CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lutheranism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b8d1fa33-1836-4d9e-baec-acfe4251d518","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lutheranism","wgTitle":"Lutheranism","wgCurRevisionId":1257751631,"wgRevisionId":1257751631,"wgArticleId":23371382,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Pages with numeric Bible version references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2016","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from March 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Lutheranism","1517 in Christianity","16th-century introductions","16th-century neologisms","Christian terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lutheranism","wgRelevantArticleId":23371382,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q75809","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lutheranism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lutheranism rootpage-Lutheranism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lutheranism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lutheranism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lutheranism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lutheranism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spread_to_Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_to_Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Spread to Northern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_to_Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-Reformation_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-Reformation_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Counter-Reformation and controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-Reformation_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Lutheran orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Doctrine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Doctrine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Inspiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Clarity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Efficacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Sufficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Law and Gospel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_confessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_confessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Lutheran confessions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_confessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Justification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Trinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_natures_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_natures_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Two natures of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_natures_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sacraments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Eucharist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Confession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predestination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predestination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Predestination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predestination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_providence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_providence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Divine providence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_providence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Good works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judgment_and_eternal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judgment_and_eternal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Judgment and eternal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judgment_and_eternal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Liturgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_fellowship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_fellowship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Church fellowship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_fellowship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Polity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Scandinavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe_and_Asian_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe_and_Asian_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Eastern Europe and Asian Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe_and_Asian_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Hemisphere_and_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Hemisphere_and_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 Western Hemisphere and Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Hemisphere_and_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throughout_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throughout_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Throughout the world </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Throughout_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Throughout the world subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Throughout_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lutheranism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوثرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوثرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lut%C3%A8ranismo" title="Lutèranismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lutèranismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismu" title="Luteranismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Luteranismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCteranl%C4%B1q" title="Lüteranlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüteranlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لوتریانیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوتریانیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther-ph%C3%A0i" title="Luther-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Luther-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Лютеранлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лютеранлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лютэранства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лютэранства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лютэранства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лютэранства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лутеранство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лутеранство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranizam" title="Luteranizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luteranizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteriegezh" title="Luteriegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luteriegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranisme" title="Luteranisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luteranisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luter%C3%A1nstv%C3%AD" title="Luteránství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luteránství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Lutheraidd" title="Yr Eglwys Lutheraidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Lutheraidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthertum" title="Luthertum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luthertum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luterlus" title="Luterlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luterlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Λουθηρανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουθηρανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لوتریانیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوتریانیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisma" title="Lutheranisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lutheranisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luth%C3%A9ranisme" title="Luthéranisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luthéranisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranisim" title="Luteranisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Luteranisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BAtarachas" title="Liútarachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liútarachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_kau-phai" title="Luther kau-phai – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Luther kau-phai" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%84%B0%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="루터교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루터교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լյութերականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյութերականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लूथरवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लूथरवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luterani" title="Luterani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luterani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Lutheran" title="Gereja Lutheran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Lutheran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranismo" title="Lutheranismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lutheranismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranesimo" title="Luteranesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luteranesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="לותרניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לותרניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ja_Lutheran" title="Gréja Lutheran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gréja Lutheran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B_t%C9%A9%C5%8B%C9%A9t%CA%8A" title="Luther lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋɩtʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Luther lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋɩtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ლუთერანობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუთერანობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABterstw%C3%B2" title="Lëterstwò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëterstwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walutheri" title="Walutheri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walutheri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luter%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Luterîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Luterîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лютерчилик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лютерчилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranismus" title="Lutheranismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lutheranismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luterisms" title="Luterisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luterisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuteronyb%C4%97" title="Liuteronybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liuteronybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteraneximo" title="Luteraneximo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Luteraneximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranisme" title="Luteranisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Luteranisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCteranesim" title="Lüteranesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lüteranesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%A9likus_kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g" title="Evangélikus kereszténység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evangélikus kereszténység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лутеранство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лутеранство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loteranisma" title="Loteranisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Loteranisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ലൂഥറനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂഥറനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ლუთერანობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუთერანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه اللوثريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه اللوثريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="ルーテル教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーテル教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лютераналла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лютераналла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_evangelisk-lutherske_kirke" title="Den evangelisk-lutherske kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den evangelisk-lutherske kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_evangelisk-lutherske_kyrkja" title="Den evangelisk-lutherske kyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den evangelisk-lutherske kyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristaanummaa_Luteraanii" title="Kiristaanummaa Luteraanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kiristaanummaa Luteraanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuterchilik" title="Lyuterchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lyuterchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="لوتھریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوتھریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeelsch-luthersche_Karken" title="Evangeelsch-luthersche Karken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Evangeelsch-luthersche Karken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranizm" title="Luteranizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luteranizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranism" title="Luteranism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luteranism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лютеранство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лютеранство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranizmi" title="Luteranizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luteranizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lutheranism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luter%C3%A1nstvo" title="Luteránstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luteránstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranstvo" title="Luteranstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luteranstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лутеранство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лутеранство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranizam" title="Luteranizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luteranizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luterilaisuus" title="Luterilaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luterilaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherdom" title="Lutherdom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lutherdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="லூதரனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூதரனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ลูเทอแรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูเทอแรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Калисои лютеранӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои лютеранӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtercilik" title="Lütercilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lütercilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лютеранство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лютеранство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="لوتھریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوتھریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_Luther" title="Giáo hội Luther – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hội Luther" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteranismo" title="Luteranismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Luteranismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" title="路德宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路德宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%83" title="路德會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路德會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranizm" title="Lutheranizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lutheranizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Lutheranisme" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuteruon%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Liuteruonībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Liuteruonībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%AE%97" title="信義宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信義宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huria_Lutheran" title="Huria Lutheran – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Huria Lutheran" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran" title="Lutheran – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Lutheran" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q75809#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lutheranism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lutheranism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lutheranism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&oldid=1257751631" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lutheranism&id=1257751631&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLutheranism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLutheranism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lutheranism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q75809" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major branch of Protestantism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lutheran church" redirects here. For a list of church buildings, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_churches" title="List of Lutheran churches">List of Lutheran churches</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" title="Category:Lutheranism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_rose" title="Luther's rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/125px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/188px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/250px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrine and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a></li></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran theology">Distinctive theological concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity#Lutheranism" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Two states of the Church</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence#Lutheran_theology" title="Divine providence">Divine Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Other relevant topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a> and worship</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Lutheran_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Lutheran Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage#Protestantism" title="Christian views on marriage">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders#Lutheranism" title="Holy orders">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody">Lutheran hymnwriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_church_music_during_and_after_the_Reformation#Emergence_of_Protestant_church_music" title="Protestant church music during and after the Reformation">Normative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional & Missional Lutheran Forum</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism_by_region" title="Lutheranism by region">Lutheranism by region</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High church Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Missionaries <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campanius" title="John Campanius">John Campanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Callenberg" title="Johann Heinrich Callenberg">Johann Heinrich Callenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henkel" title="Paul Henkel">Paul Henkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Frederick_Heyer" title="John Christian Frederick Heyer">John Christian Frederick Heyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Graul" title="Karl Graul">Karl Graul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keyser" title="Christian Keyser">Christian Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christensen_(bishop)" title="Jens Christensen (bishop)">Jens Christensen</a></li></ul> </div> Bible Translators <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiodoro_de_Reina" title="Casiodoro de Reina">Casiodoro de Reina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Yri" title="Kjell Magne Yri">Kjell Magne Yri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Ganno" title="Aster Ganno">Aster Ganno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Osvald_Vider%C3%B8" title="Kristian Osvald Viderø">Kristian Osvald Viderø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1kup_Dahl" title="Jákup Dahl">Jákup Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius#Bible_translation" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Constantine_(priest)" title="George Constantine (priest)">George Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Roh%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Jozef Roháček">Jozef Roháček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Avetaranian" title="Johannes Avetaranian">Johannes Avetaranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Guðbrandur Þorláksson">Guðbrandur Þorláksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kurdish" title="Bible translations into Kurdish">Ludvig Olsen Fossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Egede" title="Paul Egede">Paul Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fabricius" title="Otto Fabricius">Otto Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Vibe_Stockfleth" title="Nils Vibe Stockfleth">Nils Vibe Stockfleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Krelj" title="Sebastian Krelj">Sebastian Krelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bible_Society" title="Norwegian Bible Society">Norwegian Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Bible_Society" title="Swedish Bible Society">Swedish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ludwik_Zasadius" title="Samuel Ludwik Zasadius">Samuel Ludwik Zasadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapolionis" title="Stanislovas Rapolionis">Stanislovas Rapolionis</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_M._Norlie" title="Olaf M. Norlie">Olaf M. Norlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bretk%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Bretkūnas">Jonas Bretkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brucioli" title="Antonio Brucioli">Antonio Brucioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs#Language_and_culture" title="Sorbs">Mikołaj Jakubica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bel" title="Matthias Bel">Matthias Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Johann Ernst Glück">Johann Ernst Glück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Beck" title="William F. Beck">William F. Beck</a></li></ul> </div> Theologians <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> / <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">Johannes Andreas Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">Johann Wilhelm Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg" title="Henry Muhlenberg">Henry Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">Charles Porterfield Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sasse" title="Hermann Sasse">Hermann Sasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert Jenson</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism" title="Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism" title="Template talk:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Augsburg Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_Movement" title="Convergence Movement">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Growth" title="Church Growth">Church Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestantism" title="Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestantism" title="Template talk:Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Evangelical Lutheran" redirects here. For denominations known by this name, see <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church (disambiguation)">Evangelical Lutheran Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Lutheranism is a major branch of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> that identifies primarily with the theology of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th-century</a> <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> monk and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">reformer</a> whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in 1517.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Lutheranism subsequently became the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of many parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1525. In 1521, the split between Lutherans and the Roman Catholic Church was made public and clear with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a> condemned Luther and officially banned subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from defending or propagating Luther's ideas, facing advocates of Lutheranism with forfeiture of all property. Half of it would be then forfeited to the imperial government and the remaining half to the accusing party.<a href="#cite_note-ENC3-2">[2]</a> The divide centered primarily on two points: the proper source of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_XXVIII:_Of_Ecclesiastical_Power." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">authority in the church</a>, often called the formal principle of the Reformation, and the doctrine of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_IV:_Of_Justification." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">justification</a>, the material principle of Lutheran theology.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification "by <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">Grace</a> alone through <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a> on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a> alone", the doctrine that <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a> is the final authority on all matters of faith. This contrasts with the belief of the Roman Catholic Church, defined at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, which contends that final authority comes from both Scripture and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, Lutheranism retains many of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> practices and <a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Lutheran_teaching" title="Sacrament">sacramental</a> teachings of the pre-Reformation Western Church, with a particular emphasis on the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#VI._THE_SACRAMENT_OF_THE_ALTAR" class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Eucharist</a>, or Lord's Supper, although <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lutheranism" title="Eastern Lutheranism">Eastern Lutheranism</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a>, divine <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace#Lutheran" title="Irresistible grace">grace</a>, the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Lutheran_and_Reformed_differences" title="Law and Gospel">God's Law</a>, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints#Lutheran_view" title="Perseverance of the saints">perseverance of the saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Predestination#Lutheranism" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, amongst other matters. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Lutheran originated as a derogatory term used against Luther by German <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#High_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Maier von Eck</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a> in July 1519.<a href="#cite_note-OOE796-6">[5]</a> Eck and other <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> followed the traditional practice of naming a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a> after its leader, thus <a href="/wiki/Labelling#Labelling_in_argumentation" title="Labelling">labeling</a> all who identified with the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">theology of Martin Luther</a> as Lutherans.<a href="#cite_note-ENC3-2">[2]</a> Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term evangelical, which was derived from εὐαγγέλιον euangelion, a Greek word meaning "good news", i.e. "<a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a>".<a href="#cite_note-OOE796-6">[5]</a> The followers of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, and other theologians linked to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed tradition</a> also used that term. To distinguish the two evangelical groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. As time passed by, the word Evangelical was dropped. Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a>. In 1597, theologians in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle-Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> defined the title Lutheran as referring to the true church.<a href="#cite_note-ENC3-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Martin Luther, a 1529 portrait of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> Lutheranism has its roots in the work of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, divided <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of numerous states of northern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and the then-<a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_to_Northern_Europe">Spread to Northern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread to Northern Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg/220px-Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Gustav_Vasa_Bible_1541.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The title page of the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa_Bible" title="Gustav Vasa Bible">Gustav Vasa Bible</a>, translated by brothers <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></figcaption></figure> Lutheranism spread through all of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> during the 16th century as the monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway#Origins_of_the_Union" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden</a> adopted the faith. Through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into <a href="/wiki/Estonia#Middle_Ages" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia#History" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a>. It also began spreading into <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania Proper</a> with practically all members of the Lithuanian nobility converting to Lutheranism or <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, but at the end of the 17th century Protestantism at large began losing support due to the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> In German-ruled <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a>, however, Lutheranism remained the dominant branch of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Lutheranism played a crucial role in preserving the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Since 1520, regular<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13">[12]</a> Lutheran services have been held in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a> (1523–1533), Denmark–Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he soon adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers, the most significant of which was <a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-12-14">[13]</a> During Frederick's reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark. At an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by <a href="/wiki/Christian_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian III">King Christian III</a> in 1536, the people shouted; "We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Frederick's son was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his father's death in 1533. However, following his victory in <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">the civil war</a> that followed, in 1536 he became <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a> and advanced the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Reformation in Denmark–Norway</a>. The constitution upon which the Danish Norwegian Church, according to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Order_(Lutheran)" title="Church Order (Lutheran)">Church Ordinance</a>, should rest was "The pure word of God, which is the Law and the Gospel".<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> It does not mention the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13">[12]</a> The priests had to understand the Holy Scripture well enough to preach and explain the Gospel and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle#New_Testament_epistles" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> to their congregations.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13">[12]</a> The youths were taught<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a>, available in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> since 1532. They were taught to expect at the end of life:<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13">[12]</a> "forgiving of their sins", "to be counted as just", and "the eternal life". Instruction is still similar.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The first complete <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Martin Luther's translation</a> into <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. It was published in 1550 with 3,000 copies printed in the first edition; a second edition was published in 1589.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Unlike Catholicism, Lutheranism does not believe that tradition is a carrier of the "Word of God", or that only the communion of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> has been entrusted to interpret the "Word of God".<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden#Lutheran_Reformation" title="Religion in Sweden">Reformation in Sweden</a> began with <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a>, brothers who took the Reformation to Sweden after studying in Germany. They led <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>, elected king in 1523, to Lutheranism. The pope's refusal to allow the replacement of an archbishop who had supported the invading forces opposing Gustav Vasa during the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Bloodbath" title="Stockholm Bloodbath">Stockholm Bloodbath</a> led to the severing of any official connection between Sweden and the papacy in 1523.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-12-14">[13]</a> Four years later, at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Västerås">Diet of Västerås</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_riksdag" class="extiw" title="sv:Västerås riksdag">sv</a>], the king succeeded in forcing the diet to accept his dominion over the national church. The king was given possession of all church properties, as well as the church appointments and approval of the clergy. While this effectively granted official sanction to Lutheran ideas,<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-12-14">[13]</a> Lutheranism did not become official until 1593. At that time the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a> declared Holy Scripture the sole guideline for faith, with four documents accepted as faithful and authoritative explanations of it: the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>, and the unaltered Augsburg Confession of 1530.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>'s translation of the first <a href="/wiki/Se_Wsi_Testamenti" title="Se Wsi Testamenti">Finnish New Testament</a> was published in 1548.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-Reformation_and_controversies">Counter-Reformation and controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Counter-Reformation and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toleranzbethaus_Fresach,_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toleranzbethaus_Fresach%2C_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg/220px-Toleranzbethaus_Fresach%2C_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toleranzbethaus_Fresach%2C_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg/330px-Toleranzbethaus_Fresach%2C_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Toleranzbethaus_Fresach%2C_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg/440px-Toleranzbethaus_Fresach%2C_copy_Hundskirche_in_der_Kreuzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption>A Hundskirche replica</figcaption></figure> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1546, the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a> started out as a conflict between two German Lutheran rulers in 1547. Soon, Holy Roman Imperial forces joined the battle and conquered the members of the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>, oppressing and exiling many German Lutherans as they enforced the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a>. Religious freedom in some areas was secured for Lutherans through the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a> in 1552, and under the legal principle of <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a> (the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled) and the <a href="/wiki/Declaratio_Ferdinandei" title="Declaratio Ferdinandei">Declaratio Ferdinandei</a> (limited <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>) clauses of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> in 1555.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Religious disputes among the <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a> raged within Lutheranism during the middle of the 16th century. These finally ended with the resolution of the issues in the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>. Large numbers of politically and religiously influential leaders met together, debated, and resolved these topics on the basis of Scripture, resulting in the Formula, which over 8,000 leaders signed. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a> replaced earlier, incomplete <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Doctrine" title="Body of Doctrine">collections of doctrine</a>, unifying all German Lutherans with identical doctrine and beginning the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy. In lands where <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> was the state religion, Lutheranism was officially illegal, although enforcement varied. Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, some Lutherans worshipped secretly, such as at the Hundskirke (which translates as dog church or dog altar), a triangle-shaped <a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Communion rock</a> in a ditch between crosses in <a href="/wiki/Paternion" title="Paternion">Paternion</a>, Austria. The crowned serpent is possibly an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, while the dog possibly refers to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a>. Another figure interpreted as a snail carrying a church tower is possibly a metaphor for the Protestant church. Also on the rock is the number 1599 and a phrase translating as "thus gets in the world".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lutheran orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Jenense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Collegium_Jenense.jpg/220px-Collegium_Jenense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Collegium_Jenense.jpg/330px-Collegium_Jenense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Collegium_Jenense.jpg/440px-Collegium_Jenense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> in Germany, the center of <a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutheran</a> activity leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>, and a center of Lutheran orthodoxy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_Magdalene,_queen_of_Denmark_and_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sophie_Magdalene%2C_queen_of_Denmark_and_Norway.jpg/220px-Sophie_Magdalene%2C_queen_of_Denmark_and_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Sophie_Magdalene%2C_queen_of_Denmark_and_Norway.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Danish Queen <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Magdalene_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Sophie Magdalene</a> expressed her <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a> sentiment in 1737 by founding a <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%B8_stift" title="Vallø stift">Lutheran convent</a>.</figcaption></figure> The historical period of Lutheran Orthodoxy is divided into three sections: Early Orthodoxy (1580–1600), High Orthodoxy (1600–1685), and Late Orthodoxy (1685–1730). <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a> developed gradually, especially for the purpose of arguing with the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, and it was finally established by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a> represents the climax of the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> paradigm in orthodox Lutheranism. Other orthodox Lutheran theologians include <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter" title="Leonhard Hutter">Leonhard Hutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesper_Rasmussen_Brochmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesper Rasmussen Brochmand">Jesper Rasmussen Brochmand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomo_Glassius" title="Salomo Glassius">Salomo Glassius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BClsemann" title="Johann Hülsemann">Johann Hülsemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer">Johann Conrad Dannhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">Johannes Andreas Quenstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Friedrich König">Johann Friedrich König</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">Johann Wilhelm Baier</a>. Near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the compromising spirit seen in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> rose up again in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helmstedt" title="University of Helmstedt">Helmstedt</a> School and especially in theology of <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Calixtus" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgius Calixtus">Georgius Calixtus</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">syncretistic controversy</a>. Another theological issue that arose was the Crypto-Kenotic controversy.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Late orthodoxy was torn by influences from <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Classical_rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, philosophy based on reason, and <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>, a revival movement in Lutheranism. After a century of vitality, the Pietist theologians <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jakob_Spener" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Jakob Spener">Philipp Jakob Spener</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a> warned that orthodoxy had degenerated into meaningless intellectualism and <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy)#Religion" title="Formalism (philosophy)">formalism</a>, while orthodox theologians found the emotional and subjective focuses of Pietism to be vulnerable to Rationalist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-CC426-26">[25]</a> In 1688, the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lars_Ulstadius" title="Lars Ulstadius">Lars Ulstadius</a> ran down the main aisle of <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a> naked while screaming that the disgrace of Finnish clergymen would be revealed like his current disgrace. The last famous orthodox Lutheran theologian before the rationalist Aufklärung, or Enlightenment, was <a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a>. Late orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">Valentin Ernst Löscher</a> took part in the controversy against <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>. Medieval <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">mystical</a> traditions continued in the works of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Moller" title="Martin Moller">Martin Moller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_L%C3%BCtkemann" title="Joachim Lütkemann">Joachim Lütkemann</a>. Pietism became a rival of orthodoxy but adopted some devotional literature by orthodox theologians, including Arndt, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Pr%C3%A4torius" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephan Prätorius">Stephan Prätorius</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalism">Rationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rationalism">edit</a>]</div> Rationalist philosophers from France and England had an enormous impact during the 18th century, along with the German Rationalists <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz#Ecumenism" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant#Religious_writings" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Their work led to an increase in rationalist beliefs, "at the expense of faith in God and agreement with the Bible".<a href="#cite_note-CC426-26">[25]</a> In 1709, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">Valentin Ernst Löscher</a> warned that this new Rationalist view of the world fundamentally changed society by drawing into question every aspect of theology. Instead of considering the authority of divine revelation, he explained, Rationalists relied solely on their personal understanding when searching for truth.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Goeze" title="Johann Melchior Goeze">Johann Melchior Goeze</a> (1717–1786), pastor of <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg">St. Catherine's Church in Hamburg</a>, wrote <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">apologetical</a> works against Rationalists, including a theological and historical defence against the <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">historical criticism</a> of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Dissenting Lutheran pastors were often reprimanded by the government bureaucracy overseeing them, for example, when they tried to correct Rationalist influences in the parish school.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> As a result of the impact of a local form of rationalism, termed <a href="/wiki/Neology" title="Neology">Neology</a>, by the latter half of the 18th century, genuine piety was found almost solely in small Pietist conventicles.<a href="#cite_note-CC426-26">[25]</a> However, some of the laity preserved Lutheran orthodoxy from both Pietism and rationalism by reusing old catechisms, hymnbooks, <a href="/wiki/Postil" title="Postil">postils</a>, and devotional writings, including those written by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Müller (theologian)">Heinrich Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revivals">Revivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg/220px-A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg/330px-A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg/440px-A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century <a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a> <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">conventicle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olbers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Olbers.jpg/220px-Olbers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Olbers.jpg/330px-Olbers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Olbers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>The Olbers, one of the ships that carried Old Lutherans to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG/220px-Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG/330px-Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG/440px-Konfirmaatio_Aholansaari_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Representing a continuous tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a>, youth are confirmed at <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a>'s homestead in <a href="/wiki/Nilsi%C3%A4" title="Nilsiä">Nilsiä</a>, Finland.</figcaption></figure> Luther scholar <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a> (1730–1788), a layman, became famous for countering Rationalism and striving to advance a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival#19th_century" title="Christian revival">revival</a> known as the Erweckung, or Awakening.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch180-31">[30]</a> In 1806, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Napoleon's invasion of Germany</a> promoted Rationalism and angered German Lutherans, stirring up a desire among the people to preserve Luther's theology from the Rationalist threat. Those associated with this Awakening held that reason was insufficient and pointed out the importance of emotional religious experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Armin_Sierszyn_p._155-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suelflow,_Roy_A._1967._p._10-33">[32]</a> Small groups sprang up, often in universities, which devoted themselves to Bible study, reading devotional writings, and revival meetings. Although the beginning of this Awakening tended heavily toward Romanticism, <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, and experience, the emphasis of the Awakening shifted around 1830 to restoring the traditional liturgy, doctrine, and confessions of Lutheranism in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheran</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Armin_Sierszyn_p._155-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suelflow,_Roy_A._1967._p._10-33">[32]</a> This Awakening swept through all of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> except <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Latourette_p.165-34">[33]</a> It developed from both German Neo-Lutheranism and Pietism. Danish pastor and philosopher <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> reshaped church life throughout Denmark through a reform movement beginning in 1830. He also wrote about 1,500 hymns, including <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Word_Is_Our_Great_Heritage" title="God's Word Is Our Great Heritage">God's Word Is Our Great Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch182-35">[34]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a>, a lay street preacher, emphasized spiritual discipline and sparked the <a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugean</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch183-36">[35]</a> which was followed by the Johnsonian Awakening within the state-church as spearheaded by its namesake, <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">dogmatician</a> and Pietist <a href="/wiki/Gisle_Johnson" title="Gisle Johnson">Gisle Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The Awakening drove the growth of foreign missions in Norway to non-Christians to a new height, which has never been reached since.<a href="#cite_note-Latourette_p.165-34">[33]</a> In Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_L%C3%A6stadius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Levi Læstadius">Lars Levi Læstadius</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadian movement</a> that emphasized moral reform.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch183-36">[35]</a> In Finland, a farmer, <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a>, began the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Awakening">Finnish Awakening</a> when he took to preaching about repentance and prayer.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch183-36">[35]</a> In 1817, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> ordered the Lutheran and Reformed churches in his territory to unite, forming the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_Churches" title="Prussian Union of Churches">Prussian Union of Churches</a>. The unification of the two branches of German Protestantism sparked the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_(Evangelical_Christian_Church)#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church)">Schism of the Old Lutherans</a>. Many Lutherans, called "<a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a>", chose to leave the state churches despite imprisonment and military force.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch180-31">[30]</a> Some formed independent church bodies, or "<a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a>", at home while <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans#North_American_migrations" title="Old Lutherans">others left</a> for the United States, Canada and Australia. A similar legislated merger in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> prompted thousands to join the Old Lutheran movement. The dispute over ecumenism overshadowed other controversies within German Lutheranism.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Despite political meddling in church life, local and national leaders sought to restore and renew Christianity. Neo-Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Wilhelm_L%C3%B6he" title="Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe">Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe</a> and Old Lutheran free church leader Friedrich August Brünn<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> both sent young men overseas to serve as pastors to <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German Americans</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mission_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Mission (Germany)">Inner Mission</a> focused on renewing the situation home.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch184-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendent</a> at Weimar and part of the Inner Mission movement, joined with the Romantic movement with his quest to preserve human emotion and experience from Rationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch187-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg</a>, though raised Reformed, became convinced of the truth of historic Lutheranism as a young man.<a href="#cite_note-KSL21-42">[41]</a> He led the Neo-Lutheran Repristination School of theology, which advocated a return to the orthodox theologians of the 17th century and opposed modern Bible scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] As editor of the periodical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelische_Kirchenzeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelische Kirchenzeitung (page does not exist)">Evangelische Kirchenzeitung</a>, he developed it into a major support of Neo-Lutheran revival and used it to attack all forms of theological liberalism and rationalism. Although he received a large amount of slander and ridicule during his forty years at the head of revival, he never gave up his positions.<a href="#cite_note-KSL21-42">[41]</a> The theological faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen">University of Erlangen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> became another force for reform.<a href="#cite_note-KSL21-42">[41]</a> There, professor <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless">Adolf von Harless</a>, though previously an adherent of rationalism and <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>, made Erlangen a magnet for revival oriented theologians.<a href="#cite_note-KSL22-44">[43]</a> Termed the Erlangen School of theology, they developed a new version of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KSL22-44">[43]</a> which they felt emphasized the humanity of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> better than the ecumenical creeds.<a href="#cite_note-HJN175-45">[44]</a> As theologians, they used both modern historical critical and Hegelian philosophical methods instead of attempting to revive the orthodoxy of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Friedrich Julius Stahl</a> led the <a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church Lutherans</a>. Though raised Jewish, he was baptized as a Christian at the age of 19 through the influence of the Lutheran school he attended. As the leader of a <a href="/wiki/Neofeudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofeudalism">neofeudal</a> Prussian political party, he campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, the power of the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">nobility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a> for the church. Along with <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kliefoth" title="Theodor Kliefoth">Theodor Kliefoth</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Christian_Vilmar" title="August Friedrich Christian Vilmar">August Friedrich Christian Vilmar</a>, he promoted agreement with the Roman Catholic Church with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">authority of the institutional church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a> effectiveness of the sacraments, and the divine authority of clergy. Unlike Catholics, however, they also urged complete agreement with the Book of Concord.<a href="#cite_note-HJN175-45">[44]</a> The Neo-Lutheran movement managed to slow secularism and counter atheistic <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, but it did not fully succeed in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch184-40">[39]</a> It partly succeeded in continuing the Pietist movement's drive to right social wrongs and focus on individual conversion. The Neo-Lutheran call to renewal failed to achieve widespread popular acceptance because it both began and continued with a lofty, idealistic <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> that did not connect with an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#Socio-economic_impacts" title="Second Industrial Revolution">industrialized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe#Irreligion" title="Religion in Europe">secularized</a> Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch188-47">[46]</a> The work of local leaders resulted in specific areas of vibrant spiritual renewal, but people in Lutheran areas became increasingly distant from church life.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch184-40">[39]</a> Additionally, the revival movements were divided by philosophical traditions. The Repristination school and Old Lutherans tended towards Kantianism, while the Erlangen school promoted a <a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians#Hegelian_theologians" title="Right Hegelians">conservative Hegelian perspective</a>. By 1969, Manfried Kober complained that "unbelief is rampant" even within German Lutheran parishes.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bible">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/220px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/330px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/440px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_-_The_Law_and_the_Gospel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> point the sinner looking for God's salvation to the cross to find it, a Lutheran ideal known as the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a>.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Lutherans hold the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scriptures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a> to be the only divinely inspired books, the only presently available sources of divinely revealed knowledge, and the only infallible source of Christian doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Scripture alone</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">formal principle</a> of the faith, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Faith" title="Rule of Faith">final authority</a> for all matters of faith and morals because of its inspiration, authority, clarity, efficacy, and sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The authority of the Scriptures has been challenged during the history of Lutheranism. Martin Luther taught that the Bible was the written Word of God, and the only infallible guide for faith and practice. He held that every passage of Scripture has one straightforward meaning, the literal sense as interpreted by other Scripture.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> These teachings were accepted during the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Orthodoxy">orthodox Lutheranism</a> of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> During the 18th century, Rationalism advocated reason rather than the authority of the Bible as the final source of knowledge, but most of the <a href="/wiki/Laity#Protestantism" title="Laity">laity</a> did not accept this Rationalist position.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In the 19th century, a <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">confessional revival</a> re-emphasized the authority of the Scriptures and agreement with the Lutheran Confessions. Today, Lutherans disagree about the inspiration and authority of the Bible. Theological conservatives use the <a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">historical-grammatical method</a> of Biblical interpretation, while <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">theological liberals</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher critical</a> method. The 2008 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> surveyed 1,926 adults in the United States that self-identified as Lutheran. The study found that 30% believed that the Bible was the Word of God and was to be taken literally word for word. 40% held that the Bible was the Word of God, but was not literally true word for word or were unsure. 23% said the Bible was written by men and not the Word of God. 7% did not know, were not sure, or had other positions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inspiration">Inspiration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inspiration">edit</a>]</div> Although many Lutherans today hold less specific views of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration</a>, historically, Lutherans affirm that the Bible does not merely contain the Word of God, but every word of it is, because of plenary, verbal inspiration, the direct, immediate word of God.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> identifies Holy Scripture with the Word of God<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and calls the Holy Spirit the author of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Because of this, Lutherans confess in the Formula of Concord, "we receive and embrace with our whole heart the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the pure, clear fountain of Israel".<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The prophetic and apostolic Scriptures are confessed as authentic and written by the prophets and apostles. A correct translation of their writings is seen as God's Word because it has the same meaning as the original Hebrew and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Engelder_1934_27-59">[58]</a> A mistranslation is not God's word, and no human authority can invest it with divine authority.<a href="#cite_note-Engelder_1934_27-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clarity">Clarity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clarity">edit</a>]</div> Historically, Lutherans understand the Bible to present all doctrines and commands of the Christian faith <a href="/wiki/Clarity_of_scripture" title="Clarity of scripture">clearly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In addition, Lutherans believe that God's Word is freely accessible to every reader or hearer of ordinary intelligence, without requiring any special education.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> A Lutheran must understand the language that scriptures are presented in, and should not be so preoccupied by error so as to prevent understanding.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> As a result of this, Lutherans do not believe there is a need to wait for any clergy, pope, scholar, or <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> to explain the real meaning of any part of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Efficacy">Efficacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Efficacy">edit</a>]</div> Lutherans confess that Scripture is united with the power of the Holy Spirit and with it, not only demands, but also creates the acceptance of its teaching.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> This teaching produces faith and obedience. Holy Scripture is not a dead letter, but rather, the power of the Holy Spirit is inherent in it.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Scripture does not compel a mere intellectual assent to its doctrine, resting on logical argumentation, but rather it creates the living agreement of faith.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> affirm, "in those things which concern the spoken, outward Word, we must firmly hold that God grants His Spirit or grace to no one, except through or with the preceding outward Word".<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufficiency">Sufficiency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sufficiency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg/220px-Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg/330px-Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg/440px-Cranach_Gesetz_und_Gnade_Gotha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Law and Grace, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>; the left side shows humans' condemnation under God's law and the right side presents God's grace in Christ.</figcaption></figure> Lutherans are confident that the Bible contains everything that one needs to know in order to obtain salvation and to live a Christian life.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> There are no deficiencies in Scripture that need to be filled with by tradition, <a href="/wiki/Obsequium_religiosum" title="Obsequium religiosum">pronouncements of the Pope</a>, new revelations, or present-day <a href="/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" title="Development of doctrine">development of doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_and_Gospel">Law and Gospel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law and Gospel">edit</a>]</div> Lutherans understand the Bible as containing two distinct types of content, termed <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a> (or Law and Promises).<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Properly distinguishing between Law and Gospel prevents the obscuring of the Gospel teaching of justification by grace through faith alone.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_confessions">Lutheran confessions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lutheran confessions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookofconcord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Bookofconcord.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The cover page of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>, published in 1580</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>, published in 1580, contains 10 documents which some Lutherans believe are faithful and authoritative explanations of Holy Scripture. Besides the three <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Creeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a>, which date to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman times</a>, the Book of Concord contains seven <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">credal</a> documents articulating Lutheran theology in the Reformation era. The doctrinal positions of Lutheran churches are not uniform because the Book of Concord does not hold the same position in all Lutheran churches. For example, the <a href="/wiki/State_religion#Lutheran" title="State religion">state churches</a> in Scandinavia consider only the Augsburg Confession as a "summary of the faith" in addition to the three ecumenical creeds.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Lutheran pastors, congregations, and church bodies in Germany and the Americas usually agree to teach in harmony with the entire Lutheran confessions. Some Lutheran church bodies require this pledge to be unconditional because they believe the confessions correctly state what the Bible teaches. Others allow their congregations to do so "insofar as" the confessions are in agreement with the Bible. In addition, Lutherans accept the teachings of the first seven <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> of the Christian Church.<a href="#cite_note-Olson1999-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2009-74">[73]</a> The Lutheran Church traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Church of Rome</a> fell away.<a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder1893-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frey1918-76">[75]</a> As such, the Augsburg Confession teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church".<a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2016-77">[76]</a> When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, they explained "that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".<a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2016-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification">Justification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Justification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._-_The_Lamentation_of_Christ_-_The_Schlei%C3%9Fheim_Crucifixion_-_Alte_Pinakothek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>The Lutheran faith preaches that whoever has faith in Jesus alone will receive salvation from the grace of God and will enter heaven for eternity.</figcaption></figure> The key doctrine, or <a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">material principle</a>, of Lutheranism is the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>. Lutherans believe that humans are saved from their <a href="/wiki/Sin#Protestant_views" title="Sin">sins</a> by God's grace alone (<a href="/wiki/Sola_Gratia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Gratia">Sola Gratia</a>), through faith alone (Sola Fide), on the basis of Scripture alone (Sola Scriptura).<a href="#cite_note-solascriptura-78">[77]</a> Orthodox Lutheran theology holds that God made the world, including humanity, perfect, holy and sinless. However, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> chose to disobey God, trusting in their own strength, knowledge, and wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pieper-80">[79]</a> Consequently, people are saddled with <a href="/wiki/Original_sin#Lutheranism" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, born sinful and unable to avoid committing sinful acts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> For Lutherans, original sin is the "chief sin, a root and fountainhead of all actual sins".<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Lutherans teach that sinners, while capable of doing works that are outwardly "good", are <a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">not capable</a> of doing works that satisfy God's justice.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Every human thought and deed is infected with sin and <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">sinful motives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Because of this, all humanity deserves eternal damnation in <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on hell">hell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> God in eternity has turned His Fatherly heart to this world and planned for its redemption because he loves all people and does not want anyone to be eternally damned.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> To this end, "God sent his Son Jesus Christ, our Lord, into the world to redeem and deliver us from the power of the devil, and to bring us to Himself, and to govern us as a King of righteousness, life, and salvation against sin, death, and an evil conscience", as <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> explains.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Because of this, Lutherans teach that salvation is possible only because of the grace of God made manifest in the birth, life, suffering, death, resurrection, and continuing presence by the power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, of Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> By God's grace, made known and effective in the person and work of Jesus Christ, a person is forgiven, adopted as a child and heir of God, and given eternal salvation.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Christ, because he was entirely obedient to the law with respect to both his human and divine natures, "is a perfect satisfaction and reconciliation of the human race", as the Formula of Concord asserts, and proceeds to summarize:<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <blockquote>[Christ] submitted to the law for us, bore our sin, and in going to his Father performed complete and perfect obedience for us poor sinners, from his holy birth to his death. Thereby he covered all our disobedience, which is embedded in our nature and in its thoughts, words, and deeds, so that this disobedience is not reckoned to us as condemnation but is pardoned and forgiven by sheer grace, because of Christ alone.</blockquote> Lutherans believe that individuals receive this gift of salvation through faith alone.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Saving faith is the knowledge of,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> acceptance of,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and trust<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> in the promise of the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-Engelder-95">[94]</a> Even faith itself is seen as a gift of God, created in the hearts of Christians<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> by the work of the Holy Spirit through the Word<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and Baptism.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Faith receives the gift of salvation rather than causes salvation.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Thus, Lutherans reject the "<a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">decision theology</a>" which is common among modern <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a>. The term "grace" has been defined differently by other Christian church bodies.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Lutheranism defines grace as entirely limited to God's gifts to us, which is bestowed as pure gift, not something we merit by behavior or acts. To Lutherans, grace is not about our response to God's gifts, but only His gifts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinity">Trinity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trinity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/220px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/330px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/440px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Lutherans believe in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.</figcaption></figure> Lutherans believe in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, rejecting the idea that the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> are merely faces of the same person, stating that both the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> show them to be two distinct persons.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Lutherans believe the Holy Spirit proceeds from both the Father and the Son.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In the words of the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; Neither confounding the Persons, nor dividing the Substance. For there is one Person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost is all one: the glory equal, the majesty coeternal."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_natures_of_Christ">Two natures of Christ</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Two natures of Christ">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Scholastic Lutheran Christology</a></div> Lutherans believe Jesus is the <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>, the savior promised in the Old Testament. They believe he is both by nature God and by nature man <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">in one person</a>, as they confess in Luther's <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#II._THE_CREED," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a> that he is "true God begotten of the Father from eternity and also true man born of the Virgin Mary".<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The Augsburg Confession explains:<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <blockquote> [T]he Son of God, did assume the human nature in the womb of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">blessed Virgin Mary</a>, so that there are two natures, the divine and the human, inseparably enjoined in one Person, one Christ, true God and true man, who was born of the Virgin Mary, truly suffered, was crucified, dead, and buried, that He might reconcile the Father unto us, and be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for all actual sins of men. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sacraments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Lutheran sacraments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG/220px-ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/ArticleXIOfConfession.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Article IX, "<a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Of Confession</a>", of the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> Lutherans hold that <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sacred#Holiness_in_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> acts of divine institution.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Whenever they are properly administered by the use of the physical component commanded by God<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> along with the divine words of institution,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> God is, in a way specific to each sacrament, present with the Word and physical component.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> He earnestly offers to all who receive the sacrament<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> forgiveness of sins<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> and eternal salvation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> He also works in the recipients to get them to accept these blessings and to increase the assurance of their possession.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Lutherans are not dogmatic about the number of the sacraments.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In line with Luther's initial statement in his Large Catechism some speak of only two sacraments,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Protestant_Reformation" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and Holy Communion, although later in the same work he calls Confession and <a href="/wiki/Absolution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Absolution">Absolution</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> "the third sacrament".<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The definition of sacrament in the <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> lists Absolution as one of them.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Private Confession</a> is expected before receiving the <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">Eucharist for the first time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wendel1997-121">[120]</a> Some churches also allow for individual absolution on Saturdays before the Eucharistic service.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb2008-122">[121]</a> A <a href="/wiki/General_Confession" title="General Confession">General Confession and Absolution</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Penitential_Rite#Usage_in_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitential Rite">Penitential Rite</a>, is proclaimed in the Eucharistic liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Baptism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LutheranBaptism.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LutheranBaptism.JPG/220px-LutheranBaptism.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LutheranBaptism.JPG/330px-LutheranBaptism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LutheranBaptism.JPG/440px-LutheranBaptism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Lutherans practice <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>.</figcaption></figure> Lutherans hold that <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#IV._THE_SACRAMENT_OF_HOLY_BAPTISM," title="Luther's Small Catechism">Baptism</a> is a saving work of God,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> mandated and instituted by Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Baptism is a "<a href="/wiki/Means_of_Grace#Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Means of Grace">means of grace</a>" through which God creates and strengthens "saving faith" as the "washing of regeneration"<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> in which infants and adults are reborn.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Since the creation of faith is exclusively God's work, it does not depend on the actions of the one baptized, whether infant or adult. Even though baptized infants cannot articulate that faith, Lutherans believe that it is present all the same.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> It is faith alone that receives these divine gifts, so Lutherans confess that baptism "works forgiveness of sins, delivers from death and the devil, and gives eternal salvation to all who believe this, as the words and promises of God declare".<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Lutherans hold fast to the Scripture cited in 1 Peter 3:21, "Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you, not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ."<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Therefore, Lutherans administer Baptism to both infants<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> and adults.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In the special section on <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> in his Large Catechism, Luther argues that infant baptism is God-pleasing because persons so baptized were reborn and <a href="/wiki/Sanctification#Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctified</a> by the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eucharist">Eucharist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eucharist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharist in the Lutheran Church">Eucharist in the Lutheran Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohntheSteadfast.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/JohntheSteadfast.JPG/220px-JohntheSteadfast.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/JohntheSteadfast.JPG/330px-JohntheSteadfast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/JohntheSteadfast.JPG/440px-JohntheSteadfast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> communing <a href="/wiki/John,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John, Elector of Saxony">John the Steadfast</a></figcaption></figure> Lutherans hold that within the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharist in the Lutheran Church">Eucharist</a>, also referred to as the Sacrament of the Altar or the Lord's Supper, the true body and blood of Christ are truly present "in, with, and under the forms" of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">consecrated bread</a> and wine for all those who eat and drink it,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> a doctrine that the Formula of Concord calls the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confession">Confession</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Confession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession (Lutheran Church)</a></div> Many Lutherans receive the sacrament of penance before receiving the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-Richard1909-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolb2008-122">[121]</a> Prior to going to Confessing and receiving Absolution, the faithful are expected to examine their lives in light of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#I._THE_TEN_COMMANDMENTS," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Ten Commandments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wendel1997-121">[120]</a> An <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#V._HOW_THE_UNLEARNED_SHOULD_BE_TAUGHT_TO_CONFESS." class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">order of Confession and Absolution</a> is contained in the Small Catechism, as well as in liturgical books.<a href="#cite_note-Wendel1997-121">[120]</a> Lutherans typically kneel at the <a href="/wiki/Communion_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion rail">communion rails</a> to confess their sins, while the confessor listens and then offers absolution while laying their <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> on the penitent's head.<a href="#cite_note-Wendel1997-121">[120]</a> Clergy are prohibited from revealing anything said during private Confession and Absolution per the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Seal of the Confessional (Lutheran Church)">Seal of the Confessional</a>, and face <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> if it is violated. Apart from this, <a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadian Lutheran">Laestadian Lutherans</a> have a practice of <a href="/wiki/Lay_confession" title="Lay confession">lay confession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Granquist2015-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion">Conversion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Conversion">edit</a>]</div> In Lutheranism, conversion or <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> in the strict sense of the term is the work of divine grace and power by which man, born of the flesh, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_II:_Of_Original_Sin." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">void of all power</a> to think, to will, or to do any good thing, and dead in sin is, through the gospel and holy baptism, taken from a state of sin and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_death" title="Spiritual death">spiritual death</a> under God's wrath into a state of spiritual life of faith and grace, rendered able to will and to do what is spiritually good and, especially, made to trust in the benefits of the redemption which is in Christ Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> During conversion, one is moved from impenitence to repentance. The Augsburg Confession divides repentance into two parts: "One is contrition, that is, terrors smiting the conscience through the knowledge of sin; the other is faith, which is born of the Gospel, or of absolution, and believes that for Christ's sake, sins are forgiven, comforts the conscience, and delivers it from terrors."<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predestination">Predestination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Predestination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AugsburgConfessionArticle18FreeWill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AugsburgConfessionArticle18FreeWill.jpg/220px-AugsburgConfessionArticle18FreeWill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AugsburgConfessionArticle18FreeWill.jpg/330px-AugsburgConfessionArticle18FreeWill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/AugsburgConfessionArticle18FreeWill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Article XVIII of the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, "Of Free Will" Free Will</figcaption></figure>Lutherans adhere to divine <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a>, the teaching that salvation is by God's act alone, and therefore reject the idea that humans in their fallen state have a <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a> concerning spiritual matters.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Lutherans believe that although humans have free will concerning civil righteousness, they cannot work spiritual righteousness in the heart without the presence and aid of the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Lutherans believe Christians are "saved";<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> that all who trust in Christ alone and his promises can be certain of their salvation.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> According to Lutheranism, the central final hope of the Christian is "the resurrection of the body and the life everlasting" as confessed in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#II._THE_CREED," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Apostles' Creed</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. Lutherans disagree with those who make predestination—rather than Christ's suffering, death, and resurrection—the source of salvation. Unlike some <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a>, Lutherans do not believe in a predestination to damnation,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> usually referencing "God our Savior, who desires all people to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth"<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> as contrary evidence to such a claim. Instead, Lutherans teach eternal damnation is a result of the unbeliever's sins, rejection of the forgiveness of sins, and unbelief.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_providence">Divine providence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Divine providence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/220px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/330px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/440px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>The Broad and the Narrow Way, a popular 1866 German Pietist portrait</figcaption></figure> According to Lutherans, God preserves his creation, cooperates with everything that happens, and guides the universe.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> While God cooperates with both good and evil deeds, with evil deeds he does so only inasmuch as they are deeds, but not with the evil in them. God concurs with an act's effect, but he does not cooperate in the corruption of an act or the evil of its effect.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Lutherans believe everything exists for the sake of the Christian Church, and that God guides everything for its welfare and growth.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The explanation of the Apostles' Creed given in the Small Catechism declares that everything good that people have is given and preserved by God, either directly or through other people or things.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Of the services others provide us through family, government, and work, "we receive these blessings not from them, but, through them, from God".<a href="#cite_note-bookofconcord1-153">[152]</a> Since God uses everyone's useful tasks for good, people should not look down upon some useful vocations as being less worthy than others. Instead people should honor others, no matter how lowly, as being the means God uses to work in the world.<a href="#cite_note-bookofconcord1-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_works">Good works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Good works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg/220px-Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg/330px-Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg/440px-Die-Auferstahung-Christi_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>"Even though I am a sinner and deserving of death and hell, this shall nonetheless be my consolation and my victory that my Lord Jesus lives and has risen so that He, in the end, might rescue me from sin, death, and hell", said <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> concerning the meaning of the Resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> Lutherans believe that <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>'s "Article XX: Of Good Works" are the fruit of faith,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> always and in every instance.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Good works have their origin in God,<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> not in the fallen human heart or in human striving;<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> their absence would demonstrate that faith, too, is absent.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Lutherans do not believe that good works are a factor in obtaining salvation; they believe that we are saved by the grace of God—based on the merit of Christ in his suffering and death—and faith in the Triune God. Good works are the natural result of faith, not the cause of salvation. Although Christians are no longer compelled to keep God's law, they freely and willingly serve God and their neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judgment_and_eternal_life">Judgment and eternal life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Judgment and eternal life">edit</a>]</div> Lutherans do not believe in any sort of earthly <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial</a> kingdom of Christ either before or after his second coming on the last day.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Lutherans teach that, at death, the souls of Christians are immediately taken into the presence of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> where they await the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_XVII:_Of_Christ's_Return_to_Judgment." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">second coming</a> of Jesus on the last day.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> On the last day,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> all the bodies of the dead will be resurrected.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The bodies will then be changed, those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment,<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> those of the <a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">righteous</a> to an everlasting state of celestial glory.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> After the resurrection of all the dead,<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> and the change of those still living,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> all nations shall be gathered before Christ,<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> and he will separate the righteous from the wicked.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Christ will publicly judge<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> all people by the <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testimony</a> of their deeds,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> the good works<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> of the righteous in evidence of their faith,<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> and the evil works of the wicked in evidence of their unbelief.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> He will judge in righteousness<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> in the presence of all people and <a href="/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelic hierarchy">angels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> and his final judgment will be just <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a> to everlasting punishment for the wicked and a gracious gift of life everlasting to the righteous.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #444;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CEDFF9; text-align:center"> <td colspan="4">Protestant beliefs about salvation </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center">This table summarizes the classical views of three <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant beliefs about salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Topic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Human will </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a>:<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Compare-182">[181]</a> Humanity possesses "free will",<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> but it is in bondage to sin,<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> until it is "transformed".<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_II:_Of_Original_Sin." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">Total depravity</a>:<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Compare-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Humanity possesses free will in regard to "goods and possessions", but is sinful by nature and unable to contribute to its own salvation.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a>: Humanity possesses freedom from <a href="/wiki/Necessitarianism" title="Necessitarianism">necessity</a>, but not "freedom from sin" unless enabled by "<a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a>".<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Election </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">Unconditional election</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Lutheranism" title="Predestination">Unconditional election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Compare-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a> in view of foreseen faith or unbelief.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Justification and atonement</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">Justification by faith</a> alone. Various views regarding the extent of the atonement.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Justification for all men</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WELS-ROM-195">[194]</a> completed at Christ's death and effective through <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_IV:_Of_Justification." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">faith alone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-TWB-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-WELS-Justification-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-WELS-UnivJus-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> </td> <td>Justification made <a href="/wiki/Atonement_(unlimited_view)#The_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement (unlimited view)">possible for all</a> through Christ's death, but only completed upon <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)#Arminian" title="Regeneration (theology)">choosing faith</a> in Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Conversion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> through the means of grace, <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistible</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Diehl-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace#Lutheran" title="Irresistible grace">resistible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-TULIP-204">[203]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synergism_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergism (theology)">Synergistic</a>, resistible due to the common grace of free will.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Perseverance and apostasy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance of the saints</a>: the eternally elect in Christ will certainly persevere in faith.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity#Martin_Luther_(1483–1546)" title="Apostasy in Christianity">Falling away</a> is possible,<a href="#cite_note-WELS-OSAS-208">[207]</a> but God gives gospel <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Pers-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Preservation is conditional</a> upon continued faith in Christ; with the possibility of a final <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EinFesteBurg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/220px-EinFesteBurg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/330px-EinFesteBurg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/440px-EinFesteBurg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Luther composed hymns and hymn tunes, including "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>").</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg/220px-Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg/330px-Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg/440px-Cropped_Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a> at the St. Nicholas church in <a href="/wiki/Luckau" title="Luckau">Luckau</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Liturgy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe § Reformation</a></div> Lutherans place great emphasis on a <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> approach to worship services;<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> although there are substantial non-liturgical minorities, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugean</a> Lutherans from Norway. Martin Luther was a great proponent of music, and this is why music forms a central part of Lutheran services to this day. In particular, Luther admired the composers <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Senfl" title="Ludwig Senfl">Ludwig Senfl</a>, and wanted singing in the church to move away from the ars perfecta (Catholic Sacred Music of the late Renaissance) and towards singing as a <a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinschaft">Gemeinschaft</a> (community).<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> are sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorales</a>. Lutheran hymnody is well known for its doctrinal, <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a>, and musical richness. Most Lutheran churches are active musically with choirs, handbell choirs, children's choirs, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a> groups that ring bells in a <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, a devout Lutheran, composed a huge body of sacred music for the Lutheran church. Lutherans also preserve a liturgical approach to the celebration of the Holy Eucharist/Communion, emphasizing the Sacrament as the central act of Christian worship. Lutherans believe that the actual body and blood of Jesus Christ are present in, with and under the bread and the wine. This belief is called <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a> and is different from <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">consubstantiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>. Additionally Lutherans reject the idea that communion is a mere symbol or <a href="/wiki/Memorialism" title="Memorialism">memorial</a>. They confess in the <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a>: <blockquote>[W]e do not abolish the Mass but religiously keep and defend it. Among us the Mass is celebrated every Lord's Day and on other <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_XV:_Of_Ecclesiastical_Usages." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">festivals</a>, when the Sacrament is made available to those who wish to partake of it, after they have been examined and absolved. We also keep traditional liturgical forms, such as the order of readings, prayers, vestments, and other similar things.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></blockquote>In addition to the Holy Communion (Divine Service), congregations frequently also hold offices, which are worship services without communion. They may include <a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>, or other observances of the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Hours">Daily Office</a>. Private or family offices include the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#HOW_THE_HEAD_OF_THE_FAMILY_Should_Teach_His_Household_to_Bless_Themselves_in_the_Morning_and_in_the_Evening." class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Morning and Evening Prayers</a> from Luther's Small Catechism.<a href="#cite_note-daily-215">[214]</a> Meals are blessed with the <a href="/wiki/Common_table_prayer" title="Common table prayer">Common table prayer</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms%20145:15–16">Psalm 145:15–16</a>, or other prayers, and after eating the Lord is thanked, for example, with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#136:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 136:1</a>. Luther himself encouraged the use of Psalm verses, such as those already mentioned, along with the Lord's Prayer and another short prayer before and after each meal: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#HOW_THE_HEAD_OF_THE_FAMILY_Should_Teach_His_Household_to_Ask_a_Blessing_and_Return_Thanks." class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Blessing and Thanks at Meals</a> from Luther's Small Catechism.<a href="#cite_note-daily-215">[214]</a> In addition, Lutherans use devotional books, from small <a href="/wiki/Daily_devotional" title="Daily devotional">daily devotionals</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Portals_of_Prayer" title="Portals of Prayer">Portals of Prayer</a>, to large <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviaries</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Evangelisch-Lutherische_Gebetsbruderschaft" title="Evangelisch-Lutherische Gebetsbruderschaft">Breviarium Lipsiensae</a> and Treasury of Daily Prayer. The predominant rite used by Lutheran churches is a Western one based on the <a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a> ("Form of the Mass"), although other Lutheran liturgies are also in use, such as those used in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Rite Lutheranism">Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church" title="Ukrainian Lutheran Church">Ukrainian Lutheran Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HämmerliMayer2016-216">[215]</a> Although Luther's <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a> was completely chanted except for the sermon, this is less common today. In the 1970s, many Lutheran churches began holding <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">contemporary worship</a> services for the purpose of evangelistic outreach. These services were in a variety of styles, depending on the preferences of the congregation. Often they were held alongside a traditional service in order to cater to those who preferred <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">contemporary worship music</a>. Today, a few Lutheran congregations have contemporary worship as their sole form of worship. Outreach is no longer given as the primary motivation; rather this form of worship is seen as more in keeping with the desires of individual congregations.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> In Finland, Lutherans have experimented with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Thomas_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Thomas Mass (page does not exist)">St Thomas Mass</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuomasmessu" class="extiw" title="fi:Tuomasmessu">fi</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Metal_Mass" title="Metal Mass">Metal Mass</a> in which traditional hymns are adapted to heavy metal. Some Laestadians enter a heavily emotional and <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstatic</a> state during worship. The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a>, in its Nairobi Statement on Worship and Culture, recommended every effort be made to bring church services into a more sensitive position with regard to cultural context.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> In 2006, both the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> (ELCA) and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> (LCMS), in cooperation with certain international English speaking church bodies within their respective fellowships, released new hymnals: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Worship" title="Evangelical Lutheran Worship">Evangelical Lutheran Worship</a> (ELCA) and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a> (LCMS). Along with these, the most widely used among English speaking congregations include: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymnary" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary">Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary</a> (1996, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>), The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Book_of_Worship" title="Lutheran Book of Worship">Lutheran Book of Worship</a> (1978, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Council_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Lutheran Council in the United States of America">Lutheran Council in the United States of America</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Worship" title="Lutheran Worship">Lutheran Worship</a> (1982, LCMS), <a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship_Hymnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Worship Hymnal">Christian Worship</a> (1993, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>), and <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="The Lutheran Hymnal">The Lutheran Hymnal</a> (1941, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synodical_Conference_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America">Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a>, the official hymnal is the Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement of 1986, which includes a supplement to the Lutheran Hymnal of 1973, itself a replacement for the Australian Lutheran Hymn Book of 1921. Prior to this time, the two Lutheran church bodies in Australia (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lutheran_Church_of_Australia#Merge_of_UELCA_and_ELCA_into_the_Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="History of the Lutheran Church of Australia">which merged in 1966</a>) used a bewildering variety of hymnals, usually in the German language. Spanish-speaking ELCA churches frequently use Libro de Liturgia y Cántico (1998, Augsburg Fortress) for services and hymns. For a more complete list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination#Lutheran" title="List of English-language hymnals by denomination">List of English language Lutheran hymnals</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions">Missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Missions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narsapurlutheran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Narsapurlutheran.jpg/220px-Narsapurlutheran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Narsapurlutheran.jpg/330px-Narsapurlutheran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Narsapurlutheran.jpg/440px-Narsapurlutheran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Lutheran_Church,_Narsapur" title="Christ Lutheran Church, Narsapur">Christ Lutheran Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> Sizable Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missions</a> arose for the first time during the 19th century. Early missionary attempts during the century after the Reformation did not succeed. However, European traders brought Lutheranism to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> beginning in the 17th century as they settled along the coasts. During the first half of the 19th century, missionary activity in Africa expanded, including preaching by missionaries, translation of the Bible, and education.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Lutheranism came to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India#Arrival_of_Protestant_missions" title="Christianity in India">India</a> beginning with the work of <a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a>, where a community totaling several thousand developed, complete with their own translation of the Bible, catechism, their own hymnal, and system of Lutheran schools. In the 1840s, this church experienced a revival through the work of the Leipzig Mission, including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Graul" title="Karl Graul">Karl Graul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> After German missionaries were expelled in 1914, Lutherans in India became entirely autonomous, yet preserved their Lutheran character. In recent years India has relaxed its anti-religious conversion laws, allowing a resurgence in missionary work. In <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, missions began to serve European immigrants of Lutheran background, both those who spoke German and those who no longer did. These churches in turn began to evangelize those in their areas who were not of European background, including indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> In 1892, the first Lutheran missionaries reached <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan#Opening_of_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a>. Although work began slowly and a major setback occurred during the hardships of <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Lutheranism there has survived and become self-sustaining.<a href="#cite_note-P34-223">[222]</a> After missionaries to China, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_China" title="Lutheran Church of China">Lutheran Church of China</a>, were expelled, they began ministry in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the latter which became a center of Lutheranism in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-P34-223">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea#History" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea">Lutheran Mission in New Guinea</a>, though founded only in 1953, became the largest Lutheran mission in the world in only several decades. Through the work of native lay evangelists, many tribes of diverse languages were reached with the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-P34-223">[222]</a> Today the Lutheran World Federation operates <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Relief" title="Lutheran World Relief">Lutheran World Relief</a>, a relief and development agency active in more than 50 countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg/220px-Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg/330px-Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg/440px-Resurrection_Lutheran_School_Rochester_MN_WELS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Resurrection Lutheran School is a parochial school of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> (WELS) in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> and the fourth-largest private school system in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></figcaption></figure><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism/Preface" class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism/Preface">Catechism instruction</a> is considered foundational in most Lutheran churches. Almost all maintain <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a>, and some host or maintain <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_school" title="Lutheran school">Lutheran schools</a>, at the preschool, elementary, middle, high school, <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">folk high school</a>, or university level. Lifelong study of the catechism is intended for all ages so that the abuses of the pre-Reformation Church will not recur.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Lutheran schools have always been a core aspect of Lutheran mission work, starting with Bartholomew Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Putschasu, who began work in India in year 1706.<a href="#cite_note-ENC3367-226">[225]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Bohemia_and_Austria" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> era in German speaking areas, backstreet Lutheran schools were the main Lutheran institution among <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">crypto-Lutherans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Pastors almost always have substantial theological educations, including <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> so that they can refer to the Christian scriptures in the original language. Pastors usually teach in the common language of the local congregation. In the U.S., some congregations and synods historically taught in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, but retention of immigrant languages has been in significant decline since the early and middle 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_fellowship">Church fellowship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Church fellowship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg/220px-Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg/330px-Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg/440px-Juleum_Helmstedt_Collegium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a> taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helmstedt" title="University of Helmstedt">University of Helmstedt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">Syncretistic controversy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502,_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502%2C_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502%2C_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502%2C_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502%2C_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502%2C_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0109-502%2C_Kirchenwahl.-_Propaganda_der_%22Deutschen_Christen%22_in_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Stormtroopers</a> holding <a href="/wiki/German_Christian_(movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Christian (movement)">German Christian</a> propaganda during church council elections on 23 July 1933 at <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Berlin" title="St. Mary's Church, Berlin">St. Mary's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> after which internal struggles, controversies, reorganization, and splits struck the <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church" title="German Evangelical Church">German Evangelical Church</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a>'s creation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communion3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Communion3.jpg/220px-Communion3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Communion3.jpg/330px-Communion3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Communion3.jpg/440px-Communion3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Lutheran pastor wearing a <a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a> during communion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church,_Norway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church%2C_Norway.JPG/220px-Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church%2C_Norway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church%2C_Norway.JPG/330px-Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church%2C_Norway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church%2C_Norway.JPG/440px-Confirmation_in_Lunder_Church%2C_Norway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Confirmation at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>'s Lunder Church in <a href="/wiki/Ringerike_(municipality)" title="Ringerike (municipality)">Ringerike</a>, Norway in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg/220px-L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg/330px-L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg/440px-L%C3%A6stardianer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Læstadian</a> lay preacher in <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>, Norway in 1898</figcaption></figure> Lutherans were divided about the issue of church fellowship for the first 30 years after Luther's death. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippist</a> party felt that Christians of different beliefs should join in union with each other without completely agreeing on doctrine. Against them stood the <a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a> and the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>. They condemned the Philippist position for <a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">indifferentism</a>, describing it as a "unionistic compromise" of precious Reformation theology. Instead, they held that genuine unity between Christians and real theological peace was only possible with an honest agreement about every subject of doctrinal controversy.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Complete agreement finally came about in 1577, after the death of both Melanchthon and Flacius, when a new generation of theologians resolved the doctrinal controversies on the basis of Scripture in the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a> of 1577.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Although they decried the visible division of Christians on earth, orthodox Lutherans avoided <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> fellowship with other churches, believing that Christians should not, for example, join for the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> or exchange pastors if they do not completely agree about what the Bible teaches. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Calixtus" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgius Calixtus">Georgius Calixtus</a> began a rebellion against this practice, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism#Syncretistic_Controversy" title="Syncretism">Syncretistic Controversy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a> as his main opponent.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> In the 18th century, there was some ecumenical interest between the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a>, Bishop of London, planned for a union of the English and Swedish churches in 1718. The plan failed because most Swedish bishops rejected the Calvinism of the Church of England, although <a href="/wiki/Jesper_Swedberg" title="Jesper Swedberg">Jesper Swedberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gezelius_the_younger" title="Johannes Gezelius the younger">Johannes Gezelius the younger</a>, bishops of Skara, Sweden and Turku, Finland, were in favor.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> With the encouragement of Swedberg, church fellowship was established between Swedish Lutherans and Anglicans in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a>. Over the course of the 1700s and the early 1800s, Swedish Lutherans were absorbed into Anglican churches, with the last original Swedish congregation completing merger into the Episcopal Church in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Simon_Schmucker" title="Samuel Simon Schmucker">Samuel Simon Schmucker</a> attempted to lead the <a href="/wiki/General_Synod_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Synod (Lutheran)">Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States</a> toward unification with other American Protestants. His attempt to get the synod to reject the Augsburg Confession in favor of his compromising Definite Platform failed. Instead, it sparked a Neo-Lutheran revival, prompting many to form the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council (Lutheran)">General Council</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">Charles Porterfield Krauth</a>. Their alternative approach was "Lutheran pulpits for Lutheran ministers only and Lutheran altars...for Lutheran communicants only."<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Beginning in 1867, confessional and liberal minded Lutherans in Germany joined to form the Common Evangelical Lutheran Conference against the ever looming prospect of a state-mandated union with the Reformed.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch185-234">[233]</a> However, they failed to reach consensus on the degree of shared doctrine necessary for church union.<a href="#cite_note-Gritsch184-40">[39]</a> Eventually, the fascist <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a> movement pushed the final national merger of Lutheran, <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">Union</a>, and Reformed church bodies into a single <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Reich Church</a> in 1933, doing away with the previous umbrella <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Evangelical Church Confederation">German Evangelical Church Confederation</a> (DEK). As part of <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> the Reich Church was formally done away with in 1945, and certain clergy were removed from their positions. However, the merger between the Lutheran, United, and Reformed state churches was retained under the name <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD). In 1948 the Lutheran church bodies within the EKD founded the <a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Germany" title="United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany">United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany</a> (VELKD), but it has since been reduced from being an independent legal entity to an administrative unit within the EKD. Lutherans are currently divided over how to interact with other Christian denominations. Some Lutherans assert that everyone must share the "whole counsel of God" (Acts 20:27) in complete unity (1 Cor. 1:10)<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> before pastors can share each other's pulpits, and before communicants commune at each other's altars, a practice termed <a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">closed (or close) communion</a>. On the other hand, other Lutherans practice varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Open_communion" title="Open communion">open communion</a> and allow preachers from other Christian denominations in their pulpits. While not an issue in the majority of Lutheran church bodies, some of them forbid membership in <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>. Partly, this is because the lodge is viewed as spreading <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, as the Brief Statement of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">LCMS</a> reads, "Hence we warn against Unitarianism, which in our country has to a great extent impenetrated the sects and is being spread particularly also through the influence of the lodges."<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> A 1958 report from the publishing house of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> states that, "Masonry is guilty of idolatry. Its worship and prayers are idol worship. The Masons may not with their hands have made an idol out of gold, silver, wood or stone, but they created one with their own mind and reason out of purely human thoughts and ideas. The latter is an idol no less than the former."<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> The largest organization of Lutheran churches around the world are the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> (LWF), the <a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a> (ILC), and the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference</a> (CELC). These organizations together account for the great majority of Lutheran denominations. The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">LCMS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Canada">Lutheran Church–Canada</a> are members of the ILC. The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">WELS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synod">ELS</a> are members of the CELC. Many Lutheran churches are not affiliated with the LWF, the ILC or the CELC: The congregations of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Confession" title="Church of the Lutheran Confession">Church of the Lutheran Confession</a> (CLC) are affiliated with their mission organizations in Canada, India, Nepal, Myanmar, and many African nations; and those affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lutheran Brethren">Church of the Lutheran Brethren</a> are especially active doing mission work in Africa and East Asia. The Lutheran World Federation-aligned churches do not believe that one church is singularly true in its teachings. According to this belief, Lutheranism is a reform movement rather than a movement into doctrinal correctness. As part of this, in 1999 the LWF and the Roman Catholic Church jointly issued a statement, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a>, that stated that the LWF and the Catholics both agreed about certain basics of Justification and lifted certain Catholic <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathemas</a> formerly applying to the LWF member churches.The LCMS has participated in most of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran-Roman_Catholic_dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue">official dialogues with the Roman Catholic Church</a> since shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, though not the one which produced the Joint Declaration and to which they were not invited. While some Lutheran theologians saw the Joint Declaration as a sign that the Catholics were essentially adopting the Lutheran position, other Lutheran theologians disagreed, claiming that, considering the public documentation of the Catholic position, this assertion does not hold up.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Besides their intra-Lutheran arrangements, some member churches of the LWF have also declared full communion with non-Lutheran Protestant churches. The <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a> is a communion of episcopally led Lutheran and Anglican churches in Europe. Beside its membership in the Porvoo Communion, Church of Sweden also has declared full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The state Protestant churches in Germany many other European countries have signed the Leuenberg Agreement to form the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Protestant Churches in Europe">Community of Protestant Churches in Europe</a>. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America has been involved in ecumenical dialogues with several denominations. The ELCA has declared <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with multiple American Protestant churches.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> Although on paper the LWF churches have all declared have full communion with each other, in practice some churches within the LWF have renounced ties with specific other churches.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> One development in this ongoing schism is the <a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum</a>, which consists of churches and church related organizations tracing their heritage back to mainline American Lutheranism in North America, European state churches, as well as certain African churches. As of 2019, the Forum is not a full communion organization. Similar in this structure is the <a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a>, where issues of communion are left to the individual denominations. Not all ILC churches have declared church-fellowship with each other. In contrast, mutual church-fellowship is part of the CELC member churches, and unlike in the LWF, this is not contradicted by individual statements from any particular member church body. <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadians</a> within certain European state churches maintain close ties to other Laestadians, often called Apostolic Lutherans. Altogether, Laestadians are found in 23 countries across five continents, but there is no single organization which represents them. Laestadians operate <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Peace" title="Association of Peace">Peace Associations</a> to coordinate their churchly efforts. Nearly all are located in Europe, although they there are 15 combined in North America, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, and Kenya. By contrast, the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference and International Lutheran Council as well as some unaffiliated denominations such as the Church of the Lutheran Confession and North American Laestadians maintain that the orthodox confessional Lutheran churches are the only churches with completely correct doctrine. They teach that while other Christian churches teach partially orthodox doctrine and have true Christians as members, the doctrines of those churches contain significant errors. More conservative Lutherans strive to maintain historical distinctiveness while emphasizing doctrinal purity alongside Gospel-motivated outreach. They claim that LWF Lutherans are practicing "fake ecumenism" by desiring church fellowship outside of actual unity of teaching.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Although not an "ecumenical" movement in the formal sense, in the 1990s influences from the <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurches</a> of American evangelicalism have become somewhat common. Many of the largest Lutheran congregations in the United States have been heavily influenced by these "progressive Evangelicals". These influences are sharply criticized by some Lutherans as being foreign to orthodox Lutheran beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polity">Polity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Polity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Vaterunser_2_Lucas_Cranach_d_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Das_Vaterunser_2_Lucas_Cranach_d_A.jpg/220px-Das_Vaterunser_2_Lucas_Cranach_d_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Das_Vaterunser_2_Lucas_Cranach_d_A.jpg/330px-Das_Vaterunser_2_Lucas_Cranach_d_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Das_Vaterunser_2_Lucas_Cranach_d_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Hallowed be Thy Name by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> illustrates a Lutheran pastor preaching Christ crucified. During the Reformation and afterwards, many churches did not have pews, so people would stand or sit on the floor. The elderly might be given a chair or stool.</figcaption></figure> Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">polity</a> varies depending on influences. Although <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_XIV:_Of_Ecclesiastical_Order." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">Article XIV</a> of the Augsburg Confession mandates that one must be "properly called" to preach or administer the Sacraments, some Lutherans have a broad view of on what constitutes this and thus allow lay preaching or students still studying to be pastors someday to consecrate the Lord's Supper.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Despite considerable diversity, Lutheran polity trends in a geographically predictable manner in Europe, with episcopal governance to the north and east but blended and consistorial-presbyterian type synodical governance in Germany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Scandinavia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg/220px-%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg/330px-%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg/440px-%C3%84rkebiskopsvigning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a> is ordained as archbishop of the Church of Sweden in 1914. Although Swedish Lutherans boast of an unbroken line of ordinations going back prior to the Reformation, the <a href="/wiki/Pope#Official_list_of_titles" title="Pope">bishops of Rome</a> do not recognize such ordinations as valid.</figcaption></figure> To the north in Scandinavia, the population was more insulated from the influence and politics of the Reformation and thus the Church of Sweden (which at the time included Finland) retained the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession#Lutheran_claims_to_apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> although they did not consider it essential for valid sacraments as the <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a> did in the fourth and fifth centuries and the Roman Catholics do today. Recently, the Swedish succession was introduced into all of the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a> churches, all of which have an episcopal polity. Although the Lutheran churches did not require this or change their doctrine, this was important in order for more strictly high church Anglican individuals to feel comfortable recognizing their sacraments as valid. The occasional ordination of a bishop by a priest was not necessarily considered an invalid ordination in the Middle Ages, so the alleged break in the line of succession in the other Nordic Churches would have been considered a violation of canon law rather than an invalid ordination at the time. Moreover, there are no consistent records detailing pre-Reformation ordinations prior to the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> In the far north of the Scandinavian peninsula are the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people#Laestadius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi people</a>, some of which practice a form of Lutheranism called Apostolic Lutheranism, or <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a> due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a>. However, others are <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Orthodox in religion</a>. Some Apostolic Lutherans consider their movement as part of an <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism#"Unbroken_line_of_living_Christianity"" title="Laestadianism">unbroken line down from the Apostles</a>. In areas where Apostolic Lutherans have their own bishops apart from other Lutheran church organizations, the bishops wield more practical authority than Lutheran clergy typically do. In Russia, Laestadians of Lutheran background cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Ingria" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria">Ingrian</a> church, but since Laestadianism is an interdenominational movement, some are Eastern Orthodox. Eastern Orthodox Laestadians are known as <a href="/wiki/Ushkovayzet" title="Ushkovayzet">Ushkovayzet</a> (article is in Russian).<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Europe_and_Asian_Russia">Eastern Europe and Asian Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe and Asian Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg/220px-Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg/330px-Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg/440px-Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="3241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul" title="Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul">Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> Although historically Pietism had a significant influence on the understanding of the ministry among Lutherans in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[b]</a> today nearly all <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> Lutherans are influenced by Eastern Orthodox polity. In their culture, giving a high degree of respect and authority to their bishops is necessary for their faith to be seen as legitimate and not sectarian.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, lines of succession between bishops and the canonical authority between their present-day hierarchy is also carefully maintained in order to legitimize the existing Lutheran churches as present day successors of the former Lutheran Church of the Russian Empire originally authorized by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. This allows for the post-Soviet repatriation of Lutheran church buildings to local congregations on the basis of this historical connection.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KirchenordnungSHA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KirchenordnungSHA.jpg/220px-KirchenordnungSHA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/KirchenordnungSHA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a> Church Order in 1543</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, several dynamics encouraged Lutherans to maintain a different form of polity. First, due to de facto practice during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a> the subsequent legal principal of <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a> in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, German states were officially either Catholic or "Evangelical" (that is, Lutheran under the Augsburg Confession). In some areas both Catholic and Lutheran churches were permitted to co-exist. Because German-speaking Catholic areas were nearby, Catholic-leaning Christians were able to emigrate and there was less of an issue with Catholics choosing to live as "<a href="/wiki/Crypto-papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-papist">crypto-papists</a>" in Lutheran areas. Although Reformed-leaning Christians were not allowed to have churches, Melancthon wrote <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Augsburg Confession Variata</a> which some used to claim legal protection as "Evangelical" churches. Many chose to live as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Calvinists">crypto-Calvinists</a> either with or without the protection offered by the Variata, but this did not make their influence go away, and as a result the Protestant church in Germany as of 2017 was only about ≈40% Lutheran, with most of the rest being United Protestant, a combination of Lutheran and Reformed beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-EKD18-249">[247]</a> In terms of polity, over the 17th and 18th centuries the carefully negotiated and highly prescriptive <a href="/wiki/Church_Order_(Lutheran)" title="Church Order (Lutheran)">church orders</a> of the Reformation era gave way to a joint cooperation between state control and a Reformed-style blend of consistorial and presbyterian type synodical governance. Just as negotiations over the details in the church orders involved the laity, so did the new synodical governance. Synodical governance had already been practiced in the Reformed Netherlands prior to its adoption by Lutherans. During the formation of the modern German state, ideas about the nature of authority and the best design for governments and organizations came from the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Hegel</a>, further modifying the polity. When the monarchy and the sovereign governance of the church were ended in 1918, the synods took over the governance of the state churches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Hemisphere_and_Australia">Western Hemisphere and Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Western Hemisphere and Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg/220px-Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg/330px-Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg/440px-Ministerium_Hymnal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Pennsylvania Ministerium published this hymnal in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg/220px-Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg/330px-Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg/440px-Lighthouse_Lutheran_Church_in_Freedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Lighthouse Lutheran Church, an LCMC congregation in <a href="/wiki/Freedom,_Pennsylvania" title="Freedom, Pennsylvania">Freedom, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> During the period of the emigration, Lutherans took their existing ideas about polity with them across the ocean,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> though with the exception of the early Swedish Lutherans immigrants of the New Sweden colony who accepted the rule of the Anglican bishops and became part of the established church, they now had to fund churches on their own. This increased the congregationalist dynamic in the blended consistorial and presbyterian type synodical governance. The first organized church body of Lutherans in America was the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Ministerium" title="Pennsylvania Ministerium">Pennsylvania Ministerium</a>, which used Reformed style synodical governance over the 18th and 19th centuries. Their contribution to the development of polity was that smaller synods could in turn form a larger body, also with synodical governance, but without losing their lower level of governance. As a result, the smaller synods gained unprecedented flexibility to join, leave, merge, or stay separate, all without the hand of the state as had been the case in Europe. During their 19th-century persecution, Old Lutheran, defined as scholastic and orthodox believers, were left in a conundrum. Resistance to authority was traditionally considered disobedience, but, under the circumstances, upholding orthodox doctrine and historical practice was considered by the government disobedience. However, the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_magistrate" title="Lesser magistrate">lesser magistrate</a> allowed clergy to legitimately resist the state and even leave. Illegal free churches were set up in Germany and mass emigration occurred. For decades the new churches were mostly dependent on the free churches to send them new ministerial candidates for ordination. These new church bodies also employed synodical governance, but tended to exclude Hegelianism in their constitutions, due to its incompatibility with the doctrine of the lesser magistrates. In contrast to Hegelianism where authority flows in from all levels, Kantianism presents authority proceeding only from the top down, hence the need for a lesser magistrate to become the new top magistrate. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, some Lutheran bodies have adopted a more congregationalist approach, such as the <a href="/wiki/Protes%27tant_Conference" title="Protes'tant Conference">Protes'tant Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Congregations_in_Mission_for_Christ" title="Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ">Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ</a>, or LCMC. The LCMC formed due to a church split after the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America signed an <a href="/wiki/Called_to_Common_Mission" title="Called to Common Mission">agreement</a> with the Episcopal Church to start ordaining all of their new bishops into the Episcopalian apostolic succession. In other words, this meant that new ELCA bishops, at least at first, would be jointly ordained by Anglican bishops as well as Lutheran bishops so that the more strict Episcopalians (i.e., Anglo-Catholics) would recognize their sacraments as valid. This was offensive to some in the ELCA at the time because of the implications this practice would have on the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther#Universal_priesthood_of_the_baptized" title="Theology of Martin Luther">priesthood of all believers</a> and the nature of ordination. Some Lutheran churches permit dual-rostering.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> Situations like this one where a church or church body belongs to multiple larger organizations that do not have ties are termed "triangular fellowship". Another variant is independent Lutheran churches, although for some independent churches the clergy are members of a larger denomination. In other cases, a congregation may belong to a synod, but the pastor may be unaffiliated. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church of Australia,<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> the Wisconsin Synod, the Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Church of the Lutheran Confession, and the Missouri Synod, teachers at parochial schools are considered to be ministers of religion, with the latter defending this before the <a href="/wiki/Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Supreme Court in 2012</a>. However, differences remain in the precise status of their teachers.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Throughout_the_world">Throughout the world</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Throughout the world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism_by_region" title="Lutheranism by region">Lutheranism by region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Protestantism by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen,_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen%2C_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_%281%29.jpg/220px-HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen%2C_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen%2C_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_%281%29.jpg/330px-HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen%2C_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen%2C_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_%281%29.jpg/440px-HKBP_DR._I.L._Nommensen%2C_Res._Nommensen_Sigumpar_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The building of a congregation in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Batak_Christian_Protestant_Church" title="Batak Christian Protestant Church">Batak Christian Protestant Church</a>, which is a merged denomination that includes a Lutheran element</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg/220px-2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg/330px-2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg/440px-2010-08_Ramallah_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hope_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hope Evangelical Lutheran Church (page does not exist)">Hope Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:كنيسة الرجاء الإنجيلية اللوثرية">ar</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Ramallah,_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramallah, Palestine">Ramallah, Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg/220px-HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg/330px-HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg/440px-HK_Pui_Tak_Street_Faith_Lutheran_School_1_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Faith Lutheran School in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> Lutheran churches currently have millions of members, and are present on all populated continents.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> estimates the total membership of its churches over 77 million.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> This figure miscounts Lutherans worldwide as not all Lutheran churches belong to this organization, and many members of merged LWF church bodies do not self-identify as Lutheran or attend congregations that self-identify as Lutheran.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Lutheran churches in North America, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean regions are experiencing decreases and no growth in membership, while those in Africa and Asia continue to grow. Lutheranism is the largest religious group in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Lutheranism is also the dominant form of Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Apache Indian Reservation">White Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation">San Carlos Apache nations</a>. In addition, Lutheranism is a main Protestant denomination in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (behind <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">United Protestant</a> (Lutheran & <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a>) churches; <a href="/wiki/EKD_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="EKD Protestants">EKD Protestants</a> form about 24.3% of the country's total population),<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Although some convents and monasteries voluntarily closed during the Reformation, and many of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Stift#Endowment_for_unmarried_Protestant_women" title="Stift">damenstift</a> were shuttered by communist authorities following World War II, the Lüne abbeys are still open. Nearly all active Lutheran orders are located in Europe. Although <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a> is the only country outside Europe to have a Lutheran majority, there are sizable Lutheran bodies in other African countries. In the following African countries, the total number of Lutherans exceeds 100,000: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic#Religion" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya#Christianity" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi#Religion" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">Ethiopia</a>, Tanzania, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. In addition, the following nations also have sizable Lutheran populations: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada#Major_denominational_families" title="Christianity in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_France#Lutherans" title="Protestantism in France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic#Protestantism" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary#Christianity" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India#German_Lutherans_and_Basel_mission" title="Christianity in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia#Lutheran_denominations" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands#Protestantism" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (as a synod within the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church of the Netherlands">PKN</a> and two strictly Lutheran denominations), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_South_Africa" title="Protestantism in South Africa">South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom#Christianity" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States#Lutheranism" title="Protestantism in the United States">United States</a>, especially in the heavily German and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Americans">Scandinavian</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Lutheranism is also a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. Lutheranism was also the state church in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, but its status in Norway and Sweden was changed to that of a <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a> in 2017 and 2000 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Lutheran_Confession_in_Brazil" title="Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil">Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil</a> (Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil) is the largest Lutheran denomination in Brazil. It is a member of the Lutheran World Federation, which it joined in 1952. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Council_of_Churches" title="Latin American Council of Churches">Latin American Council of Churches</a>, the National Council of Christian Churches and the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. The denomination has 1.02 million adherents and 643,693 registered members. The church ordains women as ministers. In 2011, the denomination released a pastoral letter supporting and accepting the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Brazil">Supreme Court</a>'s decision to allow same-sex marriage. The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Brazil" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil</a> (Portuguese: Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil, IELB) is a Lutheran church founded in 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, a southern state in Brazil. The IELB is a conservative, confessional Lutheran synod which holds to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>. It started as a mission of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> and operated as the Brazilian District of that body. The IELB became an independent church body in 1980. It has about 243,093 members. The IELB is a member of the International Lutheran Council. The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> (WELS) started a Brazilian mission, the first for WELS in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, in the early 1980s. Its first work was done in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, in the south of Brazil, alongside some small independent Lutheran churches which had asked for help from WELS. Today, the Brazilian WELS Lutheran Churches are self-supporting and an independent mission partner of the Latin America WELS missions team. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> This map shows where countries with over 25,000 members of the Lutheran World Federation were located in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-The_Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[c]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lutheran World Federation membership by country in 2019.   More than 10 million   5 million to 10 million   1 million to 5 million   500 thousand to 1 million   100 thousand to 500 thousand   25 thousand to 100 thousand :adata for China is explicitly for the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. bArgentina's LWF member churches include member congregations in Paraguay and Uruguay."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg/800px-Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg/1200px-Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg/1600px-Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="403" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures.svg" title="File:Lutheran World Federation Membership Figures.svg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> membership by country in 2019. <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  More than 10 million <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  5 million to 10 million <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  1 million to 5 million <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  500 thousand to 1 million <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  100 thousand to 500 thousand <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  25 thousand to 100 thousand <dl><dd>adata for China is explicitly for the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. bArgentina's LWF member churches include member congregations in Paraguay and Uruguay.</dd></dl> </div></div></div></div> This map shows where members of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference were located in 2013: <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:World-Microstates.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Countries with a member of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference as of 2013"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-Microstates.png/800px-World-Microstates.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-Microstates.png/1200px-World-Microstates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/World-Microstates.png/1600px-World-Microstates.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1027" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:World-Microstates.png" title="File:World-Microstates.png"> </a></div>Countries with a member of the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference</a> as of 2013</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_churches" title="List of Lutheran churches">List of Lutheran churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_clergy" title="List of Lutheran clergy">List of Lutheran clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_colleges_and_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lutheran colleges and universities">List of Lutheran colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">List of Lutheran denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations_in_North_America" title="List of Lutheran denominations in North America">List of Lutheran denominations in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_dioceses_and_archdioceses" title="List of Lutheran dioceses and archdioceses">List of Lutheran dioceses and archdioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_schools_in_Australia" title="List of Lutheran schools in Australia">List of Lutheran schools in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_orders" title="Template:Lutheran orders">Lutheran orders</a> (both loose social organizations and physical communities such as convents)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/Material_and_formal_principles_in_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Material and formal principles in theology">material and formal principles in theology</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Wust (page does not exist)">Edward Wust</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Вюст, Эдуард">ru</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wustism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wustism (page does not exist)">Wustism</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Вюстизм">ru</a>] in the Russian Wikipedia for more on this. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> This map undercounts several countries, notably the United States. The LWF does not include the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> and several other Lutheran bodies which together have over 2.5 million members </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarkkola2015" class="citation journal cs1">Markkola, P (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fperc-2015-0007">"The Long History of Lutheranism in Scandinavia. From State Religion to the People's Church"</a>. Perichoresis. 13 (2): 3–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fperc-2015-0007">10.1515/perc-2015-0007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perichoresis&rft.atitle=The+Long+History+of+Lutheranism+in+Scandinavia.+From+State+Religion+to+the+People%27s+Church&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-15&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fperc-2015-0007&rft.aulast=Markkola&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fperc-2015-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENC3-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENC3_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENC3_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENC3_2-2">c</a> Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003. p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, Fourth Session, Decree on Sacred Scripture (Denzinger 783 [1501]; Schaff 2:79–81). For a history of the discussion of various interpretations of the Tridentine decree, see Selby, Matthew L., The Relationship Between Scripture and Tradition according to the Council of Trent, unpublished Master's thesis, University of St Thomas, July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber1992" class="citation web cs1">Webber, David Jay (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blc.edu/comm/gargy/gargy1/liturgical_church.html">"Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bethany_Lutheran_College" title="Bethany Lutheran College">Bethany Lutheran College</a>. Retrieved 18 September 2018. <q>In the Byzantine world, however, this pattern of worship would not be informed by the liturgical history of the Latin church, as with the Reformation-era church orders, but by the liturgical history of the Byzantine church. (This was in fact what occurred with the Ukrainian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, which published in its 1933 Ukrainian Evangelical Service Book the first ever Lutheran liturgical order derived from the historic Eastern Rite.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+the+Lutheran+Church+a+Liturgical+Church%3F&rft.pub=Bethany+Lutheran+College&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=David+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blc.edu%2Fcomm%2Fgargy%2Fgargy1%2Fliturgical_church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OOE796-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OOE796_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OOE796_6-1">b</a> Espín, Orlando O. and Nickoloff, James B. An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, p. 796. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118164526/http://www.bethanylutheranvv.org/lutherans_started.html">"Bethany Lutheran Ministries – Home"</a>. Bethany Lutheran Ministries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethanylutheranvv.org/lutherans_started.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bethany+Lutheran+Ministries&rft.atitle=Bethany+Lutheran+Ministries+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethanylutheranvv.org%2Flutherans_started.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502220318/http://www.biblehistory.com/Lutheran.html">Lutherans</a>, Biblehistory.com </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> MSN Encarta, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561935/Lutheranism.html">Lutheranism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131191959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561935/Lutheranism.html">Archived</a> 31 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Forell" title="George Forell">George Wolfgang Forell</a>; Christian Cyclopedia, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=r&word=REFORMATION.LUTHERAN">Reformation, Lutheran</a>" by Lueker, E. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029103835/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561935/Lutheranism.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31. Lutherans believe that the Roman Catholic Church is <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church#cite_ref-47" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">not the same as the original Christian church</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istorijai.lt/kulturiniai-ir-tikybiniai-santykiai-xvi-amziuje/">Kultūriniai ir tikybiniai santykiai XVI amžiuje [The cultural and religious relations in the 16th century]</a>(in Lithuanian). Istorijai.lt. Original archived on 5 August 2018. Retrieved on 4 April 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parodos.mab.lt/2018-02/reformacijos-pradzia-lietuvoje/liuteronybe-mazojoje-lietuvoje/">Liuteronybė Mažojoje Lietuvoje [Lutheranism in Minor Lithuania]</a> (in Lithuanian). Reformacijai – 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Vyšniauskienė, M. (31 October 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bernardinai.lt/2015-01-22-mindaugas-sabutis-jei-ne-liuteronai-turbut-siandien-lietuviskai-nekalbetume/">Mindaugas Sabutis. Jei ne liuteronai, turbūt šiandien lietuviškai nekalbėtume [If not for Lutherans, we probably wouldn't be speaking in Lithuanian today]</a> (in Lithuanian). <a href="/wiki/Bernardinai.lt" title="Bernardinai.lt">Bernardinai.lt</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohmann1836" class="citation book cs1">Rohmann, J. L (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29k9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195">Historisk fremstilling af reformationens indførelse i Danmark</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historisk+fremstilling+af+reformationens+indf%C3%B8relse+i+Danmark&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Rohmann&rft.aufirst=J.+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29k9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-12-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-12_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-12_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-12_14-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/12.html">Chapter 12: The Reformation In Germany And Scandinavia</a>, Renaissance and Reformation by William Gilbert. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohmann1836" class="citation book cs1">Rohmann, J. L (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29k9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195">Historisk fremstilling af reformationens indførelse i Danmark</a>. Kjobenhavn. p. 195. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historisk+fremstilling+af+reformationens+indf%C3%B8relse+i+Danmark&rft.place=Kjobenhavn&rft.pages=195&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Rohmann&rft.aufirst=J.+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29k9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Rohmann1836" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Rohmann (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29k9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA202">Historisk fremstilling af reformationens indførelse i Danmark</a>. Kjobenhavn. p. 202. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historisk+fremstilling+af+reformationens+indf%C3%B8relse+i+Danmark&rft.place=Kjobenhavn&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1836&rft.au=J.+L.+Rohmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29k9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohmann1836" class="citation book cs1">Rohmann, J. L (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29k9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195">Historisk fremstilling af reformationens indførelse i Danmark</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historisk+fremstilling+af+reformationens+indf%C3%B8relse+i+Danmark&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Rohmann&rft.aufirst=J.+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29k9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=72723">"Danmarks og Norges Kirke-Ritual (Kirkeritualet)"</a>. retsinformation.dk. 25 July 1685. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danmarks+og+Norges+Kirke-Ritual+%28Kirkeritualet%29&rft.pub=retsinformation.dk&rft.date=1685-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.retsinformation.dk%2FForms%2FR0710.aspx%3Fid%3D72723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2004" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rxt3f6fbHGgC&pg=PA416">A Dictionary of the Bible</a>. The Minerva Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410217301" title="Special:BookSources/9781410217301"><bdi>9781410217301</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=The+Minerva+Group&rft.date=2004-10&rft.isbn=9781410217301&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxt3f6fbHGgC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html">"Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> N.F. Lutheran Cyclopedia, article, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ErAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA528">Upsala, Diet of</a>", New York: Schrivner, 1899. pp. 528–529. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Lutheran Cyclopedia, article, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5">Agricola, Michael</a>", New York: Schrivner, 1899. p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Fuerbringer, L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp">Concordia Cyclopedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">Concordia Publishing House</a>. 1927. p. 425 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This photograph is of a replica of the original Hundskirche stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oACQQTZugRgC&pg=PA363">Zeitschrift für Oesterreichische Volkskunde</a>, (Google Books) by Theodor Vernaleken, 1896 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=L&word=LUTHERANTHEOLOGYAFTER1580">Lutheran Theology after 1580</a> article in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cyclopedia" title="Christian Cyclopedia">Christian Cyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC426-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC426_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC426_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC426_26-2">c</a> Fuerbringer, L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp">Concordia Cyclopedia</a> Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Kleinig, Vernon P. "Confessional Lutheranism in Eighteenth-Century Germany." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/kleinigconfessionallutheranism.pdf">Concordia Theological Quarterly 60(1–2)</a> Jan–April 1996: Part I, Valentin Ernst Loescher p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Kleinig, Vernon P. "Confessional Lutheranism in Eighteenth-Century Germany." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/kleinigconfessionallutheranism.pdf">Concordia Theological Quarterly 60(1–2)</a> Jan–April 1996: Part II, Melchior Goeze pp. 109–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Rietschel, William C. An Introduction to the Foundations of Lutheran Education. St. Louis: Concordia, 2000. p. 25 (Although this reference specifically mentions Saxony, government promoted rationalism was a trend across Germany) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110723/http://www.stolaf.edu/people/lund/Research.htm">"Untitled Document"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolaf.edu/people/lund/Research.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untitled+Document&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolaf.edu%2Fpeople%2Flund%2FResearch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch180-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch180_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch180_31-1">b</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA180">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Armin_Sierszyn_p._155-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armin_Sierszyn_p._155_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armin_Sierszyn_p._155_32-1">b</a> Armin Sierszyn: 2000 Jahre Kirchengeschichte, Book.4, Die Neuzeit, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-Suelflow,_Roy_A._1967._p._10-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suelflow,_Roy_A._1967._p._10_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suelflow,_Roy_A._1967._p._10_33-1">b</a> Suelflow, Roy A. Walking With Wise Men. Milwaukee: <a href="/wiki/South_Wisconsin_District_(LCMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wisconsin District (LCMS)">South Wisconsin District (LCMS)</a>, 1967. p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Latourette_p.165-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latourette_p.165_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latourette_p.165_34-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette" title="Kenneth Scott Latourette">Latourette, Kenneth Scott</a>. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, Volume II, The Nineteenth Century in Europe. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch182-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch182_35-0">^</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA182">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch183-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch183_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch183_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch183_36-2">c</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA183">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QszAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22usually+referred+to+as+the+%27Johnsonian+awakening%27%22&pg=PA22">Building God's Kingdom: Norwegian Missionaries in Highland Madagascar 1866–1903</a> by Karina Hestad Skeie, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Benton (senator)">Benton, William</a>, ed. (1974). "Lutheran Churches". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7"><bdi>978-0-85229-290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lutheran+Churches&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-290-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=b&word=BRUNN.FRIEDRICHAUGUST">Christian Cyclopedia article on Brünn</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch184-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch184_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch184_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch184_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch184_40-3">d</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA184">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch187-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch187_41-0">^</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA187">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-KSL21-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSL21_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSL21_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSL21_42-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette" title="Kenneth Scott Latourette">Latourette, Kenneth Scott</a>. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, Volume II, The Nineteenth Century in Europe. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1959, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498536/Repristination-Theology">"Repristination Theology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Repristination+Theology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F498536%2FRepristination-Theology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSL22-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSL22_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSL22_44-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette" title="Kenneth Scott Latourette">Latourette, Kenneth Scott</a>. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, Volume II, The Nineteenth Century in Europe. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-HJN175-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HJN175_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HJN175_45-1">b</a> Nichols, James Hastings. History of Christianity 1650–1950: Secularization of the West. New York, Ronald Press, 1956, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Gassmann, Günther, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA32">Historical dictionary of Lutheranism</a>. Augsburg Fortress, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2001. p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch188-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch188_47-0">^</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA188">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Detzler, Wayne A. The Changing Church in Europe. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979. p. 17. Quotation from Manfred Kober, Theology in Germany, from the Reformation Review, April 1969. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> For the traditional Lutheran view of the Bible, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 3ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=3ff&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">. For an overview of the doctrine of verbal inspiration in Lutheranism, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=i&word=INSPIRATION.DOCTRINEOF">Inspiration, Doctrine of</a> in the Christian Cyclopedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 7ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=7ff&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n58">29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Braaten, Carl E. (1983). Principles of Lutheran Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Preus, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McgOAAAAIAAJ">The Inspiration of Scripture: A Study of the Theology of the 17th Century Lutheran Dogmaticians</a>. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1957. p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Benton (senator)">Benton, William</a>, ed. (1978). "Lutheran Churches". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 197–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7"><bdi>978-0-85229-290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lutheran+Churches&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=197-98&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-290-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Beliefs and Practices, Diverse and Politically Relevant. Washington D.C.: Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. June 2008. p. 127. Accessed online on 27 September 2009 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n55">26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "God's Word, or Holy Scripture" from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/defense_2_originalsin.php">Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article II, of Original Sin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022004920/https://bookofconcord.org/defense_2_originalsin.php">Archived</a> 22 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "the Scripture of the Holy Ghost." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/defense_greeting.php">Apology to the Augsburg Confession, Preface, 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031090229/http://bookofconcord.org/defense_greeting.php">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228130027/http://www.bookofconcord.org/sd-ruleandnorm.php">"The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/sd-ruleandnorm.php">the original</a> on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Solid+Declaration+of+the+Formula+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Fsd-ruleandnorm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engelder_1934_27-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engelder_1934_27_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engelder_1934_27_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n56">27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+19:8&version=50">Psalm 19:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+119:105&version=50">Psalm 119:105</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+119:130&version=50">Psalm 119:130</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Timothy+3:15&version=50">2 Timothy 3:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+30:11&version=50">Deuteronomy 30:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Peter%201:19">2 Peter 1:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ephesians%203:3–4">Ephesians 3:3–4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%208:31–32">John 8:31–32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%204:3–4">2 Corinthians 4:3–4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%208:43–47">John 8:43–47</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Peter%203:15–16">2 Peter 3:15–16</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n58">29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+1:16&version=50">Romans 1:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Thessalonians+2:13&version=50">1 Thessalonians 2:13</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n56">27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+1:16&version=50">Romans 1:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Thessalonians+1:5&version=50">1 Thessalonians 1:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+119:105&version=50">Psalm 119:105</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Peter+1:19&version=50">2 Peter 1:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%201:16–17">2 Timothy 1:16–17</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+3:3–4&version=50">Ephesians 3:3–4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:63">John 6:63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%201:3">Revelation 1:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ephesians%203:3–4">Ephesians 3:3–4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%207:17">John 7:17</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712193848/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731111923/http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession">"Smalcald Articles – Book of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession">the original</a> on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smalcald+Articles+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Fsmalcald.php%23confession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%203:15–17">2 Timothy 3:15–17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:39">John 5:39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2017:20">John 17:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms%2019:7–8">Psalm 19:7–8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+8:20&version=50">Isaiah 8:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+16:29–31&version=50">Luke 16:29–31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%203:16–17">2 Timothy 3:16–17</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807135035/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/bibliology.txt">the original</a> on 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fbibliology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n57">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118113812/http://www.bookofconcord.com/defense_4_justification.php">"Defense of the Augsburg Confession – Book of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/defense_4_justification.php">the original</a> on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defense+of+the+Augsburg+Confession+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.com%2Fdefense_4_justification.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Walther, C. F. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutherantheology.com/uploads/works/walther/LG/index.html">The Proper Distinction Between Law and Gospel</a>. W. H. T. Dau, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1929. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> F.E. Mayer, The Religious Bodies of America. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1954, p. 184. For further information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/node/491">The Formula of Concord in the History of Swedish Lutheranism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707192443/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/491">Archived</a> 7 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Seth Erlandsson </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1999-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Olson1999_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutheranworld.org/sites/default/files/1993-Lutheran_Orthodox_Dialogue-EN.pdf">The Ecumenical Councils and Authority in and of the Church</a> (PDF). The Lutheran World Federation. 10 July 1993. <q>The seven ecumenical councils of the early Church were assemblies of the bishops of the Church from all parts of the Roman Empire to clarify and express the apostolic faith. These councils are Nicaea (325 AD), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), Constantinople II (553), Constantinople III (680/81), and Nicaea II (787)... As Lutherans and Orthodox we affirm that the teachings of the ecumenical councils are authoritative for our churches ... The Seventh Ecumenical Council, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which rejected iconoclasm and restored the veneration of icons in the churches, was not part of the tradition received by the Reformation. Lutherans, however, rejected the iconoclasm of the 16th century, and affirmed the distinction between adoration due to the Triune God alone and all other forms of veneration (CA 21). Through historical research this council has become better known. Nevertheless it does not have the same significance for Lutherans as it does for the Orthodox. Yet, Lutherans and Orthodox are in agreement that the Second Council of Nicaea confirms the christological teaching of the earlier councils and in setting forth the role of images (icons) in the lives of the faithful reaffirms the reality of the incarnation of the eternal Word of God, when it states: "The more frequently, Christ, Mary, the mother of God, and the saints are seen, the more are those who see them drawn to remember and long for those who serve as models, and to pay these icons the tribute of salutation and respectful veneration. Certainly this is not the full adoration in accordance with our faith, which is properly paid only to the divine nature, but it resembles that given to the figure of the honored and life-giving cross, and also to the holy books of the gospels and to other sacred objects" (Definition of the Second Council of Nicaea).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Councils+and+Authority+in+and+of+the+Church&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+World+Federation&rft.date=1993-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F1993-Lutheran_Orthodox_Dialogue-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly2009-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelly2009_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tititudorancea.net/z/ecumenical_council.htm">Ecumenical Council</a>. Titi Tudorancea Encyclopedia. 1991–2016. <q>The Lutheran World Federation, in ecumenical dialogues with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople has affirmed all of the first seven councils as ecumenical and authoritative.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecumenical+Council&rft.pub=Titi+Tudorancea+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1991%2F2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tititudorancea.net%2Fz%2Fecumenical_council.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remensnyder1893-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunius_Benjamin_Remensnyder1893" class="citation book cs1">Junius Benjamin Remensnyder (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12">The Lutheran Manual</a>. Boschen & Wefer Company. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+Manual&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Boschen+%26+Wefer+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Junius+Benjamin+Remensnyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWA3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey1918-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Frey1918_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1918" class="citation book cs1">Frey, H. (1918). Is One Church as Good as Another?. Vol. 37. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a>. pp. 82–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+One+Church+as+Good+as+Another%3F&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwig2016-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2016_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2016_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Ludwig, Alan (12 September 2016). "Luther's Catholic Reformation". <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a>. <q>When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession before Emperor Charles V in 1530, they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome. They boldly claim, "This is about the Sum of our Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers" (AC XXI Conclusion 1). The underlying thesis of the Augsburg Confession is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church. In fact, it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church (see AC XXIII 13, XXVIII 72 and other places).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Catholic+Reformation&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-solascriptura-78"><a href="#cite_ref-solascriptura_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927214527/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=12132">"Sola Scriptura?"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 15 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=39&cuItem_itemID=12132">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2024. <q>[M]any passages...state sola scriptura, such as Revelation 22:18-19. If we cannot add anything to the words of Scripture and we cannot take anything away from them, that is Scripture alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Sola+Scriptura%3F&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D39%26cuItem_itemID%3D12132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Paul R. Sponheim, "The Origin of Sin", in Christian Dogmatics, Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson, eds. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), 385–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieper-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Pieper_80-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_August_Otto_Pieper" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz August Otto Pieper">Francis Pieper</a>, "Definition of Original Sin", in Christian Dogmatics (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1953), 1:538. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauth1875" class="citation book cs1">Krauth, Charles P. (1875). "Part IX The Specific Doctrines Of The Conservative Reformation: Original Sin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeref00kraugoog">The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology: As Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</a>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 335–455.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IX+The+Specific+Doctrines+Of+The+Conservative+Reformation%3A+Original+Sin&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Reformation+and+Its+Theology%3A+As+Represented+in+the+Augsburg+Confession%2C+and+in+the+History+and+Literature+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=335-455&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Krauth&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservativeref00kraugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Formula of Concord, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/originalsin.html">Original Sin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035144/http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/originalsin.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+7:18">Rom. 7:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208:7;&version=9;">8:7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%202:14;&version=31;">1 Cor. 2:14</a>, Martin Chemnitz, <a href="/wiki/Examination_of_the_Council_of_Trent" title="Examination of the Council of Trent">Examination of the Council of Trent</a>: Vol. I. Trans. Fred Kramer, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1971, pp. 639–652, "The Third Question: Whether the Good Works of the Regenerate in This Life Are So Perfect that They Fully, Abundantly, and Perfectly Satisfy the Divine Law". </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen.%206:5;&version=9;">Gen. 6:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen.%208:21;&version=31;#en-NIV-205">8:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mat.%207:17;&version=31;">Mat. 7:17</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauth1875" class="citation book cs1">Krauth, Charles P. (1875). "Part IX The Specific Doctrines Of The Conservative Reformation: Original Sin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeref00kraugoog">The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology: As Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</a>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 388–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IX+The+Specific+Doctrines+Of+The+Conservative+Reformation%3A+Original+Sin&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Reformation+and+Its+Theology%3A+As+Represented+in+the+Augsburg+Confession%2C+and+in+the+History+and+Literature+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=388-390&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Krauth&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservativeref00kraugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> Thesis VII The Results, Section ii Positive </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Dt.%2027:26;&version=31;">Dt. 27:26</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+5:12">Rom. 5:12</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Th%201:9%20;&version=31;">2 Th. 1:9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+6:23">Rom. 6:23</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 38–41, Part VIII. "Sin" </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Tim.%202:4;&version=31;">1 Tim. 2:4</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 43–44, Part X. "Saving Grace", paragraph 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Ev. Lutheran Church. St. Louis: Concordia, 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/lc-5-ourfather.php#para51">Large Catechism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115202/http://bookofconcord.org/lc-5-ourfather.php#para51">Archived</a> 14 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Lord's Prayer, The Second Petition, Par. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gal.%203:13;&version=31;">Gal. 3:13</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 43, Part X. "Saving Grace", paragraph 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom.%2010:4;&version=31;">Rom. 10:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gal.%204:4-5;&version=31;">Gal. 4:4–5</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 42, Part X. "Saving Grace", paragraph 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ig5PF6Tf07UC&pg=PA572">Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, Article III, "Concerning the Righteousness of Faith before God"</a>. par. 57–58. trans. Kolb, R., Wengert, T., and Arand, C. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburg Fortress">Augsburg Fortress</a>, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210355/http://www.bookofconcord.com/augsburgconfession.html#article4">"Augsburg Confession – Book of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/augsburgconfession.html#article4">the original</a> on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augsburg+Confession+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.com%2Faugsburgconfession.html%23article4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2017:3">John 17:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%201:77">Luke 1:77</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%204:9">Galatians 4:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Philippians%203:8">Philippians 3:8</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Timothy%202:4">1 Timothy 2:4</a> refer to faith in terms of knowledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:46">John 5:46</a> refers to acceptance of the truth of Christ's teaching, while <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:36">John 3:36</a> notes the rejection of his teaching. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3:16&version=50">John 3:16,36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:16">Galatians 2:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%204:20–25">Romans 4:20–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%201:12">2 Timothy 1:12</a> speak of trust, confidence, and belief in Christ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:18">John 3:18</a> notes belief in the name of Christ, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:15&version=nrsv">Mark 1:15</a> notes belief in the gospel. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engelder-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Engelder_95-0">^</a> Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 54–55, Part XIV. "Sin" </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ps.%2051:10;&version=31;">Ps. 51:10</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p. 57 Part XV. "Conversion", paragraph 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2017:20;&version=31;">John 17:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom.%2010:17;&version=47;">Rom. 10:17</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p. 101 Part XXV. "The Church", paragraph 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus%203:5;&version=50;">Titus 3:5</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p. 87 Part XXIII. "Baptism", paragraph 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Eph.%202:8;&version=31;">Eph. 2:8</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934, p. 57 Part XV. "Conversion", paragraph 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6Z.HTM">The Roman Catholic Catechism</a>, part 3, section 1, chapter 3, article 2, II, paragraphs 2000 and 2001; downloaded February 18, 2017; defines grace as something which brings about a change in us, such that we cooperate in justification and act without sin (i.e. sanctified). </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah%2063:8-9;&version=50;">Is. 63:8–9</a>, Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 158–160, section "The Doctrine of God", part 5. "The Holy Trinity Revealed in the Old Testament",<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Heb%201:5%20;&version=50;">Heb. 1:5</a>, see Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 33–36, Part VI. "The Trinity". </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ny4/djw/lutherantheology.filioque.html">The Nicene Creed and the Filioque: A Lutheran Approach</a> by Rev. David Webber for more information </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> – for an older Trinitarian Creed used by Lutherans, see the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>: the version in Evangelical Lutheran Worship (2006) of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC) is the 1988 ecumenical (ELLC) version. But the version in both "Lutheran Service Book" (2006) of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> (LCMS) and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church Canada">Lutheran Church Canada (LCC)</a> is that of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662 Book of Common Prayer</a> with modernized spelling of the words "catholic" and "apostolic", with changes in capitalization of these and other words, and with "Holy Spirit" in place of "Holy Ghost".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#creed">Luther's Small Catechism, The Apostles' Creed, Second Article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128133418/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#creed">Archived</a> 28 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712194230/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/christology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 100ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/christology.txt">the original</a> on 12 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=100ff&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fchristology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article3">Augsburg confession, Article III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311215248/https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/#article3">Archived</a> 11 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "Private Absolution ought to be retained in the churches, although in confession an enumeration of all sins is not necessary." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article11">Article XI: Of Confession</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28:19&version=50">Matthew 28:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11:23–25&version=50">1 Corinthians 11:23–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26:26–28&version=50">Matthew 26:26–28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:22–24&version=50">Mark 14:22–24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22:19–20&version=50">Luke 22:19–20</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+5:27&version=50">Ephesians 5:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3:5&version=50">John 3:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3:23&version=50">John 3:23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+10:16&version=50">1 Corinthians 10:16</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+5:26&version=50">Ephesians 5:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+10:16&version=50">1 Corinthians 10:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11:24–25&version=50">1 Corinthians 11:24–25</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+3:16–17&version=50">Matthew 3:16–17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3:5&version=50">John 3:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11:19&version=50">1 Corinthians 11:19</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+7:30&version=50">Luke 7:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22:19–20&version=50">Luke 22:19–20</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+21:16&version=50">Acts 21:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2:38&version=50">Acts 2:38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+3:3&version=50">Luke 3:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+5:26&version=50">Ephesians 5:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Peter+3:21&version=50">1 Peter 3:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians+3:26–27&version=50">Galatians 3:26–27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26:28&version=50">Matthew 26:28</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Peter+3:21&version=50">1 Peter 3:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus+3:5&version=50">Titus 3:5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus+3:5&version=50">Titus 3:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3:5&version=50">John 3:5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/soteriology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Fsoteriology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> XIII, 2: "We believe we have the duty not to neglect any of the rites and ceremonies instituted in Scripture, whatever their number. We do not think it makes much difference if, for purposes of teaching, the enumeration varies, provided what is handed down in Scripture is preserved" (cf. Theodore G. Tappert, trans. and ed., The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959), 211). </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Luther's Large Catechism IV, 1: "We have now finished the three chief parts of the common Christian doctrine. Besides these we have yet to speak of our two Sacraments instituted by Christ, of which also every Christian ought to have at least an ordinary, brief instruction, because without them there can be no Christian; although, alas! hitherto no instruction concerning them has been given" (emphasis added; cf. Theodore G. Tappert, trans. and ed., The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959), 733). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2020:23;&version=47;">John 20:23</a>, and Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 112–113, Part XXVI "The Ministry", paragraph 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Luther's Large Catechism IV, 74–75: "And here you see that Baptism, both in its power and signification, comprehends also the third Sacrament, which has been called repentance, as it is really nothing else than Baptism" (emphasis added; cf. Theodore G. Tappert, trans. and ed., The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959), 751). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a> XIII, 3, 4: "If we define the sacraments as rites, which have the command of God and to which the promise of grace has been added, it is easy to determine what the sacraments are, properly speaking. For humanly instituted rites are not sacraments, properly speaking, because human beings do not have the authority to promise grace. Therefore signs instituted without the command of God are not sure signs of grace, even though they perhaps serve to teach or admonish the common folk. The sacraments, therefore, are actually baptism, the Lord's Supper, and absolution (the sacrament of repentance)" (cf. Tappert, 211). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/augsburgdefense/12_sacraments.html">Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article 13, Of the Number and Use of the Sacraments</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a>, article 24, paragraph 1. Retrieved 16 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendel1997-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wendel1997_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendel1997_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendel1997_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendel1997_121-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendel1997" class="citation book cs1">Wendel, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societyholytrinity.org/oldsite/confession.pdf">Manual for the Recovery of a Parish Practice of Individual Confession and Absolution</a> (PDF). The Society of the Holy Trinity. pp. 2, 7, 8, 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+for+the+Recovery+of+a+Parish+Practice+of+Individual+Confession+and+Absolution&rft.pages=2%2C+7%2C+8%2C+11&rft.pub=The+Society+of+the+Holy+Trinity&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wendel&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.societyholytrinity.org%2Foldsite%2Fconfession.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolb2008-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolb2008_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolb2008_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2008" class="citation book cs1">Kolb, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lutheranecclesia00robe">Lutheran Ecclesiastical Culture: 1550 – 1675</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lutheranecclesia00robe/page/n292">282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004166417" title="Special:BookSources/9789004166417"><bdi>9789004166417</bdi></a>. <q>The North German church ordinances of the late 16th century all include a description of private confession and absolution, which normally took place at the conclusion of Saturday afternoon vespers, and was a requirement for all who desired to commune the following day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Ecclesiastical+Culture%3A+1550+%E2%80%93+1675&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004166417&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flutheranecclesia00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.byfaithalone.org/learn-more">"The Sacraments of the Lutheran Church"</a>. Christ The King Lutheran Church. Retrieved 14 May 2023. <q>The Sacrament of Holy Absolution has two forms: the General Confession (known as the Penitential Rite or Order of Confession of Sins) that is done at the beginning of the Divine Service. In this case, the entire congregation says the confession, as the pastor says the absolution. Private Confession – done privately to a pastor, where the penitent confesses sins that trouble him/her and pleads to God for mercy, and the pastor announces God's forgiveness to the person, as the sign of the cross is made. Private confession is subject to total confidentiality by the pastor. In historic Lutheran practice, Holy Absolution is expected before partaking of Holy Communion. General confession, as well as Private Confession, are still contained in most Lutheran hymnals. Two works which are part of the Book of Concord lend support to the belief that Holy Absolution is for Lutherans the third sacrament. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession acknowledges outright that Holy Absolution is a sacrament, referring to it as the sacrament of penitence. In the Large Catechism, Luther calls Holy Absolution the third sacrament.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sacraments+of+the+Lutheran+Church&rft.pub=Christ+The+King+Lutheran+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.byfaithalone.org%2Flearn-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Pet.%203:21;&version=49;">1 Pet. 3:21</a>, Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 491–496, section "The Doctrine of Baptism", part 4. "Baptism a True Means of Grace", and Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 87, Part XXIII. "Baptism", paragraph 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Martin Luther, Small Catechism <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/little.book/book-4.txt">4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Titus#3:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Titus">Titus 3:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#3:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 3:3–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206220443/http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=2607">"Baptism and Its Purpose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=2607">the original</a> on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+Its+Purpose&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%93Missouri+Synod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fpages%2Finternal.asp%3FNavID%3D2607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (2009) [1529]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920070231/http://www.bookofconcord.org/smallcatechism.html#baptism">"The Sacrament of Holy Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a>. Evangelical Lutheran Synod. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89279-043-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89279-043-2"><bdi>978-0-89279-043-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/smallcatechism.html#baptism">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sacrament+of+Holy+Baptism&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Small+Catechism&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89279-043-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Fsmallcatechism.html%23baptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> 1 Peter 3:21, <a href="/wiki/ESV" class="mw-redirect" title="ESV">ESV</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mat.%2019:14;&version=31;">Mat. 19:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Act%202:38-39;&version=47;">Acts 2:38–39</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 90, Part XXIII. "Baptism", paragraph 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%201:14;&version=31;">1 Cor. 1:14</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 90, Part XXIII. "Baptism", paragraph 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (2009) [1529]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613061118/http://bookofconcord.org/largecatechism/6_baptism.html">"Of Infant Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4264-3861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4264-3861-5"><bdi>978-1-4264-3861-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/largecatechism/6_baptism.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Infant+Baptism&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Large+Catechism&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4264-3861-5&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Flargecatechism%2F6_baptism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/lc-6-baptism.php#para6">Luther's Large Catechism – Holy Baptism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223161712/http://www.bookofconcord.org/lc-6-baptism.php#para6">Archived</a> 23 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article9.1">"Augsburg Confession – Book of Concord"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augsburg+Confession+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Faugsburgconfession.php%23article9.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%2010:16;&version=50;">1 Cor. 10:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%2011:20,%2027;&version=47;">11:20, 27</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 95, Part XXIV. "The Lord's Supper", paragraph 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121030003/http://bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html">"The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, Article 8, The Holy Supper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Solid+Declaration+of+the+Formula+of+Concord%2C+Article+8%2C+The+Holy+Supper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.com%2Ffc-sd%2Fsupper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard1909-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Richard1909_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard1909" class="citation book cs1">Richard, James William (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924084658248">The Confessional History of the Lutheran Church</a>. Lutheran Publication Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924084658248/page/n128">113</a>. <q>In the Luthearn Church, private confession was at first voluntary. Later, in portions of the Lutheran Church, it was made obligatory, as a test of orthodoxy, and as a preparation of the Lord's Supper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confessional+History+of+the+Lutheran+Church&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Lutheran+Publication+Society&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924084658248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granquist2015-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Granquist2015_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranquist2015" class="citation book cs1">Granquist, Mark A. (2015). Scandinavian Pietists: Spiritual Writings from 19th-Century Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. Paulist Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587684982" title="Special:BookSources/9781587684982"><bdi>9781587684982</bdi></a>. <q>Initially, Laestadius exercised his ministry mainly among the indigenous Sami (Lapp) people, but his influence soon spread into areasa of northern Finland, and the Laestadian (or Apostolic Lutheran) movement became predominantly Finnish. Even though he was a university-trained pastor and scientist (he was a renowned botanist), his powerful preaching and spiritual example ignited a lay-awakening movement in the north, a movement that is known for its distinctive religious practices, including lay confession and absolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Pietists%3A+Spiritual+Writings+from+19th-Century+Norway%2C+Denmark%2C+Sweden%2C+and+Finland&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781587684982&rft.aulast=Granquist&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Augustus Lawrence Graebner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ErAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136">Lutheran Cyclopedia</a> p. 136, "Conversion" </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311215248/https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/#article12">"Augsburg Confession – Book of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article12">the original</a> on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augsburg+Confession+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Faugsburgconfession.php%23article12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%202:14;&version=50;">1 Cor. 2:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%2012:3;&version=31;">12:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom.%208:7;&version=31;">Rom. 8:7</a>, Martin Chemnitz, Examination of the Council of Trent: Vol. I. Trans. Fred Kramer, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1971, pp. 409–453, "Seventh Topic, Concerning Free Will: From the Decree of the Sixth Session of the Council of Trent". </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.html#article18">Augsburg Confession, Article 18, Of Free Will</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154222/http://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.html#article18">Archived</a> 15 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2013:48;&version=9;">Acts 13:48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Eph.%201:4-11;&version=47;">Eph. 1:4–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210532/http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 585–589, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 1. The Definition of the Term", and Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 124–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Thessalonians%202:13;&version=50;">2 Thess. 2:13</a>, Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 589–93, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 2. How Believers are to Consider Their Election, and Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 127–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom.%208:33;&version=47;">Rom. 8:33</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 127–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 179., Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpgsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41">The Certainty of Final Salvation</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a> 2(6). English Evangelical Missouri Synod: Baltimore. 1891, pp. 41ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Tim.%202:4;&version=ESV;">1 Tim. 2:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Pet.%203:9;&version=ESV;">2 Pet. 3:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210532/http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and Engelder's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>, Part XXXI. The Election of Grace, pp. 124–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Timothy+2:3">1 Timothy 2:3–4</a> <a href="/wiki/ESV" class="mw-redirect" title="ESV">ESV</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea%2013:9;&version=9;">Hos. 13:9</a>, Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 637, section "The Doctrine of the Last Things (Eschatology), part 7. "Eternal Damnation", and Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 135–136, Part XXXIX. "Eternal Death", paragraph 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. Concordia Publishing House. 1934. pp. 189–195 and Fuerbringer, L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp">Concordia Cyclopedia</a> Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p. 635 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=P&word=PROVIDENCE">Christian Cyclopedia</a> article on Divine Providence. For further reading, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxsRAAAAIAAJ&q=editions:0qGARztO5CYpYL7QTFJ">The Proof Texts of the Catechism with a Practical Commentary, section Divine Providence</a>, p. 212, Wessel, Louis, published in Theological Quarterly, Vol. 11, 1909. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Mueller, Steven P.,Called to Believe, Teach, and Confess. Wipf and Stock. 2005. pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. Concordia Publishing House: 1934. pp. 190 and Edward. W. A.,A Short Explanation of Dr. Martin Luther's Small Catechism. Concordia Publishing House. 1946. p. 165. and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/node/1122">Divine Providence and Human Adversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707130929/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/1122">Archived</a> 7 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Markus O. Koepsell </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210410/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#creed">"The Small Catechism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#creed">the original</a> on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Small+Catechism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.com%2Fsmallcatechism.html%23creed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookofconcord1-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bookofconcord1_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookofconcord1_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517083644/http://bookofconcord.org/largecatechism/3_tencommandments.html">"Luther's Large Catechism, First Commandment"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/largecatechism/3_tencommandments.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Large+Catechism%2C+First+Commandment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Flargecatechism%2F3_tencommandments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaer1983" class="citation journal cs1">Scaer, David P. (July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/scaerlutherresurrection.pdf">"Luther's Concept of the Resurrection in his Commentary on I Corinthians 15"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Theological_Quarterly" title="Concordia Theological Quarterly">Concordia Theological Quarterly</a>. 47 (3): 219. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concordia+Theological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Concept+of+the+Resurrection+in+his+Commentary+on+I+Corinthians+15&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219&rft.date=1983-07&rft.aulast=Scaer&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfw.net%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Fscaerlutherresurrection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2015:5;&version=31;">John 15:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Tit.%202:14;&version=47;">Tit. 2:14</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 62–63, Part XV. "Conversion", paragraph 88 The New Obedience Is The Fruit Of Conversion, The Product Of Faith. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Cor.%209:8;&version=31;">2 Cor. 9:8</a>, Krauth, C.P.,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeref00kraugoog">The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology: As Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.. 1875. pp. 313–314, Part D Confession of the Conservative Reformation: II, Secondary Confessions: Book of Concord, Formula of Concord, Part IV The Doctrinal Result, 2, Section iv, Of Good Works. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Phil%202:13;&version=47;">Phil 2:13</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 74, Part XIX. "Preservation in Faith", paragraph 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom.%207:18;&version=31;">Rom. 7:18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Heb%2011:6;&version=49;">Heb 11:6</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 39–40, Part VIII. "Sin", paragraph 46 "Original Sin". </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mat.%207:15-16;&version=31;">"Mat. 7:15–16; NIV – True and False Prophets"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Mat.+7%3A15%E2%80%9316%3B+NIV+%E2%80%93+True+and+False+Prophets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMat.%25207%3A15-16%3B%26version%3D31%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Albrecht Beutel, "Luther's Life", tr. Katharina Gustavs, in The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther, ed. Donald K. McKim (New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2003), 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joh%2018:36;&version=47;">"Joh 18:36; ESV – Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of..."</a> Bible Gateway. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Joh+18%3A36%3B+ESV+%E2%80%93+Jesus+answered%2C+My+kingdom+is+not+of...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DJoh%252018%3A36%3B%26version%3D47%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2023:42-43;&version=31;">Luke 23:42–43</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Cor.%205:8;&version=31;">2 Cor. 5:8</a>, Engelder, T.E.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 130, Part XXXIV. "The State of the Soul in the Interval Between Death and the Resurrection", paragraph 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Cor.%2015:22-24;&version=47;">1 Cor. 15:22–24</a>, Francis Pieper, Christian Dogmatics, 505–515; Heinrich Schmid, The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 624–32; John Mueller, Christian Dogmatics, 616–619 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:40">John 6:40</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:54">John 6:54</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:21">John 5:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:28–29">John 5:28–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:32">Matthew 25:32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%205:10">2 Corinthians 5:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2024:15">Acts 24:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%208:11">Romans 8:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Philippians%203:21">Philippians 3:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%205:10">2 Corinthians 5:10</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Job#19:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Job">Job 19:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:44">1 Corinthians 15:44</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:53">1 Corinthians 15:53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:28">John 5:28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2020:12">Revelation 20:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%2012:2">Daniel 12:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:41–46">Matthew 25:41–46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:29">John 5:29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%2012:1–2">Daniel 12:1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:29">John 5:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:52">1 Corinthians 15:52</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:42–44">1 Corinthians 15:42–44</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:49–53">1 Corinthians 15:49–53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Philippians%203:21">Philippians 3:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2013:43">Matthew 13:43</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%207:16">Revelation 7:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:40">John 6:40</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:44">John 6:44</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2011:24">John 11:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2015:51–52">1 Corinthians 15:51–52</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Thessalonians%204:15–17">1 Thessalonians 4:15–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:32">Matthew 25:32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%2014:10">Romans 14:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:22">John 5:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2017:31">Acts 17:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%201:7">Revelation 1:7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:32">Matthew 25:32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2016:16">Mark 16:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%205:10">2 Corinthians 5:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%204:5">1 Corinthians 4:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%202:5">Romans 2:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%202:16">Romans 2:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%202:6">Romans 2:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%205:10">2 Corinthians 5:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:35–36">Matthew 25:35–36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:42–43">Matthew 25:42–43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2043:25">Isaiah 43:25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezekiel%2018:22">Ezekiel 18:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20John%202:28">1 John 2:28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:34–35">Matthew 25:34–35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:16–18">John 3:16–18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:36">John 3:36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Revelation%2014:13">Revelation 14:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%205:6">Galatians 5:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2013:35">John 13:35</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:42">Matthew 25:42</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%207:17–18">Matthew 7:17–18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:18">John 3:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:36">John 3:36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%202:5">Romans 2:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2017:31">Acts 17:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%202:16">Romans 2:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%209:26">Luke 9:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:31–32">Matthew 25:31–32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:41">Matthew 25:41</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:34">Matthew 25:34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2025:46">Matthew 25:46</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/etext/graebneral/eschatology.txt">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 233–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=233-8&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectwittenberg.org%2Fetext%2Fgraebneral%2Feschatology.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Table drawn from, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W. God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Compare-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Compare_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Compare_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Compare_182-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073128/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2015. <q>"Total Depravity – Lutherans and Calvinists agree." Yes this is correct. Both agree on the devastating nature of the fall and that man by nature has no power to aid in his conversions...and that election to salvation is by grace. In Lutheranism the German term for election is Gnadenwahl, election by grace--there is no other kind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+Lutheranism+Compared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D15094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.23.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, II.3.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.3.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Morris, J.W., The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History, p267, "The Book of Concord became the official statement of doctrine for most of the world's Lutherans. The Formula of Concord reaffirmed the traditional Lutheran doctrine of total depravity in very clear terms" </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Melton, J.G., Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p229, on Formula of Concord, "the 12 articles of the formula focused on a number of newer issues such as original sin (in which total depravity is affirmed)" </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213942/http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl@1518cutopic_topicid257cuitem_itemid7092.htm">"WELS vs Assembly of God"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl@1518cutopic_topicid257cuitem_itemid7092.htm">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. <q>[P]eople by nature are dead in their transgressions and sin and therefore have no ability to decide of Christ (Ephesians 2:1, 5). We do not choose Christ, rather he chose us (John 15:16) We believe that human beings are purely passive in conversion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=WELS+vs+Assembly+of+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkiv.lbk.cc%2Ffaq%2Fsite.pl%401518cutopic_topicid257cuitem_itemid7092.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article18.1">Augsburg Confessional, Article XVIII, Of Free Will</a>, saying: "(M)an's will has some liberty to choose civil righteousness, and to work things subject to reason. But it has no power, without the Holy Ghost, to work the righteousness of God, that is, spiritual righteousness; since the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God (1 Cor. 2:14); but this righteousness is wrought in the heart when the Holy Ghost is received through the Word." </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Henry Cole, trans., Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will (London, T. Bensley, 1823), 66. The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated "free-will" by Cole. However <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon_Rupp" title="Ernest Gordon Rupp">Ernest Gordon Rupp</a> and Philip Saville Watson, Luther and Erasmus: Free Will and Salvation (Westminster, 1969) chose "free choice" as their translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (15 November 2012). Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press USA. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Concord" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Concord">The Book of Concord</a>: The Confessions of the Lutheran Church, XI. Election. "Predestination" means "God's ordination to salvation". </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 63. <q>Arminians accepts divine election, [but] they believe it is conditional.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> The Westminster Confession, III:6, says that only the "elect" are "effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved." However in his Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Baker, 2012), 45, Richard A. Muller observes that "a sizeable body of literature has interpreted Calvin as teaching "limited atonement", but "an equally sizeable body . . . [interprets] Calvin as teaching "unlimited atonement". </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-ROM-195"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-ROM_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073134/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=2954">"Justification / Salvation"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=2954">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2015. <q>Romans 3:23-24, 5:9, 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact. God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not. He has done more than "made forgiveness possible." All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Justification+%2F+Salvation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D45%26cuItem_itemID%3D2954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-TWB-196"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-TWB_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/statements-beliefs/this-we-believe/justification">"IV. Justification by Grace through Faith"</a>. This We Believe. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2015. <q>We believe that God has justified all sinners, that is, he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ. This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends. It is a message relevant to people of all times and places, of all races and social levels, for "the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men" (Romans 5:18]). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for "the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men" (Romans 5:18). We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith (Ephesians 2:8–9). ... On the other hand, although Jesus died for all, Scripture says that "whoever does not believe will be condemned" (Mark 16:16). Unbelievers forfeit the forgiveness won for them by Christ (John 8:24).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+We+Believe&rft.atitle=IV.+Justification+by+Grace+through+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fstatements-beliefs%2Fthis-we-believe%2Fjustification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Justification-197"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Justification_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Siegbert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/files/BeckerJustification.pdf">"Objective Justification"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Lutheran_Seminary" title="Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary">Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary</a>. p. 1. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Objective+Justification&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Lutheran+Seminary&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Siegbert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlsessays.net%2Ffiles%2FBeckerJustification.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-UnivJus-198"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-UnivJus_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927133257/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=16624">"Universal Justification"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=16624">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2015. <q>Christ paid for all our sins. God the Father has therefore forgiven them. But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it. If I deposit money in the bank for you, to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it. Christ has paid for your sins, but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it. We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution. It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Universal+Justification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D45%26cuItem_itemID%3D16624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Augsburg Confession, Article V, Of Justification. People "cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits, or works, but are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith, when they believe that they are received into favor, and that their sins are forgiven for Christ's sake. ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (15 November 2012). Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 136. <q>Faith is a condition of justification</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Paul ChulHong Kang, Justification: The Imputation of Christ's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>, 2006), 70, note 171. Calvin generally defends Augustine's "monergistic view". </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Diehl-202"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Diehl_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl" class="citation web cs1">Diehl, Walter A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=58&cuItem_itemID=11345">"The Age of Accountability"</a>. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Retrieved 10 February 2015. <q>In full accord with Scripture the Lutheran Confessions teach monergism. "In this manner, too, the Holy Scriptures ascribe conversion, faith in Christ, regeneration, renewal and all the belongs to their efficacious beginning and completion, not to the human powers of the natural free will, neither entirely, nor half, nor in any, even the least or most inconsiderable part, but in solidum, that is, entirely, solely, to the divine working and the Holy Ghost" (Trigl. 891, F.C., Sol. Decl., II, 25).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Accountability&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Lutheran+Seminary&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D58%26cuItem_itemID%3D11345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monergism">Monergism</a>; thefreedictionary.com </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-TULIP-204"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-TULIP_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073128/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+Lutheranism+Compared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D15094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 18. <q>Arminian synergism" refers to "evangelical synergism, which affirms the prevenience of grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 165. <q>[Arminius]' evangelical synergism reserves all the power, ability and efficacy in salvation to grace, but allows humans the God-granted ability to resist or not resist it. The only "contribution" humans make is nonresistance to grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, Ch XVII, "Of the Perseverance of the Saints". </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-OSAS-208"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-OSAS_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927165641/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=9372">"Once saved always saved"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=9372">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2015. <q>People can fall from faith. The Bible warns, "If you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don't fall" (1 Corinthians 10:12). Some among the Galatians had believed for a while, but had fallen into soul-destroying error. Paul warned them, "You who are trying to be justified by law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace" (Galatians 5:4). In his explanation of the parable of the sower, Jesus says, "Those on the rock are the ones who receive the word with joy when they hear it, but they have no root. They believe for a while, but in time of testing they fall away" (Luke 8:13). According to Jesus a person can believe for a while and then fall away. While they believed they possessed eternal salvation, but when they fell from faith they lost God's gracious gift.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Once+saved+always+saved&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D9372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Pers-209"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Pers_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073121/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=17945">"Perseverence of the Saints (Once Saved Always Saved)"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=17945">the original</a> on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2015. <q>We cannot contribute one speck to our salvation, but by our own arrogance or carelessness we can throw it away. Therefore, Scripture urges us repeatedly to fight the good fight of faith (Ephesians 6 and 2 Timothy 4 for example). My sins threaten and weaken my faith, but the Spirit through the gospel in word and sacraments strengthens and preserves my faith. That's why Lutherans typically speak of God's preservation of faith and not the perseverance of the saints. The key is not our perseverance but the Spirit's preservation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Perseverence+of+the+Saints+%28Once+Saved+Always+Saved%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D17945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarest1997" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Bruce A. (1997). The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation. Crossway Books. pp. 437–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+Salvation%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Salvation&rft.pages=437-438&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarest1997" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Bruce A. (1997). The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation. Crossway Books. p. 35. <q>Many Arminians deny the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+Salvation%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Salvation&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> McGrath, Alister, E. Christianity: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2006. p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Taruskin, Richard. The Oxford History of Western Music – Volume I (Music in the Earliest Notations to the sixteenth century), pp. 753–758 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article XXIV.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-daily-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daily_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_215-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.php#prayers">Luther's Small Catechism, Daily Prayers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201231739/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.php#prayers">Archived</a> 1 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HämmerliMayer2016-216"><a href="#cite_ref-HämmerliMayer2016_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämmerliMayer2016" class="citation book cs1">Hämmerli, Maria; Mayer, Jean-François (23 May 2016). Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317084914" title="Special:BookSources/9781317084914"><bdi>9781317084914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Identities+in+Western+Europe%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Innovation&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.isbn=9781317084914&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4mmerli&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Principle examples of this in the ELCA include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyofgod.us">Family of God, Cape Coral FL.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716234118/http://www.familyofgod.us/">Archived</a> 16 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-well.org/">The Well, Charlotte NC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hosannalc.org">Hosanna! of Lakeville, Minnesota</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apostleschurch.org/home.php">Church of the Apostles, Seattle WA.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820204437/http://www.apostleschurch.org/home.php">Archived</a> 20 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> "A given culture's values and patterns, insofar as they are consonant with the values of the Gospel, can be used to express the meaning and purpose of Christian worship. Contextualization is a necessary task for the Church's mission in the world, so that the Gospel can be ever more deeply rooted in diverse local cultures." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worship.ca/docs/lwf_ns.html/">NAIROBI STATEMENT ON WORSHIP AND CULTURE: Contemporary Challenges and Opportunities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222182255/http://www.worship.ca/docs/lwf_ns.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Piepkorn, A.C. Profiles in Belief: Volume II, Protestant Denominations. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Row">Harper and Row</a>, 1978. p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Piepkorn, A.C., Profiles in Belief: Volume II, Protestant Denominations. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978. p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Piepkorn, A.C., Profiles in Belief: Volume II, Protestant Denominations. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978. p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Piepkorn, A.C., Profiles in Belief: Volume II, Protestant Denominations. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978. p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-P34-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P34_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P34_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-P34_223-2">c</a> Piepkorn, A.C., Profiles in Belief: Volume II, Protestant Denominations. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978. p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntCarper2012" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, T.; Carper, J. (2012). The Praeger Handbook of Faith-Based Schools in the United States, K-12, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313391392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313391392"><bdi>978-0313391392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praeger+Handbook+of+Faith-Based+Schools+in+the+United+States%2C+K-12%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313391392&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Carper%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/largecatechism/2_preface.html">Preface</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121011806/http://bookofconcord.com/largecatechism/2_preface.html">Archived</a> 21 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to Luther's <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#preface">preface</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128133418/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#preface">Archived</a> 28 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to Luther's Small Catechism. </li> <li id="cite_note-ENC3367-226"><a href="#cite_ref-ENC3367_226-0">^</a> Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003. p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f69mKhTDNQC&dq=Winkel+Schule+%22Lutheran+doctrine%22&pg=PA12">Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria</a> (Google Books) by James van Horn Melton, Cambridge University Press, 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Klug, Eugene F. and Stahlke, Otto F. Getting into the Formula of Concord. St. Louis: Concordia, 1977. p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Klug, Eugene F. and Stahlke, Otto F. Getting into the Formula of Concord. St. Louis: Concordia. p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blts.edu/essays/schmelingTR/Consensus%20Repetitus.pdf">Lutheran Orthodoxy Under Fire: An Exploratory Study of the Syncretistic Controversy And The Consensus Repetitus Fidei Vere Lutheranae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415200455/http://www.blts.edu/essays/schmelingTR/Consensus%20Repetitus.pdf">Archived</a> 15 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blts.edu/essays/schmelingTR/Calov.pdf">Strenuus Christi Athleta Abraham Calov (1612–1686): Sainted Doctor And Defender of the Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415200704/http://www.blts.edu/essays/schmelingTR/Calov.pdf">Archived</a> 15 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, both by Timothy R. Schmeling </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> (in Swedish)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/ArticlePages/200508/16/20050816074719_svkhjs928/20050816074719_svkhjs928.dbp.asp">Svenskakyrkan.se</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930215322/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/ArticlePages/200508/16/20050816074719_svkhjs928/20050816074719_svkhjs928.dbp.asp">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Bente, Friedrich, 1858–1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanluthera01bentgoog/page/n29">American Lutheranism Volume 1: Early History of American Lutheranism</a>: Lutheran Swedes in Delaware. St. Louis: Concordia, 1919, pp. 13–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEklund1988" class="citation book cs1">Eklund, Emmet E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE8rAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Lutheran+ministers+only,+and+Lutheran+altars%22+%22general+council%22">His Name Was Jonas: A Biography of Jonas Swenson</a>. Rock Island, Ill.: Augustana Historical Society. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910184366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0910184366"><bdi>978-0910184366</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Name+Was+Jonas%3A+A+Biography+of+Jonas+Swenson&rft.place=Rock+Island%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Augustana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0910184366&rft.aulast=Eklund&rft.aufirst=Emmet+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE8rAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Lutheran%2Bministers%2Bonly%2C%2Band%2BLutheran%2Baltars%2522%2B%2522general%2Bcouncil%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch185-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch185_234-0">^</a> Gritsch, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIhb4-iBk6EC&pg=PA185">A History of Lutheranism</a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> For a historical example, see Robert Preus, To Join or Not To Join. <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_District_(LCMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Dakota District (LCMS)">North Dakota District of The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>, 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=564">Brief Statement was adopted as LCMS doctrine in 1932, and from time to time has been adopted by other Lutherans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514030409/http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=564">Archived</a> 14 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Report of the Lutheran Church, The Northwestern Lutheran, p. 281, 31 August 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> These include, but are not limited to the following: the <a href="/wiki/American_Provinces_of_the_Moravian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="American Provinces of the Moravian Church">American Provinces of the Moravian Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> For a similar phenomenon also currently developing, see <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtio.com/articles/aissar39.htm">Ecumenism: Facts and Illusions</a> by Kurt E. Marquart for a short explanation of the modern ecumenism movement from a Confessional Lutheran perspective </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> See scholarly articles on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/C/Church+Growth+Movement">Church Growth Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727234431/http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/C/Church+Growth+Movement">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/818">Implications of the Church Growth Movement for Lutherans: Possibilities and Concerns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060314085030/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/818">Archived</a> 14 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Harold L. Senkbeil as examples of criticism from confessional Lutherans </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> For some opinions and historical discussion from someone who takes a broader view, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essays.wls.wels.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3205/MaaskeCall.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">What is a call?: or, When is a call a call, and who makes it such?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412074557/https://essays.wls.wels.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/3205/MaaskeCall.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 12 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Alfred H. Maaske </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGassmanLarsonOlderburg2011" class="citation book cs1">Gassman, Günther; Larson, Duane H.; Olderburg, Mark W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlKBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Church+of+Iceland%22+%22Apostolic+Succession%22&pg=PA140">Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism</a> (2nd ed.). The Scarecrow Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874824" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874824"><bdi>9780810874824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lutheranism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810874824&rft.aulast=Gassman&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Larson%2C+Duane+H.&rft.au=Olderburg%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLlKBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Church%2Bof%2BIceland%2522%2B%2522Apostolic%2BSuccession%2522%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Das kirchliche Amt in apostolischer Nachfolge. In: Dorothea Sattler, Gunther Wenz: Das kirchliche Amt in apostolischer Nachfolge. Volume 3: Verständigungen und Differenzen. Herder/ Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg and Göttingen 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-451-29943-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-451-29943-7">3-451-29943-7</a>, p. 167–267, and p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/karelskoe-religioznoe">Karelian religious movement Uskhovayzet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/kirche/ihre-gemeinde-ist-annulliert">Kirche weltweit Ukraine: "Ihre Gemeinde ist annulliert"</a> 18.09.2016 by Von Helmut Frank] </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logia.org/pdf-back-issues/15-1pdf-lutheranism-in-asia">A New "Old" Lutheran Church in Asian Russia</a> by Alexei Streltsov, in Logia, Epiphany 2006: Volume 15, Number 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-EKD18-249"><a href="#cite_ref-EKD18_249-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Gezaehlt_zahlen_und_fakten_2019.pdf">Zahlen und Fakte zum kirchlichen Leben 2019</a> Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> This website has <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hymnary.org/hymnal/HELC1865">text and midi files</a> for the 1865 Pennsylvania Ministerium hymnal. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Abdel Ross Wentz (1954), A Basic History of Lutheranism in America, Philadelphia, Pa., p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 6, 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> For example, the single Lutheran church on <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> is a member of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranchurchofguam.org/blog/?page_id=890">Lutheran Church of Guam History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717115937/http://www.lutheranchurchofguam.org/blog/?page_id=890">Archived</a> 17 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1222&context=theses">Legitimacy, authority and transition in the public office of the ministry in the Lutheran Church of Australia</a> by Grulke, David. 2 vols. (2007), thesis, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University" title="Australian Catholic University">Australian Catholic University</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> One example of these differences are those <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod#Relationship_with_other_Lutheran_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">between the Missouri and Wisconsin Synods</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheran.org.nz/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Lutheran Church of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lutheran+Church+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheran.org.nz%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> However, some Lutherans disagree with the way the Lutheran World Federation arrives at this number, as millions of them actually come from bodies that are largely Reformed, but include some Lutherans. For more information on this, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schumacher, William (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610210044/http://www.csl.edu/CJApril05.pdf">"Theological Observer: How Many Lutherans?"</a> (PDF). Concordia Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csl.edu/CJApril05.pdf/">the original</a> on 10 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concordia+Journal&rft.atitle=Theological+Observer%3A+How+Many+Lutherans%3F&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csl.edu%2FCJApril05.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/member-churches">"Member Churches"</a>. The Lutheran World Federation. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Churches&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+World+Federation&rft.date=2013-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2Fcontent%2Fmember-churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715071837/http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/index.php/member-statistics-2011.html">"Survey Shows 70.5 Million Members in LWF-Affiliated Churches"</a>. The Lutheran World Federation. 14 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/index.php/member-statistics-2011.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+Shows+70.5+Million+Members+in+LWF-Affiliated+Churches&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+World+Federation&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranworld.org%2Flwf%2Findex.php%2Fmember-statistics-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Gezaehlt_zahlen_und_fakten_2021.pdf">"Gezählt 2021 – Zahlen und Fakten zum kirchlichen Leben"</a> (PDF). ekd.de. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gez%C3%A4hlt+2021+%E2%80%93+Zahlen+und+Fakten+zum+kirchlichen+Leben&rft.pub=ekd.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fekd_de%2Fds_doc%2FGezaehlt_zahlen_und_fakten_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media-2.web.britannica.com//eb-media/58/67358-004-1E77BA15.gif">Dominant Protestant Denomination Per Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001243/http://media-2.web.britannica.com//eb-media/58/67358-004-1E77BA15.gif">Archived</a> 25 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/lutheran.gif">Lutherans as a Percentage of All Residents, 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630182008/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/pics/geo200/religion/lutheran.gif">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Map by county). Also see comparable maps of other religions along with specific denominations of Lutheran at the main <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/geo/courses/geo200/religion.html">American Ethnic Geography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609091659/http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/geo/courses/geo200/religion.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> site </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/LWF-Statistics-2011.pdf">2011 World Lutheran Membership Details</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324042910/http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/LWF-Statistics-2011.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-02-03/norway-state-and-church-separate-after-500-years/">"Norway: State and Church Separate After 500 Years"</a>. Library of Congress. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Norway%3A+State+and+Church+Separate+After+500+Years&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fglobal-legal-monitor%2F2017-02-03%2Fnorway-state-and-church-separate-after-500-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Carol J. (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jan-01-me-49706-story.html">"Sweden Ends Designation of Lutheranism as Official Religion"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sweden+Ends+Designation+of+Lutheranism+as+Official+Religion&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-jan-01-me-49706-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures-265"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Lutheran_World_Federation_Membership_Figures_265-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lutheranworld.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/lwi-2019-statistics-en-20200825.pdf">The Lutheran World Federation 2019 Membership Figures</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>ALC Historical Perspective: Nervig, Casper B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_PjfC7GKkI">Christian Truth and Religious Delusions</a>, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1941.</li> <li>Arand, Charles P, and Robert Kolb, eds. The Lutheran Confessions: History and Theology of the Book of Concord (2012)</li> <li>Bodensieck, Julius, ed. The encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church (3 vol 1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22lutheran%20church%22%20Bodensieck%2C">vol 1 and 3 online free</a></li> <li>Brauer, James Leonard and Fred L. Precht, eds. Lutheran Worship: History and Practice (1993)</li> <li>CLC Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clclutheran.org/library/ccf.html">Concerning Church Fellowship: A Statement of Principle</a>. Eau Claire, WI: CLC Book House. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concerning+Church+Fellowship%3A+A+Statement+of+Principle&rft.place=Eau+Claire%2C+WI&rft.pub=CLC+Book+House&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclclutheran.org%2Flibrary%2Fccf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Confessional & Historical Perspective: Günther Gassmann & Scott Hendrix. Fortress Introduction to the Lutheran Confessions. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-3162-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-3162-5">0-8006-3162-5</a>.</li> <li>European Lutheran perspective: Elert, Werner. The Structure of Lutheranism: the Theology and Philosophy of Life of Lutheranism, Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, trans. by Walter A. Hansen. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1962. N.B.: Trans. of Morphologie des Luthertums, vol. 1 of which was published in 1931 at Munich by C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1931, vol. 2 in German appearing in 1932; the t.p. of this English-language ed. states "Volume One", but there has been no publication, as part of this English ed., of vol. 2.</li> <li>Fellowship of Lutheran Congregations Perspective: What True Lutherans Teach. Oak Parks, Ill.: E.L.C. Tract Center, [199?]. 11 p. N.B.: There is no personal author or specific committee credited with this brochure.</li> <li>General Council Historical Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauth1875" class="citation book cs1">Krauth, Charles Porterfield (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeref00kraugoog">The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology: As Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeref00kraugoog/page/n866">840</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-0994-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-0994-6"><bdi>978-0-7586-0994-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Reformation+and+Its+Theology%3A+As+Represented+in+the+Augsburg+Confession%2C+and+in+the+History+and+Theology+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=840&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1875&rft.isbn=978-0-7586-0994-6&rft.aulast=Krauth&rft.aufirst=Charles+Porterfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservativeref00kraugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Granquist, Mark. Lutherans in America: A New History (2015)</li> <li>LCA Historical Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraaten1983" class="citation book cs1">Braaten, Carl E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofluth0000braa">Principles of Lutheran Theology</a>. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1689-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1689-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-1689-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Lutheran+Theology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1689-2&rft.aulast=Braaten&rft.aufirst=Carl+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofluth0000braa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>LCA Historical Worship Perspective: Reed, Luther D. The Lutheran Liturgy: a Study [especially] of the Common Service of the Lutheran Church in America. Philadelphia, Penn.: Muhlenberg Press, 1947. N.B.: This study also includes some coverage of other Lutheran liturgical services, especially of Matins and Vespers.</li> <li>LCMS Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieper1950–1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_August_Otto_Pieper" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz August Otto Pieper">Pieper, Franz</a> (1950–1957). Christian Dogmatics. Saint Louis, MO: <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">Concordia Publishing House</a>. p. 3 Volumes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-570-06714-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-570-06714-6"><bdi>978-0-570-06714-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Dogmatics&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=3+Volumes&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1950%2F1957&rft.isbn=978-0-570-06714-6&rft.aulast=Pieper&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>LCMS Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n565">526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>LCMS Perspective: Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod (1932). Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House.</li> <li>LCMS Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1910" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709205945/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/graebner.html">Outlines of Doctrinal Theology</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-04891-7"><bdi>978-0-524-04891-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/graebner.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Doctrinal+Theology&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-524-04891-7&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.netins.net%2Fweb%2Fbilarson%2Fgraebner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>LCMS Perspective: Kretzschmar, Karl (198?). What Lutherans Teach. St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Tract Mission.</li> <li>LCMS Perspective: Neuhaus, Richard John (1969). The Lutherans (in "Ecumenical Series"). New York: Paulist Press. N.B.: At the time of the publication of this document, Neuhaus was still a Lutheran pastor, of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.</li> <li>LCR Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1963" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Wallace H. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutherantheology.com/uploads/works/wabiotg/index.html">We All Believe in One True God: A Summary of Biblical Doctrine</a>. Midland, Michigan: Cross of Christ Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+All+Believe+in+One+True+God%3A+A+Summary+of+Biblical+Doctrine&rft.place=Midland%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Cross+of+Christ+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Wallace+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flutherantheology.com%2Fuploads%2Fworks%2Fwabiotg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Meyer, Carl S. Moving Frontiers: Readings in the History of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod (1986)</li> <li>Neo-Lutheran Historical Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1876" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Heinrich Friedrich Ferdinand (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK9ZAAAAMAAJ">The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</a>. Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-8877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-8877-3"><bdi>978-0-7905-8877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrinal+Theology+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lutheran+Publication+Society&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=978-0-7905-8877-3&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Friedrich+Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK9ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Norwegian Synod Historical Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonson1915" class="citation book cs1">Monson, Ingvar Grøthe (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlJGAAAAYAAJ">The Difference: A Popular Guide to Denominational History and Doctrine</a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Difference%3A+A+Popular+Guide+to+Denominational+History+and+Doctrine&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Monson&rft.aufirst=Ingvar+Gr%C3%B8the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlJGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Richard, James William (1909) The Confessional History of the Lutheran Church. Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1909</li> <li>Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998)</li> <li>Slovak Synod Historical Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1913" class="citation book cs1">Richter, V. W. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyshouldaluthe00richgoog">Why Should a Lutheran Not Join Any Sectarian Church?</a>. Streator, Illinois: Svedok Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Should+a+Lutheran+Not+Join+Any+Sectarian+Church%3F&rft.place=Streator%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Svedok+Publishing+House&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=V.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyshouldaluthe00richgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>WELS Perspective: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2006" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Lyle W. (2006). God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Publishing House">Northwestern Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-1744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-1744-3"><bdi>978-0-8100-1744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+So+Loved+the+World%3A+A+Study+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=Northwestern+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8100-1744-3&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Lyle+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Comparison of about 50 Lutheran church bodies in America: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrug,_John_F.2009" class="citation book cs1">Brug, John F. (2009). WELS & Other Lutherans (2nd ed.). Northwestern Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-0543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-0543-3"><bdi>978-0-8100-0543-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WELS+%26+Other+Lutherans&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Northwestern+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8100-0543-3&rft.au=Brug%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Comparison of Catholic, Lutheran, and Protestant doctrine: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Gregory L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gljackson.com/795931.pdf">Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: A Doctrinal Comparison of Three Christian Confessions</a> (PDF). Glendale, Arizona: Martin Chemnitz Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic%2C+Lutheran%2C+Protestant%3A+A+Doctrinal+Comparison+of+Three+Christian+Confessions&rft.place=Glendale%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Martin+Chemnitz+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gljackson.com%2F795931.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lutherans" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lutherans">Lutherans</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Moldehnke, Edward F. "Was ist denn eigentlich ein Lutheraner?" Evangelish-Lutherisches Gemeinde-Blatt. Vol. 1, nos. 8–10 (1866). Trans. Nathaniel J. Biebert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiumexcitare.com/content/111">"So What Actually Is a Lutheran?"</a> Studium Excitare. Issue No. 12 (2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Lutherans">"Lutherans" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lutherans&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutheranism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://examinationofthepearl.org/">A historical study of the Laestadian Lutheran Church, the SRK, and Conservative Laestadianism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lutheranism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism_topics" title="Template:Lutheranism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism_topics" title="Template talk:Lutheranism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lutheranism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">The Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#The_Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostle's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer#English_versions" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism#Reformation" title="Baptism">Sacrament of Holy Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Sacrament of the Eucharist</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherrose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/75px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/113px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/150px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#The_chief_articles_of_faith_.28theses.29" title="Augsburg Confession">Chief articles of faith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>I. <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">God</a></li> <li>II. <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original Sin</a></li> <li>III. The <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li>IV. <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide#Justification_in_Lutheranism" title="Sola fide">Justification By Faith</a></li> <li>V. The Office of <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Preaching</a></li> <li>VI. Of The <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#The_Book_of_Concord" title="Law and Gospel">New Obedience</a></li> <li>VII. Of The <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">Church</a></li> <li>VIII. What the <a href="/wiki/Church_visible" title="Church visible">Church</a> Is</li> <li>IX. Of <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Reformation" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li>X. Of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li>XI. Of <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li>XII. Of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity#Lutheran" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li>XIII. Of the Use of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li>XIV.</li> <li>XV. <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Ecclesiastical Usages</a></li> <li>XVI. Of <a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Civil Affairs</a></li> <li>XVII. Of Christ's Return to <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Final_Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li>XVIII. Of <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#In_Lutheranism" title="Free will in theology">Free Will</a></li> <li>XIX. Of the Cause of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Protestant_views" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li>XX. Of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Good_works">Good Works</a></li> <li>XXI. Of the Worship of the <a href="/wiki/Saint#Lutheranism" title="Saint">Saints</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_table_prayer" title="Common table prayer">Common table prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Lutheranism" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of The Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil#Lutheran_churches" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreath_of_Christ" title="Wreath of Christ">Wreath of Christ</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutherans</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther" title="Template talk:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> (1522, 1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament" title="The Adoration of the Sacrament">The Adoration of the Sacrament</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">Flood prayer</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper" title="Confession Concerning Christ's Supper">Confession Concerning Christ's Supper</a> (1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">On War Against the Turk</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church" title="On the Councils and the Church">On the Councils and the Church</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">Vom Schem Hamphoras</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Luther's Table Talk</a> (1566)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar edition of Luther's works</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a> (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gott_sei_gelobet_und_gebenedeiet" title="Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet">Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>" (1529)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sie_ist_mir_lieb,_die_werte_Magd" title="Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd">Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd</a>" (1535)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" (1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate, 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine, 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy, 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo" title="Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo">Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hans and Margarethe Luther (parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena Luther</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul Luther</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_VII_von_Mansfeld" title="Albrecht VII von Mansfeld">Albrecht VII von Mansfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luther sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstädte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)" title="Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)">Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg (Fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther" title="List of films about Martin Luther">Film</a> and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)" title="Martin Luther (1923 film)">Martin Luther (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)" title="Luther (1928 film)">Luther (1928 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)">Martin Luther (1953 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(play)" title="Luther (play)">Luther (1961 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)" title="Luther (1964 film)">Luther (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)" title="Luther (1974 film)">Luther (1974 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic" title="Martin Luther, Heretic">Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)">Luther (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther and I (page does not exist)">Luther and I (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)">Luther Monument</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a>, Worms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Christian_University" title="Martin Luther Christian University">Martin Luther Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" title="Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_Lutheran_controversies" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Template:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Template talk:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Lutheran_controversies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Early <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheran</a> controversies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="hlist"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> Date</th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Controversy</th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> Resolution a)</th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;text-align:left;"> Issues / people / publications involved</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1527–56</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">Antinomian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>V</li><li>VI</li></ul></div></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Poach" title="Andreas Poach">Andreas Poach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Otto (page does not exist)">Anton Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1533–53</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Descent into Hell</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> IX</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aepinus" title="Johannes Aepinus">Johannes Aepinus</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1548–55</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> X</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1549–66</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy" title="Osiandrian controversy">Osiandrian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> III</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Funck" title="Johann Funck">Johann Funck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Stancaro" title="Francesco Stancaro">Francesco Stancaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1551–62</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Majoristic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Major" title="Georg Major">Georg Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Menius" title="Justus Menius">Justus Menius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1555–60</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Synergistic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> II</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Flacian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> I</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Musaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Musaeus (page does not exist)">Simon Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinist</a> and Saligerian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VII</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Augsburg Confession Variata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hardenberg" title="Albert Hardenberg">Albert Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_M%C3%B6rlin" title="Maximilian Mörlin">Maximilian Mörlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Saliger" title="Johannes Saliger">Johannes Saliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1561–63</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Predestination</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> XI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Marbach" title="Johann Marbach">Johann Marbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1640-86</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">Syncretistic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>a) Articles identified (I–XII) according to the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Lutheranism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template talk:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Lutheranism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation at Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Presentation of the Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Reformation in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Reformation_and_Thirty_Years_War" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Protestant_theologians" title="Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians">Reformers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_S%C3%A4rkilahti" title="Petrus Särkilahti">Petrus Särkilahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Agricola" title="Stephan Agricola">Stephan Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early turmoil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Dissemination of the Augsburg Confession Variata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1540%E2%80%931541)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)">Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Interim" title="Regensburg Interim">Regensburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Interim" title="Leipzig Interim">Leipzig Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent#Protestant_response" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent § Protestant response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries" title="Magdeburg Centuries">Publication of the Magdeburg Centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphoristic_Controversy_in_Lutheranism" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic controversies (first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Second_Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomianism">second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell#Lutheran" title="Harrowing of Hell">Controversy on the Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople#The_Greek_Augsburg_Confession" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Presentation of the Greek Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Signing of the Formula of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Spangenberg" title="Cyriacus Spangenberg">Cyriacus Spangenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John the Magnanimous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Scholastic</a> periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Acceptance of the Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza#The_Colloquy_of_Mumpelgart" title="Theodore Beza">Colloquy of Mumpelgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andreae" title="Jakob Andreae">Jakob Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chytraeus" title="David Chytraeus">David Chytraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hafenreffer" title="Matthias Hafenreffer">Matthias Hafenreffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter" title="Leonhard Hutter">Leonhard Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">J. A. Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Brochmand" title="Jesper Brochmand">Jesper Brochmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_Glassius" title="Salomo Glassius">Salomo Glassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BClsemann" title="Johann Hülsemann">Johann Hülsemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer">J. C. Dannhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Friedrich König">J. F. König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Musaeus" title="Johannes Musaeus">Johannes Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">J. W. Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">V. E. Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Goeze" title="Johann Melchior Goeze">J. M. Goeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Landlers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative or critical theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolffian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Semler" title="Johann Salomo Semler">Johann Salomo Semler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Michaelis" title="Johann David Michaelis">Johann David Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_D%C3%B6derlein" title="Johann Christoph Döderlein">Johann Christoph Döderlein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Old Tübingen school</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlob Christian Storr">Gottlob Christian Storr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_S%C3%BCskind" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind">Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Flatt" title="Johann Friedrich Flatt">Johann Friedrich Flatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_von_Ammon" title="Christoph Friedrich von Ammon">Christoph Friedrich von Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wegscheider" title="Julius Wegscheider">Julius Wegscheider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Daub" title="Karl Daub">Karl Daub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marheineke" title="Philip Marheineke">Philip Marheineke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adelbert_Lipsius" title="Richard Adelbert Lipsius">Richard Adelbert Lipsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Moderate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Volkmar_Reinhard" title="Franz Volkmar Reinhard">Franz Volkmar Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Bretschneider" title="Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider">Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette" title="Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette">Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Transitional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Moller" title="Martin Moller">Martin Moller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Valentinus_Andreae" title="Johannes Valentinus Andreae">J. V. Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">P. J. Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Petersen" title="Johann Wilhelm Petersen">J. W. Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">A. H. Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Buddeus" title="Johann Franz Buddeus">J. F. Buddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel" title="Johann Albrecht Bengel">J. A. Bengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christian_Knapp" title="Georg Christian Knapp">G. C. Knapp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment#The_Counter-Enlightenment_Movement_vs_Counter-Enlightenments" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Awakening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">J. G. Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Olof_Rosenius" title="Carl Olof Rosenius">Carl Olof Rosenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tholuck" title="August Tholuck">August Tholuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillertal#History" title="Zillertal">Zillertal Valley expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Repristination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">E. W. Hengstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Philippi" title="Friedrich Adolf Philippi">F. A. Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">F. G. Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Paul_Caspari" title="Carl Paul Caspari">Carl Paul Caspari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">C. P. Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Alexander_Gotwald" title="Luther Alexander Gotwald">L .A. Gotwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Erlangen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless">G. C. A. von Harless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich_H%C3%B6fling" title="Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling">J. W. F. Höfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Thomasius" title="Gottfried Thomasius">Gottfried Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Konrad_von_Hofmann" title="Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann">J. C. K. von Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_August_Kahnis" title="Karl Friedrich August Kahnis">K. F. A. Kahnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Luthardt" title="Christoph Ernst Luthardt">C. E. Luthardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Reinhold_von_Frank" title="Franz Hermann Reinhold von Frank">F. H. R. von Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Althaus" title="Paul Althaus">Paul Althaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Elert" title="Werner Elert">Werner Elert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Christian_Vilmar" title="August Friedrich Christian Vilmar">A. F. C. Vilmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">F. J. Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Otto_M%C3%BCnchmeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer">A. F. O. Münchmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Wilhelm_L%C3%B6he" title="Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe">J. K. W. Löhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kliefoth" title="Theodor Kliefoth">Theodor Kliefoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hansen_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Hansen (theologian)">Heinrich Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Old Lutheran schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church#Background" title="German Evangelical Church">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Scheibel" title="Johann Gottfried Scheibel">J. G. Scheibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">Eduard Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ernst_Ferdinand_Guericke" title="Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke">H. E. F. Guericke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">G. P. E. Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Australia / New Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Kavel" title="August Kavel">August Kavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Fritzsche" title="Gotthard Fritzsche">Gotthard Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephan" title="Martin Stephan">Martin Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_August_Grabau" title="Johannes Andreas August Grabau">J. A. A. Grabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Amberg_Preus" title="Herman Amberg Preus">H. A. Preus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synodical_Conference_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America">Synodical Conference of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_the_Divine_Service_in_Lutheranism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_Divine_Service" title="Template:Lutheran Divine Service"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheran_Divine_Service" title="Template talk:Lutheran Divine Service"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran_Divine_Service" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran Divine Service"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_the_Divine_Service_in_Lutheranism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Entrance hymn and <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a> (known as the Invocation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Act" title="Penitential Act">Penitential Act</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Confiteor#Usage_in_Lutheranism" title="Confiteor">Confiteor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Grace" title="Declaration of Grace">Declaration of Grace</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a> on Easter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Service of the Word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Patri" title="Gloria Patri">Gloria Patri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kýrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_vobiscum" title="Dominus vobiscum">Dominus vobiscum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oremus" title="Oremus">Oremus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> reading</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">gradual</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Psalms#The_Psalms_in_Christian_worship" title="Psalms">Responsorial Psalm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tract_(liturgy)" title="Tract (liturgy)">tract</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_day" title="Hymn of the day">Hymn of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">Homily</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postil" title="Postil">Postil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> on <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">Prayers of the Faithful</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Service of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sursum_corda" title="Sursum corda">Sursum corda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Sanctus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hosanna" title="Hosanna">Hosanna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Eucharistic Prayer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">Epiclesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Acclamation" title="Memorial Acclamation">Memorial Acclamation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Sign of peace</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pax_(liturgy)" title="Pax (liturgy)">pax</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Agnus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism#Manner_of_reception" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcommunion" title="Postcommunion">Postcommunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedicamus_Domino" title="Benedicamus Domino">Benedicamus Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">Benediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(liturgy)" title="Dismissal (liturgy)">Dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ite,_missa_est" title="Ite, missa est">Ite, missa est</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop#Lutheranism" title="Bishop">bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor_(Christianity)" title="Cantor (Christianity)">cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">crucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Lutheranism" title="Deacon">deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Lutheranism" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor#Protestantism" title="Pastor">Pastor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Priest#Lutheran" title="Priest">Priest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">usher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts of the Sanctuary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Protestant_Churches" title="Altar">altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar crucifix">altar crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">altar rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeler" title="Kneeler">kneeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscina" title="Piscina">piscina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">processional cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">tabernacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_candle" title="Altar candle">altar candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_candle" title="Paschal candle">paschal candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">sanctuary lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">votive candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liturgical vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">cruet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liturgical objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offertory#Collection_of_alms" title="Offertory">collection basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">paten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">sacramental wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">thurible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">alb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">geneva gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humeral_veil" title="Humeral veil">humeral veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicle" title="Tunicle">tunicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book#Lutheran" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical books</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hymnals#Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hymnals">hymnals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship:_A_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal">Christian Worship</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship:_Hymnal" title="Christian Worship: Hymnal">Christian Worship</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Service_Book" title="Common Service Book">Common Service Book</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymn-Book" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book">Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymnary" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary">Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Worship" title="Evangelical Lutheran Worship">Evangelical Lutheran Worship</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Book_of_Worship" title="Lutheran Book of Worship">Lutheran Book of Worship</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="The Lutheran Hymnal">The Lutheran Hymnal</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Hymnal_with_Supplement" title="Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement">Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Worship" title="Lutheran Worship">Lutheran Worship</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReClaim_Hymnal" title="ReClaim Hymnal">ReClaim Hymnal</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Book_and_Hymnal" title="Service Book and Hymnal">Service Book and Hymnal</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75809#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129004412">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1003996/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125794-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078999">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119522467">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119522467">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567375">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138754&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527543">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538781405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011436">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&oldid=1257751631">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&oldid=1257751631</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" title="Category:Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1517_in_Christianity" title="Category:1517 in Christianity">1517 in Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_introductions" title="Category:16th-century introductions">16th-century introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_neologisms" title="Category:16th-century neologisms">16th-century neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_numeric_Bible_version_references" title="Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references">Pages with numeric Bible version references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv)">Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2016">Use dmy dates from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018">Articles with dead external links from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 13:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutheranism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mdz77","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.944","walltime":"2.376","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14133,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":736205,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":134255,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":755333,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1756.655 1 -total"," 45.55% 800.138 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.50% 307.474 73 Template:Cite_book"," 6.98% 122.557 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.45% 113.330 35 Template:Cite_web"," 6.43% 112.991 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.28% 110.363 1 Template:Lutheranism"," 6.24% 109.699 143 Template:Bibleverse"," 6.00% 105.438 2 Template:Lang"," 5.91% 103.754 3 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.938","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16604014,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mbxg5","timestamp":"20241122143650","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lutheranism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lutheranism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q75809","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q75809","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-07T13:15:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T13:15:07Z","headline":"form of Protestantism commonly associated with the teachings of Martin Luther"}</script> </body> </html>