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id="toc-Social_liberty_and_tyranny_of_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_liberty_and_tyranny_of_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Social liberty and tyranny of majority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_liberty_and_tyranny_of_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Liberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Freedom of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harm_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harm_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Harm principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harm_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.2</span> <span>Freedom of the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_and_racial_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_and_racial_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Slavery and racial equality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_and_racial_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Women's rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Utilitarianism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_and_lower_pleasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_and_lower_pleasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Higher and lower pleasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_and_lower_pleasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achieving_happiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achieving_happiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Achieving happiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achieving_happiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Economic philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Economic democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Political democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_wealth_and_income_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_wealth_and_income_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.4</span> <span>Theories of wealth and income distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_wealth_and_income_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.5</span> <span>The environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rate_of_profit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rate_of_profit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.6</span> <span>Rate of profit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rate_of_profit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mill's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mill's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mill's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mill's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mill's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mill's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mill's works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mill's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Stuart Mill</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84" title="جون ستيوارت مل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ستيوارت مل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_St%C3%BCart_Mill" title="Con Stüart Mill – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Stüart Mill" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="জন স্টুয়ার্ট মিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন স্টুয়ার্ট মিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джон Сцюарт Міль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Сцюарт Міль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Джон Стюарт Мил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Стюарт Мил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Τζον Στιούαρτ Μιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Στιούαρτ Μιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جان استوارت میل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان استوارت میل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%80" title="존 스튜어트 밀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 스튜어트 밀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Ջոն Ստյուարտ Միլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Ստյուարտ Միլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉन स्टूवर्ट मिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन स्टूवर्ट मिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ג'ון סטיוארט מיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון סטיוארט מיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾನ್ ಸ್ಟೂವರ್ಟ್ ಮಿಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಸ್ಟೂವರ್ಟ್ ಮಿಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ სტიუარტ მილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ სტიუარტ მილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джон Стюарт Милль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Стюарт Милль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жон Стюарт Милль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жон Стюарт Милль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Stuart_Mill" title="Ioannes Stuart Mill – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Stjuarts_Mills" title="Džons Stjuarts Mills – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Stjuarts Mills" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mill" title="John Mill – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="John Mill" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Џон Стјуарт Мил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Стјуарт Мил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ജോൺ സ്റ്റുവർട്ട് മിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ സ്റ്റുവർട്ട് മിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ სტიუარტ მილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ სტიუარტ მილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84" title="جون ستيوارت مل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ستيوارت مل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျွန် စတူးဝပ် မီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် စတူးဝပ် မီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB" title="ジョン・スチュアート・ミル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・スチュアート・ミル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜਾਨ ਸਟੁਅਰਟ ਮਿੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਨ ਸਟੁਅਰਟ ਮਿੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جان ستورات میل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان ستورات میل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Милль, Джон Стюарт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Милль, Джон Стюарт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Дьон Стюарт Милл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьон Стюарт Милл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جۆن ستیوارت میل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن ستیوارت میل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEon_Stjuart_Mil" title="Džon Stjuart Mil – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Džon Stjuart Mil" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="జాన్ స్టూవర్ట్ మిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాన్ స్టూవర్ట్ మిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джон Стюарт Мілл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Стюарт Мілл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%84" title="جان اسٹوئرٹ مل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان اسٹوئرٹ مل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Stuart Mill" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%8E%8A%E9%9B%AA" title="苗莊雪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="苗莊雪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50020#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English philosopher and political economist (1806–1873)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stuart Mill" redirects here. For the town in Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Mill,_Victoria" title="Stuart Mill, Victoria">Stuart Mill, Victoria</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Stuart Mill</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company,_c1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/220px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/330px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg/440px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_London_Stereoscopic_Company%2C_c1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mill, c. 1870</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">City of Westminster</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 July 1865 – 17 November 1868<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosvenor,_2nd_Baron_Ebury" title="Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Ebury">Robert Grosvenor</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/De_Lacy_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lacy Evans">De Lacy Evans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1806-05-20</span>)</span>20 May 1806<br /><a href="/wiki/Pentonville" title="Pentonville">Pentonville</a>, Middlesex, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1873<span style="display:none">(1873-05-07)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, Vaucluse, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 April 1851">1851</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="3 November 1858">1858</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> (father)</li><li>Harriet Barrow (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">Psychologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Appleton_(judge)" title="John Appleton (judge)">Appleton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Taylor_(feminist)" title="Helen Taylor (feminist)">Taylor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Economics</li> <li>ethics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">Public</a>/<a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberty">social liberty</a></li> <li>hierarchy of pleasures in utilitarianism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_utilitarianism" title="Rule utilitarianism">rule utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a></li> <li>early <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millian_theory_of_proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Millian theory of proper names">Millian theory of proper names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">emergentism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/John_Stuart_Mill_signature.svg/150px-John_Stuart_Mill_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/John_Stuart_Mill_signature.svg/225px-John_Stuart_Mill_signature.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Utilitarianism" title="Category:Utilitarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Predecessors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_utilitarians" title="List of utilitarians">Key proponents</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of utilitarianism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_utilitarianism" title="Negative utilitarianism">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_utilitarianism" title="Rule utilitarianism">Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_utilitarianism" title="Act utilitarianism">Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-level_utilitarianism" title="Two-level utilitarianism">Two-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Total utilitarianism">Total</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Average_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Average utilitarianism">Average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_utilitarianism" title="Preference utilitarianism">Preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Classical_utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Classical</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicific_calculus" title="Felicific calculus">Felicific calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_social_choice_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian social choice rule">Utilitarian social choice rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demandingness_objection" title="Demandingness objection">Demandingness objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_hedonism" title="Paradox of hedonism">Paradox of hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_monster" title="Utility monster">Utility monster</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Utilitarianism" title="Template:Utilitarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Utilitarianism" title="Template talk:Utilitarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Utilitarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Utilitarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Stuart Mill</b> (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Political_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economist">political economist</a>, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, he contributed widely to <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a>, and political economy. Dubbed "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century" by the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he conceived of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> as justifying the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state and <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated political and social reforms such as proportional representation, the emancipation of women, and the development of labour organisations and farm cooperatives. The <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i> 5th ed. says of him "at times Mill came close to socialism, a theory repugnant to his predecessors".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>. He contributed to the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methodology</a>, though his knowledge of the topic was based on the writings of others, notably <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, and research carried out for Mill by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a>. He engaged in written debate with Whewell.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and author of the early <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">feminist work</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i>, Mill was also the second <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> to call for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Henry Hunt</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Stuart Mill was born at 13 Rodney Street in <a href="/wiki/Pentonville" title="Pentonville">Pentonville</a>, then on the edge of the capital and now in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>, the eldest son of Harriet Barrow and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish philosopher</a>, historian, and economist <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>. John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Place" title="Francis Place">Francis Place</a>. He was given an extremely rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children his own age other than his siblings. His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">associationism</a>, had as his explicit aim to create a <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a> intellect that would carry on the cause of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> and its implementation after he and Bentham had died.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill was a notably precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiography. At the age of three he was taught <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.library.cornell.edu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.library.cornell.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the age of eight, he had read <i><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-digital.library.cornell.edu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.library.cornell.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the whole of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-digital.library.cornell.edu_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.library.cornell.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> and six dialogues of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.library.cornell.edu_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.library.cornell.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, physics and astronomy. </p><p>At the age of eight, Mill began studying <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the works of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, and was appointed schoolmaster to the younger children of the family. His main reading was still history, but he went through all the commonly taught <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a> authors and by the age of ten could read Plato and <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> with ease. His father also thought that it was important for Mill to study and compose poetry. One of his earliest poetic compositions was a continuation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. In his spare time he also enjoyed reading about <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> and popular novels, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>. </p><p>His father's work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_British_India" title="The History of British India">The History of British India</a></i>, was published in 1818; immediately thereafter, at about the age of twelve, Mill began a thorough study of the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, at the same time reading <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s logical treatises in the original language. In the following year he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> and studied <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> with his father, ultimately completing their <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economic view</a> of <a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">factors of production</a>. Mill's <i>comptes rendus</i> of his daily economy lessons helped his father in writing <i>Elements of Political Economy</i> in 1821, a textbook to promote the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_economics" title="Ricardian economics">Ricardian economics</a>; however, the book lacked popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricardo, who was a close friend of his father, used to invite the young Mill to his house for a walk to talk about <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>. </p><p>At the age of fourteen, Mill stayed a year in France with the family of Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bentham" title="Samuel Bentham">Samuel Bentham</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and in the company of <a href="/wiki/George_Ensor" title="George Ensor">George Ensor</a>, then pursuing his polemic against the political economy of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain scenery he saw led to a lifelong taste for mountain landscapes. The lively and friendly way of life of the French also left a deep impression on him. In <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, he attended the winter courses on <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> of the <i>Faculté des Sciences</i>, as well as taking a course in higher mathematics. While coming and going from France, he stayed in Paris for a few days in the house of the renowned economist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a>, a friend of Mill's father. There he met many leaders of the Liberal party, as well as other notable Parisians, including <a href="/wiki/Henri_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Saint-Simon">Henri Saint-Simon</a>. </p><p>Mill went through months of sadness and contemplated suicide at twenty years of age. According to the opening paragraphs of Chapter V of his autobiography, he had asked himself whether the creation of a just society, his life's objective, would actually make him happy. His heart answered "no", and unsurprisingly he lost the happiness of striving towards this objective. Eventually, the poetry of <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> showed him that beauty generates compassion for others and stimulates joy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With renewed vigour, he continued to work towards a just society, but with more relish for the journey. He considered this one of the most pivotal shifts in his thinking. In fact, many of the differences between him and his father stemmed from this expanded source of joy. </p><p>Mill met <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> during one of the latter's visits to London in the early 1830s, and the two quickly became companions and correspondents. Mill offered to print Carlyle's works at his own expense and encouraged Carlyle to write his <a href="/wiki/The_French_Revolution:_A_History" title="The French Revolution: A History"><i>French Revolution</i></a>, supplying him with materials in order to do so. In March 1835, while the manuscript of the completed first volume was in Mill's possession, Mill's housemaid unwittingly used it as tinder, destroying all "except some three or four bits of leaves".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortified, Mill offered Carlyle £200 (£17,742.16 in 2021) as compensation (Carlyle would only accept £100). Ideological differences would put an end to the friendship during the 1840s, though Carlyle's early influence on Mill would colour his later thought.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill had been engaged in a pen-friendship with <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> and sociology, since Mill first contacted Comte in November 1841. Comte's <i>sociologie</i> was more an early <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a> than modern sociology is. Comte's positivism motivated Mill to eventually reject Bentham's <a href="/wiki/Psychological_egoism" title="Psychological egoism">psychological egoism</a> and what he regarded as Bentham's cold, abstract view of human nature focused on legislation and politics, instead coming to favour Comte's more sociable view of human nature focused on historical facts and directed more towards human individuals in all their complexities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> who refused to subscribe to the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, Mill was not eligible to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> or the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead he followed his father to work for the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, and attended <a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a>, to hear the lectures of <a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">John Austin</a>, the first Professor of <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a foreign honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill's career as a colonial administrator at the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> spanned from when he was 17 years old in 1823 until 1858, when the company's <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">territories in India</a> were <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">directly annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, establishing <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">direct Crown control over India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, he was promoted to the company's political department, where he was responsible for correspondence pertaining to the company's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, and, in 1856, was finally promoted to the position of Examiner of Indian Correspondence. In <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Few_Words_on_Non-Intervention" title="A Few Words on Non-Intervention">A Few Words on Non-Intervention</a></i>, and other works, he opined that "To characterize any conduct whatever towards a barbarous people as a violation of the law of nations, only shows that he who so speaks has never considered the subject."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (However, Mill immediately added that "A violation of the great principles of morality it may easily be.")<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mill viewed places such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as having once been progressive in their outlook, but had now become stagnant in their development; he opined that this meant these regions had to be ruled via a form of "<a href="/wiki/Benevolent_despotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Benevolent despotism">benevolent despotism</a>...provided the end is improvement."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> proposed to take direct control over the territories of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, Mill was tasked with defending <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule</a> and penned <i>Memorandum on the Improvements in the Administration of India during the Last Thirty Years</i>, among other petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was offered a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_India" title="Council of India">Council of India</a>, the body created to advise the new <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, but declined, citing disapproval of the new system of administration in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 April 1851, Mill married <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor</a> after 21 years of intimate friendship. Taylor was married when they met, and their relationship was close but generally believed to be chaste during the years before her first husband died in 1849. The couple waited two years before marrying in 1851. Upon marriage, he made a declaration to repudiate the rights conferred upon him over her by virtue of the marriage under Victorian law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accomplished in her own right, Taylor was a significant influence on Mill's work and ideas during both friendship and marriage. His relationship with Taylor reinforced Mill's advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. He said that in his stand against domestic violence, and for women's rights he was "chiefly an amanuensis to my wife". He called her mind a "perfect instrument", and said she was "the most eminently qualified of all those known to the author". He cites her influence in his final revision of <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i>, which was published shortly after her death. Taylor died in 1858 after developing severe <a href="/wiki/Lung_congestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung congestion">lung congestion</a>, after only seven years of marriage to Mill. </p><p>Between the years 1865 and 1868 Mill served as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rector" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rector">Lord Rector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. At his inaugural address, delivered to the University on 1 February 1867, he made the now-famous (but often wrongly attributed) remark that "Bad men need nothing more to compass their ends, than that good men should look on and do nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That Mill included that sentence in the address is a matter of historical record, but it by no means follows that it expressed a wholly original insight. During the same period, 1865–68, he was also a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">City of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bi2o_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bi2o-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sitting for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. During his time as an MP, Mill advocated easing the burdens on Ireland. In 1866, he became the first person in the history of Parliament to call for women to be given the right to vote, vigorously defending this position in subsequent debate. He also became a strong advocate of such social reforms as labour unions and farm cooperatives. In <i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a></i>, he called for various reforms of Parliament and voting, especially <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, and the extension of <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. In April 1868, he favoured in a Commons debate the retention of capital punishment for such crimes as <a href="/wiki/Aggravated_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated murder">aggravated murder</a>; he termed its abolition "an effeminacy in the general mind of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It is said in 1868, when his first term ended, no party would nominate him due to his independent spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>He was elected to membership of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a> to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his views on religion, Mill was an <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceptic">sceptic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other philosophers of his time, Mill was interested in botany.<sup id="cite_ref-flannery1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flannery1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flannery2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flannery2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that approximately 1,000 of his specimens are held by the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Requien" title="Museum Requien">Museum Requien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, France, and Mill's stepdaughter Helen donated specimens to the <a href="/wiki/Kew_Herbarium" title="Kew Herbarium">Kew Herbarium</a> after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-encounter_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encounter-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern hemisphere, there are also specimens at the <a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">National Herbarium of Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Victoria" title="Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria">Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria</a>, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bionomia_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bionomia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill died on 7 May 1873, at the age of 66, of <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> in Avignon, where his body was buried alongside his wife's. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_theories">Works and theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works and theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Hammond (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond (John Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan (George Macaulay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Thomas_Bass" title="Michael Thomas Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simon,_1st_Baron_Simon_of_Wythenshawe" title="Ernest Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Thorpe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberals_for_Independence" title="Scottish Liberals for Independence">Scottish Liberals for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">Socialism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_UK" title="Template:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_UK" title="Template talk:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_System_of_Logic"><i>A System of Logic</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A System of Logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a></div> <p>Mill joined the debate over the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> which followed on from <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>'s 1830 publication of <i>A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy</i>, which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a> from the known to the unknown, discovering general laws in specific facts and verifying these laws empirically. <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> expanded on this in his 1837 <i>History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time</i>, followed in 1840 by <i>The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon their History</i>, presenting induction as the mind superimposing concepts on facts. Laws were <a href="/wiki/Self-evident" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-evident">self-evident</a> truths, which could be known without need for empirical verification. </p><p>Mill countered this in 1843 in <i><a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a></i> (fully titled <i>A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation</i>). In "<a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a>" (of induction), as in Herschel's, laws were discovered through observation and induction, and required empirical verification.<sup id="cite_ref-Shermer2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shermer2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matilal remarks that <a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a> analysis is much like John Stuart Mill's Joint Method of Agreement and Difference, which is inductive. He suggested that it was very likely that during his stay in India he came across the tradition of logic, in which scholars started taking interest after 1824, though it is unknown whether it influenced his work.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_liberty">Theory of liberty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory of liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fff800; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #2E8B57; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Radicalism_(historical)" title="Category:Radicalism (historical)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">Laicité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_N._Alem" title="Leandro N. Alem">Alem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Alfonsín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Bonino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Castberg" title="Johan Castberg">Castberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">Cobbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet">Dilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Domergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Lerroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mossadegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pannella" title="Marco Pannella">Pannella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Papanastasiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras" title="Nikolaos Plastiras">Plastiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Rosselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Sacchi" title="Ettore Sacchi">Sacchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Servan-Schreiber" title="Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber">Servan-Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla" title="Gabriel González Videla">Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Virchow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Yrigoyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Zahle" title="Carl Theodor Zahle">Zahle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Action Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)" title="Action Party (Italy, 1853)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">1942</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfarista_Radical_Front" title="Alfarista Radical Front">Alfarista Radical Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_Progress_Party" title="Alsatian Progress Party">Alsatian Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Radicals_for_the_United_States_of_Europe" title="Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe">Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Authentic Radical Liberal Party">Authentic Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Party_(Dominican_Republic)" title="Blue Party (Dominican Republic)">Blue Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union_%E2%80%93_New_Forces" title="Centre Union – New Forces">Centre Union – New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Greece)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Greece)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Workers%27_Party" title="Civic Workers' Party">Civic Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgents" title="Indulgents">Dantonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Social_Party" title="Czech National Social Party">Czech National Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Realist_Party" title="Czech Realist Party">Czech Realist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Constitutionalist_Progressive_Party" title="Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party">Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Left of Catalonia">Democratic Left of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_of_Greece" title="Democratic Socialist Party of Greece">Democratic Socialist Party of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgios Papandreou Party">Georgios Papandreou Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Greece)" title="Democratic Union (Greece)">Democratic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Labour_Party" title="Agricultural and Labour Party">Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party">Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Radical_Alliance" title="European Radical Alliance">European Radical Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Republicans_Movement" title="European Republicans Movement">European Republicans Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> (elements)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">German Free-minded Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" title="German People's Party (1868)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP.The Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-Left_(Hungary)" title="Far-Left (Hungary)">Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republican_Party" title="Federal Democratic Republican Party">Federal Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Union" title="Free-minded Union">Free-minded Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Historical Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Entente_of_Radical_and_Similar_Democratic_Parties" title="International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties">International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Democratic Liberal Party">Italian Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">The Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Centre" title="Left Centre">Left Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Liberals" title="Left Liberals">Left Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberals,_Democrats_and_Radicals" title="Liberals, Democrats and Radicals">Liberals, Democrats and Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformers" title="Liberal Reformers">Liberal Reformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Swedish_Party" title="Liberal Swedish Party">Liberal Swedish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhood_Suffrage_League" title="Manhood Suffrage League">Manhood Suffrage League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party">Mexican Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Constitutional_Freedoms" title="Movement for Constitutional Freedoms">Movement for Constitutional Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Greece)" title="National Democratic Party (Greece)">National Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Center_Union" title="National Progressive Center Union">National Progressive Center Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reform_Union" title="National Reform Union">National Reform Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Peru)" title="National Union (Peru)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Liberals_(Germany)" title="New Liberals (Germany)">New Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Opportunist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Ecologista_Radical_Intransigente" title="Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente">Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Greece)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Greece)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_%2748" title="Party of Independence and '48">Party of Independence and '48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Montenegro,_1906)" title="People's Party (Montenegro, 1906)">People's Party</a></li> <li>People's Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_People%27s_Radical_Party" title="Serb People's Radical Party">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party_(1990)" title="People's Radical Party (1990)">1990</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Party_of_Radicals" title="Political Party of Radicals">Political Party of Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Councils">Popular Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Republican_Party" title="Portuguese Republican Party">Portuguese Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Democratic Party (Portugal)">Democratic Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_of_the_North" title="Progressive Democratic Party of the North">Progressive Democratic Party of the North</a></li> <li>Progressive Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Belgium)" title="Progressive Party (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Korea,_2017)" title="Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Cause" title="Radical Cause">Radical Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Change" title="Radical Change">Radical Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radicales_K" title="Radicales K">Radicales K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_(Chile)" title="Radical Democracy (Chile)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li> <li>Radical Democratic Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Bulgaria)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Radical_Democratic_Party" title="Estonian Radical Democratic Party">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(India)" title="Radical Democratic Party (India)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Party_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Federative_Movement" title="Radical Federative Movement">Radical Federative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_League" title="Radical League">Radical League</a></li> <li>Radical Liberal Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Liberal Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_(Paraguay)" title="Radical Liberal Party (Paraguay)">Paraguay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Chilean Social Democracy Party">Radical Left Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Radical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement_of_Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance">Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li>Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Bolivia)" title="Radical Party (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Radical_Party" title="Hungarian Radical Party">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical Party of Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile" title="Radical Party of Chile">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile_(2018)" title="Radical Party of Chile (2018)">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a></li> <li>Radical People's Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Finland)" title="Radical People's Party (Finland)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Radical People's Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li>Radical Socialist Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Socialist Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Radical_Socialist_Party" title="Estonian Radical Socialist Party">Estonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a></li> <li>Radicals of the Left</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_League" title="Reform League">Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a></li> <li>Republican Left <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Spain (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain,_1977)" title="Republican Left (Spain, 1977)">Spain (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Italy)" title="Republican Left (Italy)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Republican Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_Party" title="Resolution Party">Resolution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist" title="Rose in the Fist">Rose in the Fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Street_Club" title="Rose Street Club">Rose Street Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSSEM" title="ROSSEM">ROSSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Social Democratic Party (Iran)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Radical_Party_(Chile)" title="Socialist Radical Party (Chile)">Socialist Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Dialectical_and_Radical_Club" title="Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club">Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Ultra-radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">Union, Progress and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_League_for_the_Material_Elevation_of_the_Industrious_Classes" title="Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes">Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Radicalism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Constitution_Produced_and_Illustrated" title="The English Constitution Produced and Illustrated">The English Constitution Produced and Illustrated</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1824)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Liberalism in Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></div> <p>Mill's <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> (1859) addresses the nature and limits of the <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a> that can be legitimately exercised by society over the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>. Mill's idea is that only if a democratic society follows the Principle of Liberty can its political and social institutions fulfill their role of shaping national character so that its citizens can realise the permanent interests of people as progressive beings. (Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, p. 289) </p><p>Mill states the Principle of Liberty as: "the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection." "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant."<sup id="cite_ref-handle21_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handle21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One way to read Mill's Principle of Liberty as a principle of public reason is to see it excluding certain kinds of reasons from being taken into account in legislation, or in guiding the moral coercion of public opinion. (Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, p. 291) These reasons include those founded in other persons good; reasons of excellence and ideals of human perfection; reasons of dislike or disgust, or of preference. </p><p>Mill states that "harms" which may be prevented include acts of <a href="/wiki/Omission_(law)" title="Omission (law)">omission</a> as well as acts of commission. Thus, failing to rescue a <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a> child counts as a harmful act, as does failing to pay <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a>, or failing to appear as a <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witness</a> in court. All such harmful omissions may be regulated, according to Mill. By contrast, it does not count as harming someone if—without force or fraud—the affected individual <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consents</a> to assume the risk: thus one may permissibly offer unsafe employment to others, provided there is no deception involved. He does, however, recognise one limit to consent: society should not permit people to <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_slavery" title="Voluntary slavery">sell themselves into slavery</a>. </p><p>The question of what counts as a self-regarding action and what actions, whether of omission or commission, constitute harmful actions subject to regulation, continues to exercise interpreters of Mill. He did not consider giving offence to constitute "harm"; an action could not be restricted because it violated the conventions or morals of a given society.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg/250px-J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg/375px-J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg/500px-J_S_Mill_and_H_Taylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>John Stuart Mill and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Taylor_(feminist)" title="Helen Taylor (feminist)">Helen Taylor</a>. Helen was the daughter of Harriet Taylor and collaborated with Mill for fifteen years after her mother's death in 1858.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_liberty_and_tyranny_of_majority">Social liberty and tyranny of majority</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social liberty and tyranny of majority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill believed that "the struggle between <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history."<sup id="cite_ref-OnLiberty-Bartleby_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnLiberty-Bartleby-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, liberty in antiquity was a "contest...between subjects, or some classes of subjects, and the government."<sup id="cite_ref-OnLiberty-Bartleby_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnLiberty-Bartleby-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill defined <i><a href="/wiki/Social_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberty">social liberty</a></i> as protection from "the <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> of political rulers". He introduced a number of different concepts of the form tyranny can take, referred to as social tyranny, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a></i>. <i>Social liberty</i> for Mill meant putting limits on the ruler's power so that he would not be able to use that power to further his own wishes and thus make decisions that could harm society. In other words, people should have the right to have a say in the government's decisions. He said that <i>social liberty</i> was "the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual." It was attempted in two ways: first, by obtaining recognition of certain immunities (called <a href="/wiki/Political_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberty"><i>political liberties</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights"><i>rights</i></a>); and second, by establishment of a system of "<a href="/wiki/Constitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional">constitutional</a> checks". </p><p> However, in Mill's view, limiting the power of government was not enough:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Society can and does execute its own mandates: and if it issues wrong mandates instead of right, or any mandates at all in things with which it ought not to meddle, it practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberty">Liberty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill's view on <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, which was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a>, is that <a href="/wiki/Individuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuals">individuals</a> ought to be free to do as they wished unless they caused harm to others. Individuals are rational enough to make decisions about their well-being. Government should interfere when it is for the protection of society. Mill explained:<sup id="cite_ref-handle21_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handle21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right. ... The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns him, his independence is, of right, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute</a>. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_speech">Freedom of speech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>On Liberty</i> involves an impassioned defence of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>. Mill argues that free <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary condition">necessary condition</a> for intellectual and <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a>. We can never be sure, he contends, that a silenced opinion does not contain some element of the truth. He also argues that allowing people to air false opinions is productive for two reasons. First, individuals are more likely to abandon erroneous beliefs if they are engaged in an open <a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of ideas">exchange of ideas</a>. Second, by forcing other individuals to re-examine and re-affirm their beliefs in the process of debate, these beliefs are kept from declining into mere <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>. It is not enough for Mill that one simply has an unexamined belief that happens to be true; one must understand why the belief in question is the true one. Along those same lines Mill wrote, "unmeasured vituperation, employed on the side of prevailing opinion, really does deter people from expressing contrary opinions, and from listening to those who express them."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>As an influential advocate of freedom of speech, Mill objected to censorship:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I choose, by preference the cases which are least favourable to me—in which the argument opposing freedom of opinion, both on truth and that of <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a>, is considered the strongest. Let the opinions impugned be the belief in God and in a future state, or any of the commonly received doctrines of morality. ... But I must be permitted to observe, that it is not the feeling sure of a doctrine (be it what it may) which I call an assumption of <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a>. It is the undertaking to decide that question <i>for others</i>, without allowing them to hear what can be said on the contrary side. And I denounce and reprobate this pretension not the less, if put forth on the side of my most solemn convictions. However positive any one's persuasion may be, not only of the falsity, but of the pernicious consequences–not only of the pernicious consequences, but (to adopt expressions which I altogether condemn) the immorality and impiety of an opinion; yet if, in pursuance of that private judgment, though backed by the public judgment of his country or his contemporaries, he prevents the opinion from being heard in its defence, he assumes infallibility. And so far from the assumption being less objectionable or less dangerous because the opinion is called immoral or impious, this is the case of all others in which it is most fatal.</p></blockquote> <p>Mill outlines the benefits of "searching for and discovering the truth" as a way to further knowledge. He argued that even if an opinion is false, the truth can be better understood by refuting the error. And as most opinions are neither completely true nor completely false, he points out that allowing free expression allows the airing of competing views as a way to preserve partial truth in various opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedomof_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedomof-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worried about minority views being suppressed, he argued in support of freedom of speech on political grounds, stating that it is a critical component for a <a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representative government</a> to have to empower debate over <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedomof_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedomof-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also eloquently argued that freedom of expression allows for <a href="/wiki/Personal_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal growth">personal growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">self-realization</a>. He said that freedom of speech was a vital way to develop talents and realise a person's potential and creativity. He repeatedly said that eccentricity was preferable to uniformity and stagnation.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedomof_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedomof-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Harm_principle">Harm principle</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harm principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The belief that freedom of speech would advance society <a href="/wiki/Presupposed" class="mw-redirect" title="Presupposed">presupposed</a> a society sufficiently culturally and institutionally advanced to be capable of progressive improvement. If any argument is really wrong or harmful, the public will judge it as wrong or harmful, and then those arguments cannot be sustained and will be excluded. Mill argued that even any arguments which are used in justifying murder or <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> against the government should not be <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">politically suppressed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">socially persecuted</a>. According to him, if rebellion is really necessary, people should rebel; if murder is truly proper, it should be allowed. However, the way to express those arguments should be a <a href="/wiki/Public_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Public speech">public speech</a> or writing, not in a way that causes actual harm to others. Such is the <i><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">harm principle</a></i>: "That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice" title="Associate justice">Associate justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> made the standard of "clear and present danger" based on Mill's idea. In the majority opinion, Holmes writes: </p> <blockquote><p> The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Holmes suggested that falsely <a href="/wiki/Shouting_fire_in_a_crowded_theater" title="Shouting fire in a crowded theater">shouting out "Fire!" in a dark theatre</a>, which evokes panic and provokes injury, would be such a case of speech that creates an illegal danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006409_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006409-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But if the situation allows people to <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> by themselves and decide to accept it or not, any argument or theology should not be blocked. </p><p>Here is Mill on the same topic: "No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions. On the contrary, even opinions lose their immunity, when the circumstances in which they are expressed are such as to constitute their expression a positive instigation to some mischievous act. An opinion that corn-dealers are starvers of the poor, or that private property is robbery, ought to be unmolested when simply circulated through the press, but may justly incur punishment when delivered orally to an excited mob assembled before the house of a corn-dealer, or when handed about among the same mob in the form of a placard" (<i>On LIberty</i>, chapter 3). </p><p>Mill's argument is now generally accepted by many <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic countries</a>, and they have laws at least guided by the harm principle. For example, in American law some exceptions limit free speech such as <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Breach of peace">breach of peace</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">fighting words</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006410_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006410-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Freedom_of_the_press">Freedom of the press</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Freedom of the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>On Liberty</i>, Mill thought it was necessary for him to restate the case for press freedom. He considered that argument already won. Almost no politician or commentator in mid-19th-century Britain wanted a return to Tudor and Stuart-type press censorship. However, Mill warned new forms of censorship could emerge in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in 2013 the Cameron Tory government considered setting up an independent official regulator of the UK press.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted demands for better basic legal protection of press freedom. A new British Bill of Rights could include a US-type constitutional ban on governmental infringement of press freedom and block other official attempts to control freedom of opinion and expression.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill was a member of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>'s Colonization Society.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></i> (1848) he praised Wakefield for his "important writings on colonization".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Mill, an employee of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> from 1823 to 1858,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued in support of what he called a "benevolent despotism" with regard to the administration of overseas colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Theo_Goldberg_2000_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Theo_Goldberg_2000-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mill argued:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>To suppose that the same international customs, and the same rules of international morality, can obtain between one civilized nation and another, and between civilized nations and barbarians, is a grave error. ... To characterize any conduct whatever towards a barbarous people as a violation of the law of nations, only shows that he who so speaks has never considered the subject.</p></blockquote> <p>For Mill India was "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">a burden</a>" for England and British colonialism "a blessing of unspeakable magnitude to the population" of India.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated his support for <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill expressed general support for <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a>, but expressed reservations on specific Company policies in India which he disagreed with.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also supported colonialism in other places, such as Australia. Mill was among the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia#South_Australian_Association_(1833)" title="British colonisation of South Australia">South Australian Association</a> in 1833, which was set up to lobby the government to establish colonies in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_and_racial_equality">Slavery and racial equality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Slavery and racial equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, Mill sent an anonymous letter (which came to be known under the title "<a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Negro Question">The Negro Question</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in rebuttal to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s letter to <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country</a></i> in which Carlyle argued for <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. Mill supported <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolishing slavery in the United States</a>, expressing his opposition to slavery in his essay of 1869, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Subjection_of_Women_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Subjection_of_Women-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>This absolutely extreme case of the law of force, condemned by those who can tolerate almost every other form of arbitrary power, and which, of all others, presents features the most revolting to the feeling of all who look at it from an impartial position, was the law of civilized and Christian England within the memory of persons now living: and in one half of Anglo-Saxon America three or four years ago, not only did slavery exist, but the slave trade, and the breeding of slaves expressly for it, was a general practice between slave states. Yet not only was there a greater strength of sentiment against it, but, in England at least, a less amount either of feeling or of interest in favour of it, than of any other of the customary abuses of force: for its motive was the love of gain, unmixed and undisguised: and those who profited by it were a very small numerical fraction of the country, while the natural feeling of all who were not personally interested in it, was unmitigated abhorrence.</p></blockquote><p> Mill corresponded with <a href="/wiki/John_Appleton_(judge)" title="John Appleton (judge)">John Appleton</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Law_reform" title="Law reform">legal reformer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, extensively on the topic of racial equality. Appleton influenced Mill's work on such, especially swaying him on the optimal <a href="/wiki/Economic_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic welfare">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> plan for the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter sent to Appleton in response to a previous letter, Mill expressed his view on antebellum integration:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>I cannot look forward with satisfaction to any settlement but complete emancipation—land given to every negro family either separately or in organized communities under such rules as may be found temporarily necessary—the schoolmaster set to work in every village & the tide of free immigration turned on in those fertile regions from which slavery has hitherto excluded it. If this be done, the gentle & docile character which seems to distinguish the negroes will prevent any mischief on their side, while the proofs they are giving of fighting powers will do more in a year than all other things in a century to make the whites respect them & consent to their being politically & socially equals.</p></blockquote><p>Unlike many of his peers, Mill supported the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, seeing it as a necessary evil that would deliver a vital "salutary shock" to the national conscience and help preserve liberal ideals while eradicating the "stain" of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mill expressed his views in an article for <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i>, arguing against the defenders of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.</p><blockquote><p>There are people who tell us that, on the side of the North, the question is not one of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> at all. The North, it seems, have no more objection to slavery than the South have. [...] If this be the true state of the case, what are the Southern chiefs fighting about? Their apologists in England say that <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">it is about tariffs, and similar trumpery.</a> They say nothing of the kind. They tell the world, and they told their own citizens when they wanted their votes, that the object of the fight was slavery. [...] The world knows what the question between the North and South has been for many years, and still is. Slavery alone was thought of, alone talked of.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more information about the <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> of the role of slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Stuart_Mill,_Vanity_Fair,_1873-03-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/John_Stuart_Mill%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1873-03-29.jpg/220px-John_Stuart_Mill%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1873-03-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/John_Stuart_Mill%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1873-03-29.jpg/330px-John_Stuart_Mill%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1873-03-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/John_Stuart_Mill%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1873-03-29.jpg/440px-John_Stuart_Mill%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1873-03-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="5620" /></a><figcaption>"A Feminine Philosopher". Caricature by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Spy</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK)">Vanity Fair</a></i> in 1873.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mill's view of history was that right up until his time "the whole of the female" and "the great majority of the male sex" were simply "slaves". He countered arguments to the contrary, arguing that relations between sexes simply amounted to "the legal subordination of one sex to the other – [which] is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality." Here, then, we have an instance of Mill's use of "slavery" in a sense which, compared to its fundamental meaning of absolute unfreedom of person, is an extended and arguably a rhetorical rather than a literal sense. </p><p>With this, Mill can be considered among the earliest male proponents of gender equality, having been recruited by American feminist <a href="/wiki/John_Neal" title="John Neal">John Neal</a> during his stay in London circa 1825–1827.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i> (1861, publ.1869) is one of the earliest written on this subject by a male author.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Subjection of Women</i>, Mill attempts to make a case for perfect equality.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his proposal for a universal education system sponsored by the state, Mill expands benefits for many marginalized groups, especially for women. For Mill, a universal education held the potential to create new abilities and novel types of behaviour of which the current receiving generation and their descendants could both benefit from. Such a pathway to opportunity would enable women to gain "industrial and social independence" that would allow them the same movement in their agency and citizenship as men. Mill's view of opportunity stands out in its reach, but even more so for the population he foresees who could benefit from it. Mill was hopeful of the autonomy such an education could allow for its recipients and especially for women. Through the consequential sophistication and knowledge attained, individuals are able to properly act in ways that recedes away from those leading towards overpopulation. This stands directly in contrast with the view held by many of Mill's contemporaries and predecessors who viewed such inclusive programs to be counter-intuitive. Aiming such help at marginalized groups, such as the poor and working class, would only serve to reward them with the opportunity to move to a higher status, thus encouraging greater fertility which at its extreme could lead to overproduction. </p><p>He talks about the role of women in marriage and how it must be changed. Mill comments on three major facets of women's lives that he felt are hindering them: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">society and gender construction</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">education</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">marriage</a>.</li></ol> <p>He argues that the oppression of women was one of the few remaining relics from ancient times, a set of prejudices that severely impeded the progress of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Subjection_of_Women_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Subjection_of_Women-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a Member of Parliament, Mill introduced an unsuccessful amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Bill</a> to substitute the word "person" in place of "<a href="/wiki/Man_(word)" title="Man (word)">man</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilitarianism"><i>Utilitarianism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Utilitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism (book)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnStuartMill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/220px-JohnStuartMill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/330px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/440px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>"The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end." ~ John Stuart Mill, <i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i> (1863)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill186351_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill186351-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The canonical statement of Mill's <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> can be found in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i>. Although this philosophy has a long tradition, Mill's account is primarily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and Mill's father <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>. </p><p>John Stuart Mill believed in the philosophy of <i>utilitarianism</i>, which he would describe as the principle that holds "that actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." By <i>happiness</i> he means, "intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is clear that we do not all value virtues as a path to happiness and that we sometimes only value them for selfish reasons. However, Mill asserts that upon reflection, even when we value virtues for selfish reasons we are in fact cherishing them as a part of our happiness. </p><p>Bentham's famous formulation of utilitarianism is known as the <i>greatest-happiness principle</i>. It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest aggregate happiness among all <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient beings">sentient beings</a>, within reason. In a similar vein, Mill's method of determining the best utility is that a moral agent, when given the choice between two or more actions, ought to choose the action that contributes most to (maximizes) the total happiness in the world. <i>Happiness</i>, in this context, is understood as the production of <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Privation" title="Privation">privation</a> of pain. Given that determining the action that produces the most utility is not always so clear cut, Mill suggests that the utilitarian moral agent, when attempting to rank the utility of different actions, should refer to the general experience of persons. That is, if people generally experience more happiness following action <i>X</i> than they do action <i>Y</i>, the utilitarian should conclude that action <i>X</i> produces more utility than action <i>Y</i>, and so is to be preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Stuart_Mill_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Stuart_Mill-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utilitarianism is a <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequentialist">consequentialist</a> ethical theory, meaning that it holds that acts are justified insofar as they produce a desirable outcome. The overarching goal of utilitarianism—the ideal consequence—is to achieve the "greatest good for the greatest number as the result of human action".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Utilitarianism,</i> Mill states that "happiness is the sole end of human action."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement aroused some controversy, which is why Mill took it a step further, explaining how the very nature of humans wanting happiness, and who "take it to be reasonable under free consideration", demands that happiness is indeed desirable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> leads everyone to make actions inclined on their own happiness, unless reasoned that it would improve the happiness of others, in which case, the greatest utility is still being achieved. To that extent, the <i>utilitarianism</i> that Mill is describing is a default lifestyle that he believes is what people who have not studied a specific opposing field of ethics would naturally and unconsciously use when faced with a decision. </p><p>Utilitarianism is thought of by some of its activists to be a more developed and overarching <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">ethical theory of Immanuel Kant</a>'s belief in goodwill, and not just some default <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">cognitive process</a> of humans. Where <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> (1724–1804) would argue that reason can only be used properly by goodwill, Mill would say that the only way to universally create fair laws and systems would be to step back to the consequences, whereby Kant's ethical theories become based around the ultimate good—utility.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this logic the only valid way to discern what is the proper reason would be to view the consequences of any action and weigh the good and the bad, even if on the surface, the ethical reasoning seems to indicate a different train of thought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Higher_and_lower_pleasures">Higher and lower pleasures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Higher and lower pleasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> separation of pleasures. Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (<i>higher pleasures</i>) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (<i>lower pleasures</i>). He distinguishes between happiness and <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">contentment</a>, claiming that the former is of higher value than the latter, a belief wittily encapsulated in the statement that, "it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question."<sup id="cite_ref-John_Stuart_Mill_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Stuart_Mill-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This made Mill believe that "our only ultimate end"<sup id="cite_ref-auto_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is happiness. One unique part of his utilitarian view, that is not seen in others, is the idea of higher and lower pleasures. Mill explains the different pleasures as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If I am asked, what I mean by difference of quality in pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more valuable than another, merely as a pleasure, except its being greater in amount, there is but one possible answer. Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference […] that is the more desirable pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He defines <i>higher pleasures</i> as mental, moral, and aesthetic pleasures, and <i>lower pleasures</i> as being more sensational. He believed that higher pleasures should be seen as preferable to lower pleasures since they have a greater quality in virtue. He holds that pleasures gained in activity are of a higher quality than those gained passively.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill defines the difference between higher and lower forms of pleasure with the principle that those who have experienced both tend to prefer one over the other. This is, perhaps, in direct contrast with Bentham's statement that "Quantity of pleasure being equal, push-pin is as good as poetry",<sup id="cite_ref-Bronfenbrenner_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronfenbrenner-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that, if a simple child's game like <a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">hopscotch</a> causes more pleasure to more people than a night at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a>, it is more incumbent upon a society to devote more resources to propagating hopscotch than running opera houses. Mill's argument is that the "simple pleasures" tend to be preferred by people who have no experience with <a href="/wiki/High_art" class="mw-redirect" title="High art">high art</a>, and are therefore not in a proper <a href="/wiki/Informed_judge" title="Informed judge">position to judge</a>. He also argues that people who, for example, are noble or practise philosophy, benefit society more than those who engage in <a href="/wiki/Individualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist">individualist</a> practices for pleasure, which are lower forms of happiness. It is not the agent's own greatest happiness that matters "but the greatest amount of happiness altogether".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill1863[httpsarchiveorgstreama592840000milluoftpage16_16]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill1863[httpsarchiveorgstreama592840000milluoftpage16_16]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapters">Chapters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill separated his explanation of Utilitarianism into five different sections: </p> <ol><li>General Remarks;</li> <li>What Utilitarianism Is;</li> <li>Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility;</li> <li>Of What Sort of Proof the Principle of Utility is Susceptible; and</li> <li>Of the Connection between Justice and Utility.</li></ol> <p>In the <i>General Remarks</i> portion of his essay, he speaks how next to no progress has been made when it comes to judging what is right and what is wrong of morality and if there is such a thing as moral instinct (which he argues that there may not be). However, he agrees that in general "Our moral faculty, according to all those of its interpreters who are entitled to the name of thinkers, supplies us only with the general principles of moral judgments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill18632_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill18632-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>What Utilitarianism Is</i>, he focuses no longer on background information but utilitarianism itself. He quotes utilitarianism as "the greatest happiness principle", defining this theory by saying that pleasure and no pain are the only inherently good things in the world and expands on it by saying that "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill18633_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill18633-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He views it not as an <a href="/wiki/Animalism_(philosophy)" title="Animalism (philosophy)">animalistic</a> concept because he sees seeking out pleasure as a way of using our higher facilities. He also says in this chapter that the happiness principle is based not exclusively on the individual but mainly on the community. </p><p>Mill also defends the idea of a "strong utilitarian conscience (i.e. a strong feeling of obligation to the general happiness)".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that humans have a desire to be happy and that that desire causes us to want to be in unity with other humans. This causes us to care about the happiness of others, as well as the happiness of complete strangers. But this desire also causes us to experience pain when we perceive harm to other people. He believes in internal sanctions that make us experience guilt and appropriate our actions. These internal sanctions make us want to do good because we do not want to feel guilty for our actions. Happiness is our ultimate end because it is our duty. He argues that we do not need to be constantly motivated by the concern of people's happiness because most of the actions done by people are done out of good intention, and the good of the world is made up of the good of the people. </p><p>In Mill's fourth chapter, <i>Of What Sort of Proof the Principle of Utility is Susceptible</i>, he speaks of what proofs of Utility are affected. He starts this chapter off by saying that all of his claims cannot be backed up by reasoning. He claims that the only proof that something brings one pleasure is if someone finds it pleasurable. Next, he talks about how morality is the basic way to achieve happiness. He also discusses in this chapter that <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> is beneficial for virtue. He says that "it maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill186324_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill186324-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final chapter he looks at the connection between utilitarianism and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. He contemplates the question of whether justice is something distinct from utility or not. He reasons this question in several different ways and finally comes to the conclusion that in certain cases justice is essential for utility, but in others, social duty is far more important than justice. Mill believes that "justice must give way to some other moral principle, but that what is just in ordinary cases is, by reason of that other principle, not just in the particular case."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill186329_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill186329-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The qualitative account of happiness that Mill advocates thus sheds light on his account presented in <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i>. As he suggests in that text, utility is to be conceived in relation to humanity "as a progressive being", which includes the development and exercise of rational capacities as we strive to achieve a "higher mode of existence". The rejection of censorship and <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a> is intended to provide the necessary social conditions for the achievement of knowledge and the greatest ability for the greatest number to develop and exercise their deliberative and rational capacities. </p><p>Mill redefines the definition of happiness as "the ultimate end, for the sake of which all other things are desirable (whether we are considering our own good or that of other people) is an existence as free as possible from pain and as rich as possible in enjoyments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill18638_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill18638-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He firmly believed that moral rules and obligations could be referenced to promoting happiness, which connects to having a noble character. While Mill is not a standard <a href="/wiki/Act_utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Act utilitarian">act utilitarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rule_utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule utilitarian">rule utilitarian</a>, he is a minimizing utilitarian, which "affirms that it would be <i>desirable</i> to maximize happiness for the greatest number, but not that we are morally <i>required</i> to do so."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick200684_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick200684-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achieving_happiness">Achieving happiness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Achieving happiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill believed that for the majority of people (those with but a moderate degree of sensibility and of capacity for enjoyment) happiness is best achieved en passant, rather than striving for it directly. This meant no self-consciousness, scrutiny, self-interrogation, dwelling on, thinking about, imagining or questioning on one's happiness. Then, if otherwise fortunately circumstanced, one would "inhale happiness with the air you breathe."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_philosophy">Economic philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ED1F24; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; color:black; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">Socialism in<br />the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ideologies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Bennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black radical tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Principles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality of opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Fairness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="State intervention">State intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Intellectuals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bhaskar" title="Roy Bhaskar">Bhaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Blakeley" title="Grace Blakeley">Blakeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Campbell" title="Beatrix Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cockshott" title="Paul Cockshott">Cockshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Dobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher (Mark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Gibson" title="Nigel Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gonzalez_(historian)" title="Mike Gonzalez (historian)">Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Hall (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall (Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones" title="Owen Jones">Jones (Owen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Loach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mainwaring" title="Sam Mainwaring">Mainwaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">Miéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">Monbiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Samuel" title="Raphael Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/News_from_Nowhere" title="News from Nowhere">News from Nowhere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged-Trousered_Philanthropists" title="The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists">The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class">The Making of the English Working Class</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_and_the_City" title="The Country and the City">The Country and the City</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Towards_a_New_Socialism" title="Towards a New Socialism">Towards a New Socialism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist Realism (book)">Capitalist Realism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment:_And_How_They_Get_Away_with_It" title="The Establishment: And How They Get Away with It">The Establishment: And How They Get Away with It</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">British left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party (UK)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:British_socialists" title="Category:British socialists">Political figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher_(political_activist)" title="Andrew Fisher (political activist)">Fisher (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Foot_(journalist)" title="Paul Foot (journalist)">Foot (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fryer" title="Peter Fryer">Fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Julian_Harney" title="George Julian Harney">Harney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Healy" title="Gerry Healy">Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Hyndman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Inkpin" title="Albert Inkpin">Inkpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones (Claudia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Lawson" title="Neal Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Long-Bailey" title="Rebecca Long-Bailey">Long-Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lynch_(trade_unionist)" title="Mick Lynch (trade unionist)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Marx" title="Eleanor Marx">Marx (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Maxton" title="James Maxton">Maxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_McCluskey" title="Len McCluskey">McCluskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Nellist" title="Dave Nellist">Nellist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schneider" title="James Schneider">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarah_Sultana" title="Zarah Sultana">Sultana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taaffe" title="Peter Taaffe">Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Tatchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Webb (Beatrice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb (Sidney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Winstanley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Parties</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">(<a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Socialist parties in the United Kingdom">Current UK parties</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_socialist_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct socialist parties in the United Kingdom">Defunct UK parties</a>) <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party (UK)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Party" title="Breakthrough Party">Breakthrough Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Unity_(UK)" title="Left Unity (UK)">Left Unity (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Labour Party (UK)">Socialist Labour Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party GB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_(political_party)" title="Transform (political party)">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">TUSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers Party of Britain</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">Communist Party of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party Britain-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party GB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)">Communist Party GB-PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="New Communist Party of Britain">New Communist Party of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)">RCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">RCPB-ML</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Northern Ireland</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Scotland</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Wales</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">UK Trade unions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers_Union_(United_Kingdom)" title="Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)">CWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMB_(trade_union)" title="GMB (trade union)">GMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Workers%27_Union_of_Great_Britain" title="Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain">IWGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">ICTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASUWT" title="NASUWT">NASUWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Union" title="National Education Union">NEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">NUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Trades_Union_Congress" title="Scottish Trades Union Congress">STUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">TUC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales_TUC" title="Wales TUC">Wales TUC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMT_(trade_union)" title="RMT (trade union)">RMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unison_(trade_union)" title="Unison (trade union)">Unison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Shop,_Distributive_and_Allied_Workers" title="Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers">USDAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Voices_of_the_World" title="United Voices of the World">UVW</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain)" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain)">Anarchist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(organisation)" title="Momentum (organisation)">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Transformed" title="The World Transformed">The World Transformed</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Herald (United Kingdom)">Daily Herald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novara_Media" title="Novara Media">Novara Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pepper_(magazine)" title="Red Pepper (magazine)">Red Pepper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Socialism in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society,_1967_-_5499347.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society%2C_1967_-_5499347.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society%2C_1967_-_5499347.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society%2C_1967_-_5499347.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society%2C_1967_-_5499347.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society%2C_1967_-_5499347.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Mill_-_Essays_on_economics_and_society%2C_1967_-_5499347.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3739" /></a><figcaption><i>Essays on Economics and Society</i>, 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Mill's early <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">economic philosophy</a> was one of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>. However, he accepted interventions in the economy, such as a tax on alcohol, if there were sufficient <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> grounds. He also accepted the principle of legislative intervention for the purpose of animal welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He originally believed that "equality of taxation" meant "<a href="/wiki/Equality_of_sacrifice" title="Equality of sacrifice">equality of sacrifice</a>" and that <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive taxation</a> penalized those who worked harder and saved more and was therefore "a mild form of robbery".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given an equal tax rate regardless of income, Mill agreed that <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> should be taxed. A utilitarian society would agree that everyone should be equal one way or another. Therefore, receiving inheritance would put one ahead of society unless taxed on the inheritance. Those who donate should consider and choose carefully where their money goes—some charities are more deserving than others. Considering public charities boards such as a government will disburse the money equally. However, a private charity board like a church would disburse the monies fairly to those who are in more need than others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrasser1991_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrasser1991-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Later he altered his views toward a more <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> bent, adding chapters to his <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> in defence of a socialist outlook, and defending some socialist causes.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this revised work he also made the radical proposal that the whole wage system be abolished in favour of a co-operative wage system. Nonetheless, some of his views on the idea of flat taxation remained,<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit altered in the third edition of the <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> to reflect a concern for differentiating restrictions on "unearned" incomes, which he favoured, and those on "earned" incomes, which he did not favour.<sup id="cite_ref-principles_online_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles_online-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his autobiography, Mill stated that in relation to his later views on political economy, his "ideal of ultimate improvement... would class [him] decidedly under the general designation of Socialists." His views shifted partly due to reading the works of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialists">utopian socialists</a>, but also from the influence of Harriet Taylor.<sup id="cite_ref-mcmanus_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmanus-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1879 work <i>Socialism</i>, Mill argued that the prevalence of poverty in contemporary industrial capitalist societies was "<i>pro tanto</i> a failure of the social arrangements", and that attempts to condone this state of affairs as being the result of individual failings did not represent a justification of them but instead were "an irresistible claim upon every human being for protection against suffering".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill's <i>Principles</i>, first published in 1848, was one of the most widely read of all books on economics in the period.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a></i> had during an earlier period, <i>Principles</i> came to dominate economics teaching. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> it was the standard text until 1919, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Marshall)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Marshall)">Marshall's <i>Principles of Economics</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">critique of political economy</a>, mentioned Mill in the <i><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></i>. Marx contended that Mill's thinking posited the categories of capital in an ahistorical fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_democracy">Economic democracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill's main objection to socialism focused on what he saw as its destruction of competition. He wrote, "[W]hile I agree and sympathize with socialists in this practical portion of their aims, I utterly dissent from the most conspicuous and vehement part of their teaching—their declamations against competition." Though he was an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>, Mill argued more for equal opportunity and placed meritocracy above all other ideals in this regard. He further argued that a socialist society would only be attainable through the provision of basic education for all, promoting <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, in the manner of substituting capitalist businesses with <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>. He says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The form of association, however, which if mankind continue to improve, must be expected in the end to predominate, is not that which can exist between a capitalist as chief, and work-people without a voice in the management, but the association of the labourers themselves on terms of equality, collectively owning the capital with which they carry on their operations, and working under managers elected and removable by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_democracy">Political democracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill's major work on <a href="/wiki/Political_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political democracy">political democracy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a></i>, defends two fundamental principles: extensive participation by citizens and enlightened competence of rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two values are obviously in tension, and some readers have concluded that he is an <a href="/wiki/Democratic_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic elitism">elitist democrat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others count him as an earlier <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one section, he appears to defend a type of <a href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">plural voting</a> where more competent citizens are given extra votes (a view he later repudiated). However, in another chapter he argues cogently for the value of participation by all citizens. He believed that the incompetence of the masses could eventually be overcome if they were given a chance to take part in politics, especially at the local level. </p><p>Mill is one of the few <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosophers">political philosophers</a> ever to serve in government as an elected official. In his three years in Parliament, he was more willing to compromise than the "radical" principles expressed in his writing would lead one to expect.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill was a major proponent of the diffusion and use of public education to the working class. He saw the value of the individual person, and believed that "man had the inherent capability of guiding his own destiny-but only if his faculties were developed and fulfilled", which could be achieved through education.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regarded education as a pathway to improve human nature which to him meant "to encourage, among other characteristics, diversity and originality, the energy of character, initiative, autonomy, intellectual cultivation, aesthetic sensibility, non-self-regarding interests, <a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">prudence</a>, responsibility, and <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education allowed for humans to develop into full informed citizens that had the tools to improve their condition and make fully informed electoral decisions. The power of education lay in its ability to serve as a great equalizer among the classes allowing the working class the ability to control their own destiny and compete with the upper classes. Mill recognised the paramount importance of public education in avoiding the tyranny of the majority by ensuring that all the voters and political participants were fully developed individuals. It was through education, he believed, that an individual could become a full participant within representative democracy. </p><p>In regards to higher education, Mill defended liberal education against contemporary arguments for models of higher education focused on religion or science. His 1867 St. Andrews Address called on elites educated in reformed universities to work towards education policy committed to liberal principles.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theories_of_wealth_and_income_distribution">Theories of wealth and income distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theories of wealth and income distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></i>, Mill offered an analysis of two economic phenomena often linked together: the laws of production and wealth and the modes of its distribution. Regarding the former, he believed that it was not possible to alter to laws of production, "the ultimate properties of matter and mind... only to employ these properties to bring about events we are interested."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modes of <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">distribution of wealth</a> is a matter of human institutions solely, starting with what Mill believed to be the primary and fundamental institution: Individual Property.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that all individuals must start on equal terms, with division of the instruments of production fairly among all members of society. Once each member has an equal amount of individual property, they must be left to their own exertion not to be interfered with by the state. Regarding <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality of wealth</a>, Mill believed that it was the role of the government to establish both <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policies">economic policies</a> that promote the equality of opportunity. </p><p>The government, according to Mill, should implement three tax policies to help alleviate poverty:<sup id="cite_ref-Ek&Tol_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ek&Tol-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>fairly assessed <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>;</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>; and</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">policy to restrict sumptuary consumption</a>.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> of capital and wealth plays a large role in development of inequality, because it provides greater opportunity for those receiving the inheritance. Mill's solution to inequality of wealth brought about by inheritance was to implement a greater tax on inheritances, because he believed the most important authoritative function of the government is <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, and taxation judiciously implemented could promote equality.<sup id="cite_ref-Ek&Tol_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ek&Tol-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_environment">The environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Book IV, chapter VI of <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></i>: "Of the Stationary State",<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mill recognised wealth beyond the material and argued that the logical conclusion of unlimited growth was <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_economic_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of economic growth">destruction of the environment</a> and a reduced quality of life. He concluded that a <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">stationary state</a> could be preferable to unending <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>I cannot, therefore, regard the stationary states of capital and wealth with the unaffected aversion so generally manifested towards it by political economists of the old school.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>If the earth must lose that great portion of its pleasantness which it owes to things that the unlimited increase of wealth and population would extirpate from it, for the mere purpose of enabling it to support a larger, but not a better or a happier population, I sincerely hope, for the sake of posterity, that they will be content to be stationary, long before necessity compel them to it.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rate_of_profit">Rate of profit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rate of profit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Mill, the ultimate tendency in an economy is for the <a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">rate of profit to decline</a> due to diminishing returns in agriculture and increase in population at a <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_publications">Major publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Major publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Source </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Two Letters on the Measure of Value"</td> <td>1822</td> <td>"The Traveller" </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Questions of Population"</td> <td>1823</td> <td>"Black Dwarf" </td></tr> <tr> <td>"War Expenditure"</td> <td>1824</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Quarterly Review – Political Economy"</td> <td>1825</td> <td><i>Westminster Review</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Review of Miss Martineau's Tales"</td> <td>1830</td> <td><i>Examiner</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Spirit of the Age"</td> <td>1831</td> <td><i>Examiner</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Use and Abuse of Political Terms"</td> <td>1832</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"What is Poetry"</td> <td>1833, 1859</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Rationale of Representation"</td> <td>1835</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"De Tocqueville on Democracy in America [i]"</td> <td>1835</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"State of Society in America"</td> <td>1836</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Civilization"</td> <td>1836</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Essay on Bentham"</td> <td>1838</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Essay on Coleridge"</td> <td>1840</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Essays on Government"</td> <td>1840</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"De Tocqueville on Democracy in America [ii]"</td> <td>1840</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a></i></td> <td>1843</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Some_Unsettled_Questions_of_Political_Economy" title="Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy">Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy</a></i></td> <td>1844</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Claims of Labour"</td> <td>1845</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Political_Economy:_with_some_of_their_applications_to_social_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Principles of Political Economy: with some of their applications to social philosophy">The Principles of Political Economy</a></i></td> <td>1848</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Negro Question"</td> <td>1850</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Reform of the Civil Service"</td> <td>1854</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dissertations and Discussions</i></td> <td>1859</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Few_Words_on_Non-Intervention" title="A Few Words on Non-Intervention">A Few Words on Non-Intervention</a></i></td> <td>1859</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i></td> <td>1859</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform</i></td> <td>1859</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a></i></td> <td>1861</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Centralisation"</td> <td>1862</td> <td><i>Edinburgh Review</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Contest in America"</td> <td>1862</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i></td> <td>1863</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>An Examination of <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Hamilton,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet">Sir William Hamilton</a>'s Philosophy</i></td> <td>1865</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Auguste Comte and Positivism</i></td> <td>1865</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Inaugural_address_delivered_to_the_University_of_St._Andrews,_Feb._1st_1867" class="extiw" title="s:Inaugural address delivered to the University of St. Andrews, Feb. 1st 1867">Inaugural Address at St. Andrews</a></i> Concerning the value of culture</td> <td>1867</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Speech in Favour of Capital Punishment"<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1868</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/England_and_Ireland" class="extiw" title="s:England and Ireland">England and Ireland</a></i></td> <td>1868</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Thornton on Labour and its Claims"</td> <td>1869</td> <td><i>Fortnightly Review</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i></td> <td>1869</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Chapters and Speeches on the Irish Land Question</i></td> <td>1870</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Autobiography</i></td> <td>1873</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_Religion" title="Three Essays on Religion">Three Essays on Religion: Nature, the Utility of Religion, and Theism</a></i></td> <td>1874</td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/a592828200milluoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:a592828200milluoft">Internet Archive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Socialism</i></td> <td>1879</td> <td>Belfords, Clarke & Co. </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Notes on N. W. Senior's Political Economy"</td> <td>1945</td> <td><i>Economica</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n.s.#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:n.s.">N.S.</a> 12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill_Institute" title="John Stuart Mill Institute">John Stuart Mill Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_methods" title="Mill's methods">Mill's methods</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">induction</a> described 1843 book <i><a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stuart Mill Library">John Stuart Mill Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Social_Freedom" title="On Social Freedom">On Social Freedom</a></i>, essay discovered and published posthumously in 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thouverez, Emile. 1908. <i>Stuart Mill</i> (4th ed.) Paris: Bloud & Cie. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacleod2017" class="citation book cs1">Macleod, Christopher (14 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/mill/">"John Stuart Mill"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240306224714/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/mill/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2017%2Fentries%2Fmill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/philosophy/mill/liberty.html">"John Stuart Mill's <i>On Liberty</i>"</a>. victorianweb. 6 November 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2009</span>. <q><i>On Liberty</i> is a rational justification of the freedom of the individual in opposition to the claims of the state to impose unlimited control and is thus a defence of the rights of the individual against the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Stuart+Mill%27s+On+Liberty&rft.pub=victorianweb&rft.date=2000-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fmill%2Fliberty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod" class="citation web cs1">Macleod, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/#SciMet">"John Stuart Mill"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530051328/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/%23SciMet">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'John Stuart Mill and India', a review-article". <i>New Quest</i>. <b>54</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Quest&rft.atitle=%27John+Stuart+Mill+and+India%27%2C+a+review-article&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Being about, if I am so happy as to obtain her consent, to enter into the marriage relation with the only woman I have ever known, with whom I would have entered into that state; & the whole character of the marriage relation as constituted by law being such as both she and I entirely & conscientiously disapprove, for this amongst other reasons, that it confers upon one of the parties to the contract, legal power & control over the person, property, & freedom of action of the other party, independent of her own wishes and will; I, having no means of legally divesting myself of these odious powers (as I most assuredly would do if an engagement to that effect could be made legally binding on me) feel it my duty to put on record a formal protest against the existing law of marriage, in so far as conferring such powers; and a solemn promise never in any case or under any circumstances to use them. And in the event of marriage between Mrs. Taylor and me I declare it to be my will and intention, & the condition of the engagement between us, that she retains in all respects whatever the same absolute freedom of action, & freedom of disposal of herself and of all that does or may at any time belong to her, as if no such marriage had taken place; and I absolutely disclaim & repudiate all pretension to have acquired any rights whatever by virtue of such marriage. 6th March 1851 J.S.Mill", The Voice of Harriet Taylor Mill, pp. 166–167."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Inaugural_address_delivered_to_the_University_of_St._Andrews,_Feb._1st_1867" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Inaugural address delivered to the University of St. Andrews, Feb. 1st 1867">Inaugural Address at St Andrews</a></i>, Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette22991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22991/page/3528">"No. 22991"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 14 July 1865. p. 3528.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22991&rft.pages=3528&rft.date=1865-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22991%2Fpage%2F3528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bi2o-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bi2o_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capaldi, Nicholas. <i>John Stuart Mill: A Biography.</i> pp. 321–322, Cambridge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521620244" title="Special:BookSources/0521620244">0521620244</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sher,_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Sher, George">Sher, George</a>, ed. 2001. <i>Utilitarianism and the 1868 Speech on Capital Punishment</i>, by J. S. Mill. <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Co.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Report of meeting on Proportional representation or effective voting (1894)</i>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+meeting+on+Proportional+representation+or+effective+voting+%281894%29&rft.pages=25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1867&year-max=1867&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1867%26year-max%3D1867%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/06/books/more-adept-with-concepts-than-people.html">"More Adept With Concepts Than People"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 6 December 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=More+Adept+With+Concepts+Than+People&rft.date=1996-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F12%2F06%2Fbooks%2Fmore-adept-with-concepts-than-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbxCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203">"Editorial Notes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Secular_Review" title="Secular Review">Secular Review</a></i>. <b>16</b> (13): 203. 28 March 1885. <q>It has always seemed to us that this is one of the instances in which Mill approached, out of deference to conventional opinion, as near to the borderland of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Cant</a> as he well could without compromising his pride of place as a recognised thinker and sceptic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Secular+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial+Notes&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=203&rft.date=1885-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbxCAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_C._Raeder2002" class="citation book cs1">Linda C. Raeder (2002). "Spirit of the Age". <i>John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity</i>. University of Missouri Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826263278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826263278"><bdi>978-0826263278</bdi></a>. <q>Comte welcomed the prospect of being attacked publicly for his irreligion, he said, as this would permit him to clarify the nonatheistic nature of his and Mill's "atheism".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spirit+of+the+Age&rft.btitle=John+Stuart+Mill+and+the+Religion+of+Humanity&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0826263278&rft.au=Linda+C.+Raeder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Larsen" title="Timothy Larsen">Larsen, Timothy</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP9eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>John Stuart Mill: A Secular Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198753155" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198753155"><bdi>978-0198753155</bdi></a>. <q>A letter John wrote from Forde Abbey when he was eight years old casually mentions in his general report of his activities that he too had been to Thorncombe parish church, so even when Bentham had home-field advantage, the boy was still receiving a Christian spiritual formation. Indeed, Mill occasionally attended Christian worship services during his teen years and thereafter for the rest of his life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Stuart+Mill%3A+A+Secular+Life&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0198753155&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEP9eDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Larsen" title="Timothy Larsen">Larsen, Timothy</a> (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/surprisingly-religious-john-stuart-mill/">"A surprisingly religious John Stuart Mill"</a>. <q>TL: Mill decided that strictly in terms of proof the right answer to that question of God's existence is that it is 'a very probable hypothesis.' He also thought it was perfectly rational and legitimate to believe in God as an act of hope or as the result of one's efforts to discern the meaning of life as a whole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+surprisingly+religious+John+Stuart+Mill&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2018%2F12%2Fsurprisingly-religious-john-stuart-mill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flannery1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flannery1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2020" class="citation web cs1">Flannery, Maura (12 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbariumworld.wordpress.com/2020/10/12/other-callings-philosophers/">"Other Callings: Philosophers"</a>. <i>Herbarium World</i>. Wordpress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Probably the most long-term collector among philosophers was John Stuart Mill, who was interested in botany throughout his life in part because he saw the hierarchical classification of living things as a model for ordering many aspects of human affairs such as law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herbarium+World&rft.atitle=Other+Callings%3A+Philosophers&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Maura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbariumworld.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F10%2F12%2Fother-callings-philosophers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flannery2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flannery2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2023" class="citation book cs1">Flannery, Maura (2023). <i>In the Herbarium: The Hidden World of Collecting and Preserving Plants</i>. United States of America: Yale University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300247916" title="Special:BookSources/9780300247916"><bdi>9780300247916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Herbarium%3A+The+Hidden+World+of+Collecting+and+Preserving+Plants&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780300247916&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Maura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encounter-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encounter_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1988" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Simon (1988). "The philosopher's flowers: John Stuart Mill as botanist". <i><a href="/wiki/Encounter_(magazine)" title="Encounter (magazine)">Encounter</a></i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encounter&rft.atitle=The+philosopher%27s+flowers%3A+John+Stuart+Mill+as+botanist&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bionomia-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bionomia_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bionomia.net/Q50020/deposited-at">"John Stuart Mill: Specimens collected"</a>. <i>Bionomia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bionomia&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill%3A+Specimens+collected&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbionomia.net%2FQ50020%2Fdeposited-at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shermer2002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shermer2002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (15 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eu9Uu3PbdcgC&pg=PP212"><i>In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199923854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199923854"><bdi>978-0199923854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Darwin%27s+Shadow%3A+The+Life+and+Science+of+Alfred+Russel+Wallace%3A+A+Biographical+Study+on+the+Psychology+of+History&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0199923854&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deu9Uu3PbdcgC%26pg%3DPP212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilalChakrabarti1994" class="citation book cs1">Matilal, Bimal K.; Chakrabarti, A. (1994). <i>Knowing from Words: Western and Indian Philosophical Analysis of Understanding and Testimony</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2345-7"><bdi>978-0-7923-2345-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28016267">28016267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowing+from+Words%3A+Western+and+Indian+Philosophical+Analysis+of+Understanding+and+Testimony&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28016267&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2345-7&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal+K.&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilal1989" class="citation journal cs1">Matilal, Bimal K. (March 1989). 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On Liberty"</a>. <i>bartleby.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bartleby.com&rft.atitle=I.+Introductory.+Mill%2C+John+Stuart.+1869.+On+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F130%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 2006. <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141441474" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141441474">978-0141441474</a>. pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1909. "<a href="//archive.org/details/harvardclassics25eliouoft/page/194/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:harvardclassics25eliouoft/page/194/mode/2up">On Liberty</a>". pp. 195–290 in <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a></i> 25, edited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">C. W. Eliot</a>. 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Himmelfarb</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedomof-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freedomof_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedomof_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedomof_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, Ellen Frankel, Fred Dycus Miller, and Jeffrey Paul. 2004. <i>Freedom of Speech</i> 21. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1863. <i>On Liberty</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_and_Fields" title="Ticknor and Fields">Ticknor and Fields</a>. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i>, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006409-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006409_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgeKline2006">George & Kline 2006</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006410-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKline2006410_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgeKline2006">George & Kline 2006</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John Stuart Mill's On Liberty: A Translation into Modern English</i>, Kindle edition, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906321638" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906321638">978-0906321638</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"British Press Freedom under Threat", New York Times, 14 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, Lewis F. <i>Defending Liberty: The Case for a New Bill of Rights</i>. 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"Poetry, Pushpin, and Utility". <i>Economic Inquiry</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">95–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1465-7295.1977.tb00452.x">10.1111/j.1465-7295.1977.tb00452.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Poetry%2C+Pushpin%2C+and+Utility&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1465-7295.1977.tb00452.x&rft.aulast=Bronfenbrenner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill1863[httpsarchiveorgstreama592840000milluoftpage16_16]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill1863[httpsarchiveorgstreama592840000milluoftpage16_16]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMill1863">Mill 1863</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a592840000milluoft#page/16">16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill18632-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill18632_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMill1863">Mill 1863</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill18633-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill18633_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMill1863">Mill 1863</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill186324-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill186324_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMill1863">Mill 1863</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill186329-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill186329_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMill1863">Mill 1863</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill18638-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill18638_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMill1863">Mill 1863</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick200684-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick200684_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick2006">Fitzpatrick 2006</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10378/10378-h/10378-h.htm#link2H_NOTE">"Autobiography, by John Stuart Mill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autobiography%2C+by+John+Stuart+Mill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10378%2F10378-h%2F10378-h.htm%23link2H_NOTE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/mill/auto/auto.c05.html">"AUTO Chapter 5, John Stuart Mill, Autobiography"</a>. <i>laits.utexas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laits.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=AUTO+Chapter+5%2C+John+Stuart+Mill%2C+Autobiography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laits.utexas.edu%2Fpoltheory%2Fmill%2Fauto%2Fauto.c05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626225342/http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw/dfiles/file_285.pdf">"Ifaw.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw/dfiles/file_285.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ifaw.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifaw.org%2Fifaw%2Fdfiles%2Ffile_285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irefeurope.org/col_docs/doc_51_fr.pdf">IREF | Pour la liberte economique et la concurrence fiscale</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327011315/http://www.irefeurope.org/col_docs/doc_51_fr.pdf">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrasser1991-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrasser1991_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrasser1991">Strasser 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillBentham2004" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart; Bentham, Jeremy (2004). Ryan, Alan. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utilitarianismot00mill/page/11"><i>Utilitarianism and Other Essays</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utilitarianismot00mill/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140432725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140432725"><bdi>978-0140432725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0140432725&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft.au=Bentham%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Futilitarianismot00mill%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Fred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/mill/#PolEco">"John Stuart Mill: Political Economy"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill%3A+Political+Economy&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2016%2Fentries%2Fmill%2F%23PolEco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-principles_online-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-principles_online_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1852" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1852). "On The General Principles of Taxation, V.2.14". <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+The+General+Principles+of+Taxation%2C+V.2.14&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Political+Economy&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span> The passage about flat taxation was altered by the author in this edition, which is acknowledged in this online edition's footnote 8: "[This sentence replaced in the 3rd ed. a sentence of the original: 'It is partial taxation, which is a mild form of robbery.']")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmanus-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcmanus_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2021" class="citation web cs1">McManus, Matt (30 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/john-stewart-js-mill-liberal-socialism-locke-madison">"Was John Stuart Mill a Socialist?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Was+John+Stuart+Mill+a+Socialist%3F&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2021%2F05%2Fjohn-stewart-js-mill-liberal-socialism-locke-madison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill2011" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (2011) [1st pub. Belfords, Clarke & Co.:1879]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38138/38138-h/38138-h.htm"><i>Socialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38138%2F38138-h%2F38138-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkelund,_Robert_B._Jr.Hébert,_Robert_F.1997" class="citation book cs1">Ekelund, Robert B. Jr.; Hébert, Robert F. (1997). <i>A History of Economic Theory and Method</i> (4th ed.). Waveland Press [Long Grove, Illinois]. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577663812" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577663812"><bdi>978-1577663812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Economic+Theory+and+Method&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Waveland+Press+%5BLong+Grove%2C+Illinois%5D&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1577663812&rft.au=Ekelund%2C+Robert+B.+Jr.&rft.au=H%C3%A9bert%2C+Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation web cs1">Marx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch01.htm">"Grundrisse"</a>. <q>The aim is, rather, to present production – see e.g. Mill – as distinct from distribution etc., as encased in eternal natural laws independent of history, at which opportunity bourgeois relations are then quietly smuggled in as the inviolable natural laws on which society in the abstract is founded. This is the more or less conscious purpose of the whole proceeding. In distribution, by contrast, humanity has allegedly permitted itself to be considerably more arbitrary. Quite apart from this crude tearing-apart of production and distribution and of their real relationship, it must be apparent from the outset that, no matter how differently distribution may have been arranged in different stages of social development, it must be possible here also, just as with production, to single out common characteristics, and just as possible to confound or to extinguish all historic differences under general human laws.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grundrisse&rft.au=Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1857%2Fgrundrisse%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Principles of Political Economy with some of their Applications to Social Philosophy, IV.7.21 John Stuart Mill: Political Economy, IV.7.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty, Chapter IV, Of the Limits to the Authority of Society Over the Individual</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1976" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dennis F. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691021874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691021874"><bdi>978-0691021874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Stuart+Mill+and+Representative+Government&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0691021874&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetwin1965" class="citation book cs1">Letwin, Shirley (1965). <i>The Pursuit of Certainty</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865971943" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865971943"><bdi>978-0865971943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Certainty&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0865971943&rft.aulast=Letwin&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPateman1970" class="citation book cs1">Pateman, Carole (1970). <i>Participation and Democratic Theory</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521290043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521290043"><bdi>978-0521290043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Participation+and+Democratic+Theory&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0521290043&rft.aulast=Pateman&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dennis (2007). "Mill in Parliament: When Should a Philosopher Compromise?". 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">166–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521677561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521677561"><bdi>978-0521677561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mill+in+Parliament%3A+When+Should+a+Philosopher+Compromise%3F&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Mill%27s+Political+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521677561&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1985" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Elynor G. 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"John Stuart Mill, Socialism, and His Liberal Utopia: An Application of His View of Social Institutions". <i>History of Economic Ideas</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23722559">23722559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Economic+Ideas&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill%2C+Socialism%2C+and+His+Liberal+Utopia%3A+An+Application+of+His+View+of+Social+Institutions&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23722559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Mattos&rft.aufirst=Laura+Vallad%C3%A3o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lee (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2023.22">"John Stuart Mill on the Political Significance of Higher Education"</a>. <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">336–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2023.22">10.1017/heq.2023.22</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260335019">260335019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill+on+the+Political+Significance+of+Higher+Education&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2023.22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260335019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fheq.2023.22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1885" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1885). <i>Principles of Political Economy</i>. New York: D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Political+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Hans (December 2001). "John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution". <i>Review of Social Economy</i>. <b>59</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">491–</span>507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00346760110081599">10.1080/00346760110081599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145340813">145340813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill%27s+Theories+of+Wealth+and+Income+Distribution&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00346760110081599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145340813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ek&Tol-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ek&Tol_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ek&Tol_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkelundTollison1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ekelund, Robert; Tollison, Robert (May 1976). "The New Political Economy of J. S. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/mill/book4/bk4ch06">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Political+Economy%2C+Book+4%2C+Chapter+VI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efm.bris.ac.uk%2Fhet%2Fmill%2Fbook4%2Fbk4ch06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRøpke2004" class="citation journal cs1">Røpke, Inge (1 October 2004). "The Early History of Modern Ecological Economics". <i>Ecological Economics</i>. <b>50</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EcoEc..50..293R">2004EcoEc..50..293R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2004.02.012">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Modern+Ecological+Economics&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2004.02.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EcoEc..50..293R&rft.aulast=R%C3%B8pke&rft.aufirst=Inge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eet.pixel-online.org/files/etranslation/original/Mill,%20Principles%20of%20Political%20Economy.pdf"><i>Principles of Political Economy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=25&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feet.pixel-online.org%2Ffiles%2Fetranslation%2Foriginal%2FMill%2C%2520Principles%2520of%2520Political%2520Economy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansard report of Commons Sitting: Capital Punishment Within Prisons Bill – [Bill 36.] Committee stage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1868/apr/21/committee#S3V0191P0_18680421_HOC_33">HC Deb 21 April 1868 vol. 191 cc 1033–63 including Mill's speech Col. 1047–1055</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630072057/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1868/apr/21/committee#S3V0191P0_18680421_HOC_33">Archived</a> 30 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His speech against the abolition of capital punishment was commented upon in an editorial in <i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, 22 April 1868; p. 8; Issue 26105; col E:</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mill's_work"><span id="Mill.27s_work"></span>Mill's work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mill's work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1863" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a592840000milluoft/"><i>Utilitarianism</i></a>. London: Parker, Son, and Bourn, West Strand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/78070085">78070085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Parker%2C+Son%2C+and+Bourn%2C+West+Strand&rft.date=1863&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F78070085&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa592840000milluoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Duncan (2010). "John Stuart Mill on Colonies". <i>Political Theory</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591709348186">10.1177/0090591709348186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25655532">25655532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145582945">145582945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theory&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill+on+Colonies&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145582945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25655532%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0090591709348186&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrink1992" class="citation journal cs1">Brink, David O. (1992). "Mill's Deliberative Utilitarianism". <i>Philosophy & Public Affairs</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265175">2265175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Mill%27s+Deliberative+Utilitarianism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2265175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brink, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/mill-moral-political/">"Mill's Moral and Political Philosophy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117165324/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/mill-moral-political/">Archived</a> 17 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</li> <li>Claeys, Gregory. <i>Mill and Paternalism</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2013)</li> <li>Christians, Clifford G. & <a href="/wiki/John_C._Merrill" title="John C. Merrill">John C. Merrill</a> (eds) Ethical Communication: Five Moral Stances in Human Dialogue, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2006" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, J. R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIyxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>John Stuart Mill's Political Philosophy</i></a>. Continuum Studies in British Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847143440" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847143440"><bdi>978-1847143440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Stuart+Mill%27s+Political+Philosophy&rft.series=Continuum+Studies+in+British+Philosophy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1847143440&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIyxAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeKline2006" class="citation book cs1">George, Roger Z.; Kline, Robert D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3ffAAAAMAAJ"><i>Intelligence and the national security strategist: enduring issues and challenges</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742540385" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742540385"><bdi>978-0742540385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+the+national+security+strategist%3A+enduring+issues+and+challenges&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0742540385&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Roger+Z.&rft.au=Kline%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3ffAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Garrard, Graeme (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/135571/3/John%20Stuart%20Mill%20%26%20Liberal%20Idea%20of%20Canada%20Post%20Print.pdf">"John Stuart Mill and the Liberal Idea of Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Journal of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fbjcs.2021.2">10.3828/bjcs.2021.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233833435">233833435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill+and+the+Liberal+Idea+of+Canada&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fbjcs.2021.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233833435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Garrard&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forca.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F135571%2F3%2FJohn%2520Stuart%2520Mill%2520%2526%2520Liberal%2520Idea%2520of%2520Canada%2520Post%2520Print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gopnik" title="Adam Gopnik">Gopnik, Adam</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/10/06/081006crat_atlarge_gopnik">"Right Again, The passions of John Stuart Mill", <i>The New Yorker</i>, 6 October 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720074917/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/10/06/081006crat_atlarge_gopnik">Archived</a> 20 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2010" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Jack (2010). <i>Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Ch. 5</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230108851" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230108851"><bdi>978-0230108851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Malcolm+and+the+Creation+of+British+India%2C+Ch.+5&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Palgrave+Macmillan.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230108851&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harwood, Sterling. "Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism", in Louis P. Pojman, ed., <i>Moral Philosophy: A Reader</i> (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 1998), and in Sterling Harwood, ed., <i>Business as Ethical and Business as Usual</i> (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996), Chapter 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander,_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollander, Samuel">Hollander, Samuel</a>, <i>The Economics of John Stuart Mill</i> (University of Toronto Press, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher">Kitcher, Philip</a>. <i>On John Stuart Mill</i>. Columbia University Press, 2023.</li> <li>Kolmar, Wendy & Frances Bartowski. <i>Feminist Theory</i>. 2nd ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Robin_Letwin" title="Shirley Robin Letwin">Letwin, Letwin</a>, <i>The Pursuit of Certainty</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1965). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865971943" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865971943">978-0865971943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Packe" title="Michael Packe">Packe, Michael St. John</a>, <i>The Life of John Stuart Mill</i> (Macmillan, 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Pateman, Carole</a>, <i>Participation and Democratic Theory</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521290043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521290043">978-0521290043</a></li> <li>Reeves, Richard, <i>John Stuart Mill: Victorian Firebrand</i>, Atlantic Books (2007), paperback 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843546443" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843546443">978-1843546443</a></li> <li>Robinson, Dave & Groves, Judy (2003). <i>Introducing Political Philosophy</i>. Icon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184046450X" title="Special:BookSources/184046450X">184046450X</a></li> <li>Rosen, Frederick, <i>Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill</i> (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> Studies in Ethics & Moral Theory), 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415220947" title="Special:BookSources/0415220947">0415220947</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoble2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skoble, Aeon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n202.xml">"Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">329–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n202">10.4135/9781412965811.n202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mill%2C+John+Stuart+%281806%E2%80%931873%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n202&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Skoble&rft.aufirst=Aeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn202.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel1991" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, H. W. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXJkjfVCOLoC&pg=PA390"><i>The Growth of Economic Thought</i></a>. Economic history. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822309734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822309734"><bdi>978-0822309734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Economic+Thought&rft.series=Economic+history&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0822309734&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXJkjfVCOLoC%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrasser1991" class="citation book cs1">Strasser, Mark Philip (1991). <i>The Moral Philosophy of John Stuart Mill: Toward Modifications of Contemporary Utilitarianism</i>. Longwood Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89341-681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89341-681-2"><bdi>978-0-89341-681-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Philosophy+of+John+Stuart+Mill%3A+Toward+Modifications+of+Contemporary+Utilitarianism&rft.pub=Longwood+Academic&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89341-681-2&rft.aulast=Strasser&rft.aufirst=Mark+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Liew_Ten" title="Chin Liew Ten">Ten, Chin Liew</a>, <i>Mill on Liberty</i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980, full-text online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605032456/http://www.victorianweb.org/philosophy/mill/ten/contents.html">Contents</a> Victorianweb.org (National University of Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_F._Thompson" title="Dennis F. Thompson">Thompson, Dennis F.</a>, <i>John Stuart Mill and Representative Government</i> (Princeton University Press, 1976). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691021874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691021874">978-0691021874</a></li> <li>Thompson, Dennis F., "Mill in Parliament: When Should a Philosopher Compromise?" in <i>J. S. Mill's Political Thought</i>, eds. N. Urbinati and A. Zakaras (Cambridge University Press, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521677561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521677561">978-0521677561</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Walker, Francis Amasa</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wagesquestiontre00walkiala"><i>The Wages Question: A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Class</i></a>. Henry Holt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+Question%3A+A+Treatise+on+Wages+and+the+Wages+Class&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Francis+Amasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwagesquestiontre00walkiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlican1994" class="citation book cs1">Alican, Necip Fikri (1994). <i>Mill's Principle of Utility: A Defense of John Stuart Mill's Notorious Proof</i>. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Editions Rodopi B. V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9051837483" title="Special:BookSources/978-9051837483"><bdi>978-9051837483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mill%27s+Principle+of+Utility%3A+A+Defense+of+John+Stuart+Mill%27s+Notorious+Proof&rft.pub=Amsterdam+and+Atlanta%3A+Editions+Rodopi+B.+V.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9051837483&rft.aulast=Alican&rft.aufirst=Necip+Fikri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayles1968" class="citation book cs1">Bayles, M. D. (1968). <i>Contemporary Utilitarianism</i>. Anchor Books, Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Utilitarianism&rft.pub=Anchor+Books%2C+Doubleday&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bayles&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentham2009" class="citation book cs1">Bentham, Jeremy (2009). <i>An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Dover Philosophical Classics)</i>. Dover Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486454528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486454528"><bdi>978-0486454528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Principles+of+Morals+and+Legislation+%28Dover+Philosophical+Classics%29&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0486454528&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brandt" title="Richard Brandt">Brandt, Richard B.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofgood00bran"><i>A Theory of the Good and the Right</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198245506" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198245506"><bdi>978-0198245506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+the+Good+and+the+Right&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0198245506&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoryofgood00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1894" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a>, ed. (1894). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mill, John Stuart"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mill,_John_Stuart">"Mill, John Stuart" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mill%2C+John+Stuart&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez2016" class="citation book cs1">López, Rosario (2016). <i>Contexts of John Stuart Mill's Liberalism: Politics and the Science of Society in Victorian Britain</i>. Baden-Baden, Nomos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3848736959" title="Special:BookSources/978-3848736959"><bdi>978-3848736959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contexts+of+John+Stuart+Mill%27s+Liberalism%3A+Politics+and+the+Science+of+Society+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.pub=Baden-Baden%2C+Nomos&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3848736959&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Rosario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lyons_(philosopher)" title="David Lyons (philosopher)">Lyons, David</a> (1965). <i>Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism</i>. Oxford University Press (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198241973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198241973"><bdi>978-0198241973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+and+Limits+of+Utilitarianism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28UK%29&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0198241973&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill2011" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (2011). <a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic"><i>A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Classic Reprint)</i></a>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440090820" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440090820"><bdi>978-1440090820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Logic%2C+Ratiocinative+and+Inductive+%28Classic+Reprint%29&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1440090820&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1981" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1981). "Autobiography". In Robson, John (ed.). <i>Collected Works, volume XXXI</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710007186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710007186"><bdi>978-0710007186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autobiography&rft.btitle=Collected+Works%2C+volume+XXXI&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0710007186&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1903" class="citation book cs1">Moore, G. E. (1903). <i>Principia Ethica</i>. Prometheus Books UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879754983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879754983"><bdi>978-0879754983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principia+Ethica&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books+UK&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=978-0879754983&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Frederick (2003). <i>Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Utilitarianism+from+Hume+to+Mill&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheffler1994" class="citation book cs1">Scheffler, Samuel (August 1994). <i>The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions, Second Edition</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198235118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198235118"><bdi>978-0198235118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rejection+of+Consequentialism%3A+A+Philosophical+Investigation+of+the+Considerations+Underlying+Rival+Moral+Conceptions%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994-08&rft.isbn=978-0198235118&rft.aulast=Scheffler&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">Smart, J. J. C.</a>; Williams, Bernard (January 1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utilitarianismfo00smar"><i>Utilitarianism: For and Against</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521098229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521098229"><bdi>978-0521098229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism%3A+For+and+Against&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973-01&rft.isbn=978-0521098229&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Futilitarianismfo00smar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Francisco Vergara, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fvergara.com/QUALITY.doc">Bentham and Mill on the "Quality" of Pleasures</a>», <i>Revue d'études benthamiennes</i>, Paris, 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergara1998" class="citation journal cs1">Vergara, Francisco (1998). "A Critique of Elie Halévy: Refutation of an Important Distortion of British Moral Philosophy". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>73</b> (283): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819197000144">10.1017/S0031819197000144</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3752129">3752129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170370954">170370954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+Elie+Hal%C3%A9vy%3A+Refutation+of+an+Important+Distortion+of+British+Moral+Philosophy&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=283&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170370954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3752129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819197000144&rft.aulast=Vergara&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>John Stuart Mill</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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title="s:Author:John Stuart Mill">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Stuart_Mill" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/John Stuart Mill">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Stuart_Mill" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/John Stuart Mill">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50020" class="extiw" title="d:Q50020">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mill's_works"><span id="Mill.27s_works"></span>Mill's works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mill's works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-stuart-mill">Works by John Stuart Mill in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1705">Works by John Stuart Mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20Stuart%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mill%2C%20J%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20Stuart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20J%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20J%2E%20Stuart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20Stuart%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%22%29%20OR%20%28%221806-1873%22%20AND%20Mill%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Stuart Mill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2881">Works by John Stuart Mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Mill+John+Stuart&amode=words&title=&tmode=words">The Online Books Page</a> lists works on various sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017213822/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/mill/john_stuart/">Works</a>, readable and downloadable</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515050039/http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/mill/">Primary and secondary works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/">More easily readable versions of <i>On Liberty</i>, <i>Utilitarianism</i>, <i>Three Essays on Religion</i>, <i>The Subjection of Women</i>, <i>A System of Logic</i>, and <i>Autobiography</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isnature.org/Files/Mill1859-Composition_of_Causes.htm"><i>Of the Composition of Causes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006144801/http://isnature.org/Files/Mill1859-Composition_of_Causes.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter VI of <i>System of Logic</i> (1859)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm189_main.html">John Stuart Mill's diary of a walking tour at Mount Holyoke College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000859/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm189_main.html">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a></i>, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1410202526" title="Special:BookSources/1410202526">1410202526</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_works">Secondary works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Secondary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleod" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macleod, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/">"John Stuart Mill"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/milljs/">John Stuart Mill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_information">Further information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintoMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Minto" title="William Minto">Minto, William</a>; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mill, John Stuart"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mill,_John_Stuart">"Mill, John Stuart" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">454–</span>459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mill%2C+John+Stuart&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Minto&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=MILL-TAYLOR">Catalogue of Mill's correspondence and papers</a> held at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618035533/http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/Default.htm">Archives Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. View the Archives Catalogue of the contents of this important holding, which also includes letters of James Mill and Helen Taylor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/library-it/special-collections/">John Stuart Mill's library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724083323/http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/library-it/special-collections/">Archived</a> 24 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College_Library" title="Somerville College Library">Somerville College Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> holds ≈ 1700 volumes owned by John Stuart Mill and his father James Mill, many containing their marginalia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"John Stuart Mill (Obituary Notice, Tuesday, November 4, 1873)". <i>Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from The Times</i>. Vol. I (1870–1875). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan & Co.">Macmillan & Co.</a> 1892. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6n011x45">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45</a> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill+%28Obituary+Notice%2C+Tuesday%2C+November+4%2C+1873%29&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persons%3A+Biographies+reprinted+from+The+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6n011x45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Stuart+Mill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1cx">Mill</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with A. C. Grayling, Janet Radcliffe Richards & Alan Ryan (<i>In Our Time</i>, 18 May 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03080">Portraits of John Stuart Mill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50020#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1hKAITgAAAAJ">John Stuart Mill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417082823/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1hKAITgAAAAJ">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarianism.net/utilitarian-thinker/john-stuart-mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarianism.net">Utilitarianism.net</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_de_Lacy_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George de Lacy Evans">Sir George de Lacy Evans</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a>–<a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Henry Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet">William Stirling</a> of Keir</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a> </b><br />1865–1868 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Stuart_Mill39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Stuart_Mill" title="Template:John Stuart Mill"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Stuart_Mill" title="Template talk:John Stuart Mill"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Stuart_Mill" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Stuart Mill"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Stuart_Mill39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Some_Unsettled_Questions_of_Political_Economy" title="Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy">Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy</a></i> (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Few_Words_on_Non-Intervention" title="A Few Words on Non-Intervention">A Few Words on Non-Intervention</a>" (1859)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a>" (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></i> (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i> (1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_Religion" title="Three Essays on Religion">Three Essays on Religion</a></i> (1874)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill_Institute" title="John Stuart Mill Institute">John Stuart Mill Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_John_Stuart_Mill103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_John_Stuart_Mill103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to John Stuart Mill</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics681" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics681" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>)<br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li>Mill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminist_philosophy72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_philosophy" title="Template:Feminist philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_philosophy" title="Template talk:Feminist philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminist_philosophy72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_la_Barre" title="François Poullain de la Barre">François Poullain de la Barre</a> <ul><li><i>De l’Égalité des deux sexes</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1673</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Astell" title="Mary Astell">Mary Astell</a> <ul><li><i>A Serious Proposal to the Ladies</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1694</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1792</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Moore Grimké</a> <ul><li><i>Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1837</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a> <ul><li><i>The Emancipation of Working Class Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1843</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> <ul><li><i>Declaration of Sentiments</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor Mill</a> <ul><li><i>The Enfranchisement of Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1851</span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1869</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1884</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1949</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1963</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful" title="Sisterhood Is Powerful">Sisterhood Is Powerful</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Sandra Bartky</a> <ul><li>"Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness", <span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will" title="Against Our Will">Against Our Will</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a> <ul><li>"Le Rire de la Méduse", <span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a> <ul><li><i>Gyn/Ecology</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Spender" title="Dale Spender">Dale Spender</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Made_Language" title="Man Made Language">Man Made Language</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> <ul><li>"The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", <span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a> <ul><li>"On ne naît pas femme", <span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)" title="Ain't I a Woman? (book)"><i>Ain't I a Woman?</i></a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality">The Politics of Reality</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spinster_and_Her_Enemies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spinster and Her Enemies (page does not exist)">The Spinster and Her Enemies</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a> <ul><li><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State">Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> <ul><li>"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex", <span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought">Black Feminist Thought</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Wolf" title="Naomi Wolf">Naomi Wolf</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Myth" title="The Beauty Myth">The Beauty Myth</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Drucilla Cornell</a> <ul><li><i>Beyond Accommodation</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a> <ul><li><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Hoff_Sommers" title="Christina Hoff Sommers">Christina Hoff Sommers</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Stole_Feminism%3F" title="Who Stole Feminism?">Who Stole Feminism?</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Social_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Social Justice">Sex and Social Justice</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Anderson" title="Elizabeth S. Anderson">Elizabeth Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Albertson_Fineman" title="Martha Albertson Fineman">Martha Albertson Fineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Sally Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_G._J%C3%B3nasd%C3%B3ttir" title="Anna G. Jónasdóttir">Anna Jónasdóttir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">justice ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">standpoint theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">performativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_transracialism_controversy" title="Hypatia transracialism controversy">transracialism controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Scholars of feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theorists" title="Category:Feminist theorists">Feminist theorists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_feminism55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_feminism" title="Template:Liberal feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_feminism" title="Template talk:Liberal feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_feminism55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Women in development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_foreign_policy" title="Feminist foreign policy">Feminist foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism#LGBT_rights" title="Liberal feminism">LGBT+ rights</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione1_1F33B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emojione1_1F33B.svg/100px-Emojione1_1F33B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emojione1_1F33B.svg/150px-Emojione1_1F33B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emojione1_1F33B.svg/200px-Emojione1_1F33B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">Liberal state feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Association_of_Female_Citizens" title="German Association of Female Citizens">German Association of Female Citizens</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Women%27s_Society" title="Danish Women's Society">Danish Women's Society</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights" title="Norwegian Association for Women's Rights">Norwegian Association for Women's Rights</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer_Association" title="Fredrika Bremer Association">Fredrika Bremer Association</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_of_the_United_States" title="National Council of Women of the United States">National Council of Women of the United States</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naisasialiitto_Unioni" title="Naisasialiitto Unioni">Naisasialiitto Unioni</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Alliance of Women</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Women%27s_Rights_Association" title="Icelandic Women's Rights Association">Icelandic Women's Rights Association</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Women%27s_Conference" title="All India Women's Conference">All India Women's Conference</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters_of_Japan" title="League of Women Voters of Japan">League of Women Voters of Japan</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Frauenring" title="Deutscher Frauenring">Deutscher Frauenring</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Women%27s_Association" title="All Pakistan Women's Association">All Pakistan Women's Association</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Women%27s_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="German Women's Council">German Women's Council</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Society" title="Fawcett Society">Fawcett Society</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="National Society for Women's Suffrage">National Society for Women's Suffrage</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="London National Society for Women's Suffrage">London National Society for Women's Suffrage</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Frauenvereine" title="Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine">Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> (1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Sargent_Murray" title="Judith Sargent Murray">Judith Sargent Murray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Hye-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Na Hye-sok">Na Hye-sok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Krog" title="Gina Krog">Gina Krog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagbart_Berner" title="Hagbart Berner">Hagbart Berner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrikke_Marie_Qvam" title="Fredrikke Marie Qvam">Fredrikke Marie Qvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Corbett_Ashby" title="Margery Corbett Ashby">Margery Corbett Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Rydh" title="Hanna Rydh">Hanna Rydh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Bonnevie" title="Margarete Bonnevie">Margarete Bonnevie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Kolstad" title="Eva Kolstad">Eva Kolstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism#Symbolism" title="Liberal feminism">Sunflower</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists<br /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 322 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1726)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1740)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1759)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1785)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Property" title="Category:Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law" title="Category:Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country" title="Category:Property law by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #010963; 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color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of St Andrews</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anstruther_baronets" title="Anstruther baronets">Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet">Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neaves,_Lord_Neaves" title="Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves">Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Theodore_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theodore Martin">Sir Theodore Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay,_11th_Lord_Reay" title="Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay">Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute">John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (scientist)">James Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">Sir J. M. Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell,_Lord_MacGregor_Mitchell" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munro_(physician)" title="David Munro (physician)">Sir David Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cunningham_(civil_servant)" title="George Cunningham (civil servant)">Sir George Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_28th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby,_Baron_Boothby" title="Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby">Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rothenstein" title="John Rothenstein">Sir John Rothenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learie_Constantine" title="Learie Constantine">Learie Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Coren" title="Alan Coren">Alan Coren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Muir" title="Frank Muir">Frank Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Whitehorn" title="Katharine Whitehorn">Katharine Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Adams_(whistleblower)" title="Stanley Adams (whistleblower)">Stanley Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Parsons" title="Nicholas Parsons">Nicholas Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Campbell" title="Nicky Campbell">Nicky Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Findlay" title="Donald Findlay">Donald Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Sir Clement Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pepper" title="Simon Pepper">Simon Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dunion" title="Kevin Dunion">Kevin Dunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Alistair Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stihler" title="Catherine Stihler">Catherine Stihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(activist)" title="Srđa Popović (activist)">Srđa Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Hussein" title="Leyla Hussein">Leyla Hussein</a></li> <li>Stella Maris</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bertrand_Russell260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bertrand_Russell_(Navigational_box)" title="Template:Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bertrand_Russell_(Navigational_box)" title="Template talk:Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bertrand_Russell_(Navigational_box)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bertrand_Russell260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>British philosopher, logician, and social critic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Views_on_philosophy62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_philosophical_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Russell's philosophical views">Views on philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copleston%E2%80%93Russell_debate" title="Copleston–Russell debate">Copleston–Russell debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Views_on_society55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_political_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Russell's political views">Views on society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Tribunal" title="Russell Tribunal">Russell Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mathematics11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peano%E2%80%93Russell_notation" title="Peano–Russell notation">Peano–Russell notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/105px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/158px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/210px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1859" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics" title="The Principles of Mathematics">The Principles of Mathematics</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i> (1910–1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problems_of_Philosophy" title="The Problems of Philosophy">The Problems of Philosophy</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Men_Fight_(book)" title="Why Men Fight (book)">Why Men Fight</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy" title="Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy">Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Thought_and_Official_Propaganda" title="Free Thought and Official Propaganda">Free Thought and Official Propaganda</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power:_A_New_Social_Analysis" title="Power: A New Social Analysis">Power: A New Social Analysis</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Philosophical_Development" title="My Philosophical Development">My Philosophical Development</a></i> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alys_Pearsall_Smith" title="Alys Pearsall Smith">Alys Pearsall Smith</a> (wife, 1894–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a> (wife, 1921–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Russell" title="Patricia Russell">Patricia Russell</a> (wife, 1936–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Finch_Russell" title="Edith Finch Russell">Edith Finch Russell</a> (wife, 1952–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 4th Earl Russell">John Russell, 4th Earl Russell</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Russell,_5th_Earl_Russell" title="Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell">Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_Viscount_Amberley" title="John Russell, Viscount Amberley">John Russell, Viscount Amberley</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Russell,_Viscountess_Amberley" title="Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley">Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Stuart Mill</a> (godfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a> (paternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Stanley,_Baroness_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley">Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley</a> (maternal grandmother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bertrand_Russell_Case" title="The Bertrand Russell Case">Appointment court case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Russell" title="Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell_Peace_Foundation" title="Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation">Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell_Professorship_of_Philosophy" title="Bertrand Russell Professorship of Philosophy">Professorship of Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Bertrand_Russell" title="Category:Works by Bertrand Russell">Category: Works by Bertrand Russell</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50020#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4834" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50020#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4834" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50020#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121451271">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100189299">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30255/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgrYWk3bwvMYWFRyRhT73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118582461">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007044">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16832634f">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916111f">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16832634f">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916111f">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450029">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mill, John Stuart"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV019265">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35351912">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604033&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000040163&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX982464">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/91612">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068423292">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054289">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000033125&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000013150&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000940649">Chile</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034745">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=183923">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026259">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199618826">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmnc6r2ln5nw3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690097805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/2800">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265313105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521912206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14768266">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00728974?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:mill.john-stuart">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1hKAITgAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/56133">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118582461">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/922170">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118582461.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118582461">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027029662">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68p60pf">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/63707">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism in the UK\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Utilitarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*188[5-9]\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*189%d\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*190[0-1]\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*1903\",\n \"CITEREF%a[%a%-_']*1912\",\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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