CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Roger Scruton - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e8b02fba-7edb-4bb2-bd5e-dbefcd5b8df4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Roger_Scruton","wgTitle":"Roger Scruton","wgCurRevisionId":1256859633,"wgRevisionId":1256859633,"wgArticleId":1010808,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2022","Use British English from November 2013","Articles with hAudio microformats","Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes", "Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters","Articles with hCards","Articles containing French-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing video clips","1944 births","2020 deaths","20th-century English philosophers","21st-century English philosophers","Academics of Birkbeck, University of London","Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge","American Enterprise Institute","Analytic philosophers","Anglican philosophers","Boston University faculty","Critics of animal rights","British critics of atheism","British critics of postmodernism","Conservatism in the United Kingdom","Deaths from lung cancer in England","English political philosophers","English Anglicans","Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge","Fellows of the British Academy","Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature","Knights Bachelor","Male critics of feminism", "Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts","Members of the Inner Temple","People educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe","People from West Lindsey District","British philosophers of art","Philosophers of sexuality","Architectural theoreticians","Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)","Spinoza scholars","The American Spectator people","The Spectator people","British wine critics","Ethics and Public Policy Center","Philosophers of music"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Roger_Scruton","wgRelevantArticleId":1010808,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q445939","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1791"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1194"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="955"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Roger Scruton - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Roger_Scruton rootpage-Roger_Scruton skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Roger+Scruton" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Roger+Scruton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Roger+Scruton" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Roger+Scruton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Family background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 1970s–1980s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s–1980s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1970s–1980s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1970s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birkbeck,_first_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birkbeck,_first_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Birkbeck, first marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birkbeck,_first_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Salisbury_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Salisbury_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Salisbury Review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Salisbury_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism_in_Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism_in_Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Activism in Central Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism_in_Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1990s–2000s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s–2000s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1990s–2000s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1990s–2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farm_purchase,_second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_purchase,_second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Farm purchase, second marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_purchase,_second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco_company_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco_company_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tobacco company funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco_company_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Move to the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine,_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine,_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Wine, opera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine,_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 2010s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2010s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2010s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_posts,_knighthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_posts,_knighthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Academic posts, knighthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_posts,_knighthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_Better,_Building_Beautiful_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_Better,_Building_Beautiful_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_Better,_Building_Beautiful_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Aesthetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Conservatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Postmodernism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Totalitarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 English independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 British sovereignty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Roger Scruton</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" > 46 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="روجر سكروتن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روجر سكروتن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="راجر اسکروتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راجر اسکروتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%9F%AC%ED%84%B4" title="로저 스크러턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로저 스크러턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רוג'ר סקרוטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוג'ר סקרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerius_Scruton" title="Rogerius Scruton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rogerius Scruton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="روجر سكروتن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روجر سكروتن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ロジャー・スクルートン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャー・スクルートン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="روګر سکروتن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روګر سکروتن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Скрутон, Роджер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скрутон, Роджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Роджер Скрутон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роджер Скрутон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Roger Scruton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E9%A1%BF" title="罗杰·斯克鲁顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗杰·斯克鲁顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q445939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Roger_Scruton" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Roger_Scruton" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Roger_Scruton" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&oldid=1256859633" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Roger_Scruton&id=1256859633&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoger_Scruton">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoger_Scruton">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Roger_Scruton&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roger_Scruton" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q445939" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English philosopher (1944–2020)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn">Roger Scruton</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg/220px-Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg/330px-Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg/440px-Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="903" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Scruton in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roger Vernon Scruton</div> (1944-02-27)27 February 1944 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Buslingthorpe,_Lincolnshire" title="Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire">Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 2020(2020-01-12) (aged 75) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/B.A." class="mw-redirect" title="B.A.">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Philosopher</li> <li>writer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>The Meaning of Conservatism (1980)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Sexual Desire (1986)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>The Aesthetics of Music (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Television</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>, 2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Danielle Laffitte</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1973; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1979)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sophie Jeffreys</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1996)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_(Czech_Republic)" title="Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)">Medal of Merit</a> (First Class) of the Czech Republic (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (United Kingdom, 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a> (2019)</li> <li>Commander's Cross with Star of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Hungarian Order of Merit">Hungarian Order of Merit</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac" title="File:Roger Scruton BBC Radio4 A Point of View 11 Aug 2013 b037vb15.flac">Roger Scruton speaking</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac/Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac/Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Roger_Scruton_BBC_Radio4_A_Point_of_View_11_Aug_2013_b037vb15.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> programme A Point of View, 11 August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century philosophy">21st-century philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roger-scruton.com">roger-scruton.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Roger Vernon Scruton, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈskruːtən/</a>; 27 February 1944 – 12 January 2020) was an English philosopher, writer, and social critic who specialised in <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, particularly in the furtherance of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">conservative</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-Cowling1990pxxix-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Editor from 1982 to 2001 of <a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a>, a conservative political journal, Scruton wrote over 50 books on philosophy, art, music, politics, literature, culture, sexuality, and religion; he also wrote novels and two operas. His publications include The Meaning of Conservatism (1980), Sexual Desire (1986), The Aesthetics of Music (1997), and <a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014). He was a regular contributor to the popular media, including <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. Scruton explained that he embraced conservatism after witnessing the <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968 student protests</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> From 1971 to 1992 he was lecturer, reader, and then Professor of Aesthetics at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">London</a>, after which he was Professor of Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, from 1992 to 1995.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> From then on, he worked as a freelance writer and scholar, though he later held several part-time or temporary academic positions, including in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the 1980s he helped to establish <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus_Educational_Foundation" title="Jan Hus Educational Foundation">underground academic networks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe</a>, for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_(Czech_Republic)" title="Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)">Medal of Merit</a> (First Class) by President <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Scruton was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Birthday_Honours" title="2016 Birthday Honours">2016 Birthday Honours</a> for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".<a href="#cite_note-LondonGazette-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background">edit</a>]</div> Roger Scruton was born in <a href="/wiki/Buslingthorpe,_Lincolnshire" title="Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire">Buslingthorpe, Lincolnshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> to John "Jack" Scruton, a teacher from Manchester, and his wife, Beryl Claris Scruton (née Haynes), and was raised with his two sisters in <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a> The Scruton surname had been acquired relatively recently. Jack's father's birth certificate showed him as Matthew Lowe, after Matthew's mother, Margaret Lowe (Scruton's great-grandmother); the document made no mention of a father. However, Margaret Lowe had decided, for reasons unknown, to raise her son as Matthew Scruton instead. Scruton wondered whether she had been employed at the former Scruton Hall in <a href="/wiki/Scruton" title="Scruton">Scruton</a>, Yorkshire, and whether that was where her child had been conceived.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Jack was raised in a <a href="/wiki/Back-to-back_house" title="Back-to-back house">back-to-back</a> on Upper Cyrus Street, <a href="/wiki/Ancoats" title="Ancoats">Ancoats</a>, an inner-city area of Manchester, and won a scholarship to Manchester High School, a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Scruton told <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> that Jack hated the upper classes and loved the countryside, while Beryl entertained "<a href="/wiki/Blue_rinse" title="Blue rinse">blue-rinsed</a> friends" and was fond of romantic fiction.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a> He described his mother as "cherishing an ideal of gentlemanly conduct and social distinction that ... [his] father set out with considerable relish to destroy".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_College,_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg/220px-Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg/330px-Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg/440px-Jesus_College%2C_Cambridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1062931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="517" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scruton studied at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a> (1962–1965 and 1967–1969).</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG/220px-Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG/330px-Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG/440px-Cambridge_Peterhouse_OldCourt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">He was a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a> (1969–1971).</div></div></div></div></div> The Scrutons lived in a <a href="/wiki/Pebbledashed" class="mw-redirect" title="Pebbledashed">pebbledashed</a> semi-detached house in Hammersley Lane, <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gentlep89-18">[18]</a> Although his parents had been brought up as Christians, they regarded themselves as humanists, so home was a "religion-free zone".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Scruton's, indeed the whole family's, relationship with his father was difficult. He wrote in Gentle Regrets (2005): "Friends come and go, hobbies and holidays dapple the soulscape like fleeting sunlight in a summer wind, and the hunger for affection is cut off at every point by the fear of judgement."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After passing his <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">11-plus</a>, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Grammar_School_High_Wycombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Grammar School High Wycombe">Royal Grammar School High Wycombe</a> from 1954 to 1962,<a href="#cite_note-about-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> leaving with three <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-levels</a>, in pure and applied Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry, which he passed with distinction. The results won him an open scholarship in Natural Sciences to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a>, as well as a state scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> When he told his family he had won a place at Cambridge, his father stopped speaking to him.<a href="#cite_note-Edemariam5June2010-24">[24]</a> Scruton writes that he was expelled from the school shortly afterwards when, during one of Scruton's plays, the headmaster found the school stage on fire and a half-naked girl putting out the flames.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gentlep34-25">[25]</a> Having intended to study <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences (Cambridge)">Natural Sciences at Cambridge</a>, where he felt "although socially estranged (like virtually every grammar-school boy), spiritually at home",<a href="#cite_note-Gentlep34-25">[25]</a> Scruton switched on the first day to Moral Sciences (<a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a> his supervisor was <a href="/wiki/A._C._Ewing" title="A. C. Ewing">A. C. Ewing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Double_first" class="mw-redirect" title="Double first">double first</a> in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-cv-27">[27]</a> then spent time overseas, some of it teaching at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_Pays_de_l%27Adour" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour">University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a>, France, where he met his first wife, Danielle Laffitte.<a href="#cite_note-SDpp1835-28">[28]</a> He also lived in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> His mother died around this time; she had been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and had undergone a <a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a> just before he went to Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1967, he began studying for his doctorate at Jesus College and then became a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a> (1969–1971), where he lived with Laffitte when she was not in France.<a href="#cite_note-SDpp1835-28">[28]</a> It was while visiting her during the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968 student protests</a> in France that Scruton first embraced <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>. He was in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Quarter in Paris">Latin Quarter in Paris</a>, watching students overturn cars, smash windows and tear up cobblestones, and for the first time in his life "felt a surge of political anger":<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <blockquote> I suddenly realised I was on the other side. What I saw was an unruly mob of self-indulgent middle-class hooligans. When I asked my friends what they wanted, what were they trying to achieve, all I got back was this ludicrous <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gobbledegook" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobbledegook">gobbledegook</a>. I was disgusted by it, and thought there must be a way back to the defence of western civilization against these things. That's when I became a conservative. I knew I wanted to conserve things rather than pull them down.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s–1980s">1970s–1980s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s–1980s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birkbeck,_first_marriage">Birkbeck, first marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birkbeck, first marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg/220px-Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg/330px-Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg/440px-Birkbeck_College_phototram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3194" data-file-height="2555" /></a><figcaption>Scruton taught at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck</a> for 21 years.</figcaption></figure> Cambridge awarded Scruton his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> degree in January 1973 for a thesis titled "Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind", supervised by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Anscombe">Elizabeth Anscombe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The thesis was the basis of his first book, Art and Imagination (1974). From 1971 he taught philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a>, London, which specializes in adult education and holds its classes in the evening.<a href="#cite_note-Gentlep39-33">[33]</a> Meanwhile, Laffitte taught French at <a href="/wiki/Putney_High_School" title="Putney High School">Putney High School</a>, and the couple lived together in a <a href="/wiki/Harley_Street" title="Harley Street">Harley Street</a> apartment previously occupied by <a href="/wiki/Delia_Smith" title="Delia Smith">Delia Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201641-34">[34]</a> They married in September 1973 at the <a href="/wiki/Brompton_Oratory" title="Brompton Oratory">Brompton Oratory</a>, a Catholic church in <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and divorced in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a> Scruton's second book, The Aesthetics of Architecture, was published that year. Scruton said he was the only conservative at Birkbeck, except for the woman who served meals in the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Common_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Common Room">Senior Common Room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gentlep39-33">[33]</a> Working there left Scruton's days free, so he used the time to study law at the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Inns of Court School of Law">Inns of Court School of Law</a> (1974–1976) and was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the Bar</a> in 1978; he never practised because he was unable to take a year off work to complete a <a href="/wiki/Pupillage" title="Pupillage">pupillage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1974, along with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fraser_(British_politician)" title="Hugh Fraser (British politician)">Hugh Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Jonathan Aitken</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(academic)" title="John Casey (academic)">John Casey</a>, he became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a> dining club, which aimed to develop an intellectual basis for conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker1March1983-38">[38]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Hugh Thomas</a> and the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinton" title="Anthony Quinton">Anthony Quinton</a> attended meetings, as did <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> before she became prime minister. She reportedly said during one meeting in 1975: "The other side have got an ideology they can test their policies against. We must have one as well."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to Scruton, his academic career at Birkbeck was blighted by his conservatism, particularly by his third book, The Meaning of Conservatism (1980),<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goss2006-41">[41]</a> and later by his editorship of the conservative Salisbury Review.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> He told The Guardian that his colleagues at Birkbeck vilified him over the book.<a href="#cite_note-Edemariam5June2010-24">[24]</a> The Marxist philosopher <a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">G. A. Cohen</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> reportedly refused to teach a seminar with Scruton, although they later became friends.<a href="#cite_note-SDp46-43">[43]</a> He continued teaching at Birkbeck until 1992, first as a lecturer, by 1980 as <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a>, then, having been awarded a <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">chair</a> in 1985, as Professor of Aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201639-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-WWW-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Salisbury_Review">The Salisbury Review</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Salisbury Review">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Scruton_(2015),_Prague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roger_Scruton_%282015%29%2C_Prague.jpg/180px-Roger_Scruton_%282015%29%2C_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roger_Scruton_%282015%29%2C_Prague.jpg/270px-Roger_Scruton_%282015%29%2C_Prague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roger_Scruton_%282015%29%2C_Prague.jpg/360px-Roger_Scruton_%282015%29%2C_Prague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Scruton in Prague, 2015</figcaption></figure> In 1982 Scruton became founding editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a>, a journal championing conservatism in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>, which he edited until 2001.<a href="#cite_note-ScrutonSept212002-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Review was set up by a group of Tories known as the Salisbury Group – founded in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Spearman" title="Diana Spearman">Diana Spearman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil</a><a href="#cite_note-Cowling1990pxxix-5">[5]</a> – with the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse_school_of_history" title="Peterhouse school of history">Peterhouse Right</a>. The latter were conservatives associated with the Cambridge college, including <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Maurice Cowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Watkin_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watkin (historian)">David Watkin</a> and the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Mathias" title="Adrian Mathias">Adrian Mathias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker1March1983-38">[38]</a> As of 1983 it had a circulation of under 1,000; according to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walker_(reporter)" title="Martin Walker (reporter)">Martin Walker</a>, the circulation understated the journal's influence.<a href="#cite_note-Walker1March1983-38">[38]</a> Scruton wrote that editing The Salisbury Review effectively ended his academic career in the United Kingdom. The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201647-49">[49]</a> In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause."<a href="#cite_note-Walker1March1983-38">[38]</a> To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that there should be something there!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201647-49">[49]</a> He believes that the Review "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. At last it was possible to be a conservative and also to the left of something, to say 'Of course, the Salisbury Review is beyond the pale; but ...'"<a href="#cite_note-Gentlep59-50">[50]</a> In 1984 the Review published a controversial article by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Honeyford" title="Ray Honeyford">Ray Honeyford</a>, a headmaster in Bradford, questioning the benefits of multicultural education.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Honeyford was forced to retire because of the article and had to live for a time under police protection.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> accused the Review of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> philosophy department boycotted a talk Scruton had been invited to deliver to its philosophy society. Scruton believed that the incidents made his position as a university professor untenable, although he also maintained that "it was worth sacrificing your chances of becoming a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>, a vice-chancellor or an emeritus professor for the sheer relief of uttering the truth."<a href="#cite_note-ScrutonSept212002-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> (Scruton was in fact elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a> in 2008.)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2002 he described the effect of the editorship on his life: <blockquote> It cost me many thousand hours of unpaid labour, a hideous character assassination in <a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a>, three lawsuits, two interrogations, one expulsion, the loss of a university career in Britain, unendingly contemptuous reviews, Tory suspicion, and the hatred of decent liberals everywhere. And it was worth it.<a href="#cite_note-ScrutonSept212002-46">[46]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> The 1980s established Scruton as a prolific writer. Thirteen of his non-fiction works appeared between 1980 and 1989, as did his first novel, Fortnight's Anger (1981). The most contentious publication was <a href="/wiki/Thinkers_of_the_New_Left" title="Thinkers of the New Left">Thinkers of the New Left</a> (1985), a collection of his essays from The Salisbury Review, which criticized 14 prominent intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a> According to The Guardian, the book was <a href="/wiki/Remaindered_book" title="Remaindered book">remaindered</a> after being greeted with "derision and outrage". Scruton said he became very depressed by the criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Adams2015-57">[56]</a> In 1987 he founded his own publisher, The Claridge Press, which he sold to the <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-60">[b]</a> From 1983 to 1986 he wrote a weekly column for The Times. Topics included music, wine and motorbike repair, but others were contentious. The features editor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stothard" title="Peter Stothard">Peter Stothard</a>, said that there was no one he had ever commissioned "whose articles had provoked more rage".<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Scruton made fun of anti-racism and the peace movement, and his support for <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> while she was prime minister was regarded, he wrote, as an "act of betrayal for a university teacher".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201651-62">[60]</a> His first column, "Why politicians are all against real education", argued that universities were destroying education "by making it relevant": "Replace pure by applied mathematics, logic by computer programming, architecture by engineering, history by sociology. The result will be a new generation of well-informed philistines, whose charmlessness will undo every advantage which their learning might otherwise have conferred."<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_in_Central_Europe">Activism in Central Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activism in Central Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Scruton,_Budapest,_September_2016_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roger_Scruton%2C_Budapest%2C_September_2016_%282%29.jpg/190px-Roger_Scruton%2C_Budapest%2C_September_2016_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roger_Scruton%2C_Budapest%2C_September_2016_%282%29.jpg/285px-Roger_Scruton%2C_Budapest%2C_September_2016_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roger_Scruton%2C_Budapest%2C_September_2016_%282%29.jpg/380px-Roger_Scruton%2C_Budapest%2C_September_2016_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption>Scruton on "Europe and the Conservative Cause", Budapest, September 2016</figcaption></figure> From 1979 to 1989, Scruton was an active supporter of <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party</a> rule, forging links between the country's dissident academics and their counterparts in Western universities. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus_Educational_Foundation" title="Jan Hus Educational Foundation">Jan Hus Educational Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999124ff-64">[62]</a> he and other academics visited <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, in support of an underground education network started by the Czech dissident <a href="/wiki/Julius_Tomin" title="Julius Tomin">Julius Tomin</a>, smuggling in books, organizing lectures, and eventually arranging for students to study for a Cambridge external degree in theology (the only faculty that responded to the request for help). There were structured courses and <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a> translations, books were printed, and people sat exams in a cellar with papers smuggled out through the diplomatic bag.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Scruton was detained in 1985 in Brno before being expelled from the country. The Czech dissident <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislava_M%C3%BCllerov%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Bronislava Müllerová">Bronislava Müllerová</a> watched him walk across the border with Austria: "There was this broad empty space between the two border posts, absolutely empty, not a single human being in sight except for one soldier, and across that broad empty space trudged an English philosopher, Roger Scruton, with his little bag into Austria."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999255-67">[65]</a> On 17 June that year, he was placed on the Index of Undesirable Persons. He wrote that he had also been followed during visits to Poland and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Day1999p281-68">[66]</a> For his work in supporting dissidents, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>, and in 1998 he was awarded the Czech Republic's <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_(Czech_Republic)" title="Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)">Medal of Merit</a> (First Class) by President <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Day1999p281-68">[66]</a> In 2019 the Polish government awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP4June2019-69">[67]</a> Scruton was strongly critical of figures in the West – in particular <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> – who "chose to exonerate" the crimes and atrocities of former communist regimes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> His experience of dissident intellectual life in 1980s Communist Prague is recorded in fictional form in his novel <a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground_(Scruton_novel)" title="Notes from Underground (Scruton novel)">Notes from Underground</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-Derbyshire12Sept2014-71">[69]</a> He wrote in 2019 that "despite the appeal of the Poles, Hungarians, Romanians and many more, it is the shy, cynical Czechs to whom I lost my heart and from whom I have never retrieved it".<a href="#cite_note-Scruton21Dec2019-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s–2000s">1990s–2000s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990s–2000s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_purchase,_second_marriage">Farm purchase, second marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Farm purchase, second marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albany_Courtyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Albany_Courtyard.JPG/260px-Albany_Courtyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Albany_Courtyard.JPG/390px-Albany_Courtyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Albany_Courtyard.JPG/520px-Albany_Courtyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Scruton rented an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Albany_(London)" title="Albany (London)">Albany</a>; the rooms had previously been <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Alan Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">servants' quarters</a>.</figcaption></figure> Scruton took a year's <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> from Birkbeck in 1990 and spent it working in Brno in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-SDp109-73">[71]</a> That year he registered Central European Consulting, established to offer business advice in post-communist <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-companyinterests-74">[72]</a> He sold his apartment in <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Gate" title="Notting Hill Gate">Notting Hill Gate</a>, and when he returned to England, he rented a cottage in <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Fitzwarren" title="Stanton Fitzwarren">Stanton Fitzwarren</a>, Swindon, from the <a href="/wiki/Moonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonies">Moonies</a>, and an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Albany_(London)" title="Albany (London)">Albany</a> on <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a>, London, from the Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Alan Clark</a> (it had been Clark's <a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">servants' quarters</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDp109-73">[71]</a> From 1992 to 1995, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, teaching an elementary philosophy course and a graduate course on the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">philosophy of music</a> for one semester a year, as professor of philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>. Two of his books grew out of these courses: Modern Philosophy: A Survey (1994) and The Aesthetics of Music (1997). In 1993 he bought Sundey Hill Farm<a href="#cite_note-77">[c]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brinkworth,_Wiltshire" title="Brinkworth, Wiltshire">Brinkworth, Wiltshire</a>—35 acres later increased to 100, and a 250-year-old farmhouse – where he lived after returning from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams2015-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross1998-79">[76]</a> He called it "Scrutopia".<a href="#cite_note-Adams2015-57">[56]</a> While in Boston, Scruton had flown back to England every weekend to indulge his passion for <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> and it was during a meet of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort%27s_Hunt" title="Duke of Beaufort's Hunt">Beaufort Hunt</a> that he met Sophie Jeffreys, an architectural historian.<a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a> They announced their engagement in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> in September 1996 (Jeffreys was described as "the youngest daughter of the late Lord Jeffreys and of Annie-Lou Lady Jeffreys"),<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> married later that year and set up home on Sunday Hill Farm.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">[14]</a> Their two children were born in 1998 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-about-21">[21]</a> In 1999 they created Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a PR firm that included <a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco_International" title="Japan Tobacco International">Japan Tobacco International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerfield" title="Somerfield">Somerfield</a> as clients.<a href="#cite_note-companyinterests-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horsells-83">[80]</a> Scruton and his publisher were sued for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> that year by the <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a> for suggesting, in his book An Intelligent Person's Guide to Modern Culture (1998), that their songs were in large part the work of <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a>; the group settled for undisclosed damages.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco_company_funding">Tobacco company funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tobacco company funding">edit</a>]</div> Scruton was criticized in 2002 for having written articles about <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> without disclosing that he was receiving a regular fee from Japan Tobacco International (JTI, formerly <a href="/wiki/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" title="R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company">R. J. Reynolds</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gilmore2004-85">[82]</a> In 1999 he and his wife – as part of their consultancy work for Horsell's Farm Enterprises<a href="#cite_note-companyinterests-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scruton28Jan2002-86">[83]</a> – began producing a quarterly briefing paper, The Risk of Freedom Briefing (1999–2007), about the state's control of risk.<a href="#cite_note-riskoffreedom-87">[84]</a> Distributed to journalists, the paper included discussions about drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and was sponsored by JTI.<a href="#cite_note-Scruton28Jan2002-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScrutonDooley2016p141-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Scruton wrote several articles in defence of smoking around this time, including one in 1998 for The Times,<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> three for the Wall Street Journal (two in 1998 and one in 2000),<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> one for <a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a> in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> and a 65-page pamphlet for the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a>, WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national Government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation (2000). The latter criticized the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s campaign against smoking, arguing that transnational bodies should not seek to influence domestic legislation because they are not answerable to the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> The Guardian reported in 2002 that Scruton had been writing about these issues while failing to disclose that he was receiving £54,000 a year from JTI.<a href="#cite_note-Gilmore2004-85">[82]</a> The payments came to light when a September 2001 email from the Scrutons to JTI was leaked to The Guardian. Signed by Scruton's wife, the email asked the company to increase their £4,500 monthly fee to £5,500, in exchange for which Scruton would "aim to place an article every two months" in the Wall Street Journal, Times, Telegraph, Spectator, Financial Times, Economist, Independent, or New Statesman.<a href="#cite_note-Maguire24Jan2002-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilmore2004-85">[82]</a> Scruton, who said the email had been stolen, replied that he had never concealed his connection with JTI.<a href="#cite_note-Scruton28Jan2002-86">[83]</a> In response to The Guardian article, the Financial Times ended his contract as a columnist,<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The Wall Street Journal suspended his contributions,<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> and the Institute for Economic Affairs said it would introduce an author-declaration policy.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a> withdrew from negotiations for a book, and Birkbeck removed his visiting-professor privileges.<a href="#cite_note-ScrutonDooley2016p141-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_the_United_States">Move to the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Move to the United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montpelier_near_Sperryville,_closeup_of_house_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Montpelier_near_Sperryville%2C_closeup_of_house_%28cropped%29.JPG/260px-Montpelier_near_Sperryville%2C_closeup_of_house_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Montpelier_near_Sperryville%2C_closeup_of_house_%28cropped%29.JPG/390px-Montpelier_near_Sperryville%2C_closeup_of_house_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Montpelier_near_Sperryville%2C_closeup_of_house_%28cropped%29.JPG/520px-Montpelier_near_Sperryville%2C_closeup_of_house_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>The Scrutons owned <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Sperryville,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Sperryville, Virginia)">Montpelier</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sperryville,_Virginia" title="Sperryville, Virginia">Sperryville</a>, Virginia, from 2004 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-ScrutonDooley2016p192-100">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> The tobacco controversy damaged Scruton's consultancy business in England. In part because of that, and because the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a> had banned fox hunting in England and Wales, the Scrutons considered moving to the United States permanently, and in 2004 they purchased <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Sperryville,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Sperryville, Virginia)">Montpelier</a>, an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation house</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sperryville,_Virginia" title="Sperryville, Virginia">Sperryville, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016181,_192–193-101">[98]</a> Scruton set up a company, Montpelier Strategy LLC, to promote the house as a venue for weddings and similar events.<a href="#cite_note-companyinterests-74">[72]</a> The couple lived there while retaining Sunday Hill Farm in England, but decided in 2009 against a permanent move to the United States and sold the house.<a href="#cite_note-ScrutonDooley2016p192-100">[97]</a> Scruton held two part-time academic positions during this period. From 2005 to 2009 he was research professor at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Psychological_Sciences" title="Institute for the Psychological Sciences">Institute for the Psychological Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>, a graduate school of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_University" title="Divine Mercy University">Divine Mercy University</a>; and in 2009 he worked at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> in Washington, D.C., where he wrote his book Green Philosophy (2011).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016183-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine,_opera">Wine, opera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wine, opera">edit</a>]</div> From 2001 to 2009 Scruton wrote a wine column for the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, and contributed to <a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Fine_Wine" title="The World of Fine Wine">The World of Fine Wine</a> and Questions of Taste: The Philosophy of Wine (2007), with his essay "The Philosophy of Wine". His book I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine (2009)<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> in part comprises material from his New Statesman column.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Scruton, who was largely self-taught as a composer, composed two operas setting his own <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a>. The first is a one-act chamber piece, The Minister (1994),<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> and the second a two-act opera, <a href="/wiki/Violet_(opera)" title="Violet (opera)">Violet</a> (2005). The latter, based on the life of the British harpsichordist <a href="/wiki/Violet_Gordon-Woodhouse" title="Violet Gordon-Woodhouse">Violet Gordon-Woodhouse</a>, was performed twice at the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Guildhall School of Music">Guildhall School of Music</a> in London in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-about-21">[21]</a> Scruton also wrote the libretto to Anna, a two-act opera by <a href="/wiki/David_Matthews_(composer)" title="David Matthews (composer)">David Matthews</a> which premiered at <a href="/wiki/The_Grange_Festival" title="The Grange Festival">The Grange Festival</a> on 14 July 2023. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_posts,_knighthood">Academic posts, knighthood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Academic posts, knighthood">edit</a>]</div> The Scrutons returned from the United States to live at Sunday Hill Farm in Wiltshire, and Scruton took an unpaid research professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about-21">[21]</a> In January 2010 he began an unpaid three-year visiting professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> to teach graduate classes on aesthetics,<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> and was made a senior research fellow of <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_Oxford" title="Blackfriars, Oxford">Blackfriars Hall</a>, Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> In 2010 he delivered the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> on "The Face of God",<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> and from 2011 until 2014 he held a quarter-time professorial fellowship at St Andrews in moral philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-cv-27">[27]</a> Two novels appeared during this period: <a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground_(Scruton_novel)" title="Notes from Underground (Scruton novel)">Notes from Underground</a> (2014) is based on his experiences in Czechoslovakia,<a href="#cite_note-Derbyshire12Sept2014-71">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Disappeared_(novel)" title="The Disappeared (novel)">The Disappeared</a> (2015) deals with child trafficking in a Yorkshire town.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Scruton was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in the 2016 Birthday Honours for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".<a href="#cite_note-LondonGazette-12">[12]</a> He sat on the editorial board of the <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Aesthetics" title="British Journal of Aesthetics">British Journal of Aesthetics</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> and on the board of visitors of <a href="/wiki/Ralston_College" title="Ralston College">Ralston College</a>, a new college proposed in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and was a senior fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a>, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_Better,_Building_Beautiful_Commission">Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission">edit</a>]</div> In November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government">Communities Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Brokenshire" title="James Brokenshire">James Brokenshire</a> appointed Scruton as unpaid chair of the British government's Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission, established to promote better home design.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> MPs objected because of remarks Scruton had made years earlier: he had described "<a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>" as a "propaganda word", homosexuality as "not normal", lesbianism as an attempt to find "committed love that [a woman] can't get from men any more", and <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">date rape</a> as not a distinct crime. He had also made allegedly conspiratorial remarks about the Jewish businessman <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> In April 2019, an interview of Scruton by <a href="/wiki/George_Eaton_(journalist)" title="George Eaton (journalist)">George Eaton</a> appeared in the New Statesman. To publicise it, Eaton posted edited extracts from the interview on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, of Scruton talking about Soros, Chinese people and Islam, among other topics, and referred to them as "a series of outrageous remarks".<a href="#cite_note-Wilby2May2019-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray27April2019-118">[115]</a> Immediately after the interview and Eaton's posts went online, Scruton began to be criticised by various politicians and journalists; hours later, Brokenshire dismissed Scruton from the Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton10April2019-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> When Scruton's dismissal was announced, Eaton posted a photograph of himself on <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> drinking from a bottle of champagne, captioned, "The feeling when you get right-wing racist and homophobe Roger Scruton sacked as a Tory government adviser".<a href="#cite_note-Murray27April2019-118">[115]</a> The next day, Scruton wrote in The Spectator, "We in Britain are entering a dangerous social condition in which the direct expression of opinions that conflict – or merely seem to conflict – with a narrow set of orthodoxies is instantly punished by a band of self-appointed vigilantes."<a href="#cite_note-Scruton12April2019-121">[118]</a> On 12 April, Eaton apologised for his tweets and the Instagram post but otherwise stood by the interview, but would not release a full recording.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton12April2019-122">[119]</a> On 25 April, Scruton's colleague <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray</a>, who had obtained a full recording of the interview, published details of it in The Spectator, and wrote that Eaton had conducted a "hit job".<a href="#cite_note-Murray27April2019-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCRadio426April2019-124">[121]</a> The audio suggested that both the tweets and Eaton's article had omitted relevant context. For example, Scruton had said: "Anybody who doesn't think that there's a Soros empire in Hungary has not observed the facts", but the article omitted: "it's not necessarily an empire of Jews; that's such nonsense."<a href="#cite_note-NS8July2019-125">[122]</a> Of the Chinese, Eaton tweeted that Scruton had said: "Each Chinese person is a kind of replica of the next one and that is a very frightening thing."<a href="#cite_note-Murray10April2019-126">[123]</a> Eaton's article included more words: "They're creating robots out of their own people ... each Chinese person is a kind of replica ...."<a href="#cite_note-Eaton10April2019-119">[116]</a> The transcript showed the full sentence: "In a sense they're creating robots out of their own people by so constraining what can be done,"<a href="#cite_note-Statesmanfulltranscript-127">[124]</a> which suggested the topic was the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray10April2019-126">[123]</a> In response, the New Statesman published the full transcript.<a href="#cite_note-Statesmanfulltranscript-127">[124]</a> On 2 May, the New Statesman readers' editor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilby" title="Peter Wilby">Peter Wilby</a>, wrote that Eaton's online comments suggested that he had "approached the interview as a political activist, not as a journalist".<a href="#cite_note-Wilby2May2019-117">[114]</a> Two months later, the New Statesman officially apologised.<a href="#cite_note-NS8July2019-125">[122]</a> Several days later, Brokenshire also apologised to Scruton.<a href="#cite_note-Wilby2May2019-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brokenshire13July2019-128">[125]</a> Scruton was re-appointed a week later as co-chair of the commission.<a href="#cite_note-Murray23July2019-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_views">Cultural views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aesthetics">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Guyer" title="Paul Guyer">Paul Guyer</a>, in A History of Modern Aesthetics: The Twentieth Century, "After <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Wollheim</a>, the most significant British aesthetician has been Roger Scruton."<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Scruton was trained in <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, although he was drawn to other traditions. "I remain struck by the thin and withered countenance that philosophy quickly assumes," he wrote in 2012, "when it wanders away from art and literature, and I cannot open a journal like <a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review" title="The Philosophical Review">The Philosophical Review</a> without experiencing an immediate sinking of the heart, like opening a door into a morgue."<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> He specialised in <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> throughout his career. From 1971 to 1992 he taught aesthetics at Birkbeck College. His PhD thesis formed the basis of his first book, Art and Imagination (1974), in which he argued that "what demarcates aesthetic interest from other sorts is that it involves the appreciation of something for its own sake".<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> He subsequently published The Aesthetics of Architecture (1979), The Aesthetic Understanding (1983), The Aesthetics of Music (1997),<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> and Beauty (2010). In 2008 a two-day conference was held at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> to assess his impact in the field,<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> and in 2012 a collection of essays, Scruton's Aesthetics, edited by Andy Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Zangwill" title="Nick Zangwill">Nick Zangwill</a>, was published by Palgrave Macmillan.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Squared" title="Intelligence Squared">Intelligence Squared</a> debate in March 2009, Scruton (seconding historian <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a>) proposed the motion: "Britain has become indifferent to beauty", and held an image of <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_(Botticelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)">The Birth of Venus</a> next to one of the supermodel <a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Later that year he wrote and presented a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> documentary, <a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a>, in which he argued that beauty should be restored to its traditional position in art, architecture and music.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> He wrote that he had received "more than 500 e-mails from viewers, all but one saying, 'Thank Heavens someone is saying what needs to be said.'"<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> In 2018 he argued that a belief in God makes for more beautiful architecture: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Who can doubt, on visiting Venice, that this abundant flower of aesthetic endeavour was rooted in faith and watered by penitential tears? Surely, if we want to build settlements today we should heed the lesson of Venice. We should begin always with an act of consecration, since we thereby put down the real roots of a community.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex">Sex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sex">edit</a>]</div> The philosopher of religion Christopher Hamilton described Scruton's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_Desire_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual Desire (book) (page does not exist)">Sexual Desire</a> (1986) as "the most interesting and insightful philosophical account of sexual desire" produced within <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The book influenced subsequent discussions of sexual ethics.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> (who had reviewed the work in 1986)<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> credited Scruton in 1995 with having provided "the most interesting philosophical attempt as yet to work through the moral issues involved in our treatment of persons as sex partners".<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dollimore" title="Jonathan Dollimore">Jonathan Dollimore</a>, Scruton based a conservative sexual ethic on the Hegelian proposition that "the final end of every rational being is the building of the self", which involves recognizing the other as an end in itself. Scruton argues that the major feature of perversion is "sexual release that avoids or abolishes <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">the other</a>", which he sees as <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dollimore260-148">[145]</a> Nussbaum countered that Scruton did not apply his principle of otherness equally – for example, to sexual relationships between adults and children or between Protestants and Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> In an essay, "Sexual morality and the liberal consensus" (1990), Scruton wrote that <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> leads to the "de-sanctifying of the human body" because the body of the homosexual's lover belongs to the same category as his own.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> He further argued that gay people have no children and consequently no interest in creating a socially stable future. He therefore considered it justified to "instil in our children feelings of revulsion" towards homosexuality,<a href="#cite_note-Stafford1991-151">[148]</a> and in 2007 he challenged the idea that gay people should have the right to adopt.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Scruton told The Guardian in 2010 that he would no longer defend the view that revulsion against homosexuality can be justified.<a href="#cite_note-Edemariam5June2010-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Scruton was an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>. His book Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England (2013) defended the relevance of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> He contends, following <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, that human beings have a transcendental dimension, a sacred core exhibited in their capacity for <a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">self-reflection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> He argues that we are in an era of secularization without precedent in the history of the world; writers and artists such as <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> "devoted much energy to recuperating the experience of the sacred – but as a private rather than a public form of consciousness." Because these thinkers directed their art at the few, he writes, it has never appealed to the many.<a href="#cite_note-Arguments142-155">[152]</a> On the matter of evidence of God's existence, Scruton said: "Rational argument can get us just so far... It can help us to understand the real difference between a faith that commands us to forgive our enemies, and one that commands us to slaughter them. But the leap of faith itself – this placing of your life at God's service – is a leap over reason's edge. This does not make it irrational, any more than falling in love is irrational."<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> But despite claiming that belief alone is sufficiently rational, he advocated a form of the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">argument from beauty</a>: he said that when we take the beauty in the natural world around us as a gift, we are able to openly understand God. The beauty speaks to us, he claims, and from it we can understand God's presence around us.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_2">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Scruton considered that moral education should be "endarkening" as well as "enlightening", with "endarkening" being used as the inverse of "enlightening". "Endarkenment" is Scruton's way of describing the process of socialization through which certain behaviours and choices are closed off and forbidden to the subject, which he considers necessary to curb socially damaging impulses and behaviour:<a href="#cite_note-Stafford1991-151">[148]</a><blockquote>moral education cannot be ... purely enlightened and enlightening ... it cannot be simply a matter of teaching [people] to calculate the long term profit and the loss, while leaving .. desires to develop independently. It must involve an endarkened and endarkening component, by which [people] are taught precisely to cease [their] calculations, to regard certain paths as forbidden, as places where neither profit nor loss has authority.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatism">Conservatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Conservatism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Scruton was best known for his writing in support of conservatism,<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> and his intellectual heroes were <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> His third book, The Meaning of Conservatism (1980) – which he called "a somewhat Hegelian defence of Tory values in the face of their betrayal by the free marketeers"<a href="#cite_note-Scruton2005p51-162">[159]</a> – was responsible, he said, for blighting his academic career.<a href="#cite_note-Edemariam5June2010-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> He supported <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, while remaining sceptical of her view of the market as a solution to everything, but after the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, he thought that she "recognised that the self-identity of the country was at stake, and that its revival was a political task".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnettHickson2013113–114-164">[161]</a> Scruton wrote in Gentle Regrets (2005) that he found several of Burke's arguments in <a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790) persuasive. Although Burke was writing about revolution, not socialism, Scruton was persuaded that, as he put it, the utopian promises of socialism are accompanied by an abstract vision of the mind that bears little relation to the way most people think. Burke also convinced him that there is no direction to history, no moral or spiritual progress; that people think collectively toward a common goal only during crises such as war, and that trying to organize society this way requires a real or imagined enemy; hence, Scruton wrote, the strident tone of socialist literature.<a href="#cite_note-Regretsp40-165">[162]</a> Scruton further argued, following Burke, that society is held together by authority and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, in the sense of the right to obedience, not by the imagined rights of citizens. Obedience, he wrote, is "the prime virtue of political beings, the disposition that makes it possible to govern them, and without which societies crumble into 'the dust and powder of individuality'". Real freedom does not stand in conflict with obedience, but is its other side.<a href="#cite_note-Regretsp40-165">[162]</a> He was also persuaded by Burke's arguments about the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, including that most parties to the contract are either dead or not yet born. To forget this, he wrote – to throw away customs and institutions – is to "place the present members of society in a dictatorial dominance over those who went before, and those who came after them".<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Beliefs that appear to be examples of prejudice may be useful and important, he wrote: "our most necessary beliefs may be both unjustified and unjustifiable, from our own perspective, and the attempt to justify them will merely lead to their loss." A prejudice in favour of <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">modesty</a> in women and <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> in men, for example, may aid the stability of sexual relationships and the raising of children, although these are not offered as reasons in support of the prejudice. It may therefore be easy to show the prejudice as irrational, but there will be a loss nonetheless if it is discarded.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/290px--Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="1186" data-mwtitle="Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton,_November_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton,_November_2015.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm/Nexus_Masterclass_Roger_Scruton%2C_November_2015.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Scruton discussing the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, November 2015</figcaption></figure> In Arguments for Conservatism (2006), Scruton marked out the areas in which philosophical thinking is required if conservatism is to be intellectually persuasive. He argued that human beings are creatures of limited and local affections. Territorial loyalty is at the root of all forms of government where law and liberty reign supreme; every expansion of jurisdiction beyond the frontiers of the nation state leads to a decline in accountability.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> He opposed elevating the "nation" above its people, which would threaten rather than facilitate citizenship and peace. "Conservatism and conservation" are two aspects of a single policy, that of husbanding resources, including the <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> embodied in laws, customs and institutions, and the material capital contained in the environment. He argued further that the law should not be used as a weapon to advance special interests. People impatient for reform – for example in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> – are reluctant to accept what may be "glaringly obvious to others – that the law exists precisely to impede their ambitions".<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Postmodernism">edit</a>]</div> Scruton defines <a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">post-modernism</a> as the claim that there are no grounds for truth, objectivity, and meaning, and that conflicts between views are therefore nothing more than contests of power. Scruton argued that, while the West is required to judge other cultures in their own terms, Western culture is adversely judged as ethnocentric and racist. He wrote: "The very reasoning which sets out to destroy the ideas of objective truth and absolute value imposes political correctness as absolutely binding, and cultural relativism as objectively true."<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism">Feminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Feminism">edit</a>]</div> Scruton was critical of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> movement, while reserving praise for suffragists such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edemariam5June2010-24">[24]</a> However, he praised <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> in 2016, saying that she had "cast an awful lot of light on our literary tradition" by showing the male as the dominant figure, and defended her against criticism for having used the word "sex" to describe the difference between men and women, rather than "gender", which Scruton called "politically correct".<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy">Monarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Monarchy">edit</a>]</div> Scruton was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, arguing it is "the light above politics, which shines down on the human bustle from a calmer and more exalted sphere."<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> In a 1991 column for the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, he argued that monarchy helped create peace in Central Europe and it was "the loss of it that precipitated 70 years of conflict on the Continent."<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Totalitarianism">edit</a>]</div> Scruton defined <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> as the absence of any constraint on central authority, with every aspect of life the concern of government. Advocates of totalitarianism feed on resentment, Scruton argues, and having seized power they proceed to abolish institutions – such as the law, property, and religion – that create authorities: "To the resentful it is these institutions that are the cause of inequality, and therefore the cause of their humiliations and failures." He argues that revolutions are not conducted from below by the people, but from above, in the name of the people, by an aspiring elite.<a href="#cite_note-Arguments142-155">[152]</a> The importance of <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> in totalitarian societies, he writes, is that the power of language to describe reality is replaced by language whose purpose is to avoid encounters with realities. He agrees with <a href="/wiki/Alain_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Alain Besançon">Alain Besançon</a> that the totalitarian society envisaged by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949) can be only understood in theological terms, as a society founded on a transcendental negation. In accordance with <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, Scruton believes that true originality is only possible within a tradition, and that it is precisely in modern conditions – conditions of fragmentation, heresy, and unbelief – that the conservative project acquires its sense.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_independence">English independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: English independence">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, Scruton said he supported <a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">English independence</a> because he believed it would uphold friendship between <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and because the English would have a say in all matters.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> In 2019, when asked if he believed in English independence, he told the New Statesman: <blockquote>No, I don't think I've ever really favoured English independence. My view is that if the Scots want to be independent then we should aim for the same thing ... I don't think the Welsh want independence, the Northern Irish certainly don't. The Scottish desire for independence is, to some extent, a fabrication. They want to identify themselves as Scots but still ... enjoy the subsidy they get from being part of the kingdom. I can see there are Scottish nationalists who envision something more than that, but if that becomes a real political force then yeah, we should try for independence too. As it is, as you know, the Scots have two votes: they can vote for their own parliament and vote to put their people into our parliament, who come to our parliament with no interest in Scotland but an interest in bullying us.<a href="#cite_note-Statesmanfulltranscript-127">[124]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_sovereignty">British sovereignty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: British sovereignty">edit</a>]</div> Scruton strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, because he believed that the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is a threat to the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and that Brexit will help retain national identity, which he saw as under threat as a result of mass immigration, and because he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>. He also opposed the metrification of weights and measures and believed it was an 'affront to the British people, its history and its long established patterns of trade'.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; border-width: 1px; font-size: 95%; color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9; margin–top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em;padding:1.0em"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9; color: #555555;">External image</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surreycomet.co.uk/resources/images/10893520.jpg">Roger Scruton at Buckingham Palace</a> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_(19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_%2819%29.jpg/220px-Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_%2819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_%2819%29.jpg/330px-Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_%2819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_%2819%29.jpg/440px-Edu_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny_%2819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Roger Scruton community place</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png/220px-Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png/330px-Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png/440px-Sir_Roger_Vernon_Scruton_Achievement.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms</figcaption></figure> For his work with the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus_Educational_Foundation" title="Jan Hus Educational Foundation">Jan Hus Educational Foundation</a> in communist <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Scruton was awarded the First of June Prize in 1993 by the Czech city of <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>. In 1998 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, presented him with the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_(Czech_Republic)" title="Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)">Medal of Merit</a> (First Class).<a href="#cite_note-Day1999p281-68">[66]</a> In the UK, he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Birthday_Honours" title="2016 Birthday Honours">2016 Birthday Honours</a> for "services to philosophy, teaching and public education".<a href="#cite_note-LondonGazette-12">[12]</a> His family accompanied him to the ceremony, which was performed by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In 2016 the <a href="/wiki/European_University_of_Tirana" title="European University of Tirana">European University of Tirana</a> awarded him with Doctor Honoris Causa.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Polish President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> presented Scruton with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a> in June 2019 "for supporting the democratic transformation in Poland".<a href="#cite_note-AP4June2019-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> In November that year, the Senate of the Czech Parliament awarded him a Silver Medal for his work in support of Czech dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> The next month, during a ceremony in London, Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> presented him with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Hungarian Order of Merit">Hungarian Order of Merit</a>, Commander's Cross with Star.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_(1994)_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_%281994%29_BAR.svg/45px-CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_%281994%29_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_%281994%29_BAR.svg/68px-CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_%281994%29_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_%281994%29_BAR.svg/90px-CZE_Medaile_Za_zasluhy_1st_%281994%29_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> 1998: First Class of the Medal of Merit of the Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png/45px-Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png/68px-Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png/90px-Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> 2015: Knight Bachelor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png/45px-POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png/68px-POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png/90px-POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> 2019: First Class of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_(civil)_2class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_2class_BAR.svg/45px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_2class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_2class_BAR.svg/68px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_2class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_2class_BAR.svg/90px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_2class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> 2019: Commander's Cross with Star of the Hungarian Order of Merit</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> After learning in July 2019 that he had <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, Scruton underwent treatment, including <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scruton21Dec2019-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-188">[185]</a> He died at <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Hospital" title="Cromwell Hospital">Cromwell Hospital</a> in London on 12 January 2020, at the age of 75.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> The next day, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> tweeted: "We have lost the greatest modern conservative thinker – who not only had the guts to say what he thought but said it beautifully."<a href="#cite_note-Smith14Jan2020-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a>, referred to Scruton's work behind the Iron Curtain: "From his support for freedom fighters in Eastern Europe to his immense intellectual contribution to conservatism in the West, he made a unique contribution to public life."<a href="#cite_note-Smith14Jan2020-190">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote: "[Scruton] was one of the most educated people I have ever met. He could speak of music, literature, archaeology, wine, philosophy, Greece, Rome, the Bible and a thousand subjects more than an expert, although he was not an expert on anything, because, in fact, he was a humanist in the classical style ... Scruton's departure leaves a dreadful void around us."<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Conservative MEP <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a> called Scruton "the greatest conservative of our age", adding: "The country has lost a towering intellect. I have lost a wonderful friend." <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Robert Jenrick</a>, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, said that Scruton's work on "building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand part of his unusually rich legacy".<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> The scholar and former politician <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> described him as a "dear and generous friend, who gave freely to those who sought advice and wisdom, and he expected little in return".<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Another friend and colleague, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray</a>, paid tribute to Scruton's personal kindness, calling him "one of the kindest, most encouraging, thoughtful, and generous people you could ever have known".<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Others who paid tribute to Scruton included education reformer <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Birbalsingh" title="Katharine Birbalsingh">Katharine Birbalsingh</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> and cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, who called Scruton "an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer".<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> In an essay critical of Scruton's philosophy of aesthetics, "The Art of Madness and Mystery", published in Church Life (a journal of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>'s McGrath Institute) shortly after Scruton's death, Michael Shindler wrote that "like the Roman guard who would not abandon his post during the cataclysm of Pompeii, the late Roger Scruton stands in lonesome majesty as the artistic tradition's greatest defender athwart modernity's aesthetic upheaval."<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Scruton's funeral was held on 24 January 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Malmesbury Abbey</a> with the attendance of several peers, Conservative politicians, and Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>. After the ceremony, which was presided by the Reverend Oliver Ross, Scruton's remains were buried in Garsdon churchyard.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton_bibliography" title="Roger Scruton bibliography">Roger Scruton bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> Nonfiction <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/artimaginationst0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:artimaginationst0000scru">Art And Imagination: A Study in the Philosophy of Mind</a> (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974)</li> <li>The Aesthetics of Architecture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/meaningofconserv00scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:meaningofconserv00scru">The Meaning of Conservatism</a> (1980)</li> <li>The Politics of Culture and Other Essays (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1981)<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Modern_Philosophy" title="A Short History of Modern Philosophy">A Short History of Modern Philosophy</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/dictionaryofpoli00scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:dictionaryofpoli00scru">A Dictionary of Political Thought</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/aestheticunderst0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aestheticunderst0000scru">The Aesthetic Understanding: Essays in the Philosophy of Art and Culture</a> (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1983)<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/kantscru00scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:kantscru00scru">Kant</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/untimelytracts0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:untimelytracts0000scru">Untimely Tracts</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinkers_of_the_New_Left" title="Thinkers of the New Left">Thinkers of the New Left</a> (1985)<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_Desire_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual Desire (book) (page does not exist)">Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BC%C4%85danie_(ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka)" class="extiw" title="pl:Pożądanie (książka)">pl</a>] (1986)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/spinoza0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:spinoza0000scru">Spinoza</a> (1986), republished as <a href="//archive.org/details/spinozaveryshort0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:spinozaveryshort0000scru">Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction</a> (2002)</li> <li>A Land Held Hostage: Lebanon and the West (1987)</li> <li>Conservative Thinkers: Essays from The Salisbury Review (1988)</li> <li>Philosopher on Dover Beach: Essays (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1990)<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a></li> <li>Conservative Texts: An Anthology (ed.) (1992)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/modernphilosophy0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:modernphilosophy0000scru">Modern Philosophy: A Survey</a> (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994)<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a></li> <li>The Classical Vernacular: Architectural Principles in an Age of Nihilism (1995)<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a></li> <li>An Intelligent Person's Guide to Philosophy (1996);<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> republished as Philosophy: Principles and Problems (2005)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/aestheticsofmusi0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:aestheticsofmusi0000scru">The Aesthetics of Music</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/onhunting00roge" class="extiw" title="iarchive:onhunting00roge">On Hunting</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/intelligentperso00roge" class="extiw" title="iarchive:intelligentperso00roge">An Intelligent Person's Guide to Modern Culture</a> (1998); republished as Modern Culture (2005)</li> <li>Animal Rights and Wrongs (2000)</li> <li>England: An Elegy (2001)<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a></li> <li>The West and the Rest: Globalisation and the Terrorist Threat (2002)</li> <li>Death-Devoted Heart: Sex and the Sacred in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (Oxford University Press, 2004)</li> <li>News From Somewhere: On Settling (2004)</li> <li>The Need for Nations (2004)</li> <li>Gentle Regrets: Thoughts from a Life (Continuum, 2005)</li> <li>A Political Philosophy: Arguments for Conservatism (2006)</li> <li>Immigration, Multiculturalism and the Need to Defend the Nation State (2006)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/culturecountsfai0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:culturecountsfai0000scru">Culture Counts: Faith and Feeling in a World Besieged</a> (Encounter Books, 2007)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/beautyveryshorti0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:beautyveryshorti0000scru">Beauty</a> (2009)</li> <li>I Drink Therefore I Am: A Philosopher's Guide to Wine (2009)</li> <li>Understanding Music (2009)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/usesofpessimismd0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:usesofpessimismd0000scru">The Uses of Pessimism: And the Danger of False Hope</a> (2010)</li> <li>Liberty and Civilization: The Western Heritage (2010)</li> <li>Green Philosophy: How to Think Seriously About the Planet (2011);<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> revised and republished as <a href="//archive.org/details/howtothinkseriou0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:howtothinkseriou0000scru">How to Think Seriously About the Planet: The Case for an Environmental Conservatism</a> (2012)<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a></li> <li>The Face of God: The Gifford Lectures (2012)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/ourchurchpersona0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ourchurchpersona0000scru">Our Church: A Personal History of the Church of England</a> (2012)<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_the_World" title="The Soul of the World">The Soul of the World</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li>Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left (2015)<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/ringoftruthwisdo0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ringoftruthwisdo0000scru">The Ring of Truth: The Wisdom of Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung</a> (2016)</li> <li>Conversations with Roger Scruton (2016)</li> <li>Where We Are (2017)</li> <li>Confessions of a Heretic: Selected Essays (2016)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/onhumannature0000scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:onhumannature0000scru">On Human Nature</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition</a> (2017)</li> <li>Music as an Art (2018)<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a></li> <li>Wagner's Parsifal: The Music of Redemption (2020)<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a></li> <li>Against the Tide: The best of Roger Scruton's columns, commentaries and criticism (2022)<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a></li></ul> Fiction <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/fortnightsanger00scru" class="extiw" title="iarchive:fortnightsanger00scru">Fortnight's Anger</a> (1981)</li> <li>Francesca (1991)<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a></li> <li>A Dove Descending and Other Stories (1991)</li> <li>Xanthippic Dialogues (1993)</li> <li>Perictione in Colophon: Reflections of the Aesthetic Way of Life (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground_(Scruton_novel)" title="Notes from Underground (Scruton novel)">Notes from Underground</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disappeared_(novel)" title="The Disappeared (novel)">The Disappeared</a> (2015)</li> <li>Souls in the Twilight: Stories of Loss (2018)</li></ul> Opera <ul><li>The Minister (1994).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(opera)" title="Violet (opera)">Violet</a> (2005)</li></ul> Television <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (BBC Two, 2009)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights#Roger_Scruton" title="Animal rights">Animal rights#Roger Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia#Political_usage" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia#Political usage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> The subjects of <a href="/wiki/Thinkers_of_the_New_Left" title="Thinkers of the New Left">Thinkers of the New Left</a> are <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Rudolf Bahro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> "The Continuum International Publishing Group is delighted to announce the acquisition of the small, independent publishing house Claridge Press from its proprietor, the philosopher, Professor Roger Scruton."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Also spelled "Sunday Hill Farm".<a href="#cite_note-Sunday-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Official-76">[74]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/scruton-roger-1944">"Scruton, Roger 1944– | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Scruton%2C+Roger+1944%E2%80%93+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farts%2Feducational-magazines%2Fscruton-roger-1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1980" class="citation news cs1">Ascherson, Neal (6 November 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v02/n21/neal-ascherson/conservatives">"Conservatives"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 02, no. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Conservatives&rft.volume=02&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1980-11-06&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Ascherson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv02%2Fn21%2Fneal-ascherson%2Fconservatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyle1986" class="citation news cs1">Ryle, John (20 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v08/n03/john-ryle/being-on-top">"Being on top"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 08, no. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Being+on+top&rft.volume=08&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1986-02-20&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Ryle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv08%2Fn03%2Fjohn-ryle%2Fbeing-on-top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b037vb15">"Roger Scruton: Of the People, By the People 1/4"</a>. A Point of View. 11 August 2013. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Point+of+View&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb037vb15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowling1990pxxix-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cowling1990pxxix_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cowling1990pxxix_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowling1990" class="citation book cs1">Cowling, Maurice (1990). Mill and Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_RjyJSr_z0C&pg=PR29">xxix</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mill+and+Liberalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xxix&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cowling&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnettHickson2013" class="citation book cs1">Garnett, Mark; Hickson, Kevin (19 July 2013). "7 The traditionalists". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781847792990/9781847792990.xml">Conservative thinkers</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 113–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765%2F9781847792990">10.7765/9781847792990</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-299-0"><bdi>978-1-84779-299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+The+traditionalists&rft.btitle=Conservative+thinkers&rft.pages=113-115&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7765%2F9781847792990&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-299-0&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Hickson%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterhive.com%2Fview%2F9781847792990%2F9781847792990.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ralston.ac/people/sir-roger-v-scruton">"Roger Scruton"</a>. www.ralston.ac. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ralston.ac&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ralston.ac%2Fpeople%2Fsir-roger-v-scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2003" class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcriterion.com/issues/2003/2/why-i-became-a-conservative">"Why I became a conservative"</a>. The New Criterion. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Criterion&rft.atitle=Why+I+became+a+conservative&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewcriterion.com%2Fissues%2F2003%2F2%2Fwhy-i-became-a-conservative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> Watt, Stephen (2005). "Scruton, Roger Vernon (1944–)". In Brown, Stuart (ed.). Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers. Volume 2. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 936–938. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hear2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_O%27Hear" title="Anthony O'Hear">O'Hear, Anthony</a> (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/2740/19-Memoirs-21-Scruton.pdf">"Scruton, Roger, 1944-2020"</a> (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy (XIX): 447–465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Scruton%2C+Roger%2C+1944-2020&rft.issue=XIX&rft.pages=447-465&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=O%27Hear&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2F2740%2F19-Memoirs-21-Scruton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1999" class="citation book cs1">Day, Barbara (1999). The Velvet Philosophers. London: The Claridge Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJNYvDr8YBgC&pg=PA281">281–82</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Velvet+Philosophers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=281-82&rft.pub=The+Claridge+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LondonGazette-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LondonGazette_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonGazette_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonGazette_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette61608" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61608/supplement/B2">"No. 61608"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 11 June 2016. p. B2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+61608&rft.pages=B2&rft.date=2016-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F61608%2Fsupplement%2FB2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/528698/birthday_honours_2016_high_awards_notes.pdf">"The 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours List"</a> (PDF). Gov.uk. 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+2016+Queen%27s+Birthday+Honours+List&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F528698%2Fbirthday_honours_2016_high_awards_notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Cumming, Naomi (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50522">"Scruton, Roger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003921/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50522">Archived</a> 4 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Grove Music Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wroe28Oct2000-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wroe28Oct2000_14-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWroe2000" class="citation news cs1">Wroe, Nicholas (28 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/oct/28/politics">"Thinking for England"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thinking+for+England&rft.date=2000-10-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Wroe&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2000%2Foct%2F28%2Fpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Scruton, Roger (2001). England: An Elegy. London: Pimlico, 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> England: An Elegy, 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Scruton, Roger (2005). Gentle Regrets: Thoughts From a Life. London: Continuum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgtnHZE_6lwC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA11">11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentlep89-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Gentlep89_18-0">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Scruton, Roger (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210343/http://spectator.org/archives/2009/03/10/the-new-humanism">"The New Humanism"</a>. American Spectator. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-about-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_21-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton" class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831023120/http://www.roger-scruton.com/rs-cv.html">"About"</a>. roger-scruton.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-scruton.com/rs-cv.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roger-scruton.com&rft.atitle=About&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-scruton.com%2Frs-cv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> England: An Elegy, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgs.saund.co.uk/pdfs/1962-09-wycombiensian.pdf">"Examination successes, 1961–62"</a> (PDF). The Wycombiensian. Vol. XIII, no. 6. September 1962. 328–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003500/http://www.rgs.saund.co.uk/pdfs/1962-09-wycombiensian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wycombiensian&rft.atitle=Examination+successes%2C+1961%E2%80%9362&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=328-330&rft.date=1962-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgs.saund.co.uk%2Fpdfs%2F1962-09-wycombiensian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edemariam5June2010-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edemariam5June2010_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edemariam5June2010_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edemariam5June2010_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edemariam5June2010_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edemariam5June2010_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdemariam2010" class="citation news cs1">Edemariam, Aida (4 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jun/05/roger-scruton-interview">"Roger Scruton: A pessimist's guide to life"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%3A+A+pessimist%27s+guide+to+life&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Edemariam&rft.aufirst=Aida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2010%2Fjun%2F05%2Froger-scruton-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentlep34-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gentlep34_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gentlep34_25-1">b</a> Gentle Regrets, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Scruton, Roger (2012). "Working toward Art". In Hamilton, Andy; Zangwill, Nick (eds.). Scruton's Aesthetics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-cv-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cv_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cv_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton" class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-scruton.com/about/curriculum-vitae">"Curriculum vitae"</a>. roger-scruton.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410200517/https://www.roger-scruton.com/about/curriculum-vitae">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roger-scruton.com&rft.atitle=Curriculum+vitae&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-scruton.com%2Fabout%2Fcurriculum-vitae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDpp1835-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDpp1835_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDpp1835_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrutonDooley2016" class="citation book cs1">Scruton, Roger; Dooley, Mark (2016). Conversations with Roger Scruton. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 18, 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Roger+Scruton&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=18%2C+35&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Dooley%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "Working toward Art", Scruton's Aesthetics, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 104ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Scruton, Roger (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244964">"Art and imagination, a study in the philosophy of mind"</a> (doctoral thesis). Apollo, University of Cambridge repository. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.15915">10.17863/CAM.15915</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentlep39-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gentlep39_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gentlep39_33-1">b</a> Gentle Regrets, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201641-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201641_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Marriages". The Times. 1 October 1973, issue 58901, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 57; <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 45; <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1March1983-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1March1983_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1March1983_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1March1983_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1March1983_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1983" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Martin (1 March 1983). "The unthinkable men behind Mrs Thatcher". The Guardian. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+unthinkable+men+behind+Mrs+Thatcher&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1983-03-01&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Young, Hugo (2013). One of Us. London: Pan Macmillan, 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Scruton, Roger (1980). The Meaning of Conservatism. London: The Macmillan Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goss2006-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Goss2006_41-0">^</a> Goss, Maxwell (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/ScrutonConservative.php">"The Joy of Conservatism: An Interview with Roger Scruton"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120802/http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/ScrutonConservative.php">Archived</a> 23 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New Pantagruel (courtesy of orthodoxytoday.org). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 51; <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-SDp46-43"><a href="#cite_ref-SDp46_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201639-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201639_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-WWW-45"><a href="#cite_ref-WWW_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U34226">"Scruton, Sir Roger (Vernon), (27 Feb. 1944–12 Jan. 2020), writer and philosopher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Who_Was_Who" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Was Who">Who Was Who</a>. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.atitle=Scruton%2C+Sir+Roger+%28Vernon%29%2C+%2827+Feb.+1944%E2%80%9312+Jan.+2020%29%2C+writer+and+philosopher&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU34226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScrutonSept212002-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonSept212002_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonSept212002_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonSept212002_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2002" class="citation news cs1">Scruton, Roger (21 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/comic/my-life-beyond-the-pale/">"My life beyond the pale"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104340/http://www.spectator.co.uk/comic/my-life-beyond-the-pale/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=My+life+beyond+the+pale&rft.date=2002-09-21&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fcomic%2Fmy-life-beyond-the-pale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Scruton, Roger (1988). Conservative Thoughts: Essays from the Salisbury Review. London: The Claridge Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> For the Peterhouse Right (he calls it the Peterhouse Group) and The Salisbury Review, see Haseler, Stephen (1989). The battle for Britain: Thatcher and the New Liberals. London: I.B. Tauris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vPwkkJUA6IC&pg=PA138">138</a>; Gentle Regrets, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201647-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201647_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201647_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentlep59-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Gentlep59_50-0">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Honeyford, Ray (27 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3654888/Education-and-Race-an-Alternative-View.html">"Education and Race—an Alternative View"</a>, The Daily Telegraph (reprint of Honeyford's 1984 article). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Scruton, Roger (5 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/let-s-face-it-ray-honeyford-got-it-right-on-islam-and-education">"Let's face it – Ray Honeyford got it right on Islam and education"</a>, The Spectator. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9069943/Ray-Honeyford.html">"Ray Honeyford"</a>, The Daily Telegraph, 8 February 2012.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For background on the Honeyford controversy, see Miller, Kathryn (26 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527371/Headteacher-who-never-taught-again-after-daring-to-criticise-multiculturalism.html">"Headteacher who never taught again after daring to criticise multiculturalism"</a>, The Daily Telegraph.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Halstead, Mark (1988). Education, Justice, and Cultural Diversity: An Examination of the Honeyford Affair, 1984–85. Barcombe: Falmer Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930183439/http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/elections/2008/index.cfm">"Elections to the Fellowship 2008"</a>. British Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/elections/2008/index.cfm">the original</a> on 30 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+to+the+Fellowship+2008&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Ffellowship%2Felections%2F2008%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams2015-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams2015_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams2015_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams2015_57-2">c</a> Adams, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/oct/04/roger-scruton-my-father-looked-like-jeremy-corbyn-fools-frauds-firebrands-interview">"Roger Scruton: 'Funnily enough, my father looked very like Jeremy Corbyn'"</a>, The Guardian, 4 October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> "The Claridge Press and Continuum", The Salisbury Review, 21–22, 2002, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709070236/http://www.aei.org/scholar/100052">"Roger Scruton"</a>, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 9 July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStothard2009" class="citation news cs1">Stothard, Peter (29 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715184605/http://timescolumns.typepad.com/stothard/2009/06/michael-jackson-man-of-the-stagnant-crowd-and-two-other-men.html">"Michael Jackson, man of 'the stagnant crowd', and two other men"</a>. The Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timescolumns.typepad.com/stothard/2009/06/michael-jackson-man-of-the-stagnant-crowd-and-two-other-men.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Michael+Jackson%2C+man+of+%27the+stagnant+crowd%27%2C+and+two+other+men&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Stothard&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimescolumns.typepad.com%2Fstothard%2F2009%2F06%2Fmichael-jackson-man-of-the-stagnant-crowd-and-two-other-men.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201651-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley201651_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Scruton, Roger (4 January 1983). <a href="//archive.org/details/NewsUK1983UKEnglish/Jan_04_1983,_The_Times,#61421.2C_UK_.28en.29.2Fpage.2Fn9.2Fmode.2F1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:NewsUK1983UKEnglish/Jan 04 1983, The Times,">"Why politicians are all against real education"</a>. The Times. issue 61421, 10; <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999124ff-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999124ff_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, 124ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Vaughan, David (31 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/en/section/books/roger-scruton-and-a-special-relationship">"Roger Scruton and a special relationship"</a>, Radio Prague. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hanley, Seán (2008). The New Right in the New Europe: Czech Transformation and Right-wing politics, 1989–2006. London: Routledge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKEJDo2smdQC&pg=PA47">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999255-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999255_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-Day1999p281-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day1999p281_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day1999p281_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day1999p281_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, 281–282; Gentle Regrets, 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-AP4June2019-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP4June2019_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP4June2019_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-06-04/poland-bestows-honor-on-british-philosopher">"Poland Bestows Honor on Philosopher Fired by British Govt"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Poland+Bestows+Honor+on+Philosopher+Fired+by+British+Govt&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2019-06-04%2Fpoland-bestows-honor-on-british-philosopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton1987" class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger (18 February 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-05-me-2147-story.html">"The Day of Reckoning for the Apologists: Western collaborators with Soviet communism must be held accountable"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Day+of+Reckoning+for+the+Apologists%3A+Western+collaborators+with+Soviet+communism+must+be+held+accountable&rft.date=1987-02-18&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-09-05-me-2147-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derbyshire12Sept2014-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derbyshire12Sept2014_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derbyshire12Sept2014_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerbyshire2014" class="citation news cs1">Derbyshire, Jonathan (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blogs/jonathan-derbyshire/how-to-be-a-conservative-a-conversation-with-roger-scruton">"How to be a conservative: a conversation with Roger Scruton"</a>. Prospect.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=How+to+be+a+conservative%3A+a+conversation+with+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.aulast=Derbyshire&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fjonathan-derbyshire%2Fhow-to-be-a-conservative-a-conversation-with-roger-scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scruton21Dec2019-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scruton21Dec2019_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scruton21Dec2019_72-1">b</a> Scruton, Roger (21 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/12/roger-scruton-my-2019/">"Roger Scruton: My 2019"</a>. The Spectator. </li> <li id="cite_note-SDp109-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDp109_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDp109_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 109–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-companyinterests-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-companyinterests_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-companyinterests_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-companyinterests_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-companyinterests_74-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton" class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902062543/http://www.roger-scruton.com/rs-business.html">"Company interests"</a>. roger-scruton.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-scruton.com/rs-business.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roger-scruton.com&rft.atitle=Company+interests&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-scruton.com%2Frs-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunday-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Sunday_75-0">^</a> Scruton, Roger (2004). News from Somewhere: On Settling. London: Continuum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NS1kbD85B5wC&pg=PR10">x</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NS1kbD85B5wC&pg=PA175">175</a>, note 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Official-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Official_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horsellsfarment.com/">"Home"</a>. Horsellsfarment.com. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horsellsfarment.com&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsellsfarment.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross1998-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Ross1998_79-0">^</a> Ross, Deborah (13 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/interview-roger-scruton-philosopher-musician-author-scourge-of-the-left-so-where-does-he-keep-his-1191298.html">"Interview: Roger Scruton"</a>. The Independent. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> On Hunting, 1998; <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/NewsUK1996UKEnglish/Sep%2005%201996%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2365677%2C%20UK%20%28en%29#page/n17/mode/2up">"Forthcoming marriages"</a>. The Times. 5 September 1996, issue 65677, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horsells-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Horsells_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horsellsfarment.com/about-us.html">"About us"</a>. Horsell's Farm Enterprises. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608090628/https://horsellsfarment.com/about-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=Horsell%27s+Farm+Enterprises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorsellsfarment.com%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/573718.stm">"Libel damages for Pet Shop Boys"</a>. BBC News, 21 December 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmore2004-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore2004_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore2004_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore2004_85-2">c</a> Gilmore, Anna and McKee, Martin (2004). "Tobacco-control policy in the European Union", in Eric A. Feldman and Ronald Bayer (eds.). Unfiltered: Conflicts over Tobacco Policy and Public Health. Harvard University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyjzNl7CW14C&pg=PA254">254</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scruton28Jan2002-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scruton28Jan2002_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scruton28Jan2002_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scruton28Jan2002_86-2">c</a> Scruton, Roger (28 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/smoking/Story/0,2763,640445,00.html">"A puff for the Scrutons"</a>. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-riskoffreedom-87"><a href="#cite_ref-riskoffreedom_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120114207/http://www.riskoffreedom.com/archive.php">"The Risk of Freedom briefing, April 2000–July 2007"</a>. riskoffreedom.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riskoffreedom.com/archive.php">the original</a> on 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riskoffreedom.com&rft.atitle=The+Risk+of+Freedom+briefing%2C+April+2000%E2%80%93July+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riskoffreedom.com%2Farchive.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScrutonDooley2016p141-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonDooley2016p141_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonDooley2016p141_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 140–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Scruton, Roger (16 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/16th-february-2002/24/smoke-without-fire">"Smoke Without Fire"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714222556/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/16th-february-2002/24/smoke-without-fire">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Smoke+Without+Fire&rft.date=2002-02-16&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F16th-february-2002%2F24%2Fsmoke-without-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Scruton, Roger (19 October 1998). "A Snort of Derision at Society". The Times. issue 66336, 20; Giles, Jim (16 February 2008). "Anti-smoking academics 'funded by tobacco firms'". New Scientist, 197(2643), 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2808%2960385-1">10.1016/S0262-4079(08)60385-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Scruton, Roger (2 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB88619813994295000">"A Mad World Is Assaulting Us Smokers"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Scruton, Roger (9 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/avx29b00/pdf">"Anything Goes—Except Smoking</a>". The Wall Street Journal.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Scruton, Roger (7 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ozj45a99/pdf">"The Risks of being Risk-free"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2001" class="citation news cs1">Scruton, Roger (Winter 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403045221/https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-acceptable-risk-12043.html">"What Is Acceptable Risk?"</a>. City Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-acceptable-risk-12043.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=What+Is+Acceptable+Risk%3F&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2Fwhat-acceptable-risk-12043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2000" class="citation book cs1">Scruton, Roger (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ddc03c00/pdf">WHO, What, and Why: Trans-national government, Legitimacy and the World Health Organisation</a>. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. pp. 1–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-255-36487-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-255-36487-3"><bdi>0-255-36487-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121045549/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ddc03c00/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO%2C+What%2C+and+Why%3A+Trans-national+government%2C+Legitimacy+and+the+World+Health+Organisation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-65&rft.pub=Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2000-05&rft.isbn=0-255-36487-3&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.library.ucsf.edu%2Ftid%2Fddc03c00%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maguire24Jan2002-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Maguire24Jan2002_94-0">^</a> Maguire, Kevin and Borger, Julian (24 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4341924,00.html">"Scruton in media plot to push the sale of cigarettes"</a>. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2002" class="citation news cs1">Stille, Alexander (23 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/arts/think-tank-advocating-tobacco-on-the-payroll-of-tobacco.html">"Advocating Tobacco, On the Payroll Of Tobacco"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143206/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/23/arts/think-tank-advocating-tobacco-on-the-payroll-of-tobacco.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Advocating+Tobacco%2C+On+the+Payroll+Of+Tobacco&rft.date=2002-03-23&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F03%2F23%2Farts%2Fthink-tank-advocating-tobacco-on-the-payroll-of-tobacco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Timmins, Nicholas and Williams, Frances (24 January 2002). "Writer Failed to Declare Tobacco Interest". Financial Times; Maguire, Kevin (25 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/jan/25/advertising1">"Scruton faces sack from FT over tobacco retainer"</a>. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Allison, Rebecca (5 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/feb/05/tobaccoadvertising.internationaleducationnews">"Wall Street Journal drops Scruton over tobacco cash"</a>. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Woolf, Marie (5 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113203759/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/scruton-sacked-by-second-newspaper-for-tobacco-links-659541.html">"Scruton sacked by second newspaper for tobacco links"</a>. The Independent. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKmietowiczFerriman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kmietowicz, Zosia; Ferriman, Annabel (2 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122192">"Pro-tobacco writer admits he should have declared an interest"</a>. BMJ. 324 (7332). 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7332.257">10.1136/bmj.324.7332.257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122192">1122192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11823350">11823350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Pro-tobacco+writer+admits+he+should+have+declared+an+interest&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=7332&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2002-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1122192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11823350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.324.7332.257&rft.aulast=Kmietowicz&rft.aufirst=Zosia&rft.au=Ferriman%2C+Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1122192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScrutonDooley2016p192-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonDooley2016p192_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScrutonDooley2016p192_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 192–193; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207060237/http://web.mac.com/rogerandsophie/iWeb/Site/Welcome.html">"Welcome to Montpelier in Rappahannock County, Virginia"</a>. web.mac.com/rogerandsophie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mac.com/rogerandsophie/iWeb/Site/Welcome.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.mac.com%2Frogerandsophie&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Montpelier+in+Rappahannock+County%2C+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mac.com%2Frogerandsophie%2FiWeb%2FSite%2FWelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016181,_192–193-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016181,_192–193_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 181, 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016183-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrutonDooley2016183_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScrutonDooley2016">Scruton & Dooley 2016</a>, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2011" class="citation journal cs1">Crane, Tim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timcrane.com/uploads/2/5/2/4/25243881/scruton_review_published.pdf">"Review of I Drink therefore I am A Philosopher's Guide to Wine"</a> (PDF). Philosophy. 86 (335): 138–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819110000690">10.1017/S0031819110000690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8191">0031-8191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23014777">23014777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233320748">233320748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Review+of+I+Drink+therefore+I+am+A+Philosopher%27s+Guide+to+Wine&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=335&rft.pages=138-142&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0031-8191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233320748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23014777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819110000690&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timcrane.com%2Fuploads%2F2%2F5%2F2%2F4%2F25243881%2Fscruton_review_published.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2009" class="citation news cs1">Quinn, Anthony (20 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/dec/20/drink-therefore-am-roger-scruton">"I Drink Therefore I Am by Roger Scruton"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+Drink+Therefore+I+Am+by+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2Fdec%2F20%2Fdrink-therefore-am-roger-scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083059/http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/roger_scruton">"Roger Scruton"</a>. New Statesman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/roger_scruton">the original</a> on 20 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fwriters%2Froger_scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Scruton, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2144/14498">"The Minister. A one-act opera in six scenes"</a>, OpenBU, Boston University Libraries. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210020635/http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/news__events/older_news/-_title_of_visiting_professor_conferred_on_roger_scruton">"Title of Visiting Professor conferred on Roger Scruton"</a>. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/news__events/older_news/-_title_of_visiting_professor_conferred_on_roger_scruton">the original</a> on 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+of+Visiting+Professor+conferred+on+Roger+Scruton&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophy.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews__events%2Folder_news%2F-_title_of_visiting_professor_conferred_on_roger_scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013065452/https://www.bfriars.ox.ac.uk/people/roger-scruton/">"Prof Sir Roger Scruton"</a>. Blackfriars, Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfriars.ox.ac.uk/p">the original</a> on 13 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof+Sir+Roger+Scruton&rft.pub=Blackfriars%2C+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfriars.ox.ac.uk%2Fp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/face-god">"The Face of God"</a>. University of St Andrews Gifford Lectures, 2010.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/listen-to-the-2010-lectures/">"2010 Gifford lectures"</a>, University of St Andrews Gifford Lectures. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophy/news/?newsid=130">"Roger Scruton appointed as quarter-time professorial fellow"</a>, School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film Studies, University of St Andrews, accessed 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Murray, Douglas (4 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/-the-truth-is-hard-an-interview-with-roger-scruton/">"'The truth is hard': an interview with Roger Scruton"</a>, The Spectator. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307202858/http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/aesthj/editorial_board.html">"Editorial board"</a>, British Journal of Aesthetics, accessed 6 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ralston.ac/people">"Board of Visitors"</a>. Ralston College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200116170112/https://www.ralston.ac/people">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Visitors&rft.pub=Ralston+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ralston.ac%2Fpeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eppc.org/author/roger_scruton/">"Roger Scruton"</a>. Ethics and Public Policy Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071108/https://eppc.org/author/roger_scruton/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Scruton&rft.pub=Ethics+and+Public+Policy+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feppc.org%2Fauthor%2Froger_scruton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2018" class="citation news cs1">Waite, Richard (5 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/traditionalist-roger-scruton-to-chair-governments-new-beauty-watchdog/10036850.article">"Traditionalist Roger Scruton to chair government's new 'beauty' watchdog"</a>. Architects Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architects+Journal&rft.atitle=Traditionalist+Roger+Scruton+to+chair+government%27s+new+%27beauty%27+watchdog&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectsjournal.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftraditionalist-roger-scruton-to-chair-governments-new-beauty-watchdog%2F10036850.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46128371">"Academic Scruton's housing role defended"</a>. BBC News. 12 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Academic+Scruton%27s+housing+role+defended&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-46128371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Moore, Rowan (25 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/nov/25/would-you-trust-roger-scruton-to-design-your-new-home-commission-building-better-building-beautiful">"Would you trust Roger Scruton to design your new home?"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Would+you+trust+Roger+Scruton+to+design+your+new+home%3F&rft.date=2018-11-25&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2018%2Fnov%2F25%2Fwould-you-trust-roger-scruton-to-design-your-new-home-commission-building-better-building-beautiful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilby2May2019-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilby2May2019_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilby2May2019_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilby2May2019_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilby2019" class="citation news cs1">Wilby, Peter (2 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/scruton-affair">"The Scruton Affair"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502191020/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/scruton-affair">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Scruton+Affair&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Wilby&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fuk%2F2019%2F05%2Fscruton-affair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray27April2019-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray27April2019_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray27April2019_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray27April2019_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2019" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Douglas (27 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/04/the-scruton-tapes-an-anatomy-of-a-modern-hit-job/">"The Scruton tapes: an anatomy of a modern hit job"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425093105/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/04/the-scruton-tapes-an-anatomy-of-a-modern-hit-job/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Scruton+tapes%3A+an+anatomy+of+a+modern+hit+job&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2019%2F04%2Fthe-scruton-tapes-an-anatomy-of-a-modern-hit-job%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton10April2019-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton10April2019_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton10April2019_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation news cs1">Eaton, George (10 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/04/roger-scruton-cameron-s-resignation-was-death-knell-conservative-party">"Roger Scruton: 'Cameron's resignation was the death knell of the Conservative Party'"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190410114310/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/04/roger-scruton-cameron-s-resignation-was-death-knell-conservative-party">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%3A+%27Cameron%27s+resignation+was+the+death+knell+of+the+Conservative+Party%27&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fuk%2F2019%2F04%2Froger-scruton-cameron-s-resignation-was-death-knell-conservative-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2019" class="citation news cs1">Maguire, Patrick (10 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/04/james-brokenshire-sacks-roger-scruton-government-housing-tsar">"James Brokenshire sacks Roger Scruton as government housing tsar"</a>. New Statesman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=James+Brokenshire+sacks+Roger+Scruton+as+government+housing+tsar&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fuk%2F2019%2F04%2Fjames-brokenshire-sacks-roger-scruton-government-housing-tsar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47880669">"Academic Scruton sacked from housing role"</a>. BBC News. 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Academic+Scruton+sacked+from+housing+role&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-47880669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scruton12April2019-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Scruton12April2019_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2019" class="citation news cs1">Scruton, Roger (11 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.us/roger-scruton-apology-thinking/">"Roger Scruton: An apology for thinking"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190412064550/https://spectator.us/roger-scruton-apology-thinking/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%3A+An+apology+for+thinking&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.us%2Froger-scruton-apology-thinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton12April2019-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Eaton12April2019_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation news cs1">Eaton, George (12 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/2019/04/my-interview-roger-scruton">"On my interview with Roger Scruton"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413001340/https://www.newstatesman.com/2019/04/my-interview-roger-scruton">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=On+my+interview+with+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F2019%2F04%2Fmy-interview-roger-scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson2019" class="citation news cs1">Waterson, Jim (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/apr/25/new-statesman-investigates-how-rival-spectator-obtained-interview-tape">"New Statesman and Spectator in dirty tricks row over Scruton tape"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Statesman+and+Spectator+in+dirty+tricks+row+over+Scruton+tape&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Waterson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2019%2Fapr%2F25%2Fnew-statesman-investigates-how-rival-spectator-obtained-interview-tape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCRadio426April2019-124"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCRadio426April2019_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Atbg6UoI0is">"BBC Today Programme 26/4/19"</a>. Roger Scruton Official, YouTube. 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Today+Programme+26%2F4%2F19&rft.pub=Roger+Scruton+Official%2C+YouTube&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAtbg6UoI0is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS8July2019-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS8July2019_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS8July2019_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/media/2019/07/sir-roger-scruton">"Sir Roger Scruton"</a>. New Statesman. 8 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709033111/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/media/2019/07/sir-roger-scruton">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Sir+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fmedia%2F2019%2F07%2Fsir-roger-scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray10April2019-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray10April2019_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray10April2019_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2019" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Douglas (10 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/04/roger-scrutons-sacking-exposes-the-tories-cowardice/">"Roger Scruton's sacking exposes the Tories' cowardice"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410212902/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/04/roger-scrutons-sacking-exposes-the-tories-cowardice/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%27s+sacking+exposes+the+Tories%27+cowardice&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2019%2F04%2Froger-scrutons-sacking-exposes-the-tories-cowardice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statesmanfulltranscript-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statesmanfulltranscript_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statesmanfulltranscript_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statesmanfulltranscript_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/04/roger-scruton-interview-full-transcript">"The Roger Scruton interview: the full transcript"</a>. New Statesman. 26 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190427170229/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/04/roger-scruton-interview-full-transcript">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Roger+Scruton+interview%3A+the+full+transcript&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fuk%2F2019%2F04%2Froger-scruton-interview-full-transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brokenshire13July2019-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Brokenshire13July2019_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrokenshire2019" class="citation news cs1">Brokenshire, James (13 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714132353/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/07/full-letter-james-brokenshire-apologises-to-roger-scruton/">"Full letter: James Brokenshire apologises to Roger Scruton"</a>. The Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/07/full-letter-james-brokenshire-apologises-to-roger-scruton/">the original</a> on 14 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Full+letter%3A+James+Brokenshire+apologises+to+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft.aulast=Brokenshire&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2019%2F07%2Ffull-letter-james-brokenshire-apologises-to-roger-scruton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray23July2019-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray23July2019_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2019" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Douglas (23 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723163111/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/07/roger-scruton-gets-his-job-back/">"Roger Scruton gets his job back"</a>. The Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/07/roger-scruton-gets-his-job-back/">the original</a> on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton+gets+his+job+back&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2019%2F07%2Froger-scruton-gets-his-job-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Guyer, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ2NmgEACAAJ">A History of Modern Aesthetics: The twentieth century</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107038059" title="Special:BookSources/9781107038059"><bdi>9781107038059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Aesthetics%3A+The+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107038059&rft.aulast=Guyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZ2NmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Scruton, Roger (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-scruton.com/articles/284-confessions-of-a-sceptical-francophile">"Confessions of a Sceptical Francophile"</a>. Philosophy. 87 (4): 477–495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819112000368">10.1017/S0031819112000368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170134935">170134935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Confessions+of+a+Sceptical+Francophile&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-495&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819112000368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170134935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-scruton.com%2Farticles%2F284-confessions-of-a-sceptical-francophile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Todd2004" class="citation journal cs1">Samuel Todd, Cain (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjaesthetics.org/index.php/pjaesthetics/article/view/12/11">"Imagination, Attitude and Experience in Aesthetic Judgement"</a>. Postgraduate Journal of Aesthetics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Journal+of+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=Imagination%2C+Attitude+and+Experience+in+Aesthetic+Judgement&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Samuel+Todd&rft.aufirst=Cain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjaesthetics.org%2Findex.php%2Fpjaesthetics%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> "Working toward Art", Scruton's Aesthetics, 2–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/philosophy/events/conferences/scrutonaesthetics/">"Scruton's Aesthetics"</a>. Department of Philosophy, Durham University, 6 November 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Huddleston, Andrew (8 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/bjaesthetics/article-abstract/54/1/104/124124">"Scruton's Aesthetics"</a>. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 54(1), January 2014, 104–107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesthj%2Fayt019">10.1093/aesthj/ayt019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Bayley, Stephen (22 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/22/national-trust-intelligence-squad">"Has Britain become indifferent to beauty?</a>. The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p6tsd">"Why Beauty Matters"</a>. BBC Two. 28 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Beauty+Matters&rft.pub=BBC+Two&rft.date=2009-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00p6tsd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2010" class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519110549/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/17/on-defending-beauty">"On Defending Beauty"</a>. The American Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectator.org/archives/2010/05/17/on-defending-beauty">the original</a> on 19 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=On+Defending+Beauty&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2Farchives%2F2010%2F05%2F17%2Fon-defending-beauty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Scruton, Roger (Autumn 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plough.com/en/topics/culture/art/the-beauty-of-belonging">"The Beauty of Belonging"</a>. Plough Quarterly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plough+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Beauty+of+Belonging&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plough.com%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fculture%2Fart%2Fthe-beauty-of-belonging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2018" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Francis (7 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2018/11/17/only-religion-could-have-inspired-the-beauties-of-venice/">"Only religion could have inspired the beauties of Venice"</a>. Catholic Herald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Only+religion+could+have+inspired+the+beauties+of+Venice&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fcommentandblogs%2F2018%2F11%2F17%2Fonly-religion-could-have-inspired-the-beauties-of-venice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Christopher (2008). Soble, Alan; Power, Nicholas P. (eds.). The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings (5th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74254798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74254798-8"><bdi>978-0-74254798-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Sex%3A+Contemporary+Readings&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-74254798-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnhill2012" class="citation book cs1">Barnhill, Anne (2012). Crasnow, Sharon L.; Superson, Anita M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outfromshadowsan0000unse/page/115">Out from the Shadows: Analytical Feminist Contributions to Traditional Philosophy</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outfromshadowsan0000unse/page/115">115–116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19985547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19985547-6"><bdi>978-0-19985547-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+from+the+Shadows%3A+Analytical+Feminist+Contributions+to+Traditional+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19985547-6&rft.aulast=Barnhill&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutfromshadowsan0000unse%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaxton2015" class="citation book cs1">Plaxton, Michael (2015). Implied Consent and Sexual Assault: Intimate Relationships, Autonomy, and Voice. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. 221, 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77354620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77354620-2"><bdi>978-0-77354620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implied+Consent+and+Sexual+Assault%3A+Intimate+Relationships%2C+Autonomy%2C+and+Voice&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=221%2C+223&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-77354620-2&rft.aulast=Plaxton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanaway1995" class="citation book cs1">Janaway, Christopher (1995). Honderich, Ted (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/816">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/816">816</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0"><bdi>978-0-19-866132-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=816&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866132-0&rft.aulast=Janaway&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hond%2Fpage%2F816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum1986" class="citation news cs1">Nussbaum, Martha C. (18 December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210508133824/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/12/18/sex-in-the-head/">"Sex in the Head | Martha C. Nussbaum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Review">The New York Review</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/12/18/sex-in-the-head/">the original</a> on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review&rft.atitle=Sex+in+the+Head+%7C+Martha+C.+Nussbaum&rft.date=1986-12-18&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Martha+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1986%2F12%2F18%2Fsex-in-the-head%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum, Martha</a> (2002). "Objectification". In Soble, Alan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofsexc0000unse_r6a0">The Philosophy of Sex, Contemporary Readings</a> (4th ed.). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8481-6"><bdi>978-0-8476-8481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Objectification&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Sex%2C+Contemporary+Readings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=391&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8481-6&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyofsexc0000unse_r6a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum1995" class="citation journal cs1">Nussbaum, Martha C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/mprg/nussbaumO.pdf">"Objectification"</a> (PDF). Philosophy & Public Affairs. 24 (4): 261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x">10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3915">0048-3915</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2961930">2961930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Objectification&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0048-3915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2961930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Martha+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mit.edu%2F~shaslang%2Fmprg%2FnussbaumO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollimore260-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Dollimore260_148-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dollimore,_Jonathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollimore, Jonathan">Dollimore, Jonathan</a> (1991). Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault. Oxford University Press, 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Nussbaum, Martha C. (10 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/69203/the-passion-fashion">"The Passion Fashion"</a>. The New Republic. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Passion+Fashion&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Martha+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F69203%2Fthe-passion-fashion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Scruton, Roger (1990). The Philosopher on Dover Beach. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford1991-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford1991_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford1991_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford1991" class="citation journal cs1">Stafford, J. Martin (1 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372432">"The two minds of Roger Scruton"</a>. Studies in Philosophy and Education. 11 (2): 187–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00372432">10.1007/BF00372432</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-191X">1573-191X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144311460">144311460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philosophy+and+Education&rft.atitle=The+two+minds+of+Roger+Scruton&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-193&rft.date=1991-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144311460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-191X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00372432&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=J.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF00372432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Scruton, Roger (28 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3636798/This-right-for-gays-is-an-injustice-to-children.html">"This 'right' for gays is an injustice to children"</a>, The Daily Telegraph. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/19/our-church-roger-scruton-review">"Our Church by Roger Scruton – review"</a>. The Guardian. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Our+Church+by+Roger+Scruton+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fjun%2F19%2Four-church-roger-scruton-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Dooley, Mark (2009). Roger Scruton: The Philosopher on Dover Beach. London: Continuum, 12, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arguments142-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arguments142_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arguments142_155-1">b</a> Arguments for Conservatism, 142–43, 146–47, 150–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702045802/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0078.html">"Science"</a>. Catholic education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0078.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+education&rft.atitle=Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Fscience%2Fsc0078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon2012" class="citation news cs1">Vernon, Mark (17 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/17/roger-scruton-kindly-atheists">"Roger Scruton and the kindly atheists"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton+and+the+kindly+atheists&rft.date=2012-03-17&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fmar%2F17%2Froger-scruton-kindly-atheists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Ireland, Paddy (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7dea94a922ee0a9c11e3c5bcb94c6965c529bff0">"Endarkening the Mind: Roger Scruton and the Power of Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_%26_Legal_Studies" title="Social & Legal Studies">Social & Legal Studies</a>. 6 (1): p.61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096466399700600103">10.1177/096466399700600103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0964-6639">0964-6639</a>, attributed to: Scruton, Roger (1990b) The Philosopher on Dover Beach. Manchester: Carcanet. p.271 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Crane" title="Tim Crane">Crane, Tim</a> (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410192647/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/roger-scruton-my-2019">"Roger Scruton, 1944–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/roger-scruton-1944-2020-tim-crane/">the original</a> on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Literary+Supplement&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%2C+1944%E2%80%932020&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Farticles%2Froger-scruton-1944-2020-tim-crane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210508222721/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/04/21/enemies-of-roger-scruton/">"The Enemies of Roger Scruton | Samuel Freeman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Review">The New York Review</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/04/21/enemies-of-roger-scruton/">the original</a> on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review&rft.atitle=The+Enemies+of+Roger+Scruton+%7C+Samuel+Freeman&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F04%2F21%2Fenemies-of-roger-scruton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2010" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, Mark (6 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ1GSCy-YX8C&pg=PR12">"Introduction: A Philosophy of Love"</a>. In Dooley, Mark (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lP-Hc7EoJUIC&q=The+Roger+Scruton+Reader">The Roger Scruton Reader</a>. Scruton. Roger. A&C Black. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7029-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7029-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-7029-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+A+Philosophy+of+Love&rft.btitle=The+Roger+Scruton+Reader&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7029-3&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQ1GSCy-YX8C%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scruton2005p51-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Scruton2005p51_162-0">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2014" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Jesse (27 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/09/how-to-be-a-conservative-by-roger-scruton-book-review/">"Passion, authority and the odd mini-rant: Scruton's conservative vision"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312211203/http://www.spectator.co.uk:80/2014/09/how-to-be-a-conservative-by-roger-scruton-book-review/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Passion%2C+authority+and+the+odd+mini-rant%3A+Scruton%27s+conservative+vision&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2014%2F09%2Fhow-to-be-a-conservative-by-roger-scruton-book-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnettHickson2013113–114-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnettHickson2013113–114_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarnettHickson2013">Garnett & Hickson 2013</a>, 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-Regretsp40-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regretsp40_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regretsp40_165-1">b</a> Gentle Regrets, 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Gentle Regrets, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Scruton, Roger (2006). A Political Philosophy: Arguments for Conservatism. London: Bloomsbury, 3, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Arguments for Conservatism, 15, 34, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Arguments for Conservatism, 106, 115, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanish_Free_Press_Society2016" class="citation web cs1">Danish Free Press Society (14 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm8e41sKUZE&t=29m43s">"Roger Scruton's speech in Copenhagen, 14 May 2016"</a>. Free Press – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Scruton%27s+speech+in+Copenhagen%2C+14+May+2016&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft.au=Danish+Free+Press+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dqm8e41sKUZE%26t%3D29m43s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-this-the-end-of-the-house-of-sussex-">"'Is this the end of the House of Sussex?' by Peter Hunt"</a>. The Spectator. 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=%27Is+this+the+end+of+the+House+of+Sussex%3F%27+by+Peter+Hunt&rft.date=2020-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fis-this-the-end-of-the-house-of-sussex-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-16-op-1275-story.html">"'A Focus of Loyalty Higher Than the State : The monarchy created peace in Central Europe, and its loss precipitated 70 years of conflict.' by Roger Scruton"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 16 June 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27A+Focus+of+Loyalty+Higher+Than+the+State+%3A+The+monarchy+created+peace+in+Central+Europe%2C+and+its+loss+precipitated+70+years+of+conflict.%27+by+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=1991-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-06-16-op-1275-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Arguments for Conservatism, 162–163, 182, 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26173128">"A Point of View: Should the English have a say on Scottish independence?"</a>. BBC News. 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+Point+of+View%3A+Should+the+English+have+a+say+on+Scottish+independence%3F&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26173128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b07ldrbk">"A Point of View - After the Vote - Democracy After Brexit - Democracy After Brexit - BBC Sounds"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+Point+of+View+-+After+the+Vote+-+Democracy+After+Brexit+-+Democracy+After+Brexit+-+BBC+Sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsounds%2Fplay%2Fb07ldrbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-scruton.com/articles/482-brexit-will-restore-a-proper-sense-of-patriotism-the-times-comment-17-nov-17">"'Brexit will restore a proper sense of patriotism'. The Times Comment - 17 Nov 17 - Sir Roger Scruton"</a>. Roger-scruton.com. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger-scruton.com&rft.atitle=%27Brexit+will+restore+a+proper+sense+of+patriotism%27.+The+Times+Comment+-+17+Nov+17+-+Sir+Roger+Scruton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-scruton.com%2Farticles%2F482-brexit-will-restore-a-proper-sense-of-patriotism-the-times-comment-17-nov-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806231033/https://life.spectator.co.uk/articles/brexit-will-give-us-back-the-countryside-as-well-as-our-country/">"Brexit will give us back the countryside, as well as our country | Spectator Life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://life.spectator.co.uk/articles/brexit-will-give-us-back-the-countryside-as-well-as-our-country/">the original</a> on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brexit+will+give+us+back+the+countryside%2C+as+well+as+our+country+%26%23124%3B+Spectator+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flife.spectator.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fbrexit-will-give-us-back-the-countryside-as-well-as-our-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904125751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=niaC3UESpd4&gl=US&hl=en">"Brexit: Yes or No? | Roger Scruton - YouTube"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=niaC3UESpd4">the original</a> on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+Yes+or+No%3F+%26%23124%3B+Roger+Scruton+-+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DniaC3UESpd4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2016/06/sir-roger-scruton-on-brexit.php">"Sir Roger Scruton on Brexit"</a>. 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Roger+Scruton+on+Brexit&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerlineblog.com%2Farchives%2F2016%2F06%2Fsir-roger-scruton-on-brexit.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07ldrbk">"BBC Radio 4 - A Point of View, After the Vote, Democracy After Brexit"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+4+-+A+Point+of+View%2C+After+the+Vote%2C+Democracy+After+Brexit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb07ldrbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surreycomet.co.uk/uk_national_news/18155372.tributes-paid-unusually-rich-legacy-philosopher-sir-roger-scruton/">"Tributes paid to 'unusually rich legacy' of philosopher Sir Roger Scruton"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129105320/https://www.surreycomet.co.uk/uk_national_news/18155372.tributes-paid-unusually-rich-legacy-philosopher-sir-roger-scruton/">Archived</a> 29 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Press Association, Surrey Comet, 12 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uet.edu.al/kur-uet-nderonte-filozofin-scruton-me-titullin-honorius-causa/">"Kur UET nderonte filozofin Scruton me titullin "Honorius Causa""</a>. European University of Tirana. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+University+of+Tirana&rft.atitle=Kur+UET+nderonte+filozofin+Scruton+me+titullin+%22Honorius+Causa%22&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuet.edu.al%2Fkur-uet-nderonte-filozofin-scruton-me-titullin-honorius-causa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Weinberg, Justin (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailynous.com/2019/06/04/scruton-honored-polish-government/">"Scruton Honored by Polish Government"</a>. Daily Nous. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Lazarová, Daniela (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/british-philosopher-roger-scruton-to-receive-senates-silver-medal-award">"British philosopher Roger Scruton to receive Senate's Silver Medal award"</a>. Radio Prague International.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Dreher, Rod (16 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/roger-scruton-in-his-glory/">"Roger Scruton In His Glory"</a>. The American Conservative. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-lauds-sir-roger-scruton-loyal-friend-of-freedom-loving-hungarians/">"Orbán Lauds Sir Roger Scruton, 'Loyal Friend of Freedom-loving Hungarians"</a>. Hungary Today. 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungary+Today&rft.atitle=Orb%C3%A1n+Lauds+Sir+Roger+Scruton%2C+%27Loyal+Friend+of+Freedom-loving+Hungarians&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarytoday.hu%2Forban-lauds-sir-roger-scruton-loyal-friend-of-freedom-loving-hungarians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kozlonyok.hu/nkonline/MKPDF/hiteles/MK19183.pdf">"Magyar Közlöny"</a> (PDF). p. 7598. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magyar+K%C3%B6zl%C3%B6ny&rft.pages=7598&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kozlonyok.hu%2Fnkonline%2FMKPDF%2Fhiteles%2FMK19183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffer2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heffer, Simon (2024). "Scruton, Sir Roger Vernon (1944–2020), philosopher and writer". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.90000381699">10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000381699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scruton%2C+Sir+Roger+Vernon+%281944%E2%80%932020%29%2C+philosopher+and+writer&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.90000381699&rft.aulast=Heffer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51084248">"Roger Scruton: Conservative thinker dies at 75"</a>. BBC News, 12 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14Jan2020-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith14Jan2020_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith14Jan2020_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Harrison (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/roger-scruton-british-philosopher-and-conservative-lightning-rod-dies-at-75/2020/01/13/44b8f7d8-3615-11ea-bb7b-265f4554af6d_story.html">"Roger Scruton, British philosopher and conservative lightning rod, dies at 75"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200114122826/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/roger-scruton-british-philosopher-and-conservative-lightning-rod-dies-at-75/2020/01/13/44b8f7d8-3615-11ea-bb7b-265f4554af6d_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%2C+British+philosopher+and+conservative+lightning+rod%2C+dies+at+75&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Froger-scruton-british-philosopher-and-conservative-lightning-rod-dies-at-75%2F2020%2F01%2F13%2F44b8f7d8-3615-11ea-bb7b-265f4554af6d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Cowell, Alan (16 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/books/roger-scruton-dead.html">"Roger Scruton, a Provocative Public Intellectual, Dies at 75"</a>. The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Vargas_Llosa" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,elogio-a-um-reacionario,70003164392">"Elogio a um Reacionário"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo" title="O Estado de S. Paulo">O Estado de S. Paulo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elogio+a+um+Reacion%C3%A1rio&rft.pub=O+Estado+de+S.+Paulo&rft.au=Mario+Vargas+Llosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternacional.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fgeral%2Celogio-a-um-reacionario%2C70003164392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/jan/12/sir-roger-scruton-conservative-philosopher-dies-aged-75">"Sir Roger Scruton, conservative philosopher, dies at 75"</a>. The Guardian. 12 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Roger+Scruton%2C+conservative+philosopher%2C+dies+at+75&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2020%2Fjan%2F12%2Fsir-roger-scruton-conservative-philosopher-dies-aged-75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2020/01/a-perfect-knight-remembering-roger-scruton/">"'A perfect knight': Remembering Roger Scruton"</a>. The Spectator. 18 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200116091819/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2020/01/a-perfect-knight-remembering-roger-scruton/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=%27A+perfect+knight%27%3A+Remembering+Roger+Scruton&rft.date=2020-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2020%2F01%2Fa-perfect-knight-remembering-roger-scruton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray, Douglas</a> (12 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114232048/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2020/01/roger-scruton-a-man-who-seemed-bigger-than-the-age/">"Roger Scruton: A man who seemed bigger than the age"</a>. The Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2020/01/roger-scruton-a-man-who-seemed-bigger-than-the-age">the original</a> on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton%3A+A+man+who+seemed+bigger+than+the+age&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2020%2F01%2Froger-scruton-a-man-who-seemed-bigger-than-the-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatharine_Birbalsingh2020" class="citation web cs1">Katharine Birbalsingh [@Miss_Snuffy] (12 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Miss_Snuffy/status/1216433871228690432">"I can't believe Roger Scruton is dead. I'm a fan girl. Used to read him at university & understand little. Then some years ago I met him! I told him that him coming to Michaela would be better than Brad Pitt. He said how could he possibly turn down such a charming request 😆"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+can%27t+believe+Roger+Scruton+is+dead.+I%27m+a+fan+girl.+Used+to+read+him+at+university+%26+understand+little.+Then+some+years+ago+I+met+him%21+I+told+him+that+him+coming+to+Michaela+would+be+better+than+Brad+Pitt.+He+said+how+could+he+possibly+turn+down+such+a+charming+request+%F0%9F%98%86&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft.au=Katharine+Birbalsingh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FMiss_Snuffy%2Fstatus%2F1216433871228690432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Gove2020" class="citation web cs1">Michael Gove [@michaelgove] (12 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/michaelgove/status/1216467691613061122">"It is indescribably sad that we have lost Roger. He was an enormously kind friend, an intellectual giant, a brilliantly clear and compelling writer, a beacon. Words cannot do justice to a man who used them so wonderfully and well"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214233538/https://twitter.com/michaelgove/status/1216467691613061122">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+is+indescribably+sad+that+we+have+lost+Roger.+He+was+an+enormously+kind+friend%2C+an+intellectual+giant%2C+a+brilliantly+clear+and+compelling+writer%2C+a+beacon.+Words+cannot+do+justice+to+a+man+who+used+them+so+wonderfully+and+well&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft.au=Michael+Gove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fmichaelgove%2Fstatus%2F1216467691613061122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShindler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shindler, Michael (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/an-intelligent-persons-guide-to-contemporary-art-appreciation/">"The Art of Madness and Mystery"</a>. Church Life Journal. The McGrath Institute for Church Life, University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Life+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Madness+and+Mystery&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Shindler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchlifejournal.nd.edu%2Farticles%2Fan-intelligent-persons-guide-to-contemporary-art-appreciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees2020" class="citation web cs1">Lees, Mark (24 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoldie.co.uk/blog/rip-sir-roger-scruton-1944-2020">"RIP Roger Scruton (1944-2020)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oldie" title="The Oldie">The Oldie</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oldie&rft.atitle=RIP+Roger+Scruton+%281944-2020%29&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Lees&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoldie.co.uk%2Fblog%2Frip-sir-roger-scruton-1944-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1982" class="citation news cs1">Crick, Bernard (7 January 1982). "In prose and short". The Guardian. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=In+prose+and+short&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1982-01-07&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1982" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Michael (6 May 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v04/n08/michael-mason/conservative-chic">"Conservative Chic"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 04, no. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Conservative+Chic&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1982-05-06&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv04%2Fn08%2Fmichael-mason%2Fconservative-chic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1984" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Peter (1 February 1984). "Is Socialism Decorative?". The Age. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Is+Socialism+Decorative%3F&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1984-02-01&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulzer1986" class="citation news cs1">Pulzer, Peter (20 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v08/n03/peter-pulzer/ideologues">"Ideologues"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 08, no. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Ideologues&rft.volume=08&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1986-02-20&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Pulzer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv08%2Fn03%2Fpeter-pulzer%2Fideologues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Warnock, Mary (24 June 1990). "Scrutonies on a darkling plain". The Observer, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1990" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Peter (30 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v12/n16/peter-clarke/into-the-sunset">"Into the sunset"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 12, no. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Into+the+sunset&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=16&rft.date=1990-08-30&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv12%2Fn16%2Fpeter-clarke%2Finto-the-sunset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad1994" class="citation news cs1">Conrad, Peter (27 March 1994). "Demons & devils". The Observer. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Demons+%26+devils&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1994-03-27&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson1996" class="citation news cs1">Jameson, Fredric (4 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v18/n07/fredric-jameson/space-wars">"Space Wars"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 18, no. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Space+Wars&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1996-04-04&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv18%2Fn07%2Ffredric-jameson%2Fspace-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1999" class="citation news cs1">Sutherland, John (18 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v21/n04/john-sutherland/diary">"John Sutherland · Diary: Sad Professor"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 21, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=John+Sutherland+%C2%B7+Diary%3A+Sad+Professor&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999-02-18&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv21%2Fn04%2Fjohn-sutherland%2Fdiary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollini2001" class="citation news cs1">Collini, Stefan (8 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n05/stefan-collini/hegel-in-green-wellies">"Hegel in Green Wellies"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 23, no. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Hegel+in+Green+Wellies&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Collini&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv23%2Fn05%2Fstefan-collini%2Fhegel-in-green-wellies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/a-true-blue-green-to-do-business-with-1.466002">"A true blue Green to do business with?"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=A+true+blue+Green+to+do+business+with%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fa-true-blue-green-to-do-business-with-1.466002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesJardins2013" class="citation journal cs1">DesJardins, Joe (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/how-to-think-seriously-about-the-planet-the-case-for-an-environmental-conservatism/">"Review of How to Think Seriously About the Planet: The Case for an Environmental Conservatism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-1617">1538-1617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review+of+How+to+Think+Seriously+About+the+Planet%3A+The+Case+for+an+Environmental+Conservatism&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.issn=1538-1617&rft.aulast=DesJardins&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Freviews%2Fhow-to-think-seriously-about-the-planet-the-case-for-an-environmental-conservatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2013" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Adam (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n02/adam-phillips/talking-about-what-it-feels-like-is-as-real-as-it-gets">"Talking about what it feels like is as real as it gets"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 35, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Talking+about+what+it+feels+like+is+as+real+as+it+gets&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv35%2Fn02%2Fadam-phillips%2Ftalking-about-what-it-feels-like-is-as-real-as-it-gets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2015" class="citation news cs1">Poole, Steven (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/10/fools-frauds-and-firebrands-thinkers-of-the-new-left-roger-scuton-review">"Fools, Frauds and Firebrands by Roger Scruton review – a demolition of socialist intellectuals"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fools%2C+Frauds+and+Firebrands+by+Roger+Scruton+review+%E2%80%93+a+demolition+of+socialist+intellectuals&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Fdec%2F10%2Ffools-frauds-and-firebrands-thinkers-of-the-new-left-roger-scuton-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/23-november/books-arts/book-reviews/music-as-an-art-roger-scruton">"Music as an Art, by Roger Scruton"</a>. www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchtimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Music+as+an+Art%2C+by+Roger+Scruton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F2018%2F23-november%2Fbooks-arts%2Fbook-reviews%2Fmusic-as-an-art-roger-scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2020" class="citation news cs1">Jeffries, Stuart (30 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/30/wagners-parsifal-by-roger-scruton-review-in-defence-of-the-insufferable">"Wagner's Parsifal by Roger Scruton review – in defence of the insufferable"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wagner%27s+Parsifal+by+Roger+Scruton+review+%E2%80%93+in+defence+of+the+insufferable&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fmay%2F30%2Fwagners-parsifal-by-roger-scruton-review-in-defence-of-the-insufferable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2022" class="citation news cs1">Sidwell, Marc (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/against-tide-roger-scruton-review-fitting-tribute-tories-philosopher/">"Against the Tide by Roger Scruton, review: a fitting tribute to the Tories' philosopher king"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Against+the+Tide+by+Roger+Scruton%2C+review%3A+a+fitting+tribute+to+the+Tories%27+philosopher+king&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fwhat-to-read%2Fagainst-tide-roger-scruton-review-fitting-tribute-tories-philosopher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1991" class="citation news cs1">Sutherland, John (21 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v13/n06/john-sutherland/resentment">"Resentment"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 13, no. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Resentment&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1991-03-21&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv13%2Fn06%2Fjohn-sutherland%2Fresentment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roger_Scruton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Roger_Scruton" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-scruton.com/">Roger Scruton's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/author/roger-scruton/">Roger Scruton's articles</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/author.cfm?mode=articles&authorid=85&CFID=339845445&CFTOKEN=27009753">Roger Scruton's articles</a> at The New Criterion</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/author/roger-scruton">Roger Scruton's articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406054128/https://www.opendemocracy.net/author/roger-scruton">Archived</a> 6 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy.net" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDemocracy.net">openDemocracy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509104425/http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/roger_scruton">Roger Scruton's wine articles</a>. New Statesman, October 2005 – August 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salisburyreview.co.uk/The_Salisbury_Review_Front_Page.html">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/gifford/2010/listen/">The Gifford Lectures 2011–2012</a>. University of St Andrews</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1180477/">The Stanton Lectures 2011–2012</a>. University of Cambridge</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wheatley.byu.edu/the-true-the-good-and-the-beautiful/">The True, the Good, and the Beautiful</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109014856/https://wheatley.byu.edu/the-true-the-good-and-the-beautiful/">Archived</a> 9 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Brigham Young University</li> <li><a href="//doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U34226" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U34226">Roger Scruton's entry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who" title="Who's Who">Who's Who</a></li></ul> Articles <ul><li>Billings, Joshua (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001070513/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/a-joy-forever/">"A Joy Forever?"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>. Oxonian Review (review of Scruton's Beauty). (Archived)</li> <li>Kimball, Roger (17 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/17/books/an-assault-on-mush.html">"An Assault on Mush"</a>. The New York Times.</li> <li>Kimball, Roger (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Saving-the-Appearances--Roger-Scruton-on-Philosophy-1400">"Saving the Appearances: Roger Scruton on Philosophy"</a>. The New Criterion.</li> <li>Scruton, Roger (22 May 1983). "The Case against Feminism". The Observer, 27. <ul><li>Morrison, Blake (29 May 1983). "In Defence of Feminism". The Observer, 27. <ul><li>Scruton, Roger (5 June 1983). "Feminism: Letter to the editor". The Observer, 27.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Scruton, Roger (25 November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-25-op-7210-story.html">"Her Virtue Was Thatcher's Downfall"</a>, Los Angeles Times.</li> <li>Scruton, Roger (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeonmagazine.com/world-views/roger-scruton-fake-culture/">"The Great Swindle"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115174820/http://www.aeonmagazine.com/world-views/roger-scruton-fake-culture/">Archived</a> 15 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aeon Magazine.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Scruton, Roger (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2015/12/living-with-a-mind">"Living with a Mind"</a>. First Things.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Living+with+a+Mind&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F12%2Fliving-with-a-mind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Scruton" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roger_Scruton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roger_Scruton" title="Template:Roger Scruton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roger_Scruton" title="Template talk:Roger Scruton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roger_Scruton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roger Scruton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roger_Scruton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Scruton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton_bibliography" title="Roger Scruton bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Essays and monographs</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kant_(book)" title="Kant (book)">Kant</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Modern_Philosophy" title="A Short History of Modern Philosophy">A Short History of Modern Philosophy</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinkers_of_the_New_Left" title="Thinkers of the New Left">Thinkers of the New Left</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Philosophy:_An_Introduction_and_Survey" title="Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey">Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_the_World" title="The Soul of the World">The Soul of the World</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground_(Scruton_novel)" title="Notes from Underground (Scruton novel)">Notes from Underground</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disappeared_(novel)" title="The Disappeared (novel)">The Disappeared</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(opera)" title="Violet (opera)">Violet</a> (opera, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (film, 2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_postmodernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Template:Criticism of postmodernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Template talk:Criticism of postmodernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of postmodernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism_of_postmodernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_postmodernism" title="Criticism of postmodernism">Criticism of postmodernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-anti-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-anti-art">Anti-anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernity" title="Hypermodernity">Hypermodernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodernism" title="Neomodernism">Neomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_sincerity" title="New sincerity">New sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-irony" title="Post-irony">Post-irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-postmodernism" title="Post-postmodernism">Post-postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmodernism" title="Transmodernism">Transmodernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_postmodernism" title="Category:Critics of postmodernism">Critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_Benson" title="Ophelia Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Bricmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crews" title="Frederick Crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hicks" title="Stephen Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Kramer" title="Hilton Kramer">Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lindsay" title="James A. Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Pluckrose" title="Helen Pluckrose">Pluckrose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Sokal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism,_or,_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Late_Capitalism" title="Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism">Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Superstition" title="Higher Superstition">Higher Superstition</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_White_Males_(play)" title="Dead White Males (play)">Dead White Males</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashionable_Nonsense" title="Fashionable Nonsense">Fashionable Nonsense</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hicks#Explaining_Postmodernism" title="Stephen Hicks">Explaining Postmodernism</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Fashionable_Nonsense" title="The Dictionary of Fashionable Nonsense">The Dictionary of Fashionable Nonsense</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynical_Theories" title="Cynical Theories">Cynical Theories</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_studies_affair" title="Grievance studies affair">Grievance studies affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_Generator" title="Postmodernism Generator">Postmodernism Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">Sokal affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121449737">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/99557480">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41069/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjd9RmXHJcMkkm4YgB9Dq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115202633">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091909">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12298583g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12298583g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455954">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV030477">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35486747">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001256&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1116774">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/223236">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06806943X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90057766">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034087&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000185232&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200103006">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/htppgnftfccxt05l">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538249205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/284602">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302539705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515523906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14130482">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00036937?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16460780800">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/roger-scruton">PhilPeople</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/970644">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/115202633">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031846319">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61d5dj9">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&oldid=1256859633">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&oldid=1256859633</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_births" title="Category:1944 births">1944 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_deaths" title="Category:2020 deaths">2020 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century English philosophers">20th-century English philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_philosophers" title="Category:21st-century English philosophers">21st-century English philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London">Academics of Birkbeck, University of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge">Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Enterprise_Institute" title="Category:American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Analytic_philosophers" title="Category:Analytic philosophers">Analytic philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_philosophers" title="Category:Anglican philosophers">Anglican philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boston_University_faculty" title="Category:Boston University faculty">Boston University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_animal_rights" title="Category:Critics of animal rights">Critics of animal rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_critics_of_atheism" title="Category:British critics of atheism">British critics of atheism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_critics_of_postmodernism" title="Category:British critics of postmodernism">British critics of postmodernism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_lung_cancer_in_England" title="Category:Deaths from lung cancer in England">Deaths from lung cancer in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_political_philosophers" title="Category:English political philosophers">English political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Anglicans" title="Category:English Anglicans">English Anglicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Category:Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge">Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_British_Academy" title="Category:Fellows of the British Academy">Fellows of the British Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature">Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Bachelor" title="Category:Knights Bachelor">Knights Bachelor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_critics_of_feminism" title="Category:Male critics of feminism">Male critics of feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts">Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Inner_Temple" title="Category:Members of the Inner Temple">Members of the Inner Temple</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_the_Royal_Grammar_School,_High_Wycombe" title="Category:People educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe">People educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_West_Lindsey_District" title="Category:People from West Lindsey District">People from West Lindsey District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_philosophers_of_art" title="Category:British philosophers of art">British philosophers of art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_sexuality" title="Category:Philosophers of sexuality">Philosophers of sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_theoreticians" title="Category:Architectural theoreticians">Architectural theoreticians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_Medal_of_Merit_(Czech_Republic)" title="Category:Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)">Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spinoza_scholars" title="Category:Spinoza scholars">Spinoza scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_American_Spectator_people" title="Category:The American Spectator people">The American Spectator people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Spectator_people" title="Category:The Spectator people">The Spectator people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_wine_critics" title="Category:British wine critics">British wine critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Category:Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_music" title="Category:Philosophers of music">Philosophers of music</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_London_Gazette_template_with_parameter_supp_set_to_y" title="Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y">Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2022">Use dmy dates from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2013" title="Category:Use British English from November 2013">Use British English from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_philosopher_with_embed_equal_yes" title="Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes">Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_philosopher_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 22:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-stspr","wgBackendResponseTime":222,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.093","walltime":"2.402","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16796,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":679518,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":140837,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":601619,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1869.131 1 -total"," 38.23% 714.590 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.77% 369.491 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 11.85% 221.411 44 Template:Cite_web"," 10.60% 198.107 51 Template:Cite_news"," 9.27% 173.323 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.31% 136.701 40 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 5.35% 100.000 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.17% 96.542 14 Template:Lang"," 5.06% 94.507 1 Template:Conservatism_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.088","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":30547049,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAscherson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnhill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrokenshire2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollini2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConrad1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowling1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrick1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanish_Free_Press_Society2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerbyshire2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesJardins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDooley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdemariam2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnettHickson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJameson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanaway1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatharine_Birbalsingh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKmietowiczFerriman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLees2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaguire2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMario_Vargas_Llosa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Gove2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaum1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaum1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaum2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hear2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaxton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoole2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulzer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyle1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Todd2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFScruton1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrutonDooley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShindler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStafford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStille2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStothard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaite2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilby2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroe2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 5,\n [\"Aesthetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Criticism of postmodernism\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Scruton, Roger\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 11,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN link\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 9,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Roger Scruton\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 26,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","35.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","60","5.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","3.3"],["date","40","3.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.3"],["[others]","200","16.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-shrxg","timestamp":"20241127133059","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Roger Scruton","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Scruton","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q445939","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q445939","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-23T11:20:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T22:42:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1c\/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg","headline":"English conservative philosopher and writer (1944\u20132020)"}</script> </body> </html>