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<span>Russian symbolists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_symbolists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westernizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westernizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Westernizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westernizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Schellingians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Schellingians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Russian Schellingians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Schellingians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_positivists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_positivists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Russian positivists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_positivists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Machists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Machists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Russian Machists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Machists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_cosmists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_cosmists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Russian cosmists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_cosmists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Occultists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemologists,_logicians_and_metaphysicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemologists,_logicians_and_metaphysicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Epistemologists, logicians and metaphysicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemologists,_logicians_and_metaphysicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narodniks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narodniks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Narodniks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narodniks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Anarchists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materialists_and_nihilists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materialists_and_nihilists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Materialists and nihilists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materialists_and_nihilists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialists_and_Marxists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialists_and_Marxists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Socialists and Marxists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialists_and_Marxists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Christian philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Christian_theologians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Christian_theologians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Orthodox Christian theologians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Christian_theologians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intuitivist-personalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intuitivist-personalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Intuitivist-personalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intuitivist-personalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existentialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existentialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>Existentialists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existentialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aestheticians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aestheticians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>Aestheticians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aestheticians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historians_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>Historians of thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>Globalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_philosophes_russes" title="Liste de philosophes russes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste de philosophes russes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="러시아의 철학자 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아의 철학자 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodatak:Popis_ruskih_filozofa" title="Dodatak:Popis ruskih filozofa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dodatak:Popis ruskih filozofa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Список на руски филозофи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на руски филозофи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_Russische_filosofen" title="Lijst van Russische filosofen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van Russische filosofen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nesterov_Florensky_Bulgakov.jpg/420px-Nesterov_Florensky_Bulgakov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nesterov_Florensky_Bulgakov.jpg/560px-Nesterov_Florensky_Bulgakov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>Philosophers</i> (1917) by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a> includes a variety of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical movement">philosophical movements</a>. Authors who developed them are listed below sorted by movement. </p><p>While most authors listed below are primarily <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a>, also included here are some <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian fiction</a> writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>, who are also known as philosophers. </p><p>Russian <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> as a separate entity started its development in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1892%E2%80%931917)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1892–1917)">19th century</a>, defined initially by the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Westernizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernizers">Westernizers</a>, advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and <a href="/wiki/Slavophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophiles">Slavophiles</a>, insisting on developing <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as a unique civilization. The latter group included <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Danilevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Danilevsky">Nikolai Danilevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Konstantin Leontiev</a>, the early founders of <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">eurasianism</a>. The discussion of Russia's place in the world has since become the most characteristic feature of Russian philosophy. </p><p>In its further development, Russian philosophy was also marked by deep connection to <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and interest in <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">cosmos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> were other notable subjects. </p><p>Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Vasily Rozanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a>. </p><p>From the early 1920s to late 1980s, Russian philosophy was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. </p><p>A handful of dissident philosophers survived through the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet</a> period, among them <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a>. Stalin's death in 1953 gave way for new schools of thought to spring up, among them Moscow Logic Circle, and <a href="/wiki/Tartu-Moscow_Semiotic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School">Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="Special:EditPage/List of Russian philosophers">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_Thinkers">Major Thinkers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major Thinkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Enlightenment"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russian Enlightenment</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russian Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tatishchev" title="Vasily Tatishchev">Vasily Tatishchev</a> (1686–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Skovoroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Skovoroda">Gregory Skovoroda</a> (1722–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shcherbatov" title="Mikhail Shcherbatov">Mikhail Shcherbatov</a> (1733–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bolotov" title="Andrey Bolotov">Andrey Bolotov</a> (1738–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Alexander Radishchev</a> (1749–1802)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavophiles_and_pochvennichestvo"><a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">pochvennichestvo</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slavophiles and pochvennichestvo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kireyevsky" title="Ivan Kireyevsky">Ivan Kireyevsky</a> (1806–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Aleksey Khomyakov</a> (1804–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Odoyevsky" title="Vladimir Odoyevsky">Vladimir Odoyevsky</a> (1803–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Aksakov" title="Konstantin Aksakov">Konstantin Aksakov</a> (1817–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Samarin" title="Yuri Samarin">Yuri Samarin</a> (1819–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a> (1803–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Danilevsky" title="Nikolay Danilevsky">Nikolay Danilevsky</a> (1822–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov" title="Nikolay Strakhov">Nikolay Strakhov</a> (1828–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> (1821–1881) <i>Religious philosopher artist (see <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Konstantin Pobedonostsev</a> (1827–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Konstantin Leontiev</a> (1831–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a> (1883–1954)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_symbolists"><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian symbolists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a> (1866–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius">Zinaida Gippius</a> (1869–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Bryusov" title="Valery Bryusov">Valery Bryusov</a> (1873–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Balmont" title="Konstantin Balmont">Konstantin Balmont</a> (1867–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Voloshin" title="Maximilian Voloshin">Max Voloshin</a> (1877–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a> (1874–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a> (1880–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a> (1880–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(poet)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> (1866–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innokenty_Annensky" title="Innokenty Annensky">Innokenty Annensky</a> (1855–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sologub" title="Fyodor Sologub">Fyodor Sologub</a> (1863–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chulkov" title="Georgy Chulkov">Georgy Chulkov</a> (1879–1939)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westernizers"><a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">Westernizers</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Westernizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Pyotr Chaadayev</a> (1794–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Stankevich" title="Nikolai Stankevich">Nikolai Stankevich</a> (1813–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a> (1811–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> (1812–1870) <i>Father of Russian Socialism</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Schellingians">Russian Schellingians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian Schellingians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Pyotr Chaadayev</a> (1794–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Venevitinov" title="Dmitry Venevitinov">Dmitry Venevitinov</a> (1805–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a> (1811–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a> (1853–1900)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_positivists">Russian <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russian positivists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lavrovich_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lavrovich Lavrov">Peter Lavrovich Lavrov</a> (1823–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Nikolayevich_Vyrubov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigorii Nikolayevich Vyrubov">Grigory Vyrubov</a> (1843–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a> (1842–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kavelin" title="Konstantin Kavelin">Konstantin Kavelin</a> (1818–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lesevich" title="Vladimir Lesevich">Vladimir Lesevich</a> (1837–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Korkunov" title="Nikolai Korkunov">Nikolai Korkunov</a> (1853–1904)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Machists"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Machism" title="Russian Machism">Russian Machists</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian Machists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bazarov" title="Vladimir Bazarov">Vladimir Bazarov</a> (1874–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakov_Berman" title="Jakov Berman">Jakov Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> (1873–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Suvorov" title="Sergei Suvorov">Sergei Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yushkevich" title="Pavel Yushkevich">Pavel Yushkevich</a> (1873–1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_cosmists"><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russian cosmists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg/220px-Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg/330px-Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg/440px-Volition-of-the-Cosmos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The cover of the book <i>The Will of the Universe. Intellect Unknown. Mind and Passions</i> by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>, 1928</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasternak_shestov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pasternak_shestov.jpg/220px-Pasternak_shestov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Pasternak_shestov.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a> by Leonid Pasternak, 1910</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov">Nikolay Fyodorov</a> (1829–1903) <i>N O Lossky lists Fyodorov as primarily a Christian philosopher.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a> (1874–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> (1863–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> (1857–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chizhevsky" title="Alexander Chizhevsky">Alexander Chizhevsky</a> (1897–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evald_Ilyenkov" title="Evald Ilyenkov">Evald Ilyenkov</a> (1924–1979)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Skumin" title="Victor Skumin">Victor Skumin</a> (1948–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occultists"><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occultists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Nikolay Novikov</a> (1744–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a> (1831–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff" class="mw-redirect" title="G. I. Gurdjieff">G. I. Gurdjieff</a> (1872–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1878–1947)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemologists,_logicians_and_metaphysicians"><span id="Epistemologists.2C_logicians_and_metaphysicians"></span><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysicians</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epistemologists, logicians and metaphysicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chicherin" title="Boris Chicherin">Boris Chicherin</a> (1828–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">S. N. Trubetskoy</a> (1862–1905)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narodniks"><a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Narodniks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> (1812–1870) <i>Father of Russian Socialism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tchaikovsky" title="Nikolai Tchaikovsky">Nikolai Tchaikovsky</a> (1851–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a> (1823–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a> (1842–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tikhomirov" title="Lev Tikhomirov">Lev Tikhomirov</a> (1852–1923) (<i>later prominent conservative thinker</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razumnik_Ivanov-Razumnik" title="Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik">Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik</a> (1878–1946)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchists"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian anarchists">Anarchists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anarchists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> (1814–1876), also listed among the <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilist</a> theorists<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (1828–1910), whom some consider the greatest of Russian novelists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> (1842–1921), known as the 'Anarchist Prince' or 'Father of Anarchism'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materialists_and_nihilists"><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Materialists and nihilists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chernyshevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="N. G. Chernyshevsky">N. G. Chernyshevsky</a> (1828–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Pisarev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri Pisarev">Dimitri Pisarev</a> (1840–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov" title="Ivan Sechenov">Ivan Sechenov</a> (1829–1905)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialists_and_Marxists"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Socialists and Marxists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Plekhanov" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plekhanov">George Plekhanov</a> (1856–1918) <i>The first major Russian Marxist thinker</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (1870–1924) <i>The founder of Leninism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a> (1872–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> (1812–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> (1879–1940) <i>The founder of Trotskyism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> (1888–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofya_Yanovskaya" title="Sofya Yanovskaya">Sofya Yanovskaya</a> (1896–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Zinovyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Zinovyev">Aleksandr Zinovyev</a> (1922–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evald_Ilyenkov" title="Evald Ilyenkov">Evald Ilyenkov</a> (1924–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Voronsky" title="Aleksandr Voronsky">Aleksandr Voronsky</a> (1884–1937)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_philosophers">Christian philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christian philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamfil_Yurkevich" title="Pamfil Yurkevich">Pamfil Yurkevich</a> (1826–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a> (1853–1900) noted to have created the first complete encompassing system of Russian philosophy<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schmidt" title="Anna Schmidt">Anna Schmidt</a> (1851-1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Vasily Rozanov</a> (1856–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> (1821–1881) also listed as an <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> (1871–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> (1874–1948) also listed as an <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Frank" title="Semyon Frank">Semyon Frank</a> (1877–1955)</li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (1828–1910) also listed as the greatest of novelists and an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Christian_theologians">Orthodox Christian theologians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthodox Christian theologians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Aleksey Khomyakov</a> (1804–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a> (1882–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a> (1903–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Florovsky" title="Georges Florovsky">Georges Florovsky</a> (1893–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pomazansky" title="Michael Pomazansky">Michael Pomazansky</a> (1888–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schmemann" title="Alexander Schmemann">Alexander Schmemann</a> (1921–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">John Meyendorff</a> (1926–1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intuitivist-personalists">Intuitivist-personalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intuitivist-personalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Aleksandrovich_Kozlov" title="Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov">Aleksei Kozlov</a> (1831–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mikhailovich_Lopatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin">Leo Lopatin</a> (1855–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Lossky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Lossky">Nikolai Lossky</a> (1870–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Frank" title="Semyon Frank">Semyon Frank</a> (1877–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a> (1893–1988)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existentialists"><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Existentialists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> (1821–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a> (1866–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> (1874–1948)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aestheticians"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aestheticians</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aestheticians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Losev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Losev">Alexei Losev</a> (1893–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a> (1895–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Epstein" title="Mikhail Epstein">Mikhail Epstein</a> (Epshtein) (1950–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historians_of_thought">Historians of thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historians of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> (1909–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razumnik_Ivanov-Razumnik" title="Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik">Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik</a> (1878–1946)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalists"><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Globalists</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Globalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_N._Chumakov" title="Alexander N. Chumakov">Alexander Chumakov</a> (1950–)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophers%27_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers' ship">Philosophers' ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_A._Bazhanov" title="Valentin A. Bazhanov">Valentin A. Bazhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">Lev Gumilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Likhachev" title="Dmitry Likhachev">Dmitry Likhachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_Andreyev" title="Daniil Andreyev">Daniil Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Nalimov" title="Vasily Nalimov">Vasily Nalimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ovcharenko" title="Victor Ovcharenko">Victor Ovcharenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Swassjan" title="Karen Swassjan">Karen A. Swassjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_A._Vasiliev" title="Nicolai A. Vasiliev">Nicolai A. Vasiliev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_O._Prokofieff" title="Sergei O. Prokofieff">Sergei O. Prokofieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zinoviev" title="Alexander Zinoviev">Alexander Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geydar_Dzhemal" title="Geydar Dzhemal">Geydar Dzhemal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIlyenkov" class="citation journal cs1">Ilyenkov, Evald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stasisjournal.net/index.php/journal/article/view/19">"Cosmology of the Spirit"</a>. <i>Stasis</i>. <b>5</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stasis&rft.atitle=Cosmology+of+the+Spirit&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Ilyenkov&rft.aufirst=Evald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstasisjournal.net%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Russian+philosophers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Russian Philosophy</i> p. 59 by N. O. Lossky</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, Max. <i>Artists in Uniform</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artists+in+Uniform&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Russian+philosophers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Introduction". <i>Art as the Cognition of Life</i>. Mehring Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Art+as+the+Cognition+of+Life&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Russian+philosophers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Russian Philosophy</i> p. 81 by N. O. Lossky</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>History of Russian Philosophy</i> (<i>История российской Философии</i>) (1951) by N. O. Lossky. Publisher: Allen & Unwin, London. International Universities Press Inc NY, NY sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vladimir%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary" title="Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary">Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Philosophy_(Copleston)" title="A History of Philosophy (Copleston)">A History of Philosophy</a>, Volume 10: Russian Philosophy</i> (1986) by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a>. Publisher: Continuum, London.</li> <li><i>A history of Russian Philosophy</i> (2 vols.) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasilii_Vasilevich_Zenkovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasilii Vasilevich Zenkovsky (page does not exist)">Vasilii Vasilevich Zenkovsky</a>; translator George L. Kline Publisher: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1953).</li> <li><i>Russian Philosophy. English-Russian Dictionary</i> (ed. Vasily Vanchugov). Moscow, People's Friendship University of Russia, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.runivers.ru/lib/rubriks/3216/">Books on Russian philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runivers.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Runivers.ru">Runivers.ru</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/rus_thought_overview.html">Brief overview of Russian philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040910091321/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/russian_philosophy/">PHILTAR</a>—Comprehensive web site with links to texts and resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfp.co.uk/russian_thinkers/index.html">Gallery of Russian Thinkers</a> edited by Dmitry Olshansky</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/r/russian.htm">Russian philosophy</a>—entry in the <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040910091055/http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/bel/2123.html">Directory of links to Russian philosophers, mostly in Russian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/russian-philosophy/v-1#E042P3.28">Routledge entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knleontiev.narod.ru/articles.htm">Konstantin Leontiev</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026104014/http://geocities.com/sbulgakovsociety">Sergius Bulgakov Society</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 26, 2009)—Extensive collection of links to Bulgakov resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russias-Wisdom-Daniel-H-Shubin/dp/0966275764">Russia's Wisdom</a> by Daniel H. Shubin; a compendium of Russia's philosophers and selections. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0966275766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0966275766">978-0966275766</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a 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title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a 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philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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