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CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_version_(5th-6th_cent._CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_version_(12th_cent._CE,_based_on_1st-8th_cent._CE_sources)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_version_(12th_cent._CE,_based_on_1st-8th_cent._CE_sources)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jain version (12th cent. CE, based on 1st-8th cent. CE sources)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_version_(12th_cent._CE,_based_on_1st-8th_cent._CE_sources)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmiri_version_(11th_cent._CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmiri_version_(11th_cent._CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kashmiri version (11th cent. CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmiri_version_(11th_cent._CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmiri_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmiri_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Kashmiri narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmiri_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudrarakshasa_version_(4th-8th_cent._CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudrarakshasa_version_(4th-8th_cent._CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mudrarakshasa version (4th-8th cent. CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudrarakshasa_version_(4th-8th_cent._CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudrarakshasa_narrative_(4th-8th_cent._CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudrarakshasa_narrative_(4th-8th_cent._CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Mudrarakshasa narrative (4th-8th cent. CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudrarakshasa_narrative_(4th-8th_cent._CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_with_Kautilya,_author_of_the_Arthashastra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_Kautilya,_author_of_the_Arthashastra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Identification with Kautilya, author of the <i>Arthashastra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_with_Kautilya,_author_of_the_Arthashastra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In popular Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthashastra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthashastra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Arthashastra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthashastra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanakya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشانكيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشانكيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="চাণক্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাণক্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakia" title="Chanakia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chanakia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakia" title="Chanakia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chanakia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakya" title="Çanakya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çanakya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چاناکیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاناکیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="চাণক্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাণক্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Чанакья – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чанакья" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%E2%80%99%D1%8F" title="Чанак’я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чанак’я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%E2%80%99%D1%8F" title="Чанак’я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чанак’я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8F" title="Чанакя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чанакя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Canakja" title="Čanakja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čanakja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1nakja" title="Čánakja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čánakja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشاناكيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاناكيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81%E1%B9%87akya" title="Cāṇakya – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cāṇakya" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Τσανάκυα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσανάκυα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakia" title="Chanakia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chanakia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88anakja" title="Ĉanakja – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉanakja" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چاناکیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاناکیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnugupta_Ch%C3%A2nakya" title="Vishnugupta Chânakya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vishnugupta Chânakya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="ચાણક્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાણક્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%82%98%ED%82%A4%EC%95%BC" title="차나키야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차나키야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Չանակյա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չանակյա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Canakja" title="Čanakja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čanakja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canakya" title="Canakya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Canakya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Чанакья – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чанакья" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81%E1%B9%87akya" title="Cāṇakya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cāṇakya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="צ'אנקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אנקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಚಾಣಕ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಣಕ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩანაკია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანაკია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Чанакья – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чанакья" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canakyus" title="Canakyus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canakyus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81nakja" title="Čānakja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čānakja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Canakja" title="Čanakja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čanakja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautilja" title="Kautilja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kautilja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canakya" title="Canakya – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Canakya" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Чанакја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чанакја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2nakya" title="Chânakya – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chânakya" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="കൗടില്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൗടില്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩანაკია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩანაკია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشانكيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشانكيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB" title="စာဏကျ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာဏကျ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चाणक्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाणक्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4" title="カウティリヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カウティリヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Чанакья – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чанакья" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautilya" title="Kautilya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kautilya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଚାଣକ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାଣକ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਚਾਣਕਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਣਕਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کوٹلیا چانکیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوٹلیا چانکیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کوټیلیا چانکیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوټیلیا چانکیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81nakya" title="Chānakya – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chānakya" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86anakja_Kautilja" title="Ćanakja Kautilja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćanakja Kautilja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caut%C3%ADlia" title="Cautília – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cautília" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakya" title="Çanakya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çanakya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8F" title="Чанакя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чанакя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Чанакья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чанакья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="चाणक्यः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाणक्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱠᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱠᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="چانکیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چانکیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakya" title="Çanakya – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çanakya" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چانڪيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چانڪيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Canakja" title="Čanakja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čanakja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چانەکیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چانەکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Чанакја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чанакја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Canakja" title="Čanakja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čanakja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சாணக்கியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாணக்கியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakya" title="Çanakya – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Çanakya" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="చాణక్యుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాణక్యుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="จาณักยะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จาณักยะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಚಾಣಕ್ಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚಾಣಕ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakya" title="Çanakya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çanakya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%27%D1%8F" title="Чанак'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чанак'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="چانکیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چانکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="考底利耶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טשאנאקיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאנאקיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="考底利耶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Canakj%C4%97" title="Čanakjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čanakjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="考底利耶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Chanakya" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-legendary adviser of Chandragupta Maurya</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chanakya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chanakya (disambiguation)">Chanakya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a></div><div class="fn">Chanakya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg/220px-Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg/330px-Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg/440px-Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chanakya as depicted on the cover of <a href="/wiki/R._Shamasastry" title="R. Shamasastry">R. Shamasastry</a>'s 1915 translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">375 BCE,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chanaka village in Golla region, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> (Jain legends);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />or in <a href="/wiki/Takshashila" class="mw-redirect" title="Takshashila">Takshashila</a> (Buddhist legends)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">283 BCE,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Teacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisor">chief advisor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of the Chandragupta Maurya Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Prominent role in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Chanakyaniti" title="Chanakyaniti">Chanakyaniti</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">Chanak (father)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to legendary narratives,<sup id="cite_ref-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preserved in various traditions dating from the 4th to 11th century CE, <b>Chanakya</b> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cāṇakya</i></span></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/da\/Chanakya.ogg\/Chanakya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chanakya.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Chanakya.ogg/Chanakya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanakya.ogg" title="File:Chanakya.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) was a Brahmin who assisted the first Mauryan emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a> in his rise to power and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>. According to these narratives, Chanakya served as the chief advisor and Prime Minister of the both emperors <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya was traditionally identified with Kauṭilya, the author of the ancient Indian political treatise, the <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mabbett_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabbett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Arthashastra</i> is now thought with high probability to have been composed by multiple authors during the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>—several centuries after the Mauryan period—the backdated identification with Chanakya to have served to add prestige to the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-date_authorship_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date_authorship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chanakya-Chandragupta_katha_(legend)"><span id="Chanakya-Chandragupta_katha_.28legend.29"></span>Chanakya-Chandragupta <i>katha</i> (legend)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanda_Empire,_c.325_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/220px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/330px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/440px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Dhana Nanda's empire, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BCE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no documented historical information about Chanakya: narratives about him come from legendary accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Thomas Trautmann</a> identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chanakya-Chandragupta <i>katha</i> (legend):<sup id="cite_ref-Namita2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namita2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Buddhist version: <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i> (5th-6th cent. CE) and its commentary <i>Vamsatthappakasini</i> (Pali language)</li> <li>Jain version: <i><a href="/wiki/Parishishtaparvan" title="Parishishtaparvan">Parishishtaparvan</a></i> (12th cent. CE) by <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>, based on 1st-8th century sources</li> <li>Kashmiri version: <i><a href="/wiki/Kathasaritsagara" title="Kathasaritsagara">Kathasaritsagara</a></i> (11th cent. CE) by Somadeva, <i>Brihat-Katha-Manjari</i> by Ksemendra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishakhadatta" title="Vishakhadatta">Vishakhadatta</a>'s version: <i><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i> (4th-8th cent. CE) , a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta; largely fictional<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In all the four versions, Chanakya feels insulted by the Nanda king, and vows to destroy him. After dethroning the Nanda, he installs Chandragupta as the new king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_version_(5th-6th_cent._CE)"><span id="Buddhist_version_.285th-6th_cent._CE.29"></span>Buddhist version (5th-6th cent. CE)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source">Source</h4></div> <p>The legend of Chanakya and Chandragupta is detailed in the Pali-language Buddhist chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It is not mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i>, the oldest of these chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197111_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Buddhist source to mention the legend is <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, which is generally dated between fifth and sixth centuries CE. <i>Vamsatthappakasini</i> (also known as <i>Mahvamsa Tika</i>), a commentary on <i>Mahavamsa,</i> provides some more details about the legend. Its author is unknown, and it is dated variously from sixth century CE to 13th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other texts provide additional details about the legend; for example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Vamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Vamsa">Maha-Bodhi-Vamsa</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Atthakatha</a></i> give the names of the nine Nanda kings said to have preceded Chandragupta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197111_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197118_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197118-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrative">Narrative</h4></div> <p>According to the Buddhist legend, the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda emperors</a> who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197111_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chanakya (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Cāṇakka in <i>Mahavamsa</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> from Takkāsila (<a href="/wiki/Takshashila" class="mw-redirect" title="Takshashila">Takshashila</a>). He was well-versed in three <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and politics. He was born with canine teeth, which were believed to be a mark of royalty. His mother feared that he would neglect her after becoming an emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pacify her, Chanakya broke his teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197113_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya had an <a href="/wiki/Unattractiveness" title="Unattractiveness">ugly appearance</a>, accentuated by his broken teeth and crooked feet. One day, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana Nanda</a> organized an alms-giving ceremony for Brahmins. Chanakya went to Pupphapura (<a href="/wiki/Pushpapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushpapura">Pushpapura</a>) to attend this ceremony. Disgusted by his appearance, the emperor ordered him to be thrown out of the assembly. Chanakya broke his <a href="/wiki/Sacred_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred thread">sacred thread</a> in anger, and cursed the emperor. The emperor ordered his arrest, but Chanakya escaped in the disguise of an <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a>. He befriended Dhananada's son Pabbata, and instigated him to seize the throne. With help of a <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet ring">signet ring</a> given by the prince, Chanakya fled the palace through a secret door.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197113_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya escaped to the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vinjha</a> forest. There, he made 800 million gold coins (<i><a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">kahapana</a></i>s), using a secret technique that allowed him to turn 1 coin into 8 coins. After hiding this money, he started searching for a person worthy of replacing Dhana Nanda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197113_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day, he saw a group of children playing: the young Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in <i>Mahavamsa</i>) played the role of an emperor, while other boys pretended to be vassals, ministers, or robbers. The "robbers" were brought before Chandragupta, who ordered their limbs to be cut off, but then miraculously re-attached them. Chandragupta had been born in a royal family, but was brought up by a hunter after his father was killed by an usurper, and the <a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">devatas</a> caused his mother to abandon him. Astonished by the boy's miraculous powers, Chanakya paid 1000 gold coins to his foster-father, and took Chandragupta away, promising to teach him a trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197114_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197114-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya had two potential successors to Dhana Nanda: Pabbata and Chandragupta. He gave each of them an amulet to be worn around the neck with a woolen thread. One day, he decided to test them. While Chandragupta was asleep, he asked Pabbata to remove Chandragupta's woolen thread without breaking it and without waking up Chandragupta. Pabbata failed to accomplish this task. Some time later, when Pabbata was sleeping, Chanakya challenged Chandragupta to complete the same task. Chandragupta retrieved the woolen thread by cutting off Pabbata's head. For the next seven years, Chanakya trained Chandragupta for imperial duties. When Chandragupta became an adult, Chanakya dug up his hidden treasure of gold coins, and assembled an army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197114_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197114-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army of Chanadragupta and Chanakya invaded Dhana Nanda's empire, but disbanded after facing a severe defeat. While wandering in disguise, the two men once listened to the conversation between a woman and her son. The child had eaten the middle of a cake, and thrown away the edges. The woman scolded him, saying that he was eating food like Chandragupta, who attacked the central part of the empire instead of conquering the border villages first. Chanakya and Chandragupta realized their mistake. They assembled a new army, and started conquering the border villages. Gradually, they advanced to the empire's capital <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (Pāṭaliputta in <i>Mahavamsa</i>), where they killed the Emperor Dhana Nanda. Chanakya ordered a fisherman to find the place where Dhana Nanda had hidden his treasure. As soon as the fishermen informed Chanakya about its location, Chanakya had him killed. Chanakya anointed Chandragupta as the new emperor, and tasked a man named Paṇiyatappa with eliminating rebels and robbers from the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya started mixing small doses of poison in the new emperor's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts by the enemies. Chandragupta, who was not aware of this, once shared the food with his pregnant empress Durdhara, who was seven days away from delivery. Chanakya arrived just as the empress ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, Chanakya decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the empress's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a> because his body was spotted with drops (<i>bindu</i>) of goat's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197115_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Buddhist legends do not mention Chanakya in their description of the Mauryan dynasty after this point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197114_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197114-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha#Dhammapala" title="Atthakatha">Dhammapala</a>'s commentary on <i><a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragatha</a></i>, however, mentions a legend about Chanakya and a Brahmin named Subandhu. According to this account, Chanakya was afraid that the wise Subandhu would surpass him at Chandragupta's court. So, he got Chandragupta to imprison Subandhu, whose son Tekicchakani escaped and became a Buddhist monk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197128_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197128-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist author <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> mentions Chanakya as one of Bindusara's "great lords". According to him, Chanakya destroyed the nobles and <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">kings</a> of 16 towns and made Bindusara the master of all the territory between the eastern and the western seas (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016331_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016331-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_version_(12th_cent._CE,_based_on_1st-8th_cent._CE_sources)"><span id="Jain_version_.2812th_cent._CE.2C_based_on_1st-8th_cent._CE_sources.29"></span>Jain version (12th cent. CE, based on 1st-8th cent. CE sources)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_2">Source</h4></div> <p>The Chandragupta-Chanakya legend is mentioned in several commentaries of the <a href="/wiki/Shvetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shvetambara">Shvetambara</a> canon. The most well-known version of the Jain legend is contained in the <i>Sthaviravali-Charita</i> or <i>Parishishta-Parvan</i>, written by the 12th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemachandra's account is based on the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> <i>kathanaka</i> literature (legends and anecdotes) composed between the late first century CE and mid-8th century CE. These legends are contained in the commentaries (<i>churni</i>s and <i>tika</i>s) on canonical texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></i> and <i>Avashyaka Niryukti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197129_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197129-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Thomas Trautmann</a> believes that the Jain version is older and more consistent than the Buddhist version of the legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197129_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197129-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrative_2">Narrative</h4></div> <p>According to the Jain account, Chanakya was born to two lay Jains (<i><a href="/wiki/Shravaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravaka">shravaka</a></i>) named Chanin and Chaneshvari. His birthplace was the Chanaka village in Golla <i><a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">vishaya</a></i> (district).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identity of "Golla" is not certain, but Hemachandra states that Chanakya was a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dramila</a>, implying that he was a native of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya was born with a full set of teeth. According to the monks, this was a sign that he would become a king in the future. Chanin did not want his son to become haughty, so he broke Chanakya's teeth. The monks prophesied that the baby would go on to become a <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chanakya grew up to be a learned <i>shravaka</i>, and married a Brahmin woman. Her relatives mocked her for being married to a poor man. This motivated Chanakya to visit <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, and seek donations from the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Nanda</a>, who was famous for his generosity towards Brahmins. While waiting for the emperor at the imperial court, Chanakya sat on the emperor's throne. A <i><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">dasi</a></i> (slave woman) courteously offered Chanakya the next seat, but Chanakya kept his <a href="/wiki/Kamandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamandal">kamandal</a> (water pot) on it, while remaining seated on the throne. The servant offered him a choice of four more seats, but each time, he kept his various items on the seats, refusing to budge from the throne. Finally, the annoyed servant kicked him off the throne. Enraged, Chanakya vowed to uproot Nanda and his entire establishment, like "a great wind uproots a tree".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197122-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya knew that he was prophesied to become a power behind the throne. So, he started searching for a person worthy of being a king. While wandering, he did a favour for the pregnant daughter of a village chief, on the condition that her child would belong to him. Chandragupta was born to this lady. When Chandragupta grew up, Chanakya came to his village and saw him playing "king" among a group of boys. To test him, Chanakya asked him for a donation. The boy told Chanakya to take the cows nearby, declaring that nobody would disobey his order. This display of power convinced Chanakya that Chandragupta was the one worthy of being a king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya took Chandragupta to conquer Pataliputra, the capital of Nanda. He assembled an army using the wealth he had acquired through <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> (<i>dhatuvada-visaradan</i>). The army suffered a severe defeat, forcing Chanakya and Chandragupta to flee the battlefield. They reached a lake while being pursued by an enemy officer. Chanakya asked Chandragupta to jump into the lake, and disguised himself as a meditating ascetic. When the enemy soldier reached the lake, he asked the 'ascetic' if he had seen Chandragupta. Chanakya pointed at the lake. As the soldier removed his armour to jump into the lake, Chanakya took his sword and killed him. When Chandragupta came out of the water, Chanakya asked him, "What went through your mind, when I disclosed your location to the enemy?" Chandragupta replied that he trusted his master to make the best decision. This convinced Chanakya that Chandragupta would remain under his influence even after becoming the king. On another occasion, Chanakya similarly escaped the enemy by chasing away a washerman, and disguising himself as one. Once, he cut open the belly of a Brahmin who had just eaten food, and took out the food to feed a hungry Chandragupta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One day, Chanakya and Chandragupta overheard a woman scolding her son. The child had burnt his finger by putting it in the middle of a bowl of hot gruel. The woman told her son that by not starting from the cooler edges, he was being foolish like Chanakya, who attacked the capital before conquering the bordering regions. Chanakya realized his mistake, and made a new plan to defeat Nanda. He formed an alliance with Parvataka, the king of a mountain kingdom called Himavatkuta, offering him half of Nanda's empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After securing Parvataka's help, Chanakya and Chandragupta started besieging the cities other than Pataliputra. One particular city offered a strong resistance. Chanakya entered this city disguised as a <a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a> mendicant, and declared that the siege would end if the idols of the <a href="/wiki/Saptamatrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptamatrika">seven mothers</a> were removed from the town's temple. As soon as the superstitious defenders removed the idols from the temple, Chanakya ordered his army to end the siege. When the defenders started celebrating their victory, Chanakya's army launched a surprise attack and captured the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, Chanakya and Chandragupta subdued all the regions outside the capital. Finally, they captured Pataliputra and Chandragupta became the emperor. They allowed the Emperor Nanda to go into exile, with all the goods he could take on a cart. As Nanda and his family were leaving the city on a cart, his daughter saw Chandragupta, and fell in love with the new emperor. She chose him as her husband by <a href="/wiki/Svayamvara" title="Svayamvara">svayamvara</a> tradition. As she was getting off the cart, 9 spokes of the cart's wheel broke. Interpreting this as an omen, Chanakya declared that Chandragupta's dynasty would last for 9 generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Parvataka fell in love with one of Nanda's <a href="/wiki/Visha_kanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Visha kanya">visha kanyas</a> (poison girl, assassin). Chanakya approved the marriage, and Parvataka collapsed when he touched the girl during the wedding. Chanakya asked Chandragupta not to call a physician. Thus, Parvataka died and Chandragupta became the sole ruler of Nanda's territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya then started consolidating the power by eliminating Nanda's loyalists, who had been harassing people in various parts of the empire. Chanakya learned about a weaver who would burn any part of his house infested with cockroaches. Chanakya assigned the responsibility of crushing the rebels to this weaver. Soon, the empire was free of insurgents. Chanakya also burned a village that had refused him food in the past. He filled the imperial treasury by inviting rich merchants to his home, getting them drunk and gambling with a <a href="/wiki/Loaded_dice" class="mw-redirect" title="Loaded dice">loaded dice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once, the empire suffered a 12-year long famine. Two young Jain monks started eating from the emperor's plate, after making themselves invisible with a magic ointment. Chanakya sensed their presence by covering the palace floor with a powder, and tracing their footprints. At the next meal, he caught them by filling the dining room with thick smoke, which caused the monks' eyes to water, washing off the ointment. Chanakya complained about the young monks' behavior to the head monk Acharya Susthita. The Acharya blamed people for not being charitable towards monks, so Chanakya started giving generous alms to the monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Chandragupta had been patronizing the non-Jain monks. Chanakya decided to prove to him that these men were not worthy of his patronage. He covered the floor of the palace area near the women's rooms with powder and left the non-Jain monks there. Their footprints showed that they had sneaked up to the windows of the women's rooms to peep inside. The Jain monks, who were assessed using the same method, stayed away from the women's rooms. After seeing this, Chandragupta appointed the Jain monks as his spiritual counsellors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chanakya used to mix small doses of poison in Chandragupta's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts. The emperor, unaware of this, once shared his food with Empress <a href="/wiki/Durdhara" title="Durdhara">Durdhara</a>. Chanakya entered the room at the instant she died. He cut open the dead empress's belly and took out the baby. The baby, who had been touched by a drop ("<i>bindu</i>") of the poison, was named <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Chandragupta abdicated the throne to become a Jain monk, Chanakya appointed Bindusara as the new emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chanakya asked Bindusara to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the death of his mother. Bindusara confirmed the allegations with the nurses, who told him that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. Bindusara became enraged, and started hating Chanakya. As a result, Chanakya, who had grown very old by this time, retired and decided to <a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">starve himself to death</a>. Meanwhile, Bindusara learned the detailed circumstances of his birth, and implored Chanakya to resume his ministerial duties. After failing to pacify Chanakya, the emperor ordered Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his suicide plan. Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, burned him to death. Subandhu then took possession of Chanakya's home. Chanakya had anticipated this, and before retiring, he had set up a cursed trap for Subandhu. He had left behind a chest with a hundred locks. Subandhu broke the locks, hoping to find precious jewels. He found a sweet-smelling perfume and immediately inhaled it. But then his eyes fell on a <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">birch bark note</a> with a curse written on it. The note declared that anybody who smelled this perfume will have to either become a monk or face death. Subandhu tested the perfume on another man, and then fed him luxurious food (something that the monks abstain from). The man died, and then Subandhu was forced to become a monk to avoid death.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosalind_1993_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosalind_1993-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HJ_1891_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HJ_1891-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another Jain text – the <i>Rajavali-Katha</i> – Chanakya accompanied Chandragupta to forest for <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">retirement</a>, once Bindusara became the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice18899_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice18899-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmiri_version_(11th_cent._CE)"><span id="Kashmiri_version_.2811th_cent._CE.29"></span>Kashmiri version (11th cent. CE)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_3">Source</h4></div> <p><i>Brihatkatha-Manjari</i> by <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kathasaritsagara" title="Kathasaritsagara">Kathasaritsagara</a></i> by Somadeva are two 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> Sanskrit collections of legends. Both are based on a now-lost Prakrit-language <i>Brihatkatha-Sarit-Sagara</i>, which was based on the now-lost <a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a>-language <i><a href="/wiki/Brihatkatha" title="Brihatkatha">Brihatkatha</a></i> (before 3rd cent. CE) by <i><a href="/wiki/Gunadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunadhya">Gunadhya</a></i>. The Chanakya-Chandragupta legend in these collections features another character, named Shakatala (IAST: Śakaṭāla).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197131–33_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197131–33-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kashmiri_narrative">Kashmiri narrative</h4></div> <p>The Kashmiri version of the legend goes like this: Vararuchi (identified with <a href="/wiki/Katyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana">Katyayana</a>), Indradatta and Vyadi were three disciples of the <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">sage</a> Varsha. Once, on behalf of their <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> Varsha, they travelled to <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> to seek a <a href="/wiki/Gurudakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudakshina">gurudakshina</a> (guru's fee) from Emperor Nanda. As they arrived to meet Nanda, the emperor died. Using his <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogic</a> powers, Indradatta entered Nanda's body and granted Vararuchi's request for 10 million gold <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a> (gold coins). The imperial minister Shakatala realized what was happening, and had Indradatta's body burnt. But before he could take any action against the fake emperor (Indradatta in Nanda's body, also called Yogananda), the emperor had him arrested. Shakatala and his 100 sons were imprisoned and were given food sufficient only for one person. Shakatala's 100 sons starved to death, so that their father could live to take revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197131_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the fake emperor appointed Vararuchi as his minister. As the emperor's character kept deteriorating, a disgusted Vararuchi retired to a forest as an ascetic. Shakatala was then restored as the minister, but kept planning his revenge. One day, Shakatala came across Chanakya, a Brahmin who was uprooting all the grass in his path, because one blade of the grass had pricked his foot. Shakatala realized that he could use a man so vengeful to destroy the fake emperor. He invited Chanakya to the emperor's assembly, promising him 100,000 gold coins for presiding over a ritual ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197131_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakatala hosted Chanakya in his own house and treated him with great respect. But the day Chanakya arrived at the imperial court, Shakatala got another Brahmin named Subandhu to preside over the ceremony. Chanakya felt insulted, but Shakatala blamed the emperor for this dishonour. Chanakya then untied his topknot (<a href="/wiki/Sikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikha">sikha</a>), and vowed not to re-tie it until the emperor was destroyed. The emperor ordered his arrest, but he escaped to Shakatala's house. There, using materials supplied by Shakatala, he performed a magic ritual which made the emperor sick. The king died of a fever after 7 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197132_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197132-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakatala then executed Hiranyagupta, the son of the fake emperor. He anointed Chandragupta, the son of the real emperor Nanda, as the new emperor (in Kshemendra's version, it is Chanakya who installs Chandragupta as the new emperor). Shakatala also appointed Chanakya as the imperial priest (<i><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">rajpurohita</a></i>). Having achieved his revenge, he then retired to the forest as an ascetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197132_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197132-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudrarakshasa_version_(4th-8th_cent._CE)"><span id="Mudrarakshasa_version_.284th-8th_cent._CE.29"></span>Mudrarakshasa version (4th-8th cent. CE)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_4">Source</h4></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet ring">signet ring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_(amatya)" title="Rakshasa (amatya)">Rakshasa</a>") is a Sanskrit play by <a href="/wiki/Vishakhadatta" title="Vishakhadatta">Vishakhadatta</a>. Its date is uncertain, but it mentions the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a>, who invaded northern India during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a>. Therefore, it could not have been composed before the Gupta era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197141–43_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197141–43-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dated variously from the late fourth century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande2005223_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande2005223-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201630_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201630-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mudrarakshasa</i> legend contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mudrarakshasa_narrative_(4th-8th_cent._CE)"><span id="Mudrarakshasa_narrative_.284th-8th_cent._CE.29"></span>Mudrarakshasa narrative (4th-8th cent. CE)</h4></div> <p>According to the <i>Mudrarakshasa</i> version, the Emperor Nanda once removed Chanakya from the "first seat of the empire" (this possibly refers to Chanakya's expulsion from the emperor's assembly). For this reason, Chanakya vowed not to tie his top knot (<i><a href="/wiki/Sikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikha">shikha</a></i>) until the complete destruction of Nanda. Chanakya made a plan to dethrone Nanda, and replace him with Chandragupta, his son by a lesser empress. Chanakya engineered Chandragupta's alliance with another powerful king Parvateshvara (or Parvata), and the two rulers agreed to divide Nanda's territory after subjugating him. Their allied army included <a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Parasika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakas">Shaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a> soldiers. The army invaded <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (Kusumapura) and defeated the Nandas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197136–37_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197136–37-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parvata is identified with <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a> by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande2005227–230_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande2005227–230-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanda's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_(amatya)" title="Rakshasa (amatya)">Rakshasa</a> escaped Pataliputra, and continued resisting the invaders. He sent a <a href="/wiki/Vishakanya" title="Vishakanya">vishakanya</a> (poison girl) to assassinate Chandragupta. Chanakya had this girl assassinate Parvata instead, with the blame going to Rakshasa. However, Parvata's son Malayaketu learned the truth about his father's death and defected to Rakshasa's camp. Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana accompanied Malayaketu, pretending to be his friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197137_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197137-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rakshasa continued to plot Chandragupta's death, but all his plans were foiled by Chanakya. For example, once Rakshasa arranged for assassins to be transported to Chandragupta's bedroom via a tunnel. Chanakya became aware of them by noticing a trail of ants carrying the leftovers of their food. He then arranged for the assassins to be burned to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197138_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Parvata's brother Vairodhaka became the ruler of his emperor. Chanakya convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for killing his brother, and agreed to share half of Nanda's emperor with him. Secretly, however, Chanakya hatched a plan to get Vairodhaka killed. He knew that the chief architect of Pataliputra was a Rakshasa loyalist. He asked this architect to build a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> for Chandragupta's procession to the imperial palace. He arranged the procession to be held at midnight citing astrological reasons, but actually to ensure poor visibility. He then invited Vairodhaka to lead the procession on Chandragupta's elephant, and accompanied by Chandragupta's bodyguards. As expected, Rakshasa's loyalists arranged for the arch to fall on who they thought was Chandragupta. Vairodhaka was killed, and once again, the assassination was blamed on Rakshasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197137_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197137-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malayaketu and Rakshasa then formed an alliance with five kings: Chiravarman of Kauluta (Kulu), Meghaksha of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Parasika</a>, Narasimha of <a href="/wiki/Malaya_Mountains" title="Malaya Mountains">Malaya</a>, Pushkaraksha of <a href="/wiki/Kasmira_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasmira Kingdom">Kashmira</a>, and Sindhusena of <a href="/wiki/Sindhu_Kingdom" title="Sindhu Kingdom">Saindhava</a>. This allied army also included soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Chedi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chedi Kingdom">Chedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakas">Shaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a> territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197138_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pataliputra, Chanakya's agent informed him that three Rakshasa loyalists remained in the capital: the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi, the scribe Shakata-dasa and the jewellers' guild chief Chandana-dasa. Of these, Jiva-siddhi was actually a spy of Chanakya, unknown to his other spies. Chandana-dasa sheltered Rakshasa's wife, who once unknowingly dropped her husband's signet-ring (<i>mudra</i>). Chanakya's agent got hold of this signet-ring, and brought it to Chanakya. Using this signet ring, Chanakya sent a letter to Malayaketu warning him that his allies were treacherous. Chanakya also asked some of Chandragupta's princes to fake defection to Malayaketu's camp. In addition, Chanakya ordered Shakata-dasa's murder, but had him 'rescued' by Siddharthaka, a spy pretending to be an agent of Chandana-dasa. Chanakya's spy then took Shakata-dasa to Rakshasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197138_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Shakata-dasa and his 'rescuer' Siddharthaka reached Rakshasa, Siddharthaka presented him the signet-ring, claiming to have found it at Chandana-dasa's home. As a reward, Rakshasa gave him some jewels that Malayaketu had gifted him. Sometime after this, another of Chanakya's agents, disguised as a jeweller, sold Parvata's jewels to Rakshasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197139_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197139-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometime later, Rakshasa sent his spies disguised as musicians to Chandragupta's court. But Chanakya knew all about Rakshasa's plans thanks to his spies. In front of Rakshasa's spies, Chanakya and Chandragupta feigned an angry argument. Chandragupta pretended to dismiss Chanakya, and declared that Rakshasa would make a better minister. Meanwhile, Malayaketu had a conversation with Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana while approaching Rakshasa's house. Bhagurayana made Malayaketu distrustful of Rakshasa, by saying that Rakshasa hated only Chanakya, and would be willing to serve Nanda's son Chandragupta. Shortly after this, a messenger came to Rakshasa's house and informed him that Chandragupta had dismissed Chanakya while praising him. This convinced Malayaketu that Rakashasa could not be trusted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197139_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197139-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malayaketu then decided to invade Pataliputra without Rakshasa by his side. He consulted the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi to decide an auspicious time for beginning the march. Jiva-siddhi, a spy of Chanakya, told him that he could start immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197139_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197139-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiva-siddhi also convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for his father's death, but Bhagurayana persuaded him not to harm Rakshasa. Shortly after, Chanakya's spy Siddharthaka pretended to get caught with a fake letter addressed to Chandragupta by Rakshasa. Wearing the jewels given by Rakshasa, he pretended to be an agent of Rakshasa. The letter, sealed with Rakshasa's signet-ring, informed Chandragupta that Rakshasa only wished to replace Chanakya as the prime minister. It also stated that five of Malayaketu's allies were willing to defect to Chandragupta in return for land and wealth. An angry Malayaketu summoned Rakshasa, who arrived wearing Parvata's jewels that Chanakya's agent had sold him. When Malayaketu saw Rakshasa wearing his father's jewels, he was convinced that there was indeed a treacherous plan against him. He executed his five allies in a brutal manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197140_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197140-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rest of Malayaketu's allies deserted him, disgusted at his treatment of the five slayed allies. Rakshasa managed to escape, tracked by Chanakya's spies. One of Chanakya's spies, disguised as a friend of Chandana-dasa, got in touch with him. He told Rakshasa that Chandana-dasa was about to be executed for refusing to divulge the location of Rakshasa's family. On hearing this, Rakshasa rushed to Pataliputra to surrender and save the life of his loyal friend Chandana-dasa. When he reached Pataliputra, Chanakya, pleased with his loyalty to Chandana-dasa, offered him clemency. Rakshasa pledged allegiance to Chandragupta and agreed to be his prime minister, in return for release of Chandana-dasa and a pardon for Malayaketu. Chanakya then bound his top knot, having achieved his objective, and retired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197140_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197140-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">India's former National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Shankar_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Shankar Menon">Shiv Shankar Menon</a> praised Chanakya's <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> for its precise and timeless descriptions of power. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-India_needs_to_develop_its_own_doctrine_for_strategic_autonomy:_NSA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_needs_to_develop_its_own_doctrine_for_strategic_autonomy:_NSA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_with_Kautilya,_author_of_the_Arthashastra"><span id="Identification_with_Kautilya.2C_author_of_the_Arthashastra"></span>Identification with Kautilya, author of the <i>Arthashastra</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra#Authorship" title="Arthashastra">Authorship of the Athashastra</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Arthashastra is serious manual on statecraft, on how to run a state, informed by a higher purpose, clear and precise in its prescriptions, the result of practical experience of running a state. It is not just a normative text but a realist description of the art of running a state. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">- <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Shankar_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Shankar Menon">Shiv Shankar Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a><sup id="cite_ref-India_needs_to_develop_its_own_doctrine_for_strategic_autonomy:_NSA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_needs_to_develop_its_own_doctrine_for_strategic_autonomy:_NSA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Traditionally, two books are attributed to Chanakya: <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shamasastry1905_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamasastry1905-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chanakyaniti" title="Chanakyaniti">Chanakya Niti</a></i>, also known as <i>Chanakya Neeti-shastra</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Miles1981_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles1981-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a collection of <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a>, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">shastras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles1981_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles1981-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on, the attribution to Chanakya has been questioned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane192687_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane192687-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contemporary scholarship since 1965 rejects this attribution to Chanakya,<sup id="cite_ref-date_authorship_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date_authorship-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the <i>Arthashastra</i> as a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, which were compiled in a new text around the beginning of the Common Era; this text then underwent a major redaction or expansion at the end of the first century CE or in the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish2019_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann2016_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> states that the oldest layer of text, the "sources of the Kauṭilya", dates from the period 150 BCE–50 CE. The next phase of the work's evolution, the "Kauṭilya Recension", which compiled portions of these sources into a new <i>shastra</i>, can be dated to the period 50–125 CE. Finally, the "Śāstric Redaction" (i.e., the text as we have it today) is dated period 175–300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Arthashastra</i> identifies its author as Kauṭilya, a <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> or clan name, except for one verse that refers to him by the personal name of Vishnugupta.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literatures</a> to identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta explicitly was the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i> (2nd c. CE).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> K. C. Ojha proposes that the traditional identification of Vishnugupta with Kauṭilya was caused by a confusion of the text's editor and its originator. He suggests that Vishnugupta was a redactor of the original work of Kauṭilya.<sup id="cite_ref-Mabbett_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabbett-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>R. P. Kangle, writing in the 1960s, found the traditional attribution to the Maurya prime minister Chanakya acceptable, therefor dating the Arthashastra to Mauryan times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201333_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201333-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical scholarship after Kangle, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Thomas Trautmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burrow" title="Thomas Burrow">Thomas Burrow</a>, reject this identification of Chanakya and Kautilya,<sup id="cite_ref-Trautman_1971_identification_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trautman_1971_identification-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is a later development from the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a>. Trautmann points out that none of the earlier sources that refer to Chanakya mention his authorship of the <i>Arthashastra</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201333_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201333-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Olivelle notes that "the name Canakya, however, is completely absent from the text."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification happens at the penultimate paragraph of the <i>Arthashastra</i>, which states, "without the explicit use of the name Canakya," that the treatise was authored by the person who rescued the country from the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda kings</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334,_36_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334,_36-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> prime minister Chanakya who played a pivotal role in the overthrow of the Nanda dynasty. </p><p>The Guptas tried to present themselves symbolically as the legitimate successors of the Mauryas, even using the names "Chandragupta" and "Gupta," a connection also made in the play <i>Mudraraksasa</i>, composed in the time of the Guptas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse seems to be a later interpolation, and Olivelle proposes that it was an attempt to identify the author of the political treatise, which was followed by the Guptas, with the renowned Maurya prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334-35_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle201334-35-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several reasons are given for the persistent scholarly attribution to Chanakya, which from the beginning has been "heavily influenced" by this traditional attribution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish20094_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish20094-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has led many scholars to an a priori dating to Mauryan times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason is the reception by Indian nationalists, who saw it "as evidence of a pragmatic and virile tradition of self-rule in India’s past."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish20093_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish20093-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Trautmann, "[n]ationalist aspirations seemed somehow fortified when the existence of strongly centralized empires and native schools of political theory was shown."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish20093_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish20093-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the identification with Kautilya provided "a link to the most powerful dynasty in South Asian antiquity: the Mauryan Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish20093_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish20093-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "[g]iven the absolute paucity of sources for this most intriguing era, many scholars seem unable to resist using the Arthaśāstra as a source for the period, despite a decided lack of supporting evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish20094_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish20094-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McClish, "the desire on the part of Indologists to possess just such a source seems to have exerted, in general, a strong influence on conclusions about the compositional history of the text."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish20094_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish20094-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kautilya's works were lost near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> in the sixth century CE and not rediscovered until the early 20th century, when the <i>Arthashastra</i> was discovered in 1905 by librarian <a href="/wiki/R._Shamasastry" title="R. Shamasastry">Rudrapatna Shamasastry</a> in an uncatalogued group of ancient <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm-leaf manuscripts">palm-leaf manuscripts</a> donated by an unknown <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandit</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Research_Institute_Mysore" title="Oriental Research Institute Mysore">Oriental Research Institute Mysore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It discusses <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a> policies, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_(financial_aid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare (financial aid)">welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">war strategies</a> in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Kautilya uses different terms to describe war other than <a href="/wiki/Dharma-yuddha" title="Dharma-yuddha">dharma-yuddha</a> (just war), such as <a href="/wiki/Kutayuddha" title="Kutayuddha">kutayudhha</a> (unjust war).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kautilya's work is thought of as an important precursor to <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bss.sfsu.edu_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bss.sfsu.edu-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and based on the identification of Kautilya with Chanakya, K.N. Jha considers Chanakya as the pioneer of the field of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and economics in India, .<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3></div> <p>The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named <a href="/wiki/Chanakyapuri" title="Chanakyapuri">Chanakyapuri</a> in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include <a href="/wiki/Training_Ship_Chanakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Training Ship Chanakya">Training Ship Chanakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanakya_National_Law_University" title="Chanakya National Law University">Chanakya National Law University</a> and Chanakya Institute of Public Leadership. Chanakya circle in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> has been named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_Culture">In popular Culture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plays">Plays</h4></div> <p>Several modern adaptations of the legend of Chanakya narrate his story in a semi-fictional form, extending these legends. In <i><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_(play)" title="Chandragupta (play)">Chandragupta</a></i> (1911), a play by <a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendralal Ray</a>, the Nanda king exiles his half-brother Chandragupta, who joins the army of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Later, with help from Chanakya and Katyayan (the former Prime Minister of Magadha), Chandragupta defeats Nanda, who is put to death by Chanakya.<sup id="cite_ref-sourcessukumar_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcessukumar-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h4></div> <ul><li>The story of Chanakya and Chandragupta was portrayed in the 1977 Telugu film entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Chanakya_Chandragupta" title="Chanakya Chandragupta">Chanakya Chandragupta</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a> played the role of Chanakya, while <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a> portrayed as Chandragupta.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1991 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Chanakya_(TV_series)" title="Chanakya (TV series)">Chanakya</a></i> is an archetypal account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the <i>Mudrarakshasa.</i> The titular role of the same name was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Chandraprakash_Dwivedi" title="Chandraprakash Dwivedi">Chandraprakash Dwivedi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya_(2011_TV_series)" title="Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)">Chandragupta Maurya</a></i>, a 2011 TV series on <a href="/wiki/NDTV_Imagine" class="mw-redirect" title="NDTV Imagine">NDTV Imagine</a> is a biographical series on the life of Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya, and is produced by <a href="/wiki/Sagar_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagar Arts">Sagar Arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manish_Wadhwa" title="Manish Wadhwa">Manish Wadhwa</a> portrays the character of Chanakya in this series.</li> <li>The 2015 <a href="/wiki/Colors_TV" title="Colors TV">Colors TV</a> drama, <i><a href="/wiki/Chakravartin_Ashoka_Samrat" title="Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat">Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat</a></i>, features Chanakya during the reign of Chandragupta's son, Bindusara.</li> <li>Chanakya was played by <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Pandit" title="Chetan Pandit">Chetan Pandit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarun_Khanna_(TV_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarun Khanna (TV actor)">Tarun Khanna</a>, in the historical-drama television series <a href="/wiki/Porus_(TV_series)" title="Porus (TV series)">Porus</a> in 2017–2018.</li> <li>Chanakya was played by <a href="/wiki/Tarun_Khanna_(TV_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarun Khanna (TV actor)">Tarun Khanna</a>, in the historical drama TV series <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya_(2018_TV_series)" title="Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)">Chandragupta Maurya</a> in 2018–2019.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</h4></div> <ul><li>Ashok R. Garde, <i>Chanakya on Management</i> contains 216 sutras on <i>raja-neeti</i>, each of which has been translated and commented upon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Lal_Basu" title="Ratan Lal Basu">Ratan Lal Basu</a> & Rajkumar Sen: <i>Ancient Indian Economic Thought, Relevance for Today</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-316-0125-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-316-0125-0">81-316-0125-0</a>, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 2008, deals with the economic concepts mentioned in <i>Arthashastra</i> and their relevance for the modern world.</li> <li>In 2009, many eminent experts discussed the various aspects of Kauṭilya's thought in an International Conference held at the Oriental Research Institute in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> (India) to celebrate the centenary of discovery of the manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> by <a href="/wiki/R._Shamasastry" title="R. Shamasastry">R. Shamasastry</a>. Most of the papers presented in the Conference have been compiled in an edited volume by Raj Kumar Sen and <a href="/wiki/Ratan_Lal_Basu" title="Ratan Lal Basu">Ratan Lal Basu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-outlook_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlook-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pavan Choudary (2 February 2009). <i>Chanakya's Political Wisdom</i>. Wisdom Village Publications Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-906555-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-906555-0-7"><bdi>978-81-906555-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanakya%27s+Political+Wisdom&rft.pub=Wisdom+Village+Publications+Division&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.isbn=978-81-906555-0-7&rft.au=Pavan+Choudary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span>, a political commentary on Chanakya</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Sihag, Balbir Singh (2014), <i>Kautilya: The True Founder of Economics</i>, Vitasta Publishing Pvt.Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-925354-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-925354-9-4"><bdi>978-81-925354-9-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kautilya%3A+The+True+Founder+of+Economics&rft.pub=Vitasta+Publishing+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-925354-9-4&rft.aulast=Sihag&rft.aufirst=Balbir+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Radhakrishnan Pillai has written a number of books related to Chanakya:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>"Chanakya in the Classroom: Life Lessons for Students",<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Chanakya Neeti: Strategies for Success", "Chanakya in You", "Chanakya and the Art of War", "Corporate Chanakya",<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Corporate Chanakya on Management" and "Corporate Chanakya on Leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiction">Fiction</h4></div> <ul><li><i>Chanakya</i> (2001) by B. K. Chaturvedi<sup id="cite_ref-BKChaturvedi2001_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BKChaturvedi2001-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanakya%27s_Chant" title="Chanakya's Chant">Chanakya's Chant</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ashwin_Sanghi" title="Ashwin Sanghi">Ashwin Sanghi</a> is a fictional account of Chanakya's life as a political strategist in ancient India. The novel relates two parallel stories, the first of Chanakya and his machinations to bring Chandragupta Maurya to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>; the second, that of a modern-day character called Gangasagar Mishra who makes it his ambition to position a slum child as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Riddles" title="The Emperor's Riddles">The Emperor's Riddles</a></i> by Satyarth Nayak features popular episodes from Chanakya's life.</li> <li>Kauṭilya's role in the formation of the Maurya Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel <i>Courtesan and the Sadhu</i> by Mysore N. Prakash.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chanakya's contribution to the cultural heritage of Bharat (in Kannada) by <a href="/wiki/Shatavadhani_Ganesh" title="Shatavadhani Ganesh">Shatavadhani Ganesh</a> with the title Bharatada Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rajamandala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trautman_1971_semi-legendary_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Semi-legendary: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann (1971</a>, p. 9): "the legend of Chanakya"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann (1971</a>, p. 10): "To say that the Arthasastra is ascribed to an historical character is to strain the term ‘historical'. Rather, Kautilya, or Canakya as he is more generally called, is a figure of legends which assign him an historical role; the historicity of the person, and much more so of his role, is a matter of some doubt."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann (1971</a>, p. 67): "...although as hero of the story his role vis-a-vis Candragupta is no doubt exaggerated, it must have been a prominent one to have become current in folk literature. To doubt Canakya’s existence places a greater strain on the imagination: some other origin for the stories of him would have to be found.'</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-date_authorship-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-date_authorship_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-date_authorship_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra#Authorship" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra, note on dating and authorship</a>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Early questioning of attribution to Chanakya:</b><br /><a href="#CITEREFKane1926">Kane (1926</a>, p. 87): "Keith [1916] and Winternitz hold that the extant Kautiliya is not the work of the Maurya minister."<br />* <a href="#CITEREFBhandarkar1926">Bhandarkar (1926</a>, p. 67): "Soon after the Arthašāstra of Kautalya was published, it came to be more assiduously studied in Europe than even in India; and a view of diametrically opposite character was being formulated, namely, that the work belonged not to the fourth century B. C. but to the fourth century A. D. This is now the view which is generally held by European Sanskritists, and the late Sir Ramkrishna Bhandarkar iś perhaps the only Indian scholar who has expressed a similar opinion.opinion. The arguments on which this view is based were marshalled and enunciated by Prof. Jolly and Prof. Winternitz [1924], and were briefly indicated in a short but lucid note by Prof. Keith [1916]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann (1971</a>, p. 5): "the very last verse of the work [...] is the unique instance of the personal name Vishnugupta rather than the <i>gotra</i> name Kautilya in the <i>Arthashastra</i>." According to Trautmann, Kauṭilya is presumably the name of the author's <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> (clan). <a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann (1971</a>, p. 10): "while in his character as author of an <i>Arthashastra</i> he is generally referred to by his <i><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a></i> name, Kautilya."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trautman_1971_identification-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trautman_1971_identification_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann (1971</a>, p. 67): "T. Burrow ("Cāṇakya and Kauṭalya", <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 48–49</i>, 1968, pp. 17 ff.) has now shown that Cāṇakya is also a <i><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a></i> name, which in conjunction with other evidence makes it clear that we are dealing with two distinct persons, the minister Cāṇakya of legend and Kauṭilya the compiler of the <i>Arthashastra</i>. Furthermore, this throws the balance of evidence in favor of the view that the second name was originally spelt <i>Kauṭalya</i>, and that after the compiler of the <i>Arth</i> came to be identified with the Mauryan minister, it was altered to Kauṭilya (as it appears in Āryaśūra, Viśākhadatta and Bāna) for the sake of the pun. We must then assume that the later spelling subsequently replaced the earlier in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a></i> lists and elsewhere.'"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197121_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197112_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mauryan-empire">"Mauryan Empire"</a>. <i>National Geographic Society</i>. 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Mauryan+Empire&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fmauryan-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mabbett-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mabbett_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mabbett_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabbett1964" class="citation journal cs1">Mabbett, I. W. (1964). "The Date of the Arthaśāstra". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>84</b> (2). American Oriental Society: <span class="nowrap">162–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597102">10.2307/597102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/597102">597102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F597102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F597102&rft.aulast=Mabbett&rft.aufirst=I.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2013Introduction_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2013">Olivelle 2013</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ"><i>Transaction and Hierarchy</i></a>. 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Motilal Banarsidass. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Nandas+and+Mauryas&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0466-1&rft.au=Kallidaikurichi+Aiyah+Nilakanta+Sastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoAwor58utYC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197122-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197122_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197123_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197124_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann197125_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann1971">Trautmann 1971</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosalind_1993-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosalind_1993_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotilal_Banarsidass1993" class="citation book cs1">Motilal Banarsidass (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po9tUNX0SYAC&pg=PA204">"The Minister Cāṇakya, from the Pariśiṣtaparvan of Hemacandra"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kautilya%27s+Arthashastra&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArthashastra_English_Translation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles1981-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miles1981_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miles1981_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm"><i>Sri Chanakya Niti-shastra; the Political Ethics of Chanakya Pandit Hardcover</i></a>. Translated by Davis, Miles; Murthy, V. Badarayana. Ram Kumar Press. 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Chanakya+Niti-shastra%3B+the+Political+Ethics+of+Chanakya+Pandit+Hardcover&rft.pub=Ram+Kumar+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduism.co.za%2Fchanakya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane192687-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane192687_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKane1926">Kane 1926</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish2009-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish2009_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClish2009">McClish 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClish2019-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClish2019_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClish2019">McClish 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautmann2016-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautmann2016_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautmann2016">Trautmann 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mabbett 1964: "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to Vishnugupta, Chanakya and Kautilya. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanakya&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7182-143-3&rft.au=B.+K.+Chaturvedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArAaNTn7FwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Courtesan and the Sadhu, A Novel about Maya, Dharma, and God</i>, October 2008, Dharma Vision, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9818237-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9818237-0-6">978-0-9818237-0-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2008934274">2008-934274</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302045721/http://www.spiritualbangalore.com/knowledge-center/audios/shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/bharatiya-samskrutige-chanakyana-kodugegalu-part-2-shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/">"Bharatiya Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu Part 1 – Shatavadhani Dr.R.Ganesh — Spiritual Bangalore"</a>. <i>spiritualbangalore.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritualbangalore.com/knowledge-center/audios/shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/bharatiya-samskrutige-chanakyana-kodugegalu-part-2-shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/">the original</a> on 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spiritualbangalore.com&rft.atitle=Bharatiya+Samskrutige+Chanakyana+Kodugegalu+Part+1+%E2%80%93+Shatavadhani+Dr.R.Ganesh+%E2%80%94+Spiritual+Bangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritualbangalore.com%2Fknowledge-center%2Faudios%2Fshatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh%2Fbharatiya-samskrutige-chanakyana-kodugegalu-part-2-shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar1926" class="citation journal cs1">Bhandarkar, D. 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(1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082682">"Date of Kautalya"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>7</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082682">44082682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Date+of+Kautalya&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082682%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1926" class="citation journal cs1">Kane, P. V. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082683">"The Artheshastra of Kautilya"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082683">44082683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Artheshastra+of+Kautilya&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClish2009" class="citation book cs1">McClish, Mark Richard (2009). <i>Political Brahmanism and the State: A Compositional History of the Arthaśāstra</i>. The University of Texas at Austin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Brahmanism+and+the+State%3A+A+Compositional+History+of+the+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=McClish&rft.aufirst=Mark+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClish2019" class="citation book cs1">McClish, Mark (2019). <i>The History of the Arthasastra</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Arthasastra&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=McClish&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MlgU0oQb4sC"><i>King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra</i></a>, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199891825" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199891825"><bdi>978-0199891825</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%2C+Governance%2C+and+Law+in+Ancient+India%3A+Kau%E1%B9%ADilya%27s+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.place=Oxford+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199891825&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MlgU0oQb4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1889" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/B._Lewis_Rice" title="B. Lewis Rice">Rice, B. Lewis</a> (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMUUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Carnatica</i></a>, vol. II: Inscriptions and Sravana Belgola, Bangalore: Mysore Government Central Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Carnatica&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Mysore+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=B.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMUUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6"><bdi>978-93-325-6996-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-325-6996-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann" title="Thomas Trautmann">Trautmann, Thomas R.</a> (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107863/page/n27/mode/2up"><i>Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text</i></a>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kau%E1%B9%ADilya+and+the+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra%3A+a+statistical+investigation+of+the+authorship+and+evolution+of+the+text&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.107863%2Fpage%2Fn27%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Trautmann, Thomas R. (2016). <i>Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth</i>. Penguin UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthashastra%3A+The+Science+of+Wealth&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande2005" class="citation cs2">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOZB7MbeMrAC&pg=PA223"><i>History of Indian Theatre</i></a>, Abhinav, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-430-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-430-1"><bdi>978-81-7017-430-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-430-1&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOZB7MbeMrAC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChanakya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Shamasastry 1956 (revised edition with IAST diacritics and interwoven glossary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm">Chanakya Nitishastra</a>: English translation by Miles Davis.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C4%81ja" title="Virāja">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a 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noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9045#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000387429442">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/280385592">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/79979/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118721348">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81112109">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028321k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028321k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445294">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35262062">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0002375&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1397588">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072245980">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07321731X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90707231">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=137839">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201313877">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm134cr709490n4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810678286805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17551">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007311099905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00533228?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/887349">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118721348">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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