally means "the god" in Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Saritoprak-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-172">[172]</a> Islam is strictly monotheistic<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-176">[176]</a> and the first statement of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>, or Muslim confession of faith, is that "there is no ʾilāh (deity) but Allah (God)",<a href="#cite_note-Yust-177">[177]</a> who is perfectly unified and utterly indivisible.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yust-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> is used by Muslims for God. The Persian word <a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: خدا) can be translated as god, lord or king, and is also used today to refer to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> by Persian, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> speakers. The <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> word for god is <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>; it exists as Tanrı in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/220px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/330px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg/440px-Tetragrammaton_scripts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>The tetragrammaton in <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a> (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (3rd century BCE to present) scripts</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></div> Judaism affirms the existence of one God (Yahweh, or YHWH), who is not abstract, but He who revealed himself throughout Jewish history particularly during the Exodus and the Exile.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-41">[41]</a>: 4  Judaism reflects a monotheism that gradually arose, was affirmed with certainty in the sixth century "Second Isaiah", and has ever since been the axiomatic basis of its theology.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-41">[41]</a>: 4  The classical presentation of Judaism has been as a monotheistic faith that rejected deities and related idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-Terry-179">[179]</a> However, states Breslauer, modern scholarship suggests that idolatry was not absent in biblical faith, and it resurfaced multiple times in Jewish religious life.<a href="#cite_note-Terry-179">[179]</a> The rabbinic texts and other secondary Jewish literature suggest worship of material objects and natural phenomena through the medieval era, while the core teachings of Judaism maintained monotheism.<a href="#cite_note-Terry-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] According to Aryeh Kaplan, God is always referred to as "He" in Judaism, "not to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God", but because "there is no neuter in the Hebrew language, and the Hebrew word for God is a masculine noun" as he "is an active rather than a passive creative force".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mandaeism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a> (lit=The Great Life), or 'The Great Living God',<a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-182">[182]</a> is the supreme God from which all things <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanate</a>. He is also known as 'The First Life', since during the creation of the material world, <a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a> emanated from Hayyi Rabbi as the "Second Life."<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-183">[183]</a> "The principles of the Mandaean doctrine: the belief of the only one great God, Hayyi Rabbi, to whom all absolute properties belong; He created all the worlds, formed the soul through his power, and placed it by means of angels into the human body. So He created <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, the first man and woman."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian">Asian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anitism">Anitism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anitism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/105px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/158px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG/210px-Visayan_tenegre_horn_hilt_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_(c._1900,_Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/101px-Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/152px-Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/202px-Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="498" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a> depicted in a Bisaya sword hilt; Right: Ifugao rice deity statues</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">List of Philippine mythological figures</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Anitism</a>, composed of an array of indigenous religions from the Philippines, has multiple pantheons of deities. There are more than a hundred different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups in the Philippines</a>, each having their own supreme deity or deities. Each supreme deity or deities normally rules over a pantheon of deities, contributing to the sheer diversity of deities in Anitism.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-186">[186]</a>The supreme deity or deities of ethnic groups are almost always the most notable.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-186">[186]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a> is the Tagalog supreme deity,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Mangechay is the Kapampangan supreme deity,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayari" title="Mayari">Malayari</a> is the Sambal supreme deity,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Melu is the Blaan supreme deity,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Kaptan is the Bisaya supreme deity,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> and so on. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG/105px-Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG/158px-Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG/210px-Ssangbongsa_11-05266.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg/101px-A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg/152px-A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg/202px-A_Chinese_deity_with_sword_accompanied_by_a_tiger._Gouache_Wellcome_V0047141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3110" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Buddhist deity in <a href="/wiki/Ssangbongsa" title="Ssangbongsa">Ssangbongsa</a> in South Korea; Right: Chinese deity adopted into Buddhism</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator in Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deities</a></div> Although Buddhists do not believe in a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McClelland-192">[192]</a> deities are an essential part of Buddhist teachings about cosmology, <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McClelland-192">[192]</a> Buddhist deities (such as <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a>) are believed to reside in a pleasant, heavenly realm within <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a>, which is typically subdivided into twenty six sub-realms.<a href="#cite_note-Trainor-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClelland-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keown-10">[10]</a>: 35  Devas are numerous, but they are still mortal;<a href="#cite_note-Trainor-193">[193]</a> they live in the heavenly realm, then die and are reborn like all other beings.<a href="#cite_note-Trainor-193">[193]</a> A rebirth in the heavenly realm is believed to be the result of leading an ethical life and accumulating very good <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trainor-193">[193]</a> A deva does not need to work, and is able to enjoy in the heavenly realm all pleasures found on Earth. However, the pleasures of this realm lead to attachment (<a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">upādāna</a>), lack of spiritual pursuits, and therefore no <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keown-10">[10]</a>: 37  Nonetheless, according to Kevin Trainor, the vast majority of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay people</a> in countries practicing <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices because they are motivated by their potential rebirth into the deva realm.<a href="#cite_note-Trainor-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The deva realm in Buddhist practice in Southeast Asia and East Asia, states Keown, include gods found in Hindu traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and concepts in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keown-10">[10]</a>: 37–38  <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism also includes different kinds of deities, such as numerous <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fierce_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fierce deities">fierce deities</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg/157px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg/236px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg/314px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1409" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/133px-Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/200px-Saraswati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saraswati.jpg/266px-Saraswati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1496" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> god of new beginnings, remover of obstacle; Right: <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, goddess of knowledge and music</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva (Hinduism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></div> The concept of God varies in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, it being a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> texts of Hinduism, a deity is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a> (god) or <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (goddess).<a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-33">[33]</a>: 496 <a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-35">[35]</a> The root of these terms mean "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence".<a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-33">[33]</a>: 492 <a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-35">[35]</a> Deva is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devi</a>. In the earliest Vedic literature, all <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural being">supernatural beings</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hale-198">[198]</a>: 5–11, 22, 99–102 <a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-33">[33]</a>: 121  Over time, those with a benevolent nature become deities and are referred to as Sura, Deva or Devi.<a href="#cite_note-Hale-198">[198]</a>: 2–6 <a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Devas or deities in Hindu texts differ from Greek or Roman <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>, states Ray Billington, because many Hindu traditions believe that a human being has the potential to be reborn as a deva (or devi), by living an ethical life and building up saintly <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Billington-200">[200]</a> Such a deva enjoys heavenly bliss, till the merit runs out, and then the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> is reborn again into <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>. Thus deities are henotheistic manifestations, embodiments and consequence of the virtuous, the noble, the saint-like living in many Hindu traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Billington-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shinto">Shinto</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shinto">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></div> Shinto is <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, involving the veneration of many deities known as kami,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200223CaliDougill201313-201">[201]</a> or sometimes as jingi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199770Hardacre201731-202">[202]</a> In Japanese, no distinction is made here between singular and plural, and hence the term kami refers both to individual kami and the collective group of kami.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535CaliDougill201313-203">[203]</a> Although lacking a direct English translation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048-204">[204]</a> the term kami has sometimes been rendered as "god" or "spirit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042CaliDougill201313-205">[205]</a> The historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Joseph Kitagawa</a> deemed these English translations "quite unsatisfactory and misleading",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198736-206">[206]</a> and various scholars urge against translating kami into English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979194Bocking199784-207">[207]</a> In Japanese, it is often said that there are <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers#Specific_values_used_as_indefinite" title="Indefinite and fictitious numbers">eight million</a> kami, a term which connotes an infinite number,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199629Littleton200224-208">[208]</a> and Shinto practitioners believe that they are present everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171-209">[209]</a> They are not regarded as <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, or necessarily <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535Hardacre201752-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taoism">Taoism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Taoism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></div> Taoism is polytheistic religion. The gods and immortals （神仙） believed in by Taoism can be roughly divided into two categories, namely "gods" and "xian". "Gods" refers to deities and there are many kinds, that is, heaven gods/celestials （天神）, earth spirits （地祇）, wuling （物灵, animism, the spirit of all things）, netherworld gods （地府神灵）, gods of human body （人体之神）, gods of human ghost （人鬼之神）etc. Among these "gods" such as heaven gods/celestials （天神）, earth spirits（地祇）, netherworld gods（阴府神灵）, gods of human body （人体之神） exist innately."Xian" is acquired the cultivation of the Tao，persons with vast supernatural powers, unpredictable changes and immortality.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmavati.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Padmavati.JPG/130px-Padmavati.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Padmavati.JPG/195px-Padmavati.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Padmavati.JPG/260px-Padmavati.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Padmavati, a Jain guardian deity</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">God in Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Deva (Jainism)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> does not believe in a creator, omnipotent, omniscient, eternal God; however, the cosmology of Jainism incorporates a meaningful <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>-driven reality, including four realms of existence (gati), one of them being <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">deva</a> (celestial beings, gods).<a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-11">[11]</a>: 351–357  A human being can choose and live an ethical life, such as being non-violent (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>) against all living beings, and thereby gain merit and be reborn as deva.<a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-11">[11]</a>: 357–358 <a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Jain texts reject a trans-cosmic God, one who stands outside of the universe and lords over it, but they state that the world is full of devas who are in human-image with sensory organs, with the power of reason, conscious, compassionate and with finite life.<a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-11">[11]</a>: 356–357  Jainism believes in the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> (Self, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">atman</a>) and considers it to have "god-quality", whose knowledge and liberation is the ultimate spiritual goal in both religions. Jains also believe that the spiritual nobleness of perfected souls (<a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Jina</a>) and devas make them worship-worthy beings, with powers of guardianship and guidance to better <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>. In Jain temples or festivals, the Jinas and Devas are revered.<a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-11">[11]</a>: 356–357 <a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg/220px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg/330px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg/440px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_of_Ardeshir_II_investiture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Investiture of Sassanid emperor <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (center) with <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> (left) and Ahura Mazda (right) at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˌhʊrəˌmæzdə/</a>);<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> name for the creator and sole God of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-215">[215]</a> The literal meaning of the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ahura" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ahura">Ahura</a> is "mighty" or "lord" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mazda" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mazda">Mazda</a> is <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, the founder of Zoroastrianism, taught that Ahura Mazda is the most powerful being in all of the existence<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-216">[216]</a> and the only deity who is worthy of the highest veneration.<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-216">[216]</a> Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is not omnipotent because his <a href="/wiki/Evil_twin" title="Evil twin">evil twin</a> brother <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> is nearly as powerful as him.<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-216">[216]</a> Zoroaster taught that the <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daevas</a> were evil spirits created by Angra Mainyu to sow evil in the world<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-216">[216]</a> and that all people must choose between the goodness of Ahura Mazda and the evil of Angra Mainyu.<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-216">[216]</a> According to Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda will eventually defeat Angra Mainyu and good will triumph over evil once and for all.<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-216">[216]</a> Ahura Mazda was the most important deity in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> He was originally represented anthropomorphically,<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-215">[215]</a> but, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, Zoroastrianism had become fully aniconic.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skeptical_interpretations">Skeptical interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Skeptical interpretations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Lightning_cloud_to_cloud_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> argued that belief in deities arose when humans observed natural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and attributed such phenomena to supernatural beings.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin of religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurotheology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotheology">Neurotheology</a></div> Attempts to rationally explain belief in deities extend all the way back to ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-130">[130]</a>: 311–317  The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> argued that the concept of deities arose when human beings observed natural phenomena such as lightning, <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipses</a>, and the changing of the seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Burkert-130">[130]</a>: 311–317  Later, in the third century BCE, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> argued in his book Sacred History that the gods were originally flesh-and-blood mortal kings who were <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">posthumously deified</a>, and that religion was therefore the continuation of these kings' mortal reigns, a view now known as <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> suggested that God concepts are a projection of one's father.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-219">[219]</a> A tendency to believe in deities and other supernatural beings may be an integral part of the human consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-AtranNorensayan-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett2012-223">[223]</a>: 2–11  Children are naturally inclined to believe in supernatural entities such as gods, spirits, and demons, even without being introduced into a particular religious tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett2012-223">[223]</a>: 2–11  Humans have an overactive agency detection system,<a href="#cite_note-AtranNorensayan-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett2012-223">[223]</a>: 25–27  which has a tendency to conclude that events are caused by intelligent entities, even if they really are not.<a href="#cite_note-AtranNorensayan-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-224">[224]</a> This is a system which may have evolved to cope with threats to the survival of human ancestors:<a href="#cite_note-AtranNorensayan-220">[220]</a> in the wild, a person who perceived intelligent and potentially dangerous beings everywhere was more likely to survive than a person who failed to perceive actual threats, such as wild animals or human enemies.<a href="#cite_note-AtranNorensayan-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett2012-223">[223]</a>: 2–11  Humans are also inclined to think teleologically and ascribe meaning and significance to their surroundings, a trait which may lead people to believe in a creator-deity.<a href="#cite_note-Keleman-225">[225]</a> This may have developed as a side effect of human social intelligence, the ability to discern what other people are thinking.<a href="#cite_note-Keleman-225">[225]</a> Stories of encounters with supernatural beings are especially likely to be retold, passed on, and embellished due to their descriptions of standard ontological categories (person, artifact, animal, plant, natural object) with counterintuitive properties (humans that are invisible, houses that remember what happened in them, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> As belief in deities spread, humans may have attributed anthropomorphic thought processes to them,<a href="#cite_note-boyer-227">[227]</a> leading to the idea of leaving offerings to the gods and praying to them for assistance,<a href="#cite_note-boyer-227">[227]</a> ideas which are seen in all cultures around the world.<a href="#cite_note-AtranNorensayan-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociologists of religion</a> have proposed that the personality and characteristics of deities may reflect a culture's sense of self-esteem and that a culture projects its revered values into deities and in spiritual terms. The cherished, desired or sought human personality is congruent with the personality it defines to be gods.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-219">[219]</a> Lonely and fearful societies tend to invent wrathful, violent, submission-seeking deities, while happier and secure societies tend to invent loving, non-violent, compassionate deities.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> states that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. According to Matt Rossano, God concepts may be a means of enforcing <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> and building more cooperative community groups.<a href="#cite_note-supernature-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deities">List of deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deities in fiction">List of deities in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinism">Odinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_man_factor" title="Third man factor">Third man factor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/god">"god"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=god&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/god">"Definition of GOD"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+GOD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Angus (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ">Oxford Dictionary of English</a> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3"><bdi>978-0-19-957112-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311102542/https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=461&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957112-3&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanecAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleton2005" class="citation book cs1">Littleton, C. Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ufSStXPECkC&pg=PA378">Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology</a>. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7559-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7559-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-7559-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Mythology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7559-0&rft.aulast=Littleton&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ufSStXPECkC%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckingDijkstraKorpelVriezen2001" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo; Vriezen, Karel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMneBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah</a>. London: New York. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-23212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-23212-0"><bdi>978-0-567-23212-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017. <q>The Christian tradition is, in imitation of Judaism, a monotheistic religion. This implies that believers accept the existence of only one God. Other deities either do not exist, are considered inferior, are seen as the product of human imagination, or are dismissed as remnants of a persistent paganism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Only+One+God%3F%3A+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Veneration+of+the+Goddess+Asherah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=New+York&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-23212-0&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Dijkstra%2C+Meindert&rft.au=Korpel%2C+Marjo&rft.au=Vriezen%2C+Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMneBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorteHaardt2009" class="citation book cs1">Korte, Anne-Marie; Haardt, Maaike De (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-53d1iRsqDEC">The Boundaries of Monotheism: Interdisciplinary Explorations Into the Foundations of Western Monotheism</a>. Brill. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17316-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17316-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Monotheism%3A+Interdisciplinary+Explorations+Into+the+Foundations+of+Western+Monotheism&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17316-3&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft.au=Haardt%2C+Maaike+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-53d1iRsqDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jeannine K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QJjyGoxEzkC">Scripture as Communication: Introducing Biblical Hermeneutics</a>. Baker Academic. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2788-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2788-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-2788-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture+as+Communication%3A+Introducing+Biblical+Hermeneutics&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2788-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeannine+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QJjyGoxEzkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferroHarrisonGoetz2012" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ct7fCgAAQBAJ">The Routledge Companion to Theism</a>. Routledge. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33823-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33823-6"><bdi>978-1-136-33823-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115140609/https://books.google.com/books?id=ct7fCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Theism&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-33823-6&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Victoria+S.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dct7fCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross73-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ross73_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ross73_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReatPerry1991" class="citation book cs1">Reat, N. Ross; Perry, Edmund F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C">A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33159-3"><bdi>978-0-521-33159-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Theology%3A+The+Central+Spiritual+Reality+of+Humankind&rft.pages=73-75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33159-3&rft.aulast=Reat&rft.aufirst=N.+Ross&rft.au=Perry%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvD2TJNc7NE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keown-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2013" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC">Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction</a> (New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5"><bdi>978-0-19-966383-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966383-5&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QXX0Uq29aoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullivant-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivantRuse2013" class="citation book cs1">Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIVAgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Atheism</a>. Oxford University Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964465-0"><bdi>978-0-19-964465-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964465-0&rft.aulast=Bullivant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Ruse%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbIVAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taliaferro-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Taliaferro_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2010" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78962vlrCDcC&pg=PA98">A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion</a>. A&C Black. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1197-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-1197-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1197-5&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Marty%2C+Elsa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78962vlrCDcC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigger2003-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Trigger2003_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigger2003" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=">Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82245-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Civilizations%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=473-474&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82245-9&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hood-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood1990" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Robert Earl (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ceFU75KyYQC&pg=PA128">Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 128–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1726-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1726-5"><bdi>978-1-4514-1726-5</bdi></a>. <q>African people may describe their deities as strong, but not omnipotent; wise but not omniscient; old but not eternal; great but not omnipresent (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Must+God+Remain+Greek%3F%3A+Afro+Cultures+and+God-talk&rft.pages=128-29&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1726-5&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Robert+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ceFU75KyYQC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigger-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigger2003" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig">Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/441">441–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82245-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82245-9</bdi></a>. <q>[Historically...] people perceived far fewer differences between themselves and the gods than the adherents of modern monotheistic religions. Deities were not thought to be omniscient or omnipotent and were rarely believed to be changeless or eternal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Civilizations%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=441-42&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82245-9&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingear0000trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murdoch-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1861" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, John (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHQAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA141">English Translations of Select Tracts, Published in India: With an Introd. Containing Lists of the Tracts in Each Language</a>. Graves. pp. 141–42. <q>We [monotheists] find by reason and revelation that God is omniscient, omnipotent, most holy, etc., but the Hindu deities possess none of those attributes. It is mentioned in their <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> that their deities were all vanquished by the Asurs, while they fought in the heavens, and for fear of whom they left their abodes. This plainly shows that they are not omnipotent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Translations+of+Select+Tracts%2C+Published+in+India%3A+With+an+Introd.+Containing+Lists+of+the+Tracts+in+Each+Language&rft.pages=141-42&rft.pub=Graves&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHQAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramaraeSpender2004" class="citation book cs1">Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ">Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge</a>. Routledge. p. 655. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96315-6"><bdi>978-1-135-96315-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Women%3A+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=655&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96315-6&rft.aulast=Kramarae&rft.aufirst=Cheris&rft.au=Spender%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAOUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBrien2-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_18-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Julia M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU-nBAAAQBAJ">Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies</a>. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983699-4"><bdi>978-0-19-983699-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bible+and+Gender+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983699-4&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZU-nBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnefoy1992" class="citation book cs1">Bonnefoy, Yves (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf2_kHAs22sC">Roman and European Mythologies</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 274–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06455-0"><bdi>978-0-226-06455-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+and+European+Mythologies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=274-75&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06455-0&rft.aulast=Bonnefoy&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf2_kHAs22sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2014" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC">Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 1–2, 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9049-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-9049-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pages=1-2%2C+19-20&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Nathaniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVPQCwAAQBAJ">To Be Cared For: The Power of Conversion and Foreignness of Belonging in an Indian Slum</a>. University of California Press. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96363-4"><bdi>978-0-520-96363-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+Cared+For%3A+The+Power+of+Conversion+and+Foreignness+of+Belonging+in+an+Indian+Slum&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96363-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVPQCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malandra-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malandra_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malandra_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalandra1983" class="citation book cs1">Malandra, William W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZQMrjukmboC&pg=PA9">An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions</a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1115-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-1115-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Ancient+Iranian+Religion%3A+Readings+from+the+Avesta+and+the+Achaemenid+Inscriptions&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1115-7&rft.aulast=Malandra&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZQMrjukmboC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fløistad-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fløistad_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fløistad_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFløistad2010" class="citation book cs1">Fløistad, Guttorm (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BclABayC1QQC&pg=PA19">Volume 10: Philosophy of Religion</a> (1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media B.V. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3527-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3527-1"><bdi>978-90-481-3527-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+10%3A+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=19-20&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media+B.V.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3527-1&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%B8istad&rft.aufirst=Guttorm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBclABayC1QQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1997" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdZS9gBu4KwC&pg=PA272">Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations</a> (st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 272–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3339-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-3339-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Civilization%3A+The+Material+Foundations&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=272-274&rft.edition=st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3339-9&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdZS9gBu4KwC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Karl H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydf_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272">The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3: Advaita Vedanta up to Samkara and His Pupils</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 272–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5651-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-5651-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%2C+Volume+3%3A+Advaita+Vedanta+up+to+Samkara+and+His+Pupils&rft.pages=272-74&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5651-0&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdf_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC&pg=PA47">The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536137-7"><bdi>978-0-19-536137-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads%3A+Hindu+Scriptures+on+Asceticism+and+Renunciation.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536137-7&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB8uneM7q1cC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA899">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 899–900. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=899-900&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T. F. 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Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.pub=Paw+Prints&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4395-0571-7&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDaPuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=deity">"Online Etymology Dictionary – Deity"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174000/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=deity">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Deity&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Ddeity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=deva&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary – Deva"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818214335/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=deva&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Deva&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Ddeva%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline1-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline1_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline1_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Zeus&allowed_in_frame=0">"Online Etymology Dictionary – Zeus"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173500/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Zeus&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017. 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London: Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219032618/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-Williams-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier; Leumann, Ernst; Cappeller, Carl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&pg=PA496">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</a> (Corrected ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3105-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3105-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002210/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&pg=PA496">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=Corrected&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3105-6&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft.au=Leumann%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Cappeller%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUezTfym7CAC%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HawleyWulff1998-34"><a href="#cite_ref-HawleyWulff1998_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyWulff1998" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C&pg=PA2">Devī: Goddesses of India</a> (1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2, 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1491-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB%3A+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=2%2C+18-21&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1491-2&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Wulff%2C+Donna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZrV3kOpMt0C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA101">Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition</a> (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Hinduism%2C+A%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=101-102&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CVviRghVtIC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory2-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory2_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory2_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6"><bdi>978-0-19-861263-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Dictionary+Of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1341&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861263-6&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1967" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa">Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. New York: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa/page/34">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofph08edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Linguistics_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrazny2013" class="citation book cs1">Strazny, Philipp (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC">Encyclopedia of Linguistics</a>. Routledge. p. 1046. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45522-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114946/https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=1046&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45522-4&rft.aulast=Strazny&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JOMobauYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_41-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1971" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Huw Parri (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vW2wCwAAQBAJ">Concepts of Deity</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00093-7"><bdi>978-1-349-00093-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Deity&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1-349-00093-7&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Huw+Parri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvW2wCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaGupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Bina; Gupta, Professor of Philosophy and Director South Asia Language Area Center Bina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom</a>. Routledge. pp. 21–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-65310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-65310-0"><bdi>978-1-136-65310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Perspectives+on+Reality%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Freedom&rft.pages=21-25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-65310-0&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Bina&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Professor+of+Philosophy+and+Director+South+Asia+Language+Area+Center+Bina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WepAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2012-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2012_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Bina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mmpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-65309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-65309-4"><bdi>978-1-136-65309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Perspectives+on+Reality%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Freedom&rft.pages=88-96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-65309-4&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Bina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mmpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2008-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2008_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Signe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUKwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Text and Authority in the Older Upaniṣads</a>. Brill. pp. 40, 219–220, 243–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-3363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-3363-7"><bdi>978-90-474-3363-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+and+Authority+in+the+Older+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads&rft.pages=40%2C+219-220%2C+243-244&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-474-3363-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Signe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUKwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C&pg=PA10">Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 10, 17–18, 114–118, 132–133, 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8"><bdi>978-1-898723-60-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=10%2C+17-18%2C+114-118%2C+132-133%2C+149&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-60-8&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmGKHu20hA0C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoon_KimFreeman1981" class="citation book cs1">Choon Kim, Yong; Freeman, David H. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC&pg=PA15">Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia</a>. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams and Company. pp. 15–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-0365-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-0365-8"><bdi>978-0-8226-0365-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Thought%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophical+and+Religious+Thought+of+Asia&rft.place=Totowa%2C+NJ&rft.pages=15-19&rft.pub=Littlefield%2C+Adams+and+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-0365-8&rft.aulast=Choon+Kim&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft.au=Freeman%2C+David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomwMQA_DUVEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/theism?">"the definition of theism"</a>. Dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212143951/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/theism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+theism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftheism%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">"theism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=theism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libbrecht-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Libbrecht_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libbrecht_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libbrecht_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibbrecht2007" class="citation book cs1">Libbrecht, Ulrich (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC&pg=PA42">Within the Four Seas: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy</a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1812-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1812-2"><bdi>978-90-429-1812-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Within+the+Four+Seas%3A+Introduction+to+Comparative+Philosophy&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1812-2&rft.aulast=Libbrecht&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmT3ZHGxJPgC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism">Monotheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113308/https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism">Archived</a> 29 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">Polytheism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205729/https://www.britannica.com/topic/polytheism">Archived</a> 11 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Shores1963" class="citation book cs1">Louis Shores (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2maKFG4CpMC">Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index</a>. Crowell-Collier Publishing. p. 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002206/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2maKFG4CpMC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia%3A+With+Bibliography+and+Index&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Crowell-Collier+Publishing&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Louis+Shores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2maKFG4CpMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988">, Quote: "While admitting a plurality of gods, henotheism at the same time affirms the paramount position of some one divine principle." </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangar_Cline2011" class="citation book cs1">Rangar Cline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pZHD6JtR_sC">Ancient Angels: Conceptualizing Angeloi in the Roman Empire</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19453-3"><bdi>978-90-04-19453-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427062942/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pZHD6JtR_sC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Angels%3A+Conceptualizing+Angeloi+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19453-3&rft.au=Rangar+Cline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pZHD6JtR_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakin1971" class="citation book cs1">Eakin, Frank Jr. (1971). The Religion and Culture of Israel. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+and+Culture+of+Israel&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Frank+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Monolatry: The recognition of the existence of many gods but the consistent worship of one deity". </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConkie1979" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">McConkie, Bruce R.</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Doctrine">Mormon Doctrine</a> (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City, UT: Bookcraft. p. 351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Doctrine&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pages=351&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=McConkie&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Monotheism. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Encyclopedia" title="Hutchinson Encyclopedia">Hutchinson Encyclopedia</a> (12th edition). p. 644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monotheism&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Encyclopedia+%2812th+edition%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-odccmono-55"><a href="#cite_ref-odccmono_55-0">^</a> Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2013" class="citation web cs1">Wainwright, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/">"Monotheism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407040931/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmonotheism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Baaren" class="citation web cs1">Van Baaren, Theodorus P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism">"Monotheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113308/https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.aulast=Van+Baaren&rft.aufirst=Theodorus+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmonotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903165202/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/monotheism">"monotheism"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/monotheism">the original</a> on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=monotheism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmonotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monotheism">"monotheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114070404/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monotheism">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=monotheism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmonotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/monotheism">"monotheism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge English Dictionary">Cambridge English Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109193832/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/monotheism">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=monotheism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmonotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swinburne-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Swinburne_61-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Swinburne, R.G.</a> "God" in <a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich, Ted</a> (editor). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck2005-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beck2005_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beck2005_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2005). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 169, note 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=169%2C+note+11&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George M. (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=24-35&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuelPailin1999" class="citation web cs1">Manuel, Frank Edward; Pailin, David A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156154/Deism">"Deism"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501053700/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156154/Deism">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018. <q>In general, Deism refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Deism&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Frank+Edward&rft.au=Pailin%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F156154%2FDeism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerHirsch1906" class="citation web cs1">Kohler, Kaufmann; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5049-deism">"DEISM"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235415/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5049-deism">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. <q>DEISM: A system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=DEISM&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5049-deism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas (2008). The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Malden, MA: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67060-6"><bdi>978-0-470-67060-6</bdi></a>. <q>Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on natural theology. The Deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Civilization&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67060-6&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsett2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomsett, Michael C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDbhV7u1_yIC">Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History</a>. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8539-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8539-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+in+the+Roman+Catholic+Church%3A+A+History&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8539-0&rft.aulast=Thomsett&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDbhV7u1_yIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonReill2004" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ellen Judy; Reill, Peter Hanns (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1pQ4YG-TDIC">Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment</a> (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File. pp. 146–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5335-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-5335-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146-158&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5335-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Judy&rft.au=Reill%2C+Peter+Hanns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1pQ4YG-TDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSal_Restivo2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sal_Restivo" title="Sal Restivo">Sal Restivo</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST4oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">"The End of God and the Beginning of Inquiry"</a>. Society and the Death of God. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3676-3764-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3676-3764-4"><bdi>978-0-3676-3764-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425040608/https://books.google.com/books?id=ST4oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021. <q>In the pandeism argument, an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God creates the universe and in the process becomes the universe and loses his powers to intervene in human affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+God+and+the+Beginning+of+Inquiry&rft.btitle=Society+and+the+Death+of+God&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-3676-3764-4&rft.au=Sal+Restivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST4oEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley2005" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA21">The Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2416-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Bromiley%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCY4sAjTGIYC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchert2006" class="citation book cs1">Borchert, Donald M. (2006). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph0000unse/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865780-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865780-6</bdi></a>. <q>In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865780-6&rft.aulast=Borchert&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigFloridi1998" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward; Floridi, Luciano (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&pg=PA122">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. London: Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3"><bdi>978-0-415-07310-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018. <q>In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07310-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Floridi%2C+Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQ-GhVWTH84C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"agnostic, agnosticism". OED Online, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. 2012. <q>agnostic. : A. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : B. adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. agnosticism n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=agnostic%2C+agnosticism&rft.btitle=OED+Online%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2017" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Paul (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/#1">"Atheism and Agnosticism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161211005616/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/#1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atheism+and+Agnosticism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2017&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fatheism-agnosticism%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mellart181-75"><a href="#cite_ref-mellart181_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellaart1967" class="citation book cs1">Mellaart, James (1967). Catal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catal+Huyuk%3A+A+Neolithic+Town+in+Anatolia&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mellaart&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> A typical assessment: "A terracotta statuette of a seated (mother) goddess giving birth with each hand on the head of a leopard or panther from Çatalhöyük (dated around 6000 B.C.E.)" (Sarolta A. Takács, "Cybele and Catullus' Attis", in Eugene N. Lane, Cybele, Attis and related cults: essays in memory of M.J. Vermaseren 1996:376. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2012" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exY3ViA3sSQC">The Story of Prehistoric Peoples</a>. New York: Rosen Central. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-4790-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-4790-7"><bdi>978-1-4488-4790-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Prehistoric+Peoples&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Rosen+Central&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4488-4790-7&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexY3ViA3sSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruether-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruether_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruether_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuether2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruether, Rosemary Radford (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mb_her-hd9YC">Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History</a> (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25005-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25005-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+and+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+A+Western+Religious+History&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25005-5&rft.aulast=Ruether&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Radford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmb_her-hd9YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lesure-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lesure_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesure_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesure_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesure_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesure_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesure_79-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesure2017" class="citation book cs1">Lesure, Richard G. (2017). Insoll, Timothy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdKdDgAAQBAJ&q=prehistoric+deities&pg=PA55">The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967561-6"><bdi>978-0-19-967561-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002220/https://books.google.com/books?id=TdKdDgAAQBAJ&q=prehistoric+deities&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Prehistoric+Figurines&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=54-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967561-6&rft.aulast=Lesure&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdKdDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprehistoric%2Bdeities%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osun-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osun_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osun_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osun_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osun_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphySanford2002" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Joseph M.; Sanford, Mei-Mei (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIx0TjQb8yEC">Osun across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10863-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10863-0"><bdi>978-0-253-10863-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osun+across+the+Waters%3A+A+Yoruba+Goddess+in+Africa+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-253-10863-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft.au=Sanford%2C+Mei-Mei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIx0TjQb8yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1997" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Sandra T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OWjkR-1btMC">Africa's Ogun: Old World and New</a> (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. ix–x, 1–3, 59, 132–134, 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21083-8"><bdi>978-0-253-21083-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Ogun%3A+Old+World+and+New&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=ix-x%2C+1-3%2C+59%2C+132-134%2C+199-200&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21083-8&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Sandra+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OWjkR-1btMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuangMorrissette2007" class="citation book cs1">Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC">Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 843–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-441-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=843-44&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-441-7&rft.aulast=Juang&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Morrissette%2C+Noelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFrAOqfhuGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2000" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Tamra (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC">Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513677-7"><bdi>978-0-19-513677-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Nature+Myths%3A+Legends+of+the+Earth%2C+Sea%2C+and+Sky&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513677-7&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Tamra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jS65aClvFEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C">Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88, 153–155, 252–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42865-1"><bdi>978-0-521-42865-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunters+and+Herders+of+Southern+Africa%3A+A+Comparative+Ethnography+of+the+Khoisan+Peoples&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=87-88%2C+153-155%2C+252-256&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42865-1&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nBx83jMc48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchRoberts2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Patricia Ann; Roberts, Jeremy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qiq4ps_wDIC">African Mythology, A to Z</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3133-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3133-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-3133-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Mythology%2C+A+to+Z&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-3133-7&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Ann&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Qiq4ps_wDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakwardLillelehtSaber2004" class="citation book cs1">Makward, Edris; Lilleleht, Mark; Saber, Ahmed (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGUcI99zssYC">North-south Linkages and Connections in Continental and Diaspora African Literatures</a>. Trenton, NJ: Africa World. pp. 302–04. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-157-9"><bdi>978-1-59221-157-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-south+Linkages+and+Connections+in+Continental+and+Diaspora+African+Literatures&rft.place=Trenton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=302-04&rft.pub=Africa+World&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-157-9&rft.aulast=Makward&rft.aufirst=Edris&rft.au=Lilleleht%2C+Mark&rft.au=Saber%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGUcI99zssYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinch-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinch_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinch_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinch_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2003" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, Geraldine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC">Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517024-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hgGNb6wM2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson1-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson1_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson1_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0">The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05120-7"><bdi>978-0-500-05120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05120-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletegodsgodd00wilk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (July–August 1999). "Monotheism: The Egyptian Roots". Archaeology Odyssey. 2 (3): 44–54, 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Odyssey&rft.atitle=Monotheism%3A+The+Egyptian+Roots&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44-54%2C+59&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-08&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2004" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Iles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baines-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1996" class="citation book cs1">Baines, John (1996). Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many (Revised ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1223-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-1223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+God+in+Egypt%3A+The+One+and+the+Many&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1223-3&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assmann-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assmann_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assmann_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmannLorton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a>; Lorton, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchforgodinan00assm">The Search for God in Ancient Egypt</a> (1st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3786-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-3786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+God+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3786-1&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Lorton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchforgodinan00assm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James P. (2001). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77483-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77483-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunandZivie-CocheLorton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dunand" title="Françoise Dunand">Dunand, Françoise</a>; Zivie-Coche, Christiane; Lorton, David (2004). Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8853-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-8853-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Men+in+Egypt%3A+3000+BCE+to+395+CE&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8853-5&rft.aulast=Dunand&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Zivie-Coche%2C+Christiane&rft.au=Lorton%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hart_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hart_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (2005). Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02362-4"><bdi>978-0-203-02362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Gods+and+Goddesses.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02362-4&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby A.H. (1999). Early dynastic Egypt (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 261–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18633-9"><bdi>978-0-415-18633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+dynastic+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=261-262&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18633-9&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrauneckerLorton2001" class="citation book cs1">Traunecker, Claude; Lorton, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofegypt00trau/page/29">The Gods of Egypt</a> (1st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofegypt00trau/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3834-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-3834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Egypt&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3834-9&rft.aulast=Traunecker&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Lorton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofegypt00trau%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaferBainesLeskoSilverman1991" class="citation book cs1">Shafer, Byron E.; Baines, John; Lesko, Leonard H.; Silverman, David P. (1991). Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9786-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-9786-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+Gods%2C+Myths%2C+and+Personal+Practice&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9786-5&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Byron+E.&rft.au=Baines%2C+John&rft.au=Lesko%2C+Leonard+H.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_99-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2002" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ">Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</a>. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-6830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6830-7&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xadCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CooganSmith-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CooganSmith_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CooganSmith_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. 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Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+from+Ancient+Canaan&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG49SJI183IkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkSSmith2002-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkSSmith2002_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkSSmith2002_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkSSmith2002_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA28">The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</a> (2nd ed.). Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3972-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz1994" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=PA89">A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy</a>. Westminster John Knox. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22719-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israelite+Religion%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+End+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22719-7&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvZUWbTftSgC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Miller" title="Patrick D. 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Westminster John Knox Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9"><bdi>978-0-664-21262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21262-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDijjc_D5P0C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2010" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. 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A&C Black. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55248-8"><bdi>978-0-567-55248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Second+Temple+Judaism&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-55248-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di89-9fdNUcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niehr-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Niehr_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1995" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C">"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion"</a>. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+YHWH+in+Judahite+and+Israelite+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2000" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA917=bible%20monotheism%20Betz">"Monotheism"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 917. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=917&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA917%3Dbible%2520monotheism%2520Betz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_107-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreenRickards1998" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony; Rickards, Tessa (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120094829/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Rickards%2C+Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1988" class="citation book cs1">Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQMzQ_k3ty0C">Altyn-Depe</a>. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-54-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-54-7"><bdi>978-0-934718-54-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215081839/https://books.google.com/books?id=QQMzQ_k3ty0C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altyn-Depe&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=University+Museum%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-934718-54-7&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Mikha%C4%ADlovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQMzQ_k3ty0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nemet-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet_109-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Rhea_Nemet-Nejat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (page does not exist)">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/179">Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer1963-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1963_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1963_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu">The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/122">122–123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8"><bdi>978-0-226-45238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45238-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Leick" title="Gwendolyn Leick">Leick, Gwendolyn</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c52EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology</a> (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19811-0"><bdi>978-0-415-19811-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19811-0&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc52EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolkstein-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolkstein_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation book cs1">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inannaqueenofhea00wolk">Inanna, Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer</a> (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%2C+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finannaqueenofhea00wolk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1991" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Rivkah (February 1991). "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites". History of Religions. 30 (3): 261–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463228">10.1086/463228</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162322517">162322517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Inanna-Ishtar+as+Paradox+and+a+Coincidence+of+Opposites&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-78&rft.date=1991-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162322517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Rivkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/anarandkiar/">"Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses – Anšar and Kišar (god and goddess)"</a>. Oracc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000951/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/anarandkiar/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Gods+and+Goddesses+%E2%80%93+An%C5%A1ar+and+Ki%C5%A1ar+%28god+and+goddess%29&rft.pub=Oracc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Fanarandkiar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2005" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028888-4"><bdi>978-0-19-028888-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pages=122-124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028888-4&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPrhBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/">"Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses – Marduk (god)"</a>. Oracc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126050252/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Gods+and+Goddesses+%E2%80%93+Marduk+%28god%29&rft.pub=Oracc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Fmarduk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VDT-117"><a href="#cite_ref-VDT_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs1">van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter W. (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 543–549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=543-549&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2491-2&rft.aulast=van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+Pieter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBienkowskiMillard2000" class="citation book cs1">Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9QrPMN1C4EC">Dictionary of the ancient Near East</a>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2115-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-2115-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2115-2&rft.aulast=Bienkowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Millard%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9QrPMN1C4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gudą-119"><a href="#cite_ref-gudą_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gud%C4%85">"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gudą"</a>. Wiktionary. 24 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111017/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gud%C4%85">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=Reconstruction%3AProto-Germanic%2Fgud%C4%85&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FReconstruction%3AProto-Germanic%2Fgud%25C4%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-áss-120"><a href="#cite_ref-áss_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1ss#Old_Norse">"áss"</a>. Wiktionary. 3 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111017/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1ss#Old_Norse">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%C3%A1ss&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%25C3%25A1ss%23Old_Norse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ásynja-121"><a href="#cite_ref-ásynja_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1synja#Old_Norse">"ásynja"</a>. Wiktionary. 26 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111015/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1synja#Old_Norse">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%C3%A1synja&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%25C3%25A1synja%23Old_Norse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindow-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindow_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindow_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindow2002" class="citation book cs1">Lindow, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jME8hD2UO4QC">Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983969-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983969-8&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjME8hD2UO4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warner_123-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2003" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Marina (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-iqkWDTzA4C">World of Myths</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70204-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70204-2"><bdi>978-0-292-70204-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Myths&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70204-2&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-iqkWDTzA4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutasDexter2001" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija; Dexter, Miriam Robbins (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DfI39EDbMcC">The Living Goddesses</a> (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 191–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22915-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22915-0"><bdi>978-0-520-22915-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Goddesses&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=191-196&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22915-0&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft.au=Dexter%2C+Miriam+Robbins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DfI39EDbMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenHammerWarburton2014" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Lisbeth Bredholt; Hammer, Olav; Warburton, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl5_BAAAQBAJ">The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe</a>. Routledge. pp. 328–329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54453-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54453-1"><bdi>978-1-317-54453-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Religions+in+Ancient+Europe&rft.pages=328-329&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54453-1&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth+Bredholt&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Olav&rft.au=Warburton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drl5_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosten2015" class="citation book cs1">Oosten, Jarich G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5w_wBgAAQBAJ">The War of the Gods (RLE Myth): The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology</a>. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55584-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55584-1"><bdi>978-1-317-55584-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Gods+%28RLE+Myth%29%3A+The+Social+Code+in+Indo-European+Mythology&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55584-1&rft.aulast=Oosten&rft.aufirst=Jarich+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5w_wBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Horrell, Thad N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://submissions.scholasticahq.com/supporting_files/5682/attachment_versions/5685">"Heathenry as a Postcolonial Movement"</a>. The Journal of Religion, Identity, and Politics. 1 (1): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion%2C+Identity%2C+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Heathenry+as+a+Postcolonial+Movement&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Horrell&rft.aufirst=Thad+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubmissions.scholasticahq.com%2Fsupporting_files%2F5682%2Fattachment_versions%2F5685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Thomas R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iyFaMmr4hFwC">Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times</a> (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16005-5"><bdi>978-0-300-16005-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+From+Prehistoric+to+Hellenistic+Times&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=39-40&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16005-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiyFaMmr4hFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagarin-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin_129-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2009" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC">Ancient Greece and Rome</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=166-173&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitenberger2005" class="citation book cs1">Breitenberger, Barbara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFePRxm1jAC&pg=PA10">Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 8–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96823-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96823-2"><bdi>978-0-415-96823-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite+and+Eros%3A+The+Development+of+Greek+Erotic+Mythology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8-12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96823-2&rft.aulast=Breitenberger&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSFePRxm1jAC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2010" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkCAphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 59–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77523-6</bdi></a>. 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Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3938-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-3938-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Mythology&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3938-2&rft.aulast=Puhvel&rft.aufirst=Jaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcovich1996" class="citation journal cs1">Marcovich, Miroslav (1996). "From Ishtar to Aphrodite". Journal of Aesthetic Education. 39 (2): 43–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3333191">10.2307/3333191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3333191">3333191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aesthetic+Education&rft.atitle=From+Ishtar+to+Aphrodite&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-59&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3333191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3333191%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marcovich&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlensted-Jensen2000" class="citation book cs1">Flensted-Jensen, Pernille (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uK8szXLlvjoC">Further Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis</a>. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-07607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-07607-4"><bdi>978-3-515-07607-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+Studies+in+the+Ancient+Greek+Polis&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-515-07607-4&rft.aulast=Flensted-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Pernille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuK8szXLlvjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollardAdkins1998" class="citation web cs1">Pollard, John Ricard Thornhill; Adkins, A.W.H. (19 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-religion">"Greek religion"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309201523/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Greek+religion&rft.date=1998-09-19&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=John+Ricard+Thornhill&rft.au=Adkins%2C+A.W.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGreek-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Kenneth L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy_fBQAAQBAJ">Western Civilization: A Global and Comparative Approach Volume I: To 1715</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45227-0"><bdi>978-1-317-45227-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Global+and+Comparative+Approach+Volume+I%3A+To+1715&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45227-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUy_fBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll1852" class="citation book cs1">Stoll, Heinrich Wilhelm (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=4">Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks</a>. p. 3. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+religion+and+mythology+of+the+Greeks&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWoBAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1992" class="citation book cs1">Garland, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ne-bCX_DaUC">Introducing New Gods: The Politics of Athenian Religion</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2766-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-2766-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+New+Gods%3A+The+Politics+of+Athenian+Religion&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2766-4&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ne-bCX_DaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1987" class="citation book cs1">Long, Charlotte R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ">The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome</a>. Brill Archive. pp. 232–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07716-4"><bdi>978-90-04-07716-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Gods+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=232-243&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07716-4&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dUUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2013" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkXlcVMP_dQC">Myth, ritual, and the warrior in Roman and Indo-European antiquity</a> (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26, 93–96, 194–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02240-9"><bdi>978-1-107-02240-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+ritual%2C+and+the+warrior+in+Roman+and+Indo-European+antiquity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25-26%2C+93-96%2C+194-196&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02240-9&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkXlcVMP_dQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2013" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz, Angel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGUxBwAAQBAJ">Poetic Language and Religion in Greece and Rome</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5565-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-5565-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetic+Language+and+Religion+in+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5565-5&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGUxBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMysliwiecLorton2000" class="citation book cs1">Mysliwiec, Karol; Lorton, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJycxuhvS8UC">The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E.</a> (1st ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8630-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-8630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+First+Millennium+B.C.E.&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=188&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8630-2&rft.aulast=Mysliwiec&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft.au=Lorton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJycxuhvS8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2004" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC">The Early Germans</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3756-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122528/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. 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Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-6580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-6580-0"><bdi>978-94-017-6580-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122528/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. 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Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC">Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology: Vol. 6</a>. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7565-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-7565-1</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86900-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86900-3"><bdi>978-0-521-86900-3</bdi></a>. 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Routledge. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45938-5"><bdi>978-1-317-45938-5</bdi></a>. 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Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-453-8"><bdi>978-1-77007-453-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology%3A+Myths%2C+Legends+and+Fantasies&rft.place=Cape+Town%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Struik&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-453-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Stanton%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7dR2w1Wv2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C">Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</a> (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 2243–2244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>. 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Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 323–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2889-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2889-7</bdi></a>. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507618-9"><bdi>978-0-19-507618-9</bdi></a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 563–567. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923244-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923244-4</bdi></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 373–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-478-0"><bdi>978-1-61069-478-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Religion%3A+The+Greatest+Mysteries+and+Symbols+of+the+World%27s+Religious+Beliefs%3A+The+Greatest+Mysteries+and+Symbols+of+the+World%27s+Religious+Beliefs&rft.pages=373-375&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-478-0&rft.aulast=Issitt&rft.aufirst=Micah+Lee&rft.au=Main%2C+Carlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmFhBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustRichter2015" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Katherine A.; Richter, Kim N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5j_BwAAQBAJ">The Huasteca: Culture, History, and Interregional Exchange</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4957-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-4957-8</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-62569-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-62569-3"><bdi>978-1-107-62569-3</bdi></a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955781-3"><bdi>978-0-19-955781-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955781-3&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Levering%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Zfs39-Ux7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Due-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Due_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Due_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Due2003" class="citation book cs1">La Due, William J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC&q=Origen+Trinity&pg=PA37">Trinity Guide to the Trinity</a>. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-395-3"><bdi>978-1-56338-395-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002219/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WvgLlSKW7oC&q=Origen+Trinity&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trinity+Guide+to+the+Trinity&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-395-3&rft.aulast=La+Due&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WvgLlSKW7oC%26q%3DOrigen%2BTrinity%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badcock-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badcock_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badcock_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadcock1997" class="citation cs1">Badcock, Gary D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnDyjaXPwooC&q=Origen+Subordinationist&pg=PA43">Light of Truth and Fire of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4288-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-4288-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002231/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnDyjaXPwooC&q=Origen+Subordinationist&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+of+Truth+and+Fire+of+Love%3A+A+Theology+of+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4288-6&rft.aulast=Badcock&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnDyjaXPwooC%26q%3DOrigen%2BSubordinationist%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zexBAwAAQBAJ&q=Origen+Father+of+Theology&pg=PA100">The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform</a>. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1505-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-1505-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002228/https://books.google.com/books?id=zexBAwAAQBAJ&q=Origen+Father+of+Theology&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Tradition+%26+Reform&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1505-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzexBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DOrigen%2BFather%2Bof%2BTheology%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreggs2009" class="citation book cs1">Greggs, Tom (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etQjYHmwiv4C&q=Origen+preexistence+of+souls&pg=PA55">Barth, Origen, and Universal Salvation: Restoring Particularity</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956048-6"><bdi>978-0-19-956048-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002207/https://books.google.com/books?id=etQjYHmwiv4C&q=Origen+preexistence+of+souls&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barth%2C+Origen%2C+and+Universal+Salvation%3A+Restoring+Particularity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956048-6&rft.aulast=Greggs&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetQjYHmwiv4C%26q%3DOrigen%2Bpreexistence%2Bof%2Bsouls%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsenTreier2007" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Timothy; Treier, Daniel J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlmXBe0RPxYC&pg=PA51">The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82750-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82750-8"><bdi>978-1-139-82750-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Evangelical+Theology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82750-8&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Treier%2C+Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlmXBe0RPxYC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslanoff1995" class="citation book cs1">Aslanoff, Catherine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVNuPwnIIcC">The Incarnate God: The Feasts and the life of Jesus Christ</a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-130-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-130-0"><bdi>978-0-88141-130-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incarnate+God%3A+The+Feasts+and+the+life+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-130-0&rft.aulast=Aslanoff&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpVNuPwnIIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInbody2005" class="citation book cs1">Inbody, Tyron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHvF2SiBn-kC">The Faith of the Christian Church: An Introduction to Theology</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 205–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4151-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4151-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-4151-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+An+Introduction+to+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=205-232&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4151-3&rft.aulast=Inbody&rft.aufirst=Tyron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHvF2SiBn-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saritoprak-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saritoprak_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saritoprak_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeki_Saritoprak2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zeki Saritoprak (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah">"Allah"</a>. In Oliver Leaman (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-2639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-2639-1"><bdi>978-0-4153-2639-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004005837/https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021. 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MacMillan Reference. p. 724.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God%3A+God+in+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=724&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Vincent+J.+Cornell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html">"God"</a>. Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.atitle=God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Ffaithgod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh. </li> <li id="cite_note-gardet-allah-175"><a href="#cite_ref-gardet-allah_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardet" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardet, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047">"Allah"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403114258/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.aulast=Gardet&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fallah-COM_0047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerSafi2013" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Juliane; Safi, Omid (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBPKKFUyZaUC">The Cambridge Companion to American Islam</a> (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00241-8"><bdi>978-1-107-00241-8</bdi></a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6590-8"><bdi>978-1-4616-6590-8</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+Judaism&rft.pages=287-288&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94150-5&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAw5EAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochan1990" class="citation book cs1">Kochan, Lionel (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVsQgAACAAJ">Jews, Idols, and Messiahs: The Challenge from History</a>. Oxford: B. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15477-8"><bdi>978-0-631-15477-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Idols%2C+and+Messiahs%3A+The+Challenge+from+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=B.+Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-631-15477-8&rft.aulast=Kochan&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWVsQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1983" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Aryeh (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv5lmlmRmbwC">The Aryeh Kaplan Reader: The Gift He Left Behind : Collected Essays on Jewish Themes from the Noted Writer and Thinker</a> (1st ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-173-3"><bdi>978-0-89906-173-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aryeh+Kaplan+Reader%3A+The+Gift+He+Left+Behind+%3A+Collected+Essays+on+Jewish+Themes+from+the+Noted+Writer+and+Thinker&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=144-145&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-89906-173-3&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv5lmlmRmbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nashmi-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Nashmi_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashmi2013" class="citation cs1">Nashmi, Yuhana (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith">"Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith"</a>. Mandaean Associations Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031155605/http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Issues+for+the+Mandaean+Faith&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Nashmi&rft.aufirst=Yuhana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.com%2Fhistory-english%2Fitem%2F488-mandaean-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Saadi2014" class="citation cs1">Al-Saadi, Qais (27 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.com/component/k2/itemlist/category/45-mandaean-identity">"Ginza Rabba "The Great Treasure" The Holy Book of the Mandaeans in English"</a>. Mandaean Associations Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716214027/http://www.mandaeanunion.com/component/k2/itemlist/category/45-mandaean-identity">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=Ginza+Rabba+%22The+Great+Treasure%22+The+Holy+Book+of+the+Mandaeans+in+English&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.aulast=Al-Saadi&rft.aufirst=Qais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.com%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2Fitemlist%2Fcategory%2F45-mandaean-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_185-0">^</a> Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2019" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Paul S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East">Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East</a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3172-3379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3172-3379-4"><bdi>978-1-3172-3379-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730071808/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Minorities_in_the/bOF1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-3172-3379-4&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOF1DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoutledge%2BHandbook%2Bof%2BMinorities%2Bin%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BEast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_186-1">b</a> Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines, SK Hislop – Asian Studies, 1971 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> F. Landa Jocano: Outline of Philippine Mythology (1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> "Pampangan Folklore", Alfredo Nicdao, (1917) </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Jean Karl Gaverza The Myths of the Philippines (2014) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Mabel Cook Cole, Philippine Folk Tales (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1916), pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> John Maurice Miller in his 1904 collection Philippine Folklore Stories </li> <li id="cite_note-McClelland-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Norman C. (2010). Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. Jefferson, NC: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trainor-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor_193-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trainor_193-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor2004" class="citation book cs1">Trainor, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC">Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517398-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517398-7&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PrloTKuAjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1999" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Merv (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC">Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0"><bdi>978-1-898723-66-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017. <q>For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-66-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Merv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7UKjtA0QDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowans2004" class="citation book cs1">Gowans, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbU4Hd5lro0C">Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction</a>. Routledge. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-46973-4"><bdi>978-1-134-46973-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060836/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbU4Hd5lro0C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+the+Buddha%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-46973-4&rft.aulast=Gowans&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbU4Hd5lro0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Lipner, Julius</a> (2010). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7"><bdi>978-0-415-45677-7</bdi></a>. <q>(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45677-7&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1992" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Sitansu S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71">Hinduism, a Way of Life</a> (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0899-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0899-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+a+Way+of+Life&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0899-7&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Sitansu+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_-rASTgw8wC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hale_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hale_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1986" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Wash Edward (1986). Ásura in Early Vedic Religion (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0061-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%81sura+in+Early+Vedic+Religion&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0061-8&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Wash+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGier2000" class="citation book cs1">Gier, Nicholas F. (2000). Spiritual Titanism: Indian, Chinese, and Western Perspectives. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 59–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4528-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4528-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-4528-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Titanism%3A+Indian%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Western+Perspectives&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=59-76&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4528-0&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billington-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Billington_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Billington_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2002" class="citation book cs1">Billington, Ray (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ">Understanding Eastern Philosophy</a>. Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79348-8"><bdi>978-1-134-79348-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055833/https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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Berlin: Walther de Gruyter. pp. 27–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029488-0"><bdi>978-3-11-029488-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002219/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWS8TUTWLvAC&q=Sacred+History">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. 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Cognitive Psychology. 31 (3): 219–247. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.397.5026">10.1.1.397.5026</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fcogp.1996.0017">10.1006/cogp.1996.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8975683">8975683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7646340">7646340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327024245/http://www.yale.edu/cogdevlab/aarticles/conceptualizingnonnaturalentity.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2016. 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Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 27 (6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 713–770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X04000172">10.1017/S0140525X04000172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16035401">16035401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1177255">1177255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131185248/http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~ara/Manuscripts/AtranNorenzayanBBS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Religion%27s+evolutionary+landscape%3A+Counterintuition%2C+commitment%2C+compassion%2C+communion&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=713-770&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1177255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16035401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X04000172&rft.aulast=Atran&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Norensayan%2C+Ara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.psych.ubc.ca%2F~ara%2FManuscripts%2FAtranNorenzayanBBS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2010" class="citation news cs1">Spiegel, Alex (30 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129528196">"Is Believing In God Evolutionarily Advantageous?"</a>. NPR. National Public Radio, Inc. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134546/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129528196">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Is+Believing+In+God+Evolutionarily+Advantageous%3F&rft.date=2010-08-30&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D129528196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2009" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (7 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090910070521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/richard-alleyne/6146411/Humans-evolved-to-believe-in-God.html">"Humans 'evolved' to believe in God: Humans may have evolved to believe in God and superstitions because it helps them co-ordinate group action better, scientists claim"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/richard-alleyne/6146411/Humans-evolved-to-believe-in-God.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Humans+%27evolved%27+to+believe+in+God%3A+Humans+may+have+evolved+to+believe+in+God+and+superstitions+because+it+helps+them+co-ordinate+group+action+better%2C+scientists+claim.&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fjournalists%2Frichard-alleyne%2F6146411%2FHumans-evolved-to-believe-in-God.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett2012-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett2012_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett2012_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett2012_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett2012_223-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Barrett" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Barrett, Justin L.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJsakBCGGQC&q=Why+did+humans+evolve+to+believe+in+deities%3F">Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief</a>. New York City: Free Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9657-1"><bdi>978-1-4391-9657-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831002237/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJsakBCGGQC&q=Why+did+humans+evolve+to+believe+in+deities%3F">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+Believers%3A+The+Science+of+Children%27s+Religious+Belief&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-9657-1&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Justin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJVJsakBCGGQC%26q%3DWhy%2Bdid%2Bhumans%2Bevolve%2Bto%2Bbelieve%2Bin%2Bdeities%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1995" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Stewart Elliot (1995). Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506901-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506901-3"><bdi>978-0-19-506901-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+in+the+Clouds%3A+A+New+Theory+of+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506901-3&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Stewart+Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keleman-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keleman_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keleman_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeleman1999" class="citation journal cs1">Keleman, Deborah (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/cdl/files/2013/08/1999_Kelemen_Scope.pdf">"The scope of teleological thinking in preschool children"</a> (PDF). Cognition. 70 (3): 241–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2899%2900010-4">10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00010-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10384737">10384737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29785222">29785222</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324191533/http://www.bu.edu/cdl/files/2013/08/1999_Kelemen_Scope.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=The+scope+of+teleological+thinking+in+preschool+children&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-272&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29785222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10384737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2899%2900010-4&rft.aulast=Keleman&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fcdl%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F08%2F1999_Kelemen_Scope.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Boyer, Pascal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010010146/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/bec/papers/boyer_religious_concepts.htm">"Functional Origins of Religious concepts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/bec/papers/boyer_religious_concepts.htm">the original</a> on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Functional+Origins+of+Religious+concepts&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fanthro%2Fbec%2Fpapers%2Fboyer_religious_concepts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyer-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boyer_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boyer_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Boyer, Pascal</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionexplaine00boye">Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00695-3"><bdi>978-0-465-00695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+Explained%3A+The+Evolutionary+Origins+of+Religious+Thought&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00695-3&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionexplaine00boye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-supernature-228"><a href="#cite_ref-supernature_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossano2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rossano, Matt (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/recentpubs/Supernaturalizing.pdf">"Supernaturalizing Social Life: Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation"</a> (PDF). Human Nature (Hawthorne, NY). 18 (3): 272–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-007-9002-4">10.1007/s12110-007-9002-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181064">26181064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1585551">1585551</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101304/http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/recentpubs/Supernaturalizing.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature+%28Hawthorne%2C+NY%29&rft.atitle=Supernaturalizing+Social+Life%3A+Religion+and+the+Evolution+of+Human+Cooperation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=272-294&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1585551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26181064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-007-9002-4&rft.aulast=Rossano&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.selu.edu%2FAcademics%2FFaculty%2Fmrossano%2Frecentpubs%2FSupernaturalizing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocking1997" class="citation book cs1">Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto (revised ed.). Richmond: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1051-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Shinto&rft.place=Richmond&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1051-5&rft.aulast=Bocking&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, James W.; Williams, Ron G. (2005). "Japanese Shinto: An Interpretation of a Priestly Perspective". Philosophy East and West. 55 (1): 33–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0039">10.1353/pew.2004.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144550475">144550475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Japanese+Shinto%3A+An+Interpretation+of+a+Priestly+Perspective&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-63&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144550475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ron+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaliDougill2013" class="citation book cs1">Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2013). Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3713-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-3713-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto+Shrines%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Sacred+Sites+of+Japan%27s+Ancient+Religion&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3713-6&rft.aulast=Cali&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Dougill%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarhart2004" class="citation book cs1">Earhart, H. Byron (2004). Japanese Religion: Unity and Diversity (fourth ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-17694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-17694-5"><bdi>978-0-534-17694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Religion%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-534-17694-5&rft.aulast=Earhart&rft.aufirst=H.+Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre2017" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062171-1"><bdi>978-0-19-062171-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062171-1&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph M.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingj0000kita">On Understanding Japanese Religion</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10229-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10229-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Japanese+Religion&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10229-0&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonunderstandingj0000kita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Scott_Littleton" title="C. Scott Littleton">Littleton, C. Scott</a> (2002). Shinto: Origins, Rituals, Festivals, Spirits, Sacred Places. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521886-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521886-2"><bdi>978-0-19-521886-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49664424">49664424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+Origins%2C+Rituals%2C+Festivals%2C+Spirits%2C+Sacred+Places&rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49664424&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521886-2&rft.aulast=Littleton&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, John K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearinlifeofs00nels">A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine</a>. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97500-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Year+in+the+Life+of+a+Shinto+Shrine&rft.place=Seattle+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97500-9&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearinlifeofs00nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffner1979" class="citation book cs1">Offner, Clark B. (1979). "Shinto". In Norman Anderson (ed.). The World's Religions (fourth ed.). Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 191–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shinto&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=191-218&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Offner&rft.aufirst=Clark+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deity&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Baines_(Egyptologist)" title="John Baines (Egyptologist)">Baines, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBw8MQAACAAJ">Fecundity Figures: Egyptian Personification and the Iconology of a Genre</a> (Reprint ed.). 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title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> and gods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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5.06% 158.149 25 Template:Cite_web"," 4.82% 150.679 22 Template:Main"," 4.14% 129.540 7 Template:Sfnm"," 3.72% 116.340 28 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.806","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18263998,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Barrett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Saadi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbertz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlleyne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreaJames_H._Overfield2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrews2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslanoff1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssmannLorton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtranNorensayan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadcock1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaines1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaines2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarfield2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrettKeil1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckingDijkstraKorpelVriezen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBienkowskiMillard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillington2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreenRickards1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBocking1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnefoy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyce1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoydWilliams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreitenberger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromiley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullivantRuse2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaliDougill2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoon_KimFreeman1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensenHammerWarburton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigFloridi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunandZivie-CocheLorton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEakin1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarhart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeryLevering2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaganBeck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbuschBromiley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaustRichter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlensted-Jensen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFløistad2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagarin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGier2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutasDexter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowans2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreggs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaGupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammerSafi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardacre2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawleyWulff1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInbody2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInsoll2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssittMain2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuangMorrissette2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeleman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelting2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitagawa1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohlerHirsch1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolata2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorteHaardt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoschorkeLudwigDelgadoSpliesgart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramaraeSpender2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristensen1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuznar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Due2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsenTreier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeming2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesure2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibbrecht2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittleton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittleton2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLong1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_Shores1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynchRoberts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakwardLillelehtSaber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalandra1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuelPailin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcovich1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClelland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConkie1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellaart1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier-WilliamsLeumannCappeller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdoch1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphySanford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMysliwiecLorton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashmi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiehr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffner1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOosten2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerStanton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiamenta1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollardAdkins1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuhvel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRangar_Cline2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReatPerry1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossano2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoza2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuether2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSal_Restivo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaferBainesLeskoSilverman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiegel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoll1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrazny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaliaferroHarrisonGoetz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrainor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrauneckerLorton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrigger2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Baaren\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent_J._Cornell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainwright2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonReill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiniarczyk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYustJohnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeki_Saritoprak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF武当山道教协会\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 171,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Google books\"] = 106,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 28,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 7,\n [\"PIE\"] = 6,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 122,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Theism\"] = 1,\n [\"Theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","23.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","10.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","80","3.8"],["recursiveClone 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T04:19:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e7\/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_001.jpg","headline":"natural or supernatural god or goddess, divine being"}</script> </body> </html>