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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ramagupta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramagupta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandragupta_II_"Vikramaditya"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandragupta_II_"Vikramaditya""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandragupta_II_"Vikramaditya"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaigns_against_foreign_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_against_foreign_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Campaigns against foreign tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_against_foreign_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faxian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faxian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Faxian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faxian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kumaragupta_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kumaragupta_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kumaragupta I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kumaragupta_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skandagupta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skandagupta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Skandagupta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skandagupta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Decline of the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Gupta_successor_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Gupta_successor_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Post-Gupta successor dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Gupta_successor_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Urban centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><span>Legacy</span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span>Legacy</span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallurgy_and_Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy_and_Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Metallurgy and Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy_and_Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Leisure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree_and_list_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree_and_list_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family tree and list of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree_and_list_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gupta Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Гупта империэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гупта империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptaryk" title="Guptaryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guptaryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta-Reich" title="Gupta-Reich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gupta-Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="गुप्त वंश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुप्त वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="إمبراطورية جوبتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية جوبتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Gupta" title="Imperio Gupta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Gupta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গুপ্ত সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুপ্ত সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Gupta" title="Imperiu Gupta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Gupta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qupta_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Qupta imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qupta imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="قوپتا ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوپتا ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গুপ্ত সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুপ্ত সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Gupta Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gupta Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Гупта империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гупта империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Імперыя Гупта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Гупта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Імпэрыя Гупта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпэрыя Гупта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="गुप्त साम्राज्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुप्त साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Gupta" title="Imperyong Gupta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Gupta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гупта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гупта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Carstvo" title="Gupta Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gupta Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Gupta" title="Impalaeriezh Gupta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Gupta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Gupta" title="Imperi Gupta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Gupta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptovsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Guptovská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guptovská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Gupta" title="Ymerodraeth y Gupta – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth y Gupta" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptariget" title="Guptariget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guptariget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta-Reich" title="Gupta-Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gupta-Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptade_riik" title="Guptade riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guptade riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκρατορία Γκούπτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία Γκούπτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_gupta" title="Imperio gupta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio gupta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_imperio" title="Gupta imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gupta imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Inperioa" title="Gupta Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gupta Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری گوپتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری گوپتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Samrajya" title="Gupta Samrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gupta Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptar%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Guptaríkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Guptaríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Gupta" title="Empire Gupta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire Gupta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Gupta" title="Imperio Gupta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Gupta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="ગુપ્ત સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુપ્ત સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%BD%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="굽타 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굽타 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գուպտա կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուպտա կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="गुप्त राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुप्त राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_Gupta" title="Carstvo Gupta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carstvo Gupta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Gupta" title="Imperio a Gupta – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Gupta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="গুপ্ত রাজবংশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গুপ্ত রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Gupta" title="Kemaharajaan Gupta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemaharajaan Gupta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta-veldi%C3%B0" title="Gupta-veldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gupta-veldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Gupta" title="Impero Gupta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Gupta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%94" title="ממלכת גופטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת גופטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta" title="Gupta – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Gupta" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಗುಪ್ತ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಪ್ತ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გუპტას იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუპტას იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Гупта империясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гупта империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Gupta" title="Emperoureth Gupta – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Gupta" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Gupta" title="Milki ya Gupta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Gupta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Gupta" title="Imper Gupta – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Gupta" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Guptanum" title="Imperium Guptanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Guptanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptu_imp%C4%93rija" title="Guptu impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Guptu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupt%C5%B3_imperija" title="Guptų imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guptų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Guptan" title="Impero Guptan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Guptan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Birodalom" title="Gupta Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gupta Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Царство Гупта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Царство Гупта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഗുപ്തസാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുപ്തസാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="गुप्त साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुप्त साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Gupta" title="Empayar Gupta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Gupta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta%27s" title="Gupta's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gupta's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="गुप्त साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुप्त साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="गुप्त राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुप्त राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%97%E3%82%BF%E6%9C%9D" title="グプタ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グプタ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Гуптой Пачхьалкх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гуптой Пачхьалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Rik" title="Gupta Rik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gupta Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptariket" title="Guptariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guptariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta" title="Gupta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gupta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Gupta" title="Empèri Gupta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Gupta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptalar_davlati" title="Guptalar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Guptalar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਗੁਪਤ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਪਤ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="گپتا سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گپتا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptariek" title="Guptariek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Guptariek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Gupt%C3%B3w" title="Dynastia Guptów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Guptów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Gupta" title="Império Gupta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Gupta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Gupta imperiyası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gupta imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Gupta" title="Dinastia Gupta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Gupta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D2%90%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Держава Ґуптів – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Держава Ґуптів" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Государство Гуптов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство Гуптов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गुप्तसाम्राज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुप्तसाम्राज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Gupta" title="Perandoria Gupta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Gupta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ගුප්ත රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුප්ත රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gupta Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptski_imperij" title="Guptski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guptski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی گوپتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی گوپتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гупта царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гупта царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Carstvo" title="Gupta Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gupta Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta-valtakunta" title="Gupta-valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gupta-valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptariket" title="Guptariket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guptariket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Gupta" title="Imperyong Gupta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Gupta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குப்தப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குப்தப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="గుప్త సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుప్త సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิคุปตะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิคุปตะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Гуптҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гуптҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Gupta İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gupta İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Gupta imperiýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gupta imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Імперія Гуптів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперія Гуптів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="گپتا سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گپتا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizdoh_vuengzciuz" title="Gizdoh vuengzciuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gizdoh vuengzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptan_imperii" title="Guptan imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Guptan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Gupta" title="Đế quốc Gupta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Gupta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Gupta" title="Imperyo Gupta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Gupta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="笈多王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גופטא אימפעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גופטא אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="笈多王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptu_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Guptu imperėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Guptu imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="笈多王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11774#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Gupta Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 579</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Traikutaka_dynasty" title="Traikutaka dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TRAITAKUTAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x165" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:165px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VAKATAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_95x185" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:185px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KADAMBAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x130" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAMATATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x113" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:113px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gauda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GAUDA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_247x90" style="position:absolute; left:247px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KAMARUPAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x20" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">KIDARITES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x5" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">ALCHON HUNS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x45" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:45px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">SASANIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_262x250" style="position:absolute; left:262px; top:250px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_350_CE" title="Template:South Asia in 350 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_500_CE" title="Template:South Asia in 500 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of the Gupta Empire <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420 CE</span>, according to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Schwartzberg" title="Joseph E. Schwartzberg">Joseph E. Schwartzberg</a>, with contemporary polities<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayag</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChaurasiaPrayag_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaurasiaPrayag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TRSharmaPrayag_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRSharmaPrayag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoyalPrayagAyodh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> (after 455)<sup id="cite_ref-AyodhyaKasi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AyodhyaKasi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MookerjiAyodhKasi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MookerjiAyodhKasi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BakkerAyodhya_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BakkerAyodhya-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoyalPrayagAyodh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (literary and academic)<br /><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (vernacular)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(official)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-GANERI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GANERI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gupta_emperors" title="List of Gupta emperors">Maharajadhiraja</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 280</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vishnugupta_(Gupta_Empire)" title="Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)">Vishnugupta</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Coronation of Chandragupta I </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 320<sup id="cite_ref-a006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Gupta-Saka Wars </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 375-385</span> <sup id="cite_ref-goyal1967_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goyal1967-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Gupta-Kidarite Conflicts </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 390-450</span><sup id="cite_ref-dani1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dani1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Gupta-Hunnic Wars </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 460–500</span><sup id="cite_ref-majumdar1981_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar1981-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dani1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dani1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 579</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">400 est.<sup id="cite_ref-Turchin223_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turchin223-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(high-end estimate of peak area)</th><td class="infobox-data">3,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">440 est.<sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(low-end estimate of peak area)</th><td class="infobox-data">1,700,000 km<sup>2</sup> (660,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 5th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">75,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinara</a> (gold coins)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rupaka</a> (silver coins)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">Karshapana</a> (copper coins)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cowries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowries">Cowries</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1c%C4%81la" title="Pañcāla">Pañcāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas">Arjunayanas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Murunda_dynasty" title="Murunda dynasty">Murunda dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Guptas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Guptas">Later Guptas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valabhi" title="Kingdom of Valabhi">Kingdom of Valabhi</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vardhana_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhana dynasty">Kingdom of Thanesar</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gurjaradesa" title="Gurjaradesa">Gurjara kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Aulikaras" title="Aulikaras">Aulikaras</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Maukhari_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari Dynasty">Maukhari Dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gupta Empire</b> was an Indian empire during the classical period of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> which existed from the mid 3rd century to mid 6th century CE. At its zenith, the dynasty ruled over an empire that spanned much of the northern Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-gd_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period has been considered as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_India" title="Golden Age of India">Golden Age of India</a> by some historians,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this characterisation has been disputed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein201086-87_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201086-87-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a>. </p><p>The high points of this period are the great cultural developments which took place primarily during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epics">epics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu literature">literary</a> sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, were canonised during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gupta period produced scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatsyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsyayana">Vatsyayana</a>, who made significant advancements in many academic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990540_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990540-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keay_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science</a> and political administration reached new heights during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_era" title="Gupta era">Gupta era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keay_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period, sometimes described as <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Gupta" title="Pax Gupta">Pax Gupta</a></i>, gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste [that] determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a> but far beyond her borders".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in India and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dikshitar_1993_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dikshitar_1993-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism was followed by the rulers and the Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas were tolerant towards people of other faiths as well.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empire eventually died out because of factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989264–69_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989264–69-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rene_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Gupta_dynasty" title="Origin of the Gupta dynasty">Origin of the Gupta dynasty</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#E68A00"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta Empire</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">320 CE–550 CE</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandragupta II horse type"><img alt="Chandragupta II horse type" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/164px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/246px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/328px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hariti,_unfired_clay,_remains_of_polychromy_and_gilding,_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan,_2nd_to_4th_century,_Linden-Museum_Stuttgart,_Germany,_inventory_number_SA_00864_L.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a Buddha statue, India, Mathura, Gupta period, 4th-5th century CE"><img alt="Head of a Buddha statue, India, Mathura, Gupta period, 4th-5th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hariti%2C_unfired_clay%2C_remains_of_polychromy_and_gilding%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_2nd_to_4th_century%2C_Linden-Museum_Stuttgart%2C_Germany%2C_inventory_number_SA_00864_L.jpg/109px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hariti%2C_unfired_clay%2C_remains_of_polychromy_and_gilding%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_2nd_to_4th_century%2C_Linden-Museum_Stuttgart%2C_Germany%2C_inventory_number_SA_00864_L.jpg/164px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hariti%2C_unfired_clay%2C_remains_of_polychromy_and_gilding%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_2nd_to_4th_century%2C_Linden-Museum_Stuttgart%2C_Germany%2C_inventory_number_SA_00864_L.jpg/218px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 3rd century</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha_(king)" title="Ghatotkacha (king)">Ghatotkacha</a></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 3rd century</span> - 319)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 319</span> – 335/350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Kacha_(king)" title="Kacha (king)">Kacha</a></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (early 4th century?)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 335/350</span> – 375)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> (<a href="/wiki/Ramagupta" title="Ramagupta">Ramagupta</a>)</td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (late 4th century?)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (380 – 413/415)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (415 – 455)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (455 - 467)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Purugupta" title="Purugupta">Purugupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (467 – 473)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_II" title="Kumaragupta II">Kumaragupta II</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (473 - 476)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Budhagupta" title="Budhagupta">Budhagupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (476 – 495)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta" title="Narasimhagupta">Narasimhagupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (495 – ?)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> (<a href="/wiki/Bhanugupta" title="Bhanugupta">Bhanugupta</a>)</td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Vainyagupta" title="Vainyagupta">Vainyagupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 507</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_III" title="Kumaragupta III">Kumaragupta III</a></td><td style="background-color:#FF9900;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnugupta_(Gupta_Empire)" title="Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)">Vishnugupta</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFB84D;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"> (540 – 550)</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gupta_Empire" title="Template:Gupta Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gupta_Empire" title="Template talk:Gupta Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gupta_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gupta Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The homeland of the Guptas is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one theory, they originated in the present-day lower-Doab region of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most of the inscriptions and coin hoards of the early Gupta emperors have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198714_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198714-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198939_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198939-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is also supported by the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a>, as argued by the proponents, that mention the territory of the early Gupta emperors as <a href="/wiki/Prayaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayaga">Prayaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> areas in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19872_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19872-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal19892_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal19892-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recently found silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Sri Gupta</a> in Uttar Pradesh further attest the origin of Guptas around <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Kāśī</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> region and his rule was only limited to Kāśī (present day <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another prominent theory locates the Gupta homeland in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region in Ganges basin, based on the account of the 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>. According to Yijing, king Che-li-ki-to (identified with the dynasty's founder <i>Shri</i> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a>) built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no (apparently a transcription of <a href="/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bga%C5%9Bikh%C4%81vana" title="Mṛgaśikhāvana">Mriga-shikha-vana</a>). Yijing states that this temple was located more than 40 <i><a href="/wiki/Yojana" title="Yojana">yojanas</a></i> east of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, which would mean it was situated somewhere in the modern Bengal region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19877–11_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19877–11-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another proposal is that the early Gupta kingdom extended from Prayaga in the west to northern Bengal in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198712_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198712-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gupta records do not mention the dynasty's <a href="/wiki/Varna_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Varna in Hinduism">varna</a> (social class).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198944_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198944-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/A.S._Altekar" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Altekar">A.S. Altekar</a>, have theorised that they were of <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> origin, as certain ancient Indian texts prescribe the name "Gupta" for the members of the Vaishya varna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198982_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198982-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198942_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198942-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">R. S. Sharma</a>, the Vaishyas – who were traditionally associated with trade – may have become rulers after resisting oppressive taxation by the previous rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the Vaishya-origin theory point out that the suffix Gupta features in the names of several non-Vaishyas before as well as during the Gupta period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19814_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19814-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the dynastic name "Gupta" may have simply derived from the name of the dynasty's first king <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198940_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198940-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/S._R._Goyal" title="S. R. Goyal">S. R. Goyal</a>, theorise that the Guptas were <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, because they had matrimonial relations with Brahmins, but others reject this evidence as inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198943–44_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198943–44-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and Riddhapur inscriptions of the Gupta princess <a href="/wiki/Prabhavatigupta" title="Prabhavatigupta">Prabhavatigupta</a>, some scholars believe that the name of her paternal <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> (clan) was "Dharana", but an alternative reading of these inscriptions suggests that Dharana was the <i>gotra</i> of her mother Kuberanaga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198983_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198983-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For historical calendar era, see <a href="/wiki/Gupta_era" title="Gupta era">Gupta era</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rulers">Early rulers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Garuda_emblem.png/260px-Garuda_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Garuda_emblem.png/390px-Garuda_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Garuda_emblem.png/520px-Garuda_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> emblem of the Gupta Empire.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg/350px-Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg/525px-Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg/700px-Gupta_Empire_at_peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="3045" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of Gupta territory, with neighbouring polities</figcaption></figure> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></sub> <i>gu-pta</i>, <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 3rd century CE</span>) is the earliest known king of the Gupta dynasty. Different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from the mid-to-late 3rd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198949–55_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198949–55-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198986_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198986-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gupta founded the Gupta Empire <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240</span>-280 CE, and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha_(king)" title="Ghatotkacha (king)">Ghatotkacha</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 280</span>-319 CE, followed by Ghatotkacha's son, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 319</span>-335 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Che-li-ki-to", the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>, is believed to be a transcription of "<a href="/wiki/Shri" title="Shri">Shri</a>-Gupta" (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Śrigupta), "Shri" being an honorific prefix.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198984–85_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198984–85-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Yijing, this king built a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near "Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no" (believed to be a transcription of <a href="/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bga%C5%9Bikh%C4%81vana" title="Mṛgaśikhāvana">Mṛgaśikhāvana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979–81_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979–81-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (December 2024)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/220px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/330px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg/440px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Queen Kumaradevi and King <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a>, depicted on a gold coin</figcaption></figure> <p>Gupta (<a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a>: In the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Pillar" title="Allahabad Pillar">Allahabad Pillar</a> inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i> ("Great King"), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a <a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a> ("<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Great Kings</a>"). In the later period, the title <i>Maharaja</i> was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198985_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198985-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title <i>Maharaja</i>, in both pre-Gupta and post-Gupta periods, so this cannot be said with certainty. That said, there is no doubt that Gupta and Ghatotkacha held a lower status and were less powerful than Chandragupta I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19816–7_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19816–7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandragupta I married the <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Licchavi</a> princess Kumaradevi, which may have helped him extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the prestigious title <i>Maharajadhiraja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198110_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>. However, the discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta emperor named <a href="/wiki/Kacha_(king)" title="Kacha (king)">Kacha</a> have led to some debate on this topic: according to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta; another possibility is that Kacha was a rival claimant to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198971_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198971-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg/280px-Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg/420px-Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg/560px-Maharaja_Sri_Gupta_inscription_on_the_Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a> inscription <i>Maharaja Sri Gupta</i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="11" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="336" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_gu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="416" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_pt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></sub> ("Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty, king <a href="/wiki/Gupta_(king)" title="Gupta (king)">Gupta</a>. Inscription by <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Pillar" title="Allahabad Pillar">Allahabad Pillar</a>, where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Samudragupta succeeded his father around 335 or 350 CE, and ruled until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 375</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198951–52_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198951–52-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his courtier <a href="/wiki/Harisena" title="Harisena">Harisena</a>, credits him with extensive conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989106–07_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989106–07-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription asserts that Samudragupta uprooted 8 kings of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a>, the northern region, including the <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989114_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989114-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further claims that he subjugated all the kings of the forest region, which was most probably located in central India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989117_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also credits him with defeating 12 rulers of <a href="/wiki/Dakshinapatha" title="Dakshinapatha">Dakshinapatha</a>, the southern region: the exact identification of several of these kings is debated among modern scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989107_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989107-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the eastern coast of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription suggests that Samudragupta advanced as far as the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> kingdom in the south, and defeated Vishnugopa, the Pallava regent of <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989110_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989110-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this southern campaign, Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central India, reached the eastern coast in present-day <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, and then marched south along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198980–81_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198980–81-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracies</a> paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198984_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198984-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These polities and tribes included <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Davaka">Davaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licchavis_of_Nepal" title="Licchavis of Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Karttripura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112–18_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112–18-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malavas" title="Malavas">Malavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas">Arjunayanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaudheyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheyas">Yaudheyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Madra Kingdom">Madrakas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abhira_dynasty" title="Abhira dynasty">Abhiras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription also mentions that several foreign kings tried to please Samudragupta by personal attendance, offered him their daughters in marriage (or according to another interpretation, gifted him maidens<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989125_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989125-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and sought the use of the <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShankar_Goyal2001168_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShankar_Goyal2001168-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is likely an exaggeration, and Samudragupta's panegyrist appears to have described acts of diplomacy as ones of subservience. For example, the King of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Simhala</a> is listed among these foreign rulers, but it is known that from Chinese sources that the Simhala king <a href="/wiki/Sirimeghavanna_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura">Meghavarna</a> merely sent presents to the Gupta emperor requesting his permission to build a Buddhist monastery; he did not express subservience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198990_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198990-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samudragupta appears to have been <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavite">Vaishnavite</a>, as attested by his <a href="/wiki/Eran" title="Eran">Eran</a> inscription,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198968_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198968-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198132_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198132-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performed several <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanical</a> ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198991_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198991-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gupta records credit him with making generous donations of cows and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198968_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198968-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He performed the <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a> ritual (horse sacrifice), which was used by the ancient Indian kings and emperors to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see <a href="#Coinage">Coinage</a> below) to mark this performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989125–26_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989125–26-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents Samudragupta as a wise king and strict administrator, who was also compassionate enough to help the poor and the helpless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198991,_94_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198991,_94-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also alludes to the king's talents as a musician and a poet, and calls him the "king of poets".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198131_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198131-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such claims are corroborated by Samudragupta's gold coins, which depict him playing a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_veena" title="Ancient veena">veena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198994_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198994-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samudragupta appears to have directly controlled a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> in present-day India, as well as a substantial part of central India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198123,_27_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198123,_27-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His empire comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states of northern India, and of the south-eastern coastal region of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198122_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198122-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramagupta">Ramagupta</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg/170px-Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg/255px-Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg/340px-Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="5550" /></a><figcaption>Standing <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in red sandstone, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a>, Gupta period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century CE</span>. <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramagupta" title="Ramagupta">Ramagupta</a></div> <p>Ramagupta is known from a sixth-century play, the <i><a href="/wiki/Devichandragupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Devichandragupta">Devichandragupta</a></i>, in which he surrenders his queen to the enemy <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, forcing his brother Chandragupta to sneak into the enemy camp to rescue her and kill the Saka king. The historicity of these events is unclear, but Ramagupta's existence is confirmed by three <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> statues found at <a href="/wiki/Durjanpur" title="Durjanpur">Durjanpur</a>, with inscriptions referring to him as the <i>Maharajadhiraja</i>. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Eran" title="Eran">Eran</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> region and classified in five distinct types, which include the <i>Garuda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989153–59_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989153–59-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Garudadhvaja</i>, <i>lion</i> and <i>border legend</i> types. The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandragupta_II_"Vikramaditya""><span id="Chandragupta_II_.22Vikramaditya.22"></span>Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a></div> <p>According to the Gupta records, among his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen <a href="/wiki/Dattadevi" title="Dattadevi">Dattadevi</a>, as his successor. Chandragupta II, <i>Vikramaditya</i> (Brave as the Sun), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntala</a> and of Naga lineage (<i>Nāgakulotpannnā</i>), Kuberanaga. His daughter <a href="/wiki/Prabhavatigupta" title="Prabhavatigupta">Prabhavatigupta</a> from this Naga queen was married to <a href="/wiki/Rudrasena_II" title="Rudrasena II">Rudrasena II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vakataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakataka">Vakataka</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923489_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923489-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapas">Western Kshatrapas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> in a campaign lasting until 409. His main opponent <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_III" title="Rudrasimha III">Rudrasimha III</a> was defeated by 395, and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast to coast, established a second capital at <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> and was the high point of the empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kuntala inscriptions indicate rule of Chandragupta II in <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntala country</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Rock_of_Hunza" title="Sacred Rock of Hunza">Hunza inscription</a> also indicate that Chandragupta was able to rule north western Indian subcontinent and proceeded to conquer <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, although some scholars have also disputed the identity of the Gupta emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a> (r. 1076 – 1126 CE) mentions Chandragupta with his title and states: "Why should the glory of the Kings Vikramaditya and Nanda be a hindrance any longer? He with a loud command abolished that (era), which has the name of Saka, and made that (era) which has the Chalukya counting".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg/220px-Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg/330px-Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg/440px-Two_Gold_coins_of_Chandragupta_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Gold coins of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the creation of the empire through war, his reign is remembered for its very influential style of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu science">science</a>. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" title="Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh">Deogarh</a> serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art during his reign. Above all, it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> cultures as well, and for this reason, there is also a long history of non-Hindu <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period art">Gupta period art</a>. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> in his diary and published afterwards. </p><p>The court of Chandragupta II was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the <i>Navaratna</i> (Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Among these men was <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a>, whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the <i>shringara</i> (romantic) element in his verse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaigns_against_foreign_tribes">Campaigns against foreign tribes</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vishnu_sculpture.jpg/170px-Vishnu_sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vishnu_sculpture.jpg/255px-Vishnu_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vishnu_sculpture.jpg/340px-Vishnu_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Vishnu (red sandstone), 5th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 4th century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a> credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Parasika</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a> tribes located in the west and east <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Kinnara_kingdom" title="Kinnara kingdom">Kinnaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiratas">Kiratas</a>, as well as India proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Raghu_Vamsa_v_4.60–75_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghu_Vamsa_v_4.60–75-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a> from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>?'.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Brihatkathamanjari</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a> states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> like the Sakas, <a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mlecchas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tushara_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tushara kingdom">Tusharas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Saka-Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a>, and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faxian">Faxian</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>, a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monk</a>, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a>. He started his journey from China in 399 <small>CE</small> and reached India in 405 <small>CE</small>. During his stay in India up to 411 <small>CE</small>, he went on a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Kashi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a>, and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The penal code was mild, and offences were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Fa-hsien_1886_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fa-hsien_1886-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Faxian on reaching <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> comments––</p><blockquote><p>"The snow and heat are finely tempered, and there is neither hoarfrost nor snow. The people are numerous and happy. They have not to register their households. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If they want to go, they go. If they want to stay on, they stay on. The king governs without decapitation or (other) corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined according to circumstances. Even in cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, they only have their right-hand cut off. The king's bodyguards & attendants all have salaries. Throughout the whole country, the people do not kill any living creature, not drink any intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic."<sup id="cite_ref-Fa-hsien_1886_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fa-hsien_1886-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kumaragupta_I">Kumaragupta I</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/330px-Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/495px-Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/660px-Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of the Gupta Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a> (Coin of his Western territories, design derived from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>). <br /><i>Obv</i>: Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><i>Rev</i>: <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend: <i>Parama-bhagavata <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja">rajadhiraja</a> Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son <a href="/wiki/Kumara_Gupta_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumara Gupta I">Kumaragupta I</a>, born of <i>Mahadevi</i> Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, <i>Mahendraditya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989191–200_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989191–200-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> valley, the <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitras" title="Pushyamitras">Pushyamitras</a>, rose in power to threaten the empire. The <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> mentions in the <a href="/wiki/Bhitari_pillar_inscription_of_Skandagupta" title="Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta">Bhitari pillar inscription</a> his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganisation and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_(university)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda (university)">Nalanda University</a> which on 15 July 2016 was declared as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_world_heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO world heritage site">UNESCO world heritage site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumaragupta I was also a worshipper of <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a>, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta emperors. He assumed the titles of <i>Vikramaditya</i> and <i>Kramaditya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923510_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923510-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> (sometimes described as the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalites</a> or "White Huns", known in India as the <a href="/wiki/Huna_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huna (people)">Sweta Huna</a>), from the northwest. </p><p>He repelled a <i>Huna</i> attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a>, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyun_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyun-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyun_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyun-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother <a href="/wiki/Purugupta" title="Purugupta">Purugupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923516_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923516-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_empire">Decline of the empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakandi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kakandi.jpg/170px-Kakandi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kakandi.jpg/255px-Kakandi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kakandi.jpg/340px-Kakandi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> relief <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kahaum_pillar" title="Kahaum pillar">Kahaum pillar</a> erected by person named Madra during the reign of Skandagupta<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the later Gupta coinage indicates their loss of control over much of western India after 467–469.<sup id="cite_ref-gd_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skandagupta was followed by <a href="/wiki/Purugupta" title="Purugupta">Purugupta</a> (467–473), <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_II" title="Kumaragupta II">Kumaragupta II</a> (473–476), <a href="/wiki/Budhagupta" title="Budhagupta">Budhagupta</a> (476–495), <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta" title="Narasimhagupta">Narasimhagupta</a> (495–530), <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_III" title="Kumaragupta III">Kumaragupta III</a> (530–540), <a href="/wiki/Vishnugupta_(Gupta_Empire)" title="Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)">Vishnugupta</a> (540–550), two lesser known kings namely, <a href="/wiki/Vainyagupta" title="Vainyagupta">Vainyagupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhanugupta" title="Bhanugupta">Bhanugupta</a>. </p><p>In the late 490's the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> under <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. According to some scholars the empire disintegrated under the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Bhanugupta" title="Bhanugupta">Bhanugupta</a> in 510.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by King <a href="/wiki/Yashodharman" title="Yashodharman">Yashodharman</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Da%C5%9Bapura" title="Kingdom of Daśapura">Malwa</a>, and possibly Gupta emperor <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta" title="Narasimhagupta">Narasimhagupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_Encyclopedia_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Encyclopedia-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to <a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical Indian civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Yashodharman" title="Yashodharman">Yashodharman</a>, ended as well.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a>, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, leather goods, fur, iron products, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>, and pepper from centres such as <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks by the hand of the vehemently anti-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivist</a> Huna king <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a>, started to collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great centres of learning were destroyed, such as the city of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, bringing cultural regression.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a>. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gupta Empire is located in South Asia"><img alt="Gupta Empire is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_600_CE" title="Template:South Asia in 600 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#000000">South Asia<br />600 CE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x110" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mori_Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mori Rajputs"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MORIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x225" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:225px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x84" style="position:absolute; 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left:55px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SINDH</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x92" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:92px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pratiharas_of_Mandavyapura" title="Pratiharas of Mandavyapura"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MANDAVYA-<br />PURA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x108" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:108px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">LATER GUPTAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x70" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pushyabhuti_dynasty" title="Pushyabhuti dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">THANESAR</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x160" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:160px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x125" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:125px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EARLY<br />KALA-<br />CHURIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x55" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:55px; font-size:8.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8.5; line-height:10.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">PERSIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Political fragmentation of South Asia after the retreat of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> to the northwest and the end of the Gupta Empire, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 CE</span><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognised ruler of the dynasty's main line was King <a href="/wiki/Vishnugupta_(Gupta_Empire)" title="Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)">Vishnugupta</a>, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Huna invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the <a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas">Vakatakas</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Yashodharman" title="Yashodharman">Yashodharman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-singh3_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh3-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the <a href="/wiki/Damudarpur" title="Damudarpur">Damudarpur</a> copper-plate inscription),<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he makes a land grant in the area of <a href="/wiki/Kotivarsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotivarsha">Kotivarsha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangarh" title="Bangarh">Bangarh</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>) in 542/543 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the <a href="/wiki/Aulikara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulikara">Aulikara</a> King Yashodharman <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 532 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist Shanker Sharma concluded, based on a 2019 study, that the cause of the Gupta Empire's downfall was a devastating flood which happened around the middle of the 6th century in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Gupta_successor_dynasties">Post-Gupta successor dynasties</h3></div> <p>In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pushyabhuti_dynasty" title="Pushyabhuti dynasty">Pushyabhuti dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HPR_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPR-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coinage of the Maukharis and Pushyabhutis followed the silver coin type of the Guptas, with portrait of the ruler in profile (although facing in the reverse direction compared to the Guptas, a possible symbol of antagonism)<sup id="cite_ref-RST_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RST-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the peacock on the reverse, the Brahmi legend being kept except for the name of the ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-HPR_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPR-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the western regions, they were succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Gurjaradesa" title="Gurjaradesa">Gurjaradesa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratiharas</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> dynasties, who issued so-called <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanian_coinage" title="Indo-Sasanian coinage">Indo-Sasanian coinage</a>, on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage" title="Sasanian coinage">coinage of the Sasanian Empire</a>, which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-HPR_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPR-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/220px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/330px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/440px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>An 8 gm gold coin featuring <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> astride a caparisoned horse with a bow in his left hand<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, the Guptas introduced several military innovations to Indian warfare. Chief among these was the use of <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>, heavy <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">cavalry archers</a> and heavy sword cavalry. <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">Heavy cavalry</a> formed the core of the Gupta Army and were supported by the traditional Indian Army elements of <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The utilisation of horse archers in the Gupta period is evidenced on the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a> and Prakasaditya (postulated to be <a href="/wiki/Purugupta" title="Purugupta">Purugupta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that depicts the kings as horse-archers.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a paucity of contemporary sources detailing the tactical operations of the Imperial Gupta Army. The best extant information comes from the Sanskrit mahakavya (epic poem) <a href="/wiki/Raghuva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Raghuvaṃśa">Raghuvaṃśa</a> written by the Classical Sanskrit writer and dramatist <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>. Many modern scholars put forward the view that Kalidasa lived from the reign of Chandragupta II to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the campaigns of Raghu – his protagonist in the Raghuvaṃśa – reflect those of Chandragupta II.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canto IV of the Raghuvamsa, Kalidasa relates how the king's forces clash against the powerful, cavalry-centric, forces of the Persians and later the Yavanas (probably Huns) in the North-West. Here he makes special mention of the use horse-archers in the king's army and that the horses needed much rest after the hotly contested battles.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five arms of the Gupta military included infantry, cavalry, <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">chariotry</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="History of the Indian Navy">ships</a>. <i>Gunaighar</i> copper plate inscription of <a href="/wiki/Vainyagupta" title="Vainyagupta">Vainya Gupta</a> mentions ships but not chariots.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/170px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/255px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/340px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra_Pravartana_Buddha_at_Sarnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath">Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath</a> from the Gupta era, 5th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Guptas were traditionally a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were patronizers of <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowed followers of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> to practice their religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> remained an important centre of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a> (455 <small>CE</small>) is said to have founded <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mookerji_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practising/enforcing <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta_Baladitya" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimhagupta Baladitya">Narasimhagupta Baladitya</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 495</span>–?), according to contemporary writer <a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramartha</a>, was brought up under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayanist">Mahayanist</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built a <a href="/wiki/Sangharama" title="Sangharama">sangharama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and also a 300 ft (91 m) high <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">vihara</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Buddha_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha statue">Buddha statue</a> within which, according to <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, resembled the "great Vihara built under the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>". According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Manjushrimulakalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjushrimulakalpa">Manjushrimulakalpa</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 CE</span>), King Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation (<a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Dhyana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<sup id="cite_ref-sankalia_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sankalia-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sdutt_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdutt-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 330">: 330 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gupta Empire is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Gupta Empire is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png/300px-Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png/450px-Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png/600px-Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire_circa_420_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sargat</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x03" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/420_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="420 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">420</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x52" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:52px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ROURAN KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kyrgyzs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x30" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:30px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>Gaoju<br />Turks</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_228x143" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:143px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAM-<br />PA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x145" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">FUNAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x82" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:82px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Khotan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>HYMYAR</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x105" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:105px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin Dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EASTERN<br />JIN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x80" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">NORTHERN<br />WEI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_273x60" style="position:absolute; left:273px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GOGU-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x130" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VAKA-<br />TAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x106" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:106px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GUPTA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x79" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:79px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KIDARITES</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_112x66" style="position:absolute; left:112px; top:66px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ALCHONS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_83x63" style="position:absolute; left:83px; top:63px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Afrighids" title="Afrighids"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AFRIGHIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_195x69" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:69px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">N.LIANG</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_59x85" style="position:absolute; left:59px; top:85px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SASANIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_13x80" style="position:absolute; left:13px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_3x45" style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HUNS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x70" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:70px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TOCHARIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x80" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:80px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TUYUHUN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x5" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Paleo-Siberians</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x5" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samoyeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoyeds"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Samoyeds</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_255x30" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:30px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tungus</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MEROË</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_22x144" style="position:absolute; left:22px; top:144px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>AKSUM</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Gupta Empire and other polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420 CE</span>.</div></div></div> <p>A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta Empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were called <i>Bhukti</i>, <i>Desha</i> or <i>Rajya</i>. Provinces were also divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">vishayas</a></i> or <i>pradeshas</i> (districts) and put under the control of <i>Vishayapati</i>s (district <a href="/wiki/Pati_(title)" title="Pati (title)">lords</a>). A <i>Vishayapati</i> administered the <i>Vishaya</i> with the help of the <i>Adhikarana</i> (council of representatives), which comprised four representatives: <i>Nagarasreshesthi</i>, <i>Sarthavaha</i>, <i>Prathamakulika</i> and <i>Prathama Kayastha</i>. A part of the <i>Vishaya</i> was called <i>Vithi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990530–31_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990530–31-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gupta also had trading links with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Empires.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The four-fold varna system was observed under the Gupta period but caste system was fluid. Brahmins followed non-Brahmanical professions as well. Kshatriyas were involved in trade and commerce. The society largely coexisted among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (February 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h3></div> <p>Gupta administration proved to be highly conducive for the rapid growth of urban centres. The principal and original capital of the Gupta Empire is regarded to be <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChaurasiaPrayag_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaurasiaPrayag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TRSharmaPrayag_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRSharmaPrayag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoyalPrayagAyodh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fifth century, the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> under either <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaragupta">Kumaragupta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AyodhyaKasi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AyodhyaKasi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MookerjiAyodhKasi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MookerjiAyodhKasi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BakkerAyodhya_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BakkerAyodhya-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoyalPrayagAyodh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Vikramaditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandragupta Vikramaditya">Chandragupta Vikramaditya</a> took personal interest in the development of <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> as a major cultural center after its conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāśī">Kāśī</a> is sometimes considered by some scholars to have been a capital, either as the original capital,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the principal late 6th-century capital<sup id="cite_ref-AyodhyaKasi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AyodhyaKasi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a minor later capital.<sup id="cite_ref-MookerjiAyodhKasi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MookerjiAyodhKasi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese author <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> described <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> as a prosperous country with rich towns and large populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy"><span id="Legacy_of_the_Gupta_Empire">Legacy</span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a> flourished in the Gupta Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian numerals">Indian numerals</a> which were the first <a href="/wiki/Positional" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional">positional</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 10">base 10</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeral systems">numeral systems</a> in the world originated from Gupta India. The <a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a> contains the Sine table.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i>, making significant contributions to mathematics including developing a <a href="/wiki/Place_value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Place value system">Place value system</a>, an approximation of π of 4 decimal places, trigonometric functions, and <a href="/wiki/Squared_triangular_number" title="Squared triangular number">Squared triangular numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varāhamihira</a> wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha Siddhanta</a></i> developing various formulas relating <a href="/wiki/Sine_and_cosine" title="Sine and cosine">sine and cosine</a> functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA.M._Shastri19914-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yativ%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3abha" title="Yativṛṣabha">Yativṛṣabha</a> made contributions on units of measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ikeyama_2007_1251_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikeyama_2007_1251-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virahanka" title="Virahanka">Virahanka</a> described <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" title="Fibonacci sequence">Fibonacci numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ikeyama_2007_1251_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikeyama_2007_1251-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a> also saw progress in this era. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#Weekday/Vāsara" title="Hindu calendar">names of the seven days in a week</a> appeared at the start of the Gupta period based on <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">planets</a> corresponding to the Roman names.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal2010p89_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p89-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> made several contributions such as assigning the start of each day to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayashi08Aryabhata_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayashi08Aryabhata-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earth's rotation on its axis, westward motion of the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayashi08Aryabhata_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayashi08Aryabhata-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayashi08Aryabhata_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayashi08Aryabhata-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, Aryabhata, he suggested that the Earth was sphere, containing a circumference of 24,835 miles (39,967 km).<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varāhamihira</a> approximates the method for determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow using a <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abraham08_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abraham08-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a>, which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgy_and_Engineering">Metallurgy and Engineering</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_pillar_of_Delhi" title="Iron pillar of Delhi">Iron Pillar of Delhi</a> high resistance to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-home.iitk.ac.in2_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home.iitk.ac.in2-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corrosion resistance results from an even layer of <a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">crystalline</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III)">iron(III)</a> hydrogen phosphate <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrate</a> forming on the high-<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>-content iron, which serves to protect it from the effects of the corrosion<sup id="cite_ref-home.iitk.ac.in2_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home.iitk.ac.in2-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> was found in the fifth century, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> paintings depicting a single-roller gin in the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LakGin_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakGin-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gins consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood.<sup id="cite_ref-LakGin_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakGin-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahavihara</a> operated throughout the Gupta Empire serving as centuries of education.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <p>The highest point of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> is also said to have belonged to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-CR_2005_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CR_2005-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harisena" title="Harisena">Harisena</a> was an early writer of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vya" title="Kāvya">Kāvya</a> poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith1966_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith1966-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his works include <i>Apabramsa Dharmapariksa</i>, <i>Karpuraprakara</i> (<i>Suktavall</i>), the medical treatise <i>Jagatsundari-Yogamaladhikara</i>, <i>Yasodharacanta</i>, <i>Astahnikakatha</i> and <i>Brhatkathakosa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma1989_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma1989-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amarasimha" title="Amarasimha">Amarasimha</a> wrote various on Sanskrit grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice19702_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice19702-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>, a playwright, wrote plays such as the <a href="/wiki/Abhijnanashakuntalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhijnanashakuntalam">Abhijnanashakuntalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakuntala_(play)" title="Shakuntala (play)">Shakuntala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhart%E1%B9%9Bhari" title="Bhartṛhari">Bhartṛhari</a> published major works including the <i><a href="/wiki/Trik%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB" title="Trikāṇḍī">Trikāṇḍī</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aatakatraya" title="Śatakatraya">Śatakatraya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure">Leisure</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is said to have developed in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its early form in the 6th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">caturaṅga</i></span></a></i>, which translates as "four divisions [of the military]" (<a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">chariotry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephantry</a>), was represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, rook, and bishop respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed surgical operations. The ancient Gupta text <a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a> by the Indian scholar <a href="/wiki/Vatsyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsyayana">Vatsyayana</a> is widely considered to be the standard work on <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behaviour">human sexual behaviour</a> in Sanskrit literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta art</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_temple_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tetrastyle prostyle Gupta period temple at Sanchi besides the Apsidal hall with Maurya foundation, an example of Buddhist architecture and Hindu architecture.[175][failed verification][176][177] 5th century CE."><img alt="A tetrastyle prostyle Gupta period temple at Sanchi besides the Apsidal hall with Maurya foundation, an example of Buddhist architecture and Hindu architecture.[175][failed verification][176][177] 5th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanchi_temple_17.jpg/480px-Sanchi_temple_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanchi_temple_17.jpg/720px-Sanchi_temple_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanchi_temple_17.jpg/960px-Sanchi_temple_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Tetrastyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrastyle">tetrastyle</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostyle" title="Prostyle">prostyle</a> Gupta period temple at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> besides the Apsidal hall with <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Maurya</a> foundation, an example of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1967219–220_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1967219–220-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell198894_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198894-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5th century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pataini temple is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period."><img alt="Pataini temple is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-241px-KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-362px-KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-483px-KITLV_87946_-_Unknown_-_Pataini_temple_in_British_India_-_1897.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="5295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pataini_temple" title="Pataini temple">Pataini temple</a> is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a> for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculptures. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha-figure and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a></i> figures, the latter often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, the latter the centre of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India. </p><p>The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a> (respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Gupta style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994118–22,_123–26,_129–35_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994118–22,_123–26,_129–35-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a> actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199492–97_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199492–97-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Temple,_Deogarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh">Deogarh</a> is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994113–14_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994113–14-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha (Ananta), Dashavatara Temple 5th century"><img alt="Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha (Ananta), Dashavatara Temple 5th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg/170px-Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg/255px-Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg/340px-Vishnu_Hood2_Deogarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> reclining on the serpent <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a> (Ananta), <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashavatara Temple">Dashavatara Temple</a> 5th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha from Sarnath, 5–6th century CE"><img alt="Buddha from Sarnath, 5–6th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG/113px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG/170px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG/226px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_030.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha from <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, 5–6th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephanta_tourists.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves"><img alt="The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elephanta_tourists.jpg/127px-Elephanta_tourists.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elephanta_tourists.jpg/191px-Elephanta_tourists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elephanta_tourists.jpg/255px-Elephanta_tourists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colossal <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">trimurti</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta"><img alt="Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg/112px-Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg/168px-Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg/225px-Ajanta_Padmapani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of <a href="/wiki/Padmapani" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmapani">Padmapani</a> Cave 1 at <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukhalinga.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shiva mukhalinga (faced-lingam) from the Bhumara Temple"><img alt="The Shiva mukhalinga (faced-lingam) from the Bhumara Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mukhalinga.JPG/113px-Mukhalinga.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mukhalinga.JPG/170px-Mukhalinga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mukhalinga.JPG/227px-Mukhalinga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mukhalinga" title="Mukhalinga">mukhalinga</a></i> (faced-<a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Bhumara_Temple" title="Bhumara Temple">Bhumara Temple</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in Chilapata Forests, West Bengal, is one of the last surviving fortification remains from the Gupta period, currently 5–7 m high"><img alt="Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in Chilapata Forests, West Bengal, is one of the last surviving fortification remains from the Gupta period, currently 5–7 m high" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg/170px-Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg/255px-Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg/340px-Nalraja_fort_chilapata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in <a href="/wiki/Chilapata_Forests" title="Chilapata Forests">Chilapata Forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, is one of the last surviving fortification remains from the Gupta period, currently 5–7 m high</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nalanda University was first established under Gupta Empire"><img alt="Nalanda University was first established under Gupta Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg/170px-Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg/255px-Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg/340px-Nalanda_University_India_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a> was first established under Gupta Empire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bitargaon temple from the Gupta period provide one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world"><img alt="Bitargaon temple from the Gupta period provide one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg/170px-Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg/255px-Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg/340px-Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bhitargaon" title="Bhitargaon">Bitargaon temple</a> from the Gupta period provide one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ajanta caves from Gupta era"><img alt="Ajanta caves from Gupta era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg/127px-Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg/191px-Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg/255px-Ajanta-3-aurangabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ajanta caves from Gupta era</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DT5237_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi, 5th century"><img alt="Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi, 5th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg/203px-MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg/271px-MET_DT5237_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="3306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krishna fighting the horse demon <a href="/wiki/Keshi_(demon)" title="Keshi (demon)">Keshi</a>, 5th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree_and_list_of_rulers">Family tree and list of rulers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gupta_emperors" title="List of Gupta emperors">List of Gupta emperors</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg/200px-Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg/300px-Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg/400px-Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India#History" title="Religion in India">History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Musical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper Currency History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and Technology History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">List of Inventions and Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Naval History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India" title="Template:History of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India" title="Template talk:History of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhira-Gupta_dynasty_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhira-Gupta dynasty (Nepal)">Abhira-Gupta dynasty (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchchhakalpa_dynasty" title="Uchchhakalpa dynasty">Uchchhakalpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Gupta" title="Pax Gupta">Pax Gupta</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first two kings were titled <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, all others were titled <i><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D. N. Jha</a>, caste distinctions became more entrenched and rigid during this time, as prosperity and the favour of the law accrued the top of the social scale, while the lower orders were degraded further.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoyal" class="citation book cs1">Goyal, SR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/367/mode/1up"><i>History of the imperial Guptas</i></a>. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+imperial+Guptas&rft.pages=367&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoyal-1967%2Fpage%2F367%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182">145, map XIV.1 (j)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062">p.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1+%28j%29%3B+p.25&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2007" class="citation cs2">Sharma, R.S. (25 January 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/27690/chapter-abstract/197832883?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true">"Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire"</a>, <i>India’s Ancient Past</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 242, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568785-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568785-9"><bdi>978-0-19-568785-9</bdi></a>, <q>UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag, they spread into the neighbouring regions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India%E2%80%99s+Ancient+Past&rft.atitle=Rise+and+Growth+of+the+Gupta+Empire&rft.pages=242&rft.date=2007-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-568785-9&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F27690%2Fchapter-abstract%2F197832883%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%26login%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChaurasiaPrayag-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChaurasiaPrayag_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChaurasiaPrayag_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC"><i>History of Ancient India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0027-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0027-5</bdi></a>. <q>The original kingdom of the Guptas comprised Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The early Gupta coins and inscriptions have been mainly found in Uttar Pradesh. It seems that the Guptas found out in different directions from Uttar Pradesh. The centre of their power was Prayag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0027-5&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWmsQQ2smXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRSharmaPrayag-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TRSharmaPrayag_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRSharmaPrayag_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1989" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Tej Ram (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC"><i>A Political History of the Imperial Guptas</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-251-4"><bdi>978-81-7022-251-4</bdi></a>. <q>Prayaga region of the modern eastern Uttar Pradesh was the centre of power of the early Guptas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-251-4&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tej+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWVZWjNAcAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoyalPrayagAyodh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoyalPrayagAyodh_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyal1967" class="citation book cs1">Goyal, S. R. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/210/mode/1up"><i>History Of The Imperial Guptas</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">210–</span>213. <q>The capital of the Guptas was located somewhere in the eastern part of U. P. The evidence of the Puranas from which we learn that Prayāga was the nucleus of the original Gupta state, the incision of the prasasti of Samudragupta on a stone pillar at Prayāga, the discovery of several other early Gupta inscriptions and numerous hoards of coins from this area, and the possibility of the performance of Asvamedha at Prayāga by Samudragupta bring out the fact that at least in the early part of their history, the Guptas had their capital at Prayāga. [...] Later on, however, Ayodhyā was made the formal residence of the emperor, for, Paramartha, a Buddhist scholar of the Gupta age refers to this city as the capital of Vikramaditya i.e. Skandagupta who appointed Vasubandhu as the teacher of his crown-prince Bālāditya.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+Imperial+Guptas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoyal-1967%2Fpage%2F210%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AyodhyaKasi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AyodhyaKasi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyodhyaKasi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyodhyaKasi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri2006" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC"><i>Political History of Ancient India</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-307-0291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-307-0291-9"><bdi>978-81-307-0291-9</bdi></a>. <q>The importance of this identification lies in the fact that it proves that the immediate successors of Skanda Gupta had a capital at Ayodhyā probably till the rise of the Maukharis. If the spurious Gayā plate is to be believed Ayodhyā was the seat of a Gupta jaya-skandhāvāra, or 'camp of victory,' as early as the time of Samudra Gupta. The principal capital of Bālāditya and his successors appears to have been Kāśī.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-307-0291-9&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1KObc_qaXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MookerjiAyodhKasi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MookerjiAyodhKasi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MookerjiAyodhKasi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MookerjiAyodhKasi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1989" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC"><i>The Gupta Empire</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0089-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0089-2</bdi></a>. <q>the successors of Chandra Gupta II set up their capital at Ayodhyā. It also appears from the Sarnath Stone inscription of Prakațāditya (Fleet, No. 79) that they had another capital at Kāśī.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Empire&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0089-2&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYXDB2gIYbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BakkerAyodhya-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BakkerAyodhya_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BakkerAyodhya_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_T._Bakker1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Hans T. Bakker</a> (1982). "The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage". <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000082790081267">10.1163/000000082790081267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161957449">161957449</a>. <q>During the reign of either the emperor Kumāragupta or, more probably, that of his successor Skandagupta (AD 455–467), the capital of the empire was moved from Pāțaliputra to Ayodhyā...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+Ayodhya+as+a+place+of+pilgrimage&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000082790081267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161957449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hans+T.+Bakker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1978" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/112/mode/1up"><i>Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Concept. p. 112. <q>An indication of the leaning of the Gupta kings towards Vaisnavism is clear from the Garuda emblem of the Guptas. The gupta monarchs also used the title 'Paramabhāgavata' i.e.; the devout devotee of Visnu, in their imperial records.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+and+geographical+names+in+the+Gupta+inscriptions&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Concept.&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tej+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersonalgeograph00sharuoft%2Fpage%2F112%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2020" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ"><i>The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia</i></a>. Barkhuis. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-00-7"><bdi>978-94-93194-00-7</bdi></a>. <q>On the south banks of the Bina, the building of a religious complex dedicated to Vishnu, the Empire's tutelary deity, had expanded under Budhagupta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alkhan%3A+A+Hunnic+People+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-93194-00-7&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDxTzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GANERI-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GANERI_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> pg.17 : Gupta Empire at its height (5th-6th centuries) connected with the development of Mahayana Buddhism with the development of Tantric Buddhism.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaneri2007" class="citation book cs1">Ganeri, Anita (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/buddhism0000gane_e7c3"><i>Buddhism</i></a>. Internet Archive. London : Franklin Watts. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7496-6979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7496-6979-9"><bdi>978-0-7496-6979-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=London+%3A+Franklin+Watts&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7496-6979-9&rft.aulast=Ganeri&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhism0000gane_e7c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Vincent A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson2/chapter11.html">"Chapter 11 – The Gupta Empire and the Western Satraps: Chandragupta I to Kumaragupta I"</a>. <i>The Public's Library and Digital Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public%27s+Library+and+Digital+Archive&rft.atitle=Chapter+11+%E2%80%93+The+Gupta+Empire+and+the+Western+Satraps%3A+Chandragupta+I+to+Kumaragupta+I&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fbritishraj%2FJackson2%2Fchapter11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goyal1967-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goyal1967_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyal1967" class="citation book cs1">Goyal, SR (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/367/mode/1up"><i>History of the Imperial Guptas</i></a>. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&rft.pages=367&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoyal-1967%2Fpage%2F367%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dani1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dani1996_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniLitvinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, BA (1996). <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</i>. UNESCO. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Crossroads+of+Civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft.au=Litvinsky%2C+BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-majumdar1981-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-majumdar1981_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1981" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R.C. (1981). <i>A Comprehensive History of India: Pt. 1. A.D. 300–985</i>. Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+Pt.+1.+A.D.+300%E2%80%93985&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress%2FPeople%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dani1999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dani1999_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDani1999" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999). <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turchin223-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turchin223_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">10.5195/JWSR.2006.369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252FJWSR.2006.369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>3</b> (3/4): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959">10.2307/1170959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_Maddison2001" class="citation web cs1">Angus Maddison (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38602317">"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820"</a>. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+of+World+Population%2C+GDP+and+GDP+Per+Capita+before+1820&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Angus+Maddison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38602317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gd-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gd_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gd_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html">"Gupta Dynasty"</a>. 29 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>The dynasty controlled an empire stretching across north India at its peak in the 5th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gupta+Dynasty&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761571624%2FGupta_Dynasty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Jayapalan, <i>History of India</i>, Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2002" class="citation book cs1">Jha, D.N. (2002). <i>Ancient India in Historical Outline</i>. Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-285-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-285-0"><bdi>978-81-7304-285-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India+in+Historical+Outline&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-285-0&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPletcher2011">Pletcher 2011</a>, p. 90: "Historians once regarded the Gupta period (c.320–540) as the classical age of India [...] It was also thought to have been an age of material prosperity, particularly among the urban elite [...] Some of these assumptions have been questioned by more-extensive studies of the post-Mauryan, pre-Gupta period. Archaeological evidence from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> levels suggests greater material prosperity, to such a degree that some historians argue for an urban decline in the Gupta period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201086-87-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein201086-87_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, p. 86-87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty">Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty">Archived</a> 30 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151"><i>India: A history</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/151">151–52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>Kalidasa wrote ... with excellence which, by unanimous consent, justifies the inevitable comparisons with Shakespeare ... When and where Kalidasa lived remains a mystery. He acknowledges no links with the Guptas; he may not even have coincided with them ... but the poet's vivid awareness of the terrain of the entire subcontinent argues strongly for a Guptan provenance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+history&rft.pages=151-52&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiahistory00keay%2Fpage%2F151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990540-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990540_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990">Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990</a>, p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keay-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132"><i>India: A history</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/132">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+history&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiahistory00keay%2Fpage%2F132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century">Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330103811/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/285248/1960/The-Gupta-empire-at-the-end-of-the-4th-century">Archived</a> 30 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199487_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ.C._Harle1994">J.C. Harle 1994</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dikshitar_1993-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dikshitar_1993_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshitar1993" class="citation book cs1">Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA199"><i>The Gupta Polity</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1024-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1024-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225920/https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Polity&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1024-2&rft.aulast=Dikshitar&rft.aufirst=V.+R.+Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKP_DTtd6kJEC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath_sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=indus"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507000807/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization/Wk4_ICH_g1EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=indus">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Nath+sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26q%3Dindus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989264–69-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989264–69_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, pp. 264–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1996" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, K. (1996). "The Gupta Kingdom". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104612?posInSet=1&queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>On the basis of ... historians have now come to accept the lower doab region as the original homeland of the Guptas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gupta+Kingdom&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000104612%3FposInSet%3D1%26queryId%3Da6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198714-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198714_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1987">Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198939-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198939_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19872-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19872_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1987">Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal19892-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal19892_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2024" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sanjeev (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ"><i>Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80327-796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80327-796-7"><bdi>978-1-80327-796-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+Gupta+Empire%3A+A+Numismatic+History+of+the+Golden+Age+of+India&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-80327-796-7&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmN0UEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19877–11-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly19877–11_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1987">Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987</a>, pp. 7–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198712-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198712_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1987">Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198944-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198944_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198982-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198982_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198942-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198942_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._S._Sharma2003" class="citation book cs1">R. S. Sharma (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&pg=PA69"><i>Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation</i></a>. Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125025238" title="Special:BookSources/9788125025238"><bdi>9788125025238</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326214745/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Indian+Society%3A+A+Study+in+Feudalisation&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788125025238&rft.au=R.+S.+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_sIE1sO5kwC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19814-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19814_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1981">R.C. Majumdar 1981</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198940-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198940_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198943–44-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198943–44_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198983-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198983_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198949–55-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198949–55_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, pp. 49–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198986-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198986_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-gupta-empire/">"The Gupta Empire | Boundless World History"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228034701/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-gupta-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+Gupta+Empire+%7C+Boundless+World+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-worldhistory%2Fchapter%2Fthe-gupta-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198984–85-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198984–85_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979–81-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198979–81_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198985-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal198985_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19816–7-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar19816–7_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1981">R.C. Majumdar 1981</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198110-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.C._Majumdar198110_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1981">R.C. 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href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197">1</a>–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum+Vol.+3&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.49403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198951–52-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETej_Ram_Sharma198951–52_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989106–07-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989106–07_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, 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<span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989">Tej Ram Sharma 1989</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2017343_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2017">Upinder Singh 2017</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112–18-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989112–18_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, pp. 112–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989125-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989125_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit/page/170">170</a>–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+fine+art+in+India+and+Ceylon%2C+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+present+day&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffineart00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989153–59-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989153–59_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, pp. 153–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2004" class="citation book cs1">Bajpai, K.D. 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Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86, Kshmendra).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf:"In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fa-hsien_1886-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fa-hsien_1886_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fa-hsien_1886_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFa-hsien1886" class="citation book cs1">Fa-hsien (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/recordofbuddhist00fahsuoft"><i>A record of Buddhistic kingdoms; being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon, A.D. 399–414, in search of the Buddhist books of discipline. Translated and annotated with a Corean recension of the Chinese text</i></a>. Translated by Legge, James. Oxford Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+record+of+Buddhistic+kingdoms%3B+being+an+account+by+the+Chinese+monk+F%C3%A2-Hien+of+his+travels+in+India+and+Ceylon%2C+A.D.+399%E2%80%93414%2C+in+search+of+the+Buddhist+books+of+discipline.+Translated+and+annotated+with+a+Corean+recension+of+the+Chinese+text&rft.pub=Oxford+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Fa-hsien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordofbuddhist00fahsuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Rao_Bandela2003" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Rao Bandela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mUg2BBJr7kC&pg=PA112"><i>Coin splendour: a journey into the past</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-427-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-427-1"><bdi>978-81-7017-427-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529030958/http://books.google.com/books?id=_mUg2BBJr7kC&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coin+splendour%3A+a+journey+into+the+past&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-427-1&rft.au=Prasanna+Rao+Bandela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mUg2BBJr7kC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p. cli</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirji1952" class="citation book cs1">Virji, krishnakumari J. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57287/page/n249/mode/2up"><i>Ancient History Of Saurashtra</i></a>. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+Of+Saurashtra&rft.pages=225&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Virji&rft.aufirst=krishnakumari+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.57287%2Fpage%2Fn249%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989191–200-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshvini_Agrawal1989191–200_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989">Ashvini Agrawal 1989</a>, pp. 191–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1996" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, K. (1996). "The Gupta Kingdom". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104612?posInSet=1&queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gupta+Kingdom&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000104612%3FposInSet%3D1%26queryId%3Da6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travelnewsindia.com/nalanda-university-ruins/">"Nalanda University Ruins | Nalanda Travel Guide | Ancient Nalanda Site"</a>. <i>Travel News India</i>. 5 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075258/http://travelnewsindia.com/nalanda-university-ruins/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travel+News+India&rft.atitle=Nalanda+University+Ruins+%7C+Nalanda+Travel+Guide+%7C+Ancient+Nalanda+Site&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravelnewsindia.com%2Fnalanda-university-ruins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923510-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923510_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH.C._Raychaudhuri1923">H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyun-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyun_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyun_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50">pp. 50–</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923516-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.C._Raychaudhuri1923516_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH.C._Raychaudhuri1923">H.C. Raychaudhuri 1923</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1978" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151812362491675.pdf"><i>Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Geographic+Names+in+Gupta+Inscriptions&rft.pages=93&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tej+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rarebooksocietyofindia.org%2Fbook_archive%2F196174216674_10151812362491675.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachchidananda Bhattacharya, <i>Gupta dynasty</i>, <i>A dictionary of Indian history</i>, (George Braziller, Inc., 1967), 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Neelis, Jason (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA162"><i>Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of India</i></a>. BRILL. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004181595" title="Special:BookSources/9789004181595"><bdi>9789004181595</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103112749/https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+India&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004181595&rft.aulast=Neelis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2017" class="citation cs2">Bakker, Hans (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory"><i>Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)</i></a>, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6984-715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6984-715-3"><bdi>978-90-6984-715-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111041719/https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory">archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Hope%2C+Gloom+and+Glory+in+the+Age+of+the+Hunnic+Wars%3A+50+years+that+changed+India+%28484%E2%80%93534%29&rft.pages=Section+4&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-6984-715-3&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knaw.nl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpublications%2Fmonuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S B. Bhattacherje p. A15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_Encyclopedia-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_Encyclopedia_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eraly-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_118-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA48">pp. 48–</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105092116/https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA48">Archived</a> 5 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA221">p. 221</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA174">p. 174</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206162650/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=26%2C+146&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh3-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singh3_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220004242/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions of the Early Gupta emperors) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395">p. 362</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&pg=PA31">p. 31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107154342/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> 7 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPR-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HPR_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HPR_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HPR_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2019" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163"><i>Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000227932" title="Special:BookSources/9781000227932"><bdi>9781000227932</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170328/https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Cultural+Identity%3A+Landscapes+in+Early+Medieval+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781000227932&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkyfDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RST-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RST_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1989" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45"><i>History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 45 Note 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804043" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804043"><bdi>9788120804043</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417230246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kanauj%3A+To+the+Moslem+Conquest&rft.pages=45+Note+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120804043&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Rama+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Tnh2QjGhMQC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/3137724">1910,0403.26 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ"><i>Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE</i></a>. Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74270-0"><bdi>978-1-315-74270-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Pre-British+India%2C+1500+BCE+to+1740+CE&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-315-74270-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWu7ZoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly1987" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C"><i>The Imperial Guptas and Their Times</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170172222" title="Special:BookSources/9788170172222"><bdi>9788170172222</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814151215/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Guptas+and+Their+Times&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788170172222&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Dilip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHud2_Ie3T94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ"><i>Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE</i></a>. Routledge. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74270-0"><bdi>978-1-315-74270-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Pre-British+India%2C+1500+BCE+to+1740+CE&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-315-74270-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWu7ZoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1960" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Bimal Kanti (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.110150/2015.110150.The-Military-System-In-Ancient-India_djvu.txt"><i>The military system in ancient India</i></a> (2 ed.). Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+military+system+in+ancient+India&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Firma+K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Bimal+Kanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.110150%2F2015.110150.The-Military-System-In-Ancient-India_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi_and_Narayan_Raghunath_Navlekar1969" class="citation book cs1">Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&pg=PA1"><i>Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171544684" title="Special:BookSources/9788171544684"><bdi>9788171544684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa%3B+Date%2C+Life%2C+and+Works&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9788171544684&rft.au=Vasudev+Vishnu+Mirashi+and+Narayan+Raghunath+Navlekar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsueiThBrP4gC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ram Gopal. p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._R._Devadhar1999" class="citation book cs1">C. R. Devadhar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8fBQ5vH34gC&pg=PR7"><i>Works of Kālidāsa</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">vii–</span>viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120800236" title="Special:BookSources/9788120800236"><bdi>9788120800236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+of+K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eviii&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788120800236&rft.au=C.+R.+Devadhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8fBQ5vH34gC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaurīnātha_Śāstrī1987" class="citation book cs1">Gaurīnātha Śāstrī (1987). <i>A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0027-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Classical+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0027-4&rft.au=Gaur%C4%ABn%C4%81tha+%C5%9A%C4%81str%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ"><i>Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 BCE to 1740 CE</i></a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74270-0"><bdi>978-1-315-74270-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu7ZoAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Pre-British+India%2C+1500+BCE+to+1740+CE&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-315-74270-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWu7ZoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKale1922" class="citation book cs1">Kale, Moreshwar Ramchandra (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft/page/112"><i>The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa</i></a>. Canto IV: P.S. Rege.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Raghuvamsa+of+Kalidasa&rft.place=Canto+IV&rft.pub=P.S.+Rege&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Kale&rft.aufirst=Moreshwar+Ramchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBimal_Kanti_Majumdar1949" class="citation journal cs1">Bimal Kanti Majumdar (1949). "Military Pursuits and National Defence Under the Second Magadhan Empire". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">105–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140516">44140516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Military+Pursuits+and+National+Defence+Under+the+Second+Magadhan+Empire&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bimal+Kanti+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA521">p. 521</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt-pierre2007" class="citation book cs1">St-pierre, Paul (2007). <i>In Translation - Reflections, Refractions, Transformations</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Translation+-+Reflections%2C+Refractions%2C+Transformations&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=St-pierre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangu2003" class="citation book cs1">Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). <i>Images of Indian Goddesses</i>. Abhinav Publications. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Indian+Goddesses&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wangu&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Bazaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien-Kop2021" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien-Kop, Karen (2021). <i>Rethinking 'Classical Yoga' and Buddhism</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+%27Classical+Yoga%27+and+Buddhism&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=O%27Brien-Kop&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBala2007" class="citation book cs1">Bala, Poonam (2007). <i>Medicine and Medical Policies in India</i>. Lexington Books. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Medical+Policies+in+India&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bala&rft.aufirst=Poonam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mookerji-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133">pp. 133–</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042651/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> 17 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitz2016" class="citation web cs1">Newitz, Annalee (25 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/">"The caste system has left its mark on Indians' genomes"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015347/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/the-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+caste+system+has+left+its+mark+on+Indians%27+genomes&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.aulast=Newitz&rft.aufirst=Annalee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2F01%2Fthe-caste-system-has-left-its-mark-on-indians-genomes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sankalia-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sankalia_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankalia,_Hasmukhlal_Dhirajlal1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Dhirajlal_Sankalia" title="Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia">Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The University of Nālandā</i></a>. B.G. Paul & co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781014542144" title="Special:BookSources/9781014542144"><bdi>9781014542144</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+N%C4%81land%C4%81&rft.pub=B.G.+Paul+%26+co.&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=9781014542144&rft.au=Sankalia%2C+Hasmukhlal+Dhirajlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOVtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdutt-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdutt_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukumar_Dutt1988" class="citation book cs1">Sukumar Dutt (1988) [First published in 1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C"><i>Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture</i></a>. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0498-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0498-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0498-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310232744/https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monks+And+Monasteries+of+India%3A+Their+History+And+Contribution+To+Indian+Culture&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Ltd%2C+London&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0498-2&rft.au=Sukumar+Dutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxRHYFd0fB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990530–31-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990530–31_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990">Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990</a>, pp. 530–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath_sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maurya+dynasty+sen"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927082951/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization/Wk4_ICH_g1EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=maurya+dynasty+sen&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Nath+sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26q%3Dmaurya%2Bdynasty%2Bsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, R. S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpastbyrssharma/page/n271/mode/1up"><i>India's Ancient Past</i></a>. <q>UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag, they spread into the neighbouring regions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Ancient+Past&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaancientpastbyrssharma%2Fpage%2Fn271%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandekar1960" class="citation journal cs1">Dandekar, R. N. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929739">"Some Aspects of the Gupta Civilization: Economic Conditions"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. <b>20</b> (1/4): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-9801">0045-9801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929739">42929739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+the+Gupta+Civilization%3A+Economic+Conditions&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42929739%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0045-9801&rft.aulast=Dandekar&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42929739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2024" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sanjeev (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ"><i>Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India</i></a> (2nd ed.). Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80327-796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80327-796-7"><bdi>978-1-80327-796-7</bdi></a>. <q>In the Allahabad Pillar Inscription, line 28, Śrīgupta is referred to as "the prosperous Mahārāja Śrīgupta." As a minor ruler of a small territory primarily centered around Kāśī (present day Vārāņasī), it is possible that he would have issued only coins in silver for local consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+Gupta+Empire%3A+A+Numismatic+History+of+the+Golden+Age+of+India&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-80327-796-7&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmN0UEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yau, Shing-Tung (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4310/iccm.2013.v1.n2.a11">"The Past, Present and Future of Mathematics in China and India"</a>. <i>Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4310%2Ficcm.2013.v1.n2.a11">10.4310/iccm.2013.v1.n2.a11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4810">2326-4810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+International+Congress+of+Chinese+Mathematicians&rft.atitle=The+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+Mathematics+in+China+and+India&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4310%2Ficcm.2013.v1.n2.a11&rft.issn=2326-4810&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Shing-Tung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4310%2Ficcm.2013.v1.n2.a11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeva_Shastri1861" class="citation book cs1">Deva Shastri, Pundit Bapu (1861). <i>Translation of the Surya Siddhanta</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translation+of+the+Surya+Siddhanta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Deva+Shastri&rft.aufirst=Pundit+Bapu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge._Ifrah1998" class="citation book cs1">George. Ifrah (1998). <i>A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer</i>. London: John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Universal+History+of+Numbers%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Invention+of+the+Computer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.au=George.+Ifrah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer" title="Carl Benjamin Boyer">Boyer, Carl B.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye">"The Mathematics of the Hindus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/207"><i>A History of Mathematics</i></a> (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7"><bdi>0-471-54397-7</bdi></a>. <q>He gave more elegant rules for the sum of the squares and cubes of an initial segment of the positive integers. The sixth part of the product of three quantities consisting of the number of terms, the number of terms plus one, and twice the number of terms plus one is the sum of the squares. 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Rice</a>, edited by N. Balasubramanya, 1970, page X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKālidāsa2001" class="citation book cs1">Kālidāsa (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6miC3HNB90oC"><i>The Recognition of Sakuntala: A Play In Seven Acts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191606090" title="Special:BookSources/9780191606090"><bdi>9780191606090</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174122/https://books.google.com/books?id=6miC3HNB90oC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recognition+of+Sakuntala%3A+A+Play+In+Seven+Acts&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780191606090&rft.au=K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6miC3HNB90oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornille2020" class="citation book cs1">Cornille, Catherine (8 June 2020). <i>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-57259-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-57259-6"><bdi>978-1-119-57259-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Companion+to+Inter-Religious+Dialogue&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1-119-57259-6&rft.aulast=Cornille&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._J._R._Murray" title="H. J. R. Murray">Murray, H.J.R.</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchess00murr"><i>A History of Chess</i></a>. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936317-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936317-01-4"><bdi>978-0-936317-01-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13472872">13472872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chess&rft.pub=Benjamin+Press+%28originally+published+by+Oxford+University+Press%29&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13472872&rft.isbn=978-0-936317-01-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=H.J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchess00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 111;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1967219–220-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1967219–220_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1967">Rowland 1967</a>, pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198894-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell198894_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichell1988">Michell 1988</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994118–22,_123–26,_129–35-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994118–22,_123–26,_129–35_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ.C._Harle1994">J.C. Harle 1994</a>, pp. 118–22, 123–26, 129–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199492–97-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle199492–97_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ.C._Harle1994">J.C. Harle 1994</a>, pp. 92–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994113–14-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.C._Harle1994113–14_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ.C._Harle1994">J.C. Harle 1994</a>, pp. 113–14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989" class="citation book cs1">Ashvini Agrawal (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315"><i>Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0592-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0592-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0592-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108040744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0592-7&rft.au=Ashvini+Agrawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRjC5IaJ2zcC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1987" class="citation book cs1">Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1"><i>The Imperial Guptas and Their Times</i></a>. Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-222-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-222-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108201608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Guptas+and+Their+Times&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-222-2&rft.au=Dilip+Kumar+Ganguly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHud2_Ie3T94C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.C._Raychaudhuri1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">H.C. Raychaudhuri</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft"><i>Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty</i></a>. University of Calcutta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5272-9"><bdi>978-1-4400-5272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+Extinction+of+the+Gupta+Dynasty&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-5272-9&rft.au=H.C.+Raychaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalhistory00raycuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">J.C. Harle (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl"><i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=J.C.+Harle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R.C. Majumdar</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Comprehensive History of India</i></a>. Vol. 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34008529">34008529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34008529&rft.au=R.C.+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1988" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George (1988) [First published 1977]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich"><i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1"><bdi>978-0-226-53230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+its+Meaning+and+Forms&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53230-1&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindutempleintro0000mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2011" class="citation book cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ"><i>The History of India</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-201-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-201-7&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdmcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1967" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Benjamin (1967) [First published 1953]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000rowl_r2z2/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-056102-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-056102-9"><bdi>978-0-14-056102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+India%3A+Buddhist%2C+Hindu%2C+Jain&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-14-056102-9&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo0000rowl_r2z2%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankar_Goyal2001" class="citation book cs1">Shankar Goyal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions</i></a>. Book Enclave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87036-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87036-66-1"><bdi>978-81-87036-66-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224901/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Ancient+Indian+History%3A+New+Perspectives+and+Perceptions&rft.pub=Book+Enclave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87036-66-1&rft.au=Shankar+Goyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">A.M. Shastri</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Varāhamihira and His Times</i></a>. Kusumanjali. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28644897">28644897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Var%C4%81hamihira+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Kusumanjali&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28644897&rft.au=A.M.+Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMf0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989" class="citation book cs1">Tej Ram Sharma (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50"><i>A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta</i></a>. Concept. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-251-4"><bdi>978-81-7022-251-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113155014/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Imperial+Guptas%3A+From+Gupta+to+Skandagupta&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-251-4&rft.au=Tej+Ram+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWVZWjNAcAgC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Mahajan" title="Vidya Dhar Mahajan">Vidya Dhar Mahajan</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ"><i>A History of India</i></a>. State Mutual Book & Periodical Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7855-1191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7855-1191-5"><bdi>978-0-7855-1191-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2UAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=State+Mutual+Book+%26+Periodical+Service&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7855-1191-5&rft.au=Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJ2UAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343"><i>Political Violence in Ancient India</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98128-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98128-7"><bdi>978-0-674-98128-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123751/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Violence+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98128-7&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYM4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, B.</a> (2010), Arnold, D. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC"><i>A History of India</i></a> (2nd ed.), Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9509-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11774#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata376" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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81 Template:Cite_book"," 11.84% 242.833 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 11.06% 226.824 65 Template:Sfn"," 5.39% 110.620 1 Template:IAST"," 5.30% 108.825 1 Template:Transliteration"," 5.07% 104.046 1 Template:Gupta_Empire"," 4.88% 100.100 1 Template:Sidebar"," 4.44% 91.064 11 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.224","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21120295,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.M._Shastri1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngus_Maddison2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBajpai2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBala2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarua1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBimal_Kanti_Majumdar1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._R._Devadhar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChampaneriaWorkmanGupta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra_Rajan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaurasia2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornille2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandekar1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDani1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniLitvinsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeva_Shastri1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikshitar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFa-hsien1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaneri2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaurīnātha_Śāstrī1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge._Ifrah1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoyal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoyal1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.C._Raychaudhuri1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_T._Bakker1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkeyama2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngalls1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.C._Harle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKale1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeith1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKālidāsa2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerji1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath_sen1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien-Kop2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasanna_Rao_Bandela2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._S._Sharma2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2015\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSankalia,_Hasmukhlal_Dhirajlal1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShankar_Goyal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt-pierre2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukumar_Dutt1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripathi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpinder_Singh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi_and_Narayan_Raghunath_Navlekar1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidya_Dhar_Mahajan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirji1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYau2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshio_WasedaShigeru_Suzuki2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 22,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Break\"] = 2,\n [\"British-Museum-db\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 19,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Asia in 420 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gupta Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fl\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Gupta Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of India\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle kingdoms of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Relevance inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 65,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asia in 600 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","18.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.9"],["[others]","340","24.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-klfpw","timestamp":"20250216002325","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gupta_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11774","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11774","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-16T11:07:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T00:23:22Z","headline":"ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE\u2013575 CE)"}</script> </body> </html>