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(PDF) Indonesian students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic | aditya agung purnama - Academia.edu
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In this" /> <title>(PDF) Indonesian students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic | aditya agung purnama - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/101956376/Indonesian_students%C3%A2_learning_attitude_towards_online_learning_during_the_coronavirus_pandemic" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732422595000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732422595000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Now, the whole world is facing the coronavirus pandemic. In the meantime, students in China are required to do social distancing and not go to school. This coronavirus pandemic resulted in the use of online learning to teach students. In this research, we will get to know the students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic. The sample population for this research are students in West Java, Indonesia. The data will be collected by using questionnaires and there was a total of 16 questionnaires that is collected for this research. The result of this research shows that online learning during this coronavirus pandemic is not very effective. Also, the students’ learning interest towards online learning is also very low. Based on the interview done on students and teachers, most of them stated that there are various factors that can affect online learning in China such as learning environment, internet and etc. The suggestion that is given in this ...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"aditya agung purnama"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-05-17","dateModified":"2023-05-17","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Indonesian students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Psychology","The Internet","Population","Indonesian","Pandemic"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Psychology, Evaluation, and Technology in Educational Research","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"RESSI Journal"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/101956376/Indonesian_students%C3%A2_learning_attitude_towards_online_learning_during_the_coronavirus_pandemic","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" 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In the meantime, students in China are required to do social distancing and not go to school. This coronavirus pandemic resulted in the use of online learning to teach students. In this research, we will get to know the students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic. The sample population for this research are students in West Java, Indonesia. The data will be collected by using questionnaires and there was a total of 16 questionnaires that is collected for this research. The result of this research shows that online learning during this coronavirus pandemic is not very effective. Also, the students’ learning interest towards online learning is also very low. Based on the interview done on students and teachers, most of them stated that there are various factors that can affect online learning in China such as learning environment, internet and etc. The suggestion that is given in this ...","publisher":"RESSI Journal","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"Psychology, Evaluation, and Technology in Educational Research"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Indonesian students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [270185143]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":102352267,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Indonesian students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/102352267/mini_magick20230518-1-qnc8dq.png?1684390004" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Indonesian students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="270185143" href="https://independent.academia.edu/aagungpurnama"><img alt="Profile image of aditya agung purnama" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/270185143/120629591/109956296/s65_aditya.agung_purnama.png" />aditya agung purnama</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, Psychology, Evaluation, and Technology in Educational Research</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Now, the whole world is facing the coronavirus pandemic. In the meantime, students in China are required to do social distancing and not go to school. This coronavirus pandemic resulted in the use of online learning to teach students. In this research, we will get to know the students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic. The sample population for this research are students in West Java, Indonesia. The data will be collected by using questionnaires and there was a total of 16 questionnaires that is collected for this research. The result of this research shows that online learning during this coronavirus pandemic is not very effective. Also, the students’ learning interest towards online learning is also very low. Based on the interview done on students and teachers, most of them stated that there are various factors that can affect online learning in China such as learning environment, internet and etc. The suggestion that is given in this ...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":102352267,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/101956376/Indonesian_students%C3%A2_learning_attitude_towards_online_learning_during_the_coronavirus_pandemic"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":102352267,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/101956376/Indonesian_students%C3%A2_learning_attitude_towards_online_learning_during_the_coronavirus_pandemic"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="102352267" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/101956376/Indonesian_students%C3%A2_learning_attitude_towards_online_learning_during_the_coronavirus_pandemic" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="98483483" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98483483/Students_Perception_of_Online_Learning_During_Covid_19_An_Evidence_from_University_of_Muhammadiyah_Banda_Aceh_Indonesia">Students’ Perception of Online Learning During Covid-19: An Evidence from University of Muhammadiyah Banda Aceh, Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22279457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/safurasiti">siti safura</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The pandemic of Coronavirus has influenced all levels of education in the whole world. 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Method in Pandemic Era","attachmentId":86676011,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80222507/The_Students_Perception_on_Learning_Using_Online_Method_in_Pandemic_Era","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80222507/The_Students_Perception_on_Learning_Using_Online_Method_in_Pandemic_Era"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="107274063" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" 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Talino","attachmentId":105987740,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107274063/Students_Perception_of_Online_Learning_during_COVID_19_Pandemic_A_Case_Study_on_the_English_Students_of_STKIP_Pamane_Talino","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107274063/Students_Perception_of_Online_Learning_during_COVID_19_Pandemic_A_Case_Study_on_the_English_Students_of_STKIP_Pamane_Talino"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="117933232" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117933232/Attitudes_of_Lecturers_and_Students_of_Sriwijaya_University_Indonesia_and_Omdurman_Islamic_University_Sudan_to_On_Line_Learning_in_the_Pandemic_Covid_19">Attitudes of Lecturers and Students of Sriwijaya University-Indonesia and Omdurman Islamic University- Sudan to On-Line Learning in the Pandemic Covid-19</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5962773" href="https://unsri.academia.edu/umichotimah">umi chotimah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study aims to determine the response of Sriwijaya University students and Omdurman Islamic University students to the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is a descriptive research with survey method. The learnings carried out by lecturers and students during the Covid 19 Pandemic had previously attended training on the use of the application e-learning Sriwijaya University. This study aims to determine the response of Sriwijaya University students and Omdurman Islamic University students to the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is a descriptive research with survey method. The learnings carried out by lecturers and students during the Covid 19 Pandemic had previously attended training on the use of the application e-learning Sriwijaya University. Learning is also carried out asynchronously and synchronously, with the application Zoom (97%), Whatsapp (64.3%), and Google meet (31%). The general assessment is that l...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Attitudes of Lecturers and Students of Sriwijaya University-Indonesia and Omdurman Islamic University- Sudan to On-Line Learning in the Pandemic Covid-19","attachmentId":113674213,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117933232/Attitudes_of_Lecturers_and_Students_of_Sriwijaya_University_Indonesia_and_Omdurman_Islamic_University_Sudan_to_On_Line_Learning_in_the_Pandemic_Covid_19","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117933232/Attitudes_of_Lecturers_and_Students_of_Sriwijaya_University_Indonesia_and_Omdurman_Islamic_University_Sudan_to_On_Line_Learning_in_the_Pandemic_Covid_19"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="50742025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50742025/_Relationship_Between_Attitudes_Towards_e_learning_and_learning_approaches_of_online_learners_under_Pandemic_situation_in_relation_to_their_demographic_variables_">"Relationship Between Attitudes Towards e-learning and learning approaches of online learners under Pandemic situation, in relation to their demographic variables"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="178153637" href="https://sndtunivsped.academia.edu/RomaaLobo">Romaa Lobo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Online Teaching and learning has always been a daunting affair for both the learners as well, as the teachers. Today in the midst of a pandemic (Covid-19) , (A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people), where many educational institutes are trying to creatively deal with such unforeseen and once-in-a-century catastrophic events that are being predicted as the ‘new normal’ and in order to adapt, schools and Institutes across the country have switched to remote learning- On-line learning /e Learning. What is online learning? - Online learning is education that takes place over the Internet. It is often referred to as “e-learning” among other terms. However, online learning is just one type of “distance learning” - the umbrella term for any learning that takes place across distance and not in a traditional classroom. According to DOMINIC UPTON (University of Worcester, UK) and SALLY ADAMS (University of Wolver Hampton, UK) a number of factors have led to the increasing delivery of online modules in higher education (HE) today. For example, there are reported benefits for management (Jenkins and Hanson, 2003), academics (Bain, 2000) and Students (Littlejohn and Higson, 2003). For students, it has been reported that traditional lectures are not a good way to learn (Biggs, 1999). Some researchers argue that neither students (Butler, 1992; Husbands, 1996) nor teachers (Willcoxson, 1998) regard lectures as effective and students now expect technology to be used effectively as part of their learning experience. Some have suggested that web-based learning appeals to students both on and off campus (e.g., Waschull, 2001). Students find such learning appealing and engaging and may therefore be more involved and motivated as a consequence. The benefits for student learning and performance of online learning have also been investigated. The results so far are equivocal. For example, both Steele, Johnson Palensky, Lynch, Lacy and Duffy, (2002) reported both positive and negative responses from students to the introduction of online resources. Similarly, researchers have suggested that those in online courses may score better, the same, or a classroom-based method. However all individuals are unique in terms of their abilities, interests, habits, capabilities, attitudes, aptitudes etc. Similarly each individual possess a different way to learn the things. All students have their own “style” for collecting and organizing information into useful knowledge, and the online environment can be particularly well suited to some learning styles and personality needs. According to The Memletics Accelerated Learning System, each person prefers different learning styles and techniques. These styles are- • Visual- prefer using pictures, images and spatial understanding • Aural- prefer using sound and music • Verbal- prefer using words both in speech and writing • Physical- prefer using your body hands and sense of touch • Logical- prefer using logic, reasoning and systems • Social- prefer to learn in groups or with other people • Solitary- prefer to work alone and use self-study. There is evidence of the benefits of online learning (Gorman, 2000; Pereira and Murzyn, 2001), there is less evidence on the types of students who benefit. There may be a distinction between those who can benefit and those who cannot. In other words the question arises whether there are those who can benefit more than others from online learning? This may be on the basis of basic demographic differences such as gender differences, age difference, or differences related to the familiarity with technology. For example, whether students with different personality types benefit more, or students in different years of academic levels, the type of course going through. Finally, it may be related to students’ learning style, or their expectations of teaching. It is likely that online teaching is going to become more prevalent throughout higher education globally. The aim of the present study is to determine the characteristics of users (i.e., in terms of demographic details, learning style and attitude towards e-learning) who would both use and benefit most from an online learning.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Relationship Between Attitudes Towards e-learning and learning approaches of online learners under Pandemic situation, in relation to their demographic variables\"","attachmentId":68613549,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50742025/_Relationship_Between_Attitudes_Towards_e_learning_and_learning_approaches_of_online_learners_under_Pandemic_situation_in_relation_to_their_demographic_variables_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50742025/_Relationship_Between_Attitudes_Towards_e_learning_and_learning_approaches_of_online_learners_under_Pandemic_situation_in_relation_to_their_demographic_variables_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="75782557" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75782557/Attitude_of_university_students_on_online_teaching_under_corona_virus_pandemic_situation_in_Pakistan">Attitude of university students on online teaching under corona virus pandemic situation in Pakistan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="175490755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaeedBareera">Bareera Saeed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The COVID-19 has resulted in schools, colleges and universities shut all across the world. As a result; education has changed dramatically, with the distinctive rise of e-learning, whereby teaching is undertaken remotely and on digital platforms. This research study examines the attitudes of university students towards online teaching under corona virus pandemic situation in Pakistan. A cross sectional study design was used on 400 (Male=195, Female=205) university students. A convenient sampling technique was used to draw the sample from different universities in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. An online survey was conducted to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were calculated out to measure the distribution of attitude of study participants. Frequency and percentages were estimated to assess the attitude towards online mode of learning, and opinion on educational decisions, and problems related to study due to lockdown. All analyses were performed using the SPSS-V20. The r...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Attitude of university students on online teaching under corona virus pandemic situation in Pakistan","attachmentId":83416702,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75782557/Attitude_of_university_students_on_online_teaching_under_corona_virus_pandemic_situation_in_Pakistan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75782557/Attitude_of_university_students_on_online_teaching_under_corona_virus_pandemic_situation_in_Pakistan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":102352267,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":102352267,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_102352267" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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