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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pinyin" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_Pinyin&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pinyin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pinyin (disambiguation)">Pinyin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, is the most common <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>. In official documents, it is referred to as the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Hanyu (汉语; 漢語) literally means '<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> language'—that is, the Chinese language—while pinyin literally means 'spelled sounds'. Pinyin is the official romanisation system used in China, Singapore, Taiwan, and by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, to students already familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. Pinyin is also used by various <a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_method" title="Chinese input method">input methods</a> on computers and to <a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_ordering" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographic ordering">categorize entries</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dictionaries">Chinese dictionaries</a>. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Hanyu Pinyin <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> romanization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">Pinyin Committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>11 February 1958</li><li>1982 (ISO 7098)</li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (from 1958)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (from 1980)</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (from 1982)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (from 2009)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">spelled sounds</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pīnyīn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pʻin1-yin1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pin-yin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[pʰín.ín]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">phin平 in平</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pin24 im24</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pingyām</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ping3 jam1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ping3yam1°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ping3yem1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[pʰɪŋ˧ jɐm˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">pheng-im</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:汉语">汉语</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:方案">方案</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢語">漢語</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:方案">方案</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">scheme of spelled Han language sounds</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Fāng'àn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hannyeu Pinin Fangann</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Han4-yü3 Pʻin1-yin1 Fang1-an4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hàn-yǔ Pin-yin Fang-àn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hoe去 nyiu上 phin平 in平 faon平 oe去</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hon55 ngi24 pin24 im24 fong24 on55</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Honyúh Pingyām Fōng'on</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hon3 jyu5 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hon3yue5 Ping3yam1° Fong1°on3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hon3yu5 Ping3yem1 Fong1on3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hɔ̄ːn.y̬ː pʰēŋ.jɐ́m fɔ́ːŋ.ɔ̄ːn]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hàn-gú pheng-im hong-àn</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> In pinyin, each Chinese syllable is spelled in terms of an optional <a href="/wiki/Initial_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Initial (linguistics)">initial</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Final_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Final (linguistics)">final</a>, each of which is represented by one or more letters. Initials are initial consonants, whereas finals are all possible combinations of medials (<a href="/wiki/Semivowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Semivowels">semivowels</a> coming before the vowel), a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a> vowel, and <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a> (final vowel or consonant). <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> are used to indicate the four <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> found in Standard Chinese, though these are often omitted in various contexts, such as when spelling <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese names</a> in non-Chinese texts. Hanyu Pinyin was developed in the 1950s by a group of Chinese linguists including <a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(linguist)" title="Wang Li (linguist)">Wang Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhiwei" title="Lu Zhiwei">Lu Zhiwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_Changpei" title="Luo Changpei">Luo Changpei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a>, who has been called the "father of pinyin". They based their work in part on earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization systems</a>. The system was originally promulgated at the Fifth Session of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st National People's Congress</a> in 1958, and has seen several rounds of revisions since. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> propagated Hanyu Pinyin as ISO 7098 in 1982, and the United Nations began using it in 1986. Taiwan adopted Hanyu Pinyin as its official romanization system in 2009, replacing <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">1.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Development">1.2 Development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Syllables">2 Syllables</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Initials">2.1 Initials</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Finals">2.2 Finals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_%E2%9F%A8%C3%BC%E2%9F%A9_sound">2.2.1 The ⟨ü⟩ sound</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tones">3 Tones</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Numbers">3.1 Numbers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Placement_and_omission">3.2 Placement and omission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tone_sandhi">3.3 Tone sandhi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spacing,_capitalization,_and_punctuation">4 Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Comparison_with_other_orthographies">5 Comparison with other orthographies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Comparison_charts">5.1 Comparison charts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Typography_and_encoding">6 Typography and encoding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Usage">7 Usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Computer_input">7.1 Computer input</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sorting_techniques">7.2 Sorting techniques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#By_region">7.3 By region</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Taiwan">7.3.1 Taiwan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Singapore">7.3.2 Singapore</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Special_names">7.4 Special names</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Citations">9.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Works_cited">9.2 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/290px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/290px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/435px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/580px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A facade of a kindergarten in <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, Henan, with writing using simplified characters and pinyin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/290px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="2353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/290px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png" data-width="290" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/435px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/580px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A sign for <a href="/wiki/Taichung_Port_railway_station" title="Taichung Port railway station">Taichung Port railway station</a> in Taiwan with writing using traditional characters, English, Wade–Giles (Taichung), and pinyin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary in China, wrote the first book that used the Latin alphabet to write Chinese, entitled Xizi Qiji (西字奇蹟; 'Miracle of Western Letters') and published in Beijing in 1605.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Twenty years later, fellow Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Trigault" title="Nicolas Trigault">Nicolas Trigault</a> published 'Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati' (西儒耳目資; Xīrú ěrmù zī)) in Hangzhou.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Neither book had any influence among the contemporary Chinese literati, and the romanizations they introduced primarily were useful for Westerners.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-3">[3]</a> During the late Qing, the reformer Song Shu (1862–1910) proposed that China adopt a phonetic writing system. A student of the scholars <a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Taiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Taiyan">Zhang Taiyan</a>, Song had observed the effect of the <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> syllabaries and <a href="/wiki/Western_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Western learning">Western learning</a> during his visits to Japan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] While Song did not himself propose a transliteration system for Chinese, his discussion ultimately led to a proliferation of proposed schemes.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system was produced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Wade</a> in 1859, and further improved by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a>, presented in <a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">Chinese–English Dictionary</a> (1892). It was popular, and was used in English-language publications outside China until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1943, the US military tapped <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">another romanization system for Mandarin Chinese</a> intended for pilots flying over China—much more than previous systems, the result appears very similar to modern Hanyu Pinyin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hanyu Pinyin was designed by a group of mostly Chinese linguists, including <a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(linguist)" title="Wang Li (linguist)">Wang Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhiwei" title="Lu Zhiwei">Lu Zhiwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_Changpei" title="Luo Changpei">Luo Changpei</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a> (1906–2017), an economist by trade, as part of a Chinese government project in the 1950s. Zhou, often called "the father of pinyin",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2008-8">[8]</a> worked as a banker in New York when he decided to return to China to help rebuild the country after the People's Republic was established. Earlier attempts to <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanize Chinese writing</a> were mostly abandoned in 1944. Zhou became an economics professor in Shanghai, and when the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education</a> created the Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Written Language in 1955, Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> assigned him the task of developing a new romanization system, despite the fact that he was not a linguist by trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5">[5]</a> Hanyu Pinyin incorporated different aspects from existing systems, including <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a> (1931), and the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> (1918).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohsenow200423-9">[9]</a> "I'm not the father of pinyin", Zhou said years later; "I'm the son of pinyin. It's [the result of] a long tradition from the later years of the Qing dynasty down to today. But we restudied the problem and revisited it and made it more perfect."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2008-8">[8]</a> An initial draft was authored in January 1956 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_Laishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye Laishi (page does not exist)">Ye Laishi</a>, Lu Zhiwei and Zhou Youguang. A revised Pinyin scheme was proposed by Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei and Li Jinxi, and became the main focus of discussion among the group of Chinese linguists in June 1956, forming the basis of Pinyin standard later after incorporating a wide range of feedback and further revisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1995-10">[10]</a> The first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and officially adopted at the Fifth Session of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st National People's Congress</a> on 11 February 1958. It was then introduced to primary schools as a way to teach Standard Chinese pronunciation and used to improve the literacy rate among adults.<a href="#cite_note-Asiaone-11">[11]</a> Despite its formal promulgation, pinyin did not become widely used until after the tumult of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Mullaney-12">[12]</a>: 189 In the 1980s, students were trained in pinyin from an early age, learning it in tandem with characters or even before.<a href="#cite_note-:Mullaney-12">[12]</a>: 200 During the height of the Cold War the use of pinyin system over Wade–Giles and <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanizations</a> outside of China was regarded as a political statement or identification with the mainland Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Beginning in the early 1980s, Western publications addressing mainland China began using the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system instead of earlier romanization systems; this change followed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a> between the United States and China in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 2001, the Chinese government issued the National Common Language Law, providing a legal basis for applying pinyin.<a href="#cite_note-Asiaone-11">[11]</a> The current specification of the orthography is GB/T 16159–2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGB/T_161592012-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Syllables">Syllables</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syllables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Chinese phonology is generally described in terms of sound pairs of two initials (声母; 聲母; shēngmǔ) and finals (韵母; 韻母; yùnmǔ). This is distinct from the concept of consonant and vowel sounds as basic units in traditional (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Chinese language). Every syllable in Standard Chinese can be described as a pair of one initial and one final, except for the special syllable er or when a trailing -r is considered part of a syllable (a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Erhua" title="Erhua">erhua</a>). The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications. Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals (复韵母; 複韻母; fùyùnmǔ), i.e. when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of a final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce yī (衣; 'clothes'), officially pronounced /í/, as /jí/ and wéi (围; 圍; 'to enclose'), officially pronounced /uěi/, as /wěi/ or /wuěi/. Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The conventional <a href="/wiki/Lexicographical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical order">lexicographical order</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> is: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#cfc"> b p m f </td> <td style="background:#ccf"> d t n l </td> <td style="background:#fcc"> g k h </td> <td style="background:#fcf"> j q x </td> <td style="background:#ffc"> zh ch sh r </td> <td style="background:#cff"> z c s </td></tr></tbody></table> In each cell below, the pinyin letters assigned to each initial are accompanied by their phonetic realizations in brackets, notated according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;border:none"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:none;border:none" colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspirated</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">b [p]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">d [t]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">g [k]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p [pʰ]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t [tʰ]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k [kʰ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal">m [m]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">n [n]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cff"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">z [ts]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">zh [ʈʂ]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">j [tɕ]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cff"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">c [tsʰ]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ch [ʈʂʰ]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">q [tɕʰ]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f [f]</a> </td> <td style="background:#cff"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">s [s]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">sh [ʂ]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant">x [ɕ]</a> </td> <td style="background:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">h [x]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l [l]</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc">r <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant"> [ɻ]</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">[ʐ]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:dashed"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td colspan="5">y <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant"> [j]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labialized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized palatal approximant"> [ɥ]</a> and w <a href="/wiki/Labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labio-velar approximant"> [w]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Description<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td>b</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</td> <td>Unaspirated p, like in English spark. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td>p</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</td> <td>Strongly aspirated p, like in English pay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td>m</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</td> <td>Like the m in English may. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td>f</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</td> <td>Like the f in English fair. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td>d</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</td> <td>Unaspirated t, like in English stop. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td>t</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</td> <td>Strongly aspirated t, like in English take. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td>n</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</td> <td>Like the n in English nay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td>l</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>Like the l in English lay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc"> <td>g</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</td> <td>Unaspirated k, like in English skill. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc"> <td>k</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</td> <td>Strongly aspirated k, like in English kiss. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc"> <td>h</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>Varies between the h in English hat, and the ch in Scottish English loch. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcf"> <td>j</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>]</td> <td>Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the ch in English churchyard. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcf"> <td>q</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a>]</td> <td>Alveolo-palatal, aspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the ch in English punchy. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcf"> <td>x</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</td> <td>Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the sh in English push. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td>zh</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>Retroflex, unaspirated. Like j in English jack. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td>ch</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʂʰ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>Retroflex, aspirated. Like ch in English church. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td>sh</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a>]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>Retroflex, unaspirated. Like sh in shirt. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td>r</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>]~[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>Retroflex. No direct equivalent in English, but varies between the r in English reduce and the s in English measure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cff"> <td>z</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</td> <td>Unaspirated. Like the zz in English pizza. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cff"> <td>c</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>]</td> <td>Aspirated. Like the ts in English bats. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cff"> <td>s</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</td> <td>Like the s in English say. </td></tr> <tr> <td>w<a href="#cite_note-semivowel-19">[b]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</td> <td>Like the w in English water. </td></tr> <tr> <td>y<a href="#cite_note-semivowel-19">[b]</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a>]</td> <td>Either like the y in English yes—or when followed by a u, see below. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div style="float: right; background-color: white; border: 1px solid black; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <div style="text-align: center; background-color: #ccccff; margin: 5px 5px 5px 20px;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_vowel_diagram" title="Chinese vowel diagram">Standard Chinese vowels</a> (with <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a>)</div> <div style="background:transparent;"> <table cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"> <td style="width:100px;"> </td> <td style="width:90px;">Front </td> <td style="width:90px;">Central </td> <td style="width:60px;">Back </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;">Close </td> <td style="height:210px;" colspan="5" rowspan="7"><div style="position:relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/300px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/300px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/450px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/600px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;"> <table style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:0%; width:4.5em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> i ⟨i⟩ • y ⟨ü⟩</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:33%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> ɨ ⟨i⟩</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:62%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> u ⟨u⟩</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:55%; width:5em; top:18%; height:1.20em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> ɤ ⟨e⟩ • o ⟨o⟩</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:20%; width:2.66em; top:38%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> e̞ ⟨ê⟩</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:3em; top:38%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> ɚ ⟨er⟩</div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> a ⟨a⟩</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;">Close-mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;">Open-mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;">Open </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandarin_vowels" title="Template:Mandarin vowels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandarin_vowels" title="Template talk:Mandarin vowels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandarin_vowels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandarin vowels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> In each cell below, the first line indicates the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) transcription, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an -r, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals. The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are -n, -ng, and -r, the last of which is attached as a grammatical <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>. A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology#Tones_and_final_consonants" title="Old Chinese phonology">final consonants in Old Chinese</a>), or indicates the use of a non-pinyin romanization system, such as one that uses final consonants to indicate tones. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Rime</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Medial</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">∅</th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="min-width:2em">-⁠e / -⁠o / -⁠ê </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠a</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠ei</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠ai </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠ou</th> <th scope="col">-⁠ao</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠en</th> <th scope="col">-⁠an </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠eng</th> <th scope="col">-⁠ang</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">er </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle">∅ </th> <td>[ɨ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>-⁠i</li></ul></div></td> <td>[ɤ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>e</li><li>-⁠e</li></ul></div></td> <td>[ɛ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ê</li><li>-⁠ê</li></ul></div></td> <td>[a]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>a</li><li>-⁠a</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[ei̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ei</li><li>-⁠ei</li></ul></div></td> <td>[ai̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ai</li><li>-⁠ai</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[ou̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ou</li><li>-⁠ou</li></ul></div></td> <td>[au̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ao</li><li>-⁠ao</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[ən]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>en</li><li>-⁠en</li></ul></div></td> <td>[an]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>an</li><li>-⁠an</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[əŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>eng</li><li>-⁠eng</li></ul></div></td> <td>[aŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ang</li><li>-⁠ang</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[ɚ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>er</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>y⁠-</li><li>-⁠i⁠-</li></ul></div> </th> <td>[i]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yi</li><li>-⁠i</li></ul></div></td> <td colspan="2">[je]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ye</li><li>-⁠ie</li></ul></div></td> <td>[ja]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ya</li><li>-⁠ia</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td> <td>[jou̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>you</li><li>-⁠iu</li></ul></div></td> <td>[jau̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yao</li><li>-⁠iao</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[in]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yin</li><li>-⁠in</li></ul></div></td> <td>[jɛn]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yan</li><li>-⁠ian</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[iŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ying</li><li>-⁠ing</li></ul></div></td> <td>[jaŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yang</li><li>-⁠iang</li></ul></div> </td> <td rowspan="3" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>w⁠-</li><li>-⁠u⁠-</li></ul></div> </th> <td>[u]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wu</li><li>-⁠u</li></ul></div></td> <td colspan="2">[wo]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wo</li><li>-⁠uo</li></ul></div></td> <td>[wa]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wa</li><li>-⁠ua</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[wei̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wei</li><li>-⁠ui</li></ul></div></td> <td>[wai̯]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wai</li><li>-⁠uai</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td> <td>[wən]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wen</li><li>-⁠un</li></ul></div></td> <td>[wan]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wan</li><li>-⁠uan</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[wəŋ~ʊŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>weng</li><li>-⁠ong</li></ul></div></td> <td>[waŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wang</li><li>-⁠uang</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>yu⁠-</li><li>-⁠ü⁠-</li></ul></div> </th> <td>[y]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yu</li><li>-⁠ü</li></ul></div></td> <td colspan="2">[ɥe]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yue</li><li>-⁠üe</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="5" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td> <td>[yn]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yun</li><li>-⁠ün</li></ul></div></td> <td>[ɥɛn]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yuan</li><li>-⁠üan</li></ul></div> </td> <td>[jʊŋ]<hr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yong</li><li>-⁠iong</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Technically, i, u, ü without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ê [ɛ] (欸; 誒) and syllabic nasals m (呒, 呣), n (嗯, 唔), ng (嗯, 𠮾) are used as <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>; for example, pinyin defines the names of several pinyin letters using -ê finals. According to the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, ng can be abbreviated with the shorthand <a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a>. However, this shorthand is rarely used due to difficulty of entering it on computers. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Form with <a href="/wiki/Zero_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero initial">zero initial</a></th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td>-i</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ̩</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z̩</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ̩</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ̩</a>]</td> <td>(N/A)</td> <td>-i is a buzzed continuation of the consonant following z-, c-, s-, zh-, ch-, sh- or r-. In all other cases, -i has the sound of bee. </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>]</td> <td>a</td> <td>like English father, but a bit more fronted </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɤ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>, [ə]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>e</td> <td>a back, unrounded vowel (similar to English duh, but not as open). Pronounced as a sequence [ɰɤ]. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai</td> <td>[ai̯]</td> <td>ai</td> <td>like English eye, but a bit lighter </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei</td> <td>[ei̯]</td> <td>ei</td> <td>as in hey </td></tr> <tr> <td>ao</td> <td>[au̯]</td> <td>ao</td> <td>approximately as in cow; the a is much more audible than the o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou</td> <td>[ou̯]</td> <td>ou</td> <td>as in North American English so </td></tr> <tr> <td>an</td> <td>[an]</td> <td>an</td> <td>like British English ban, but more central </td></tr> <tr> <td>en</td> <td>[ən]</td> <td>en</td> <td>as in taken </td></tr> <tr> <td>ang</td> <td>[aŋ]</td> <td>ang</td> <td>as in German Angst. (Starts with the vowel sound in father and ends in the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a>; like song in some dialects of American English) </td></tr> <tr> <td>eng</td> <td>[əŋ]</td> <td>eng</td> <td>like e in en above but with ng appended </td></tr> <tr> <td>ong</td> <td>[ʊŋ]~[o̞ʊŋ]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>(weng)</td> <td>starts with the vowel sound in book and ends with the velar nasal sound in sing. Varies between [oŋ] and [uŋ] depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <td>er</td> <td>[aɚ̯]~[əɹ]<a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18">[a]</a></td> <td>er</td> <td>Similar to the sound in bar in English. Can also be pronounced [ɚ] depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Finals beginning with i- (y-) </th></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</td> <td>yi</td> <td>like English bee </td></tr> <tr> <td>ia</td> <td>[ja]</td> <td>ya</td> <td>as i + a; like English yard </td></tr> <tr> <td>ie</td> <td>[je]</td> <td>ye</td> <td>as i + ê where the e (compare with the ê interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter </td></tr> <tr> <td>iao</td> <td>[jau̯]</td> <td>yao</td> <td>as i + ao </td></tr> <tr> <td>iu</td> <td>[jou̯]</td> <td>you</td> <td>as i + ou </td></tr> <tr> <td>ian</td> <td>[jɛn]</td> <td>yan</td> <td>as i + an; like English yen. Varies between [jen] and [jan] depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <td>in</td> <td>[in]</td> <td>yin</td> <td>as i + n </td></tr> <tr> <td>iang</td> <td>[jaŋ]</td> <td>yang</td> <td>as i + ang </td></tr> <tr> <td>ing</td> <td>[iŋ]</td> <td>ying</td> <td>as i + ng </td></tr> <tr> <td>iong</td> <td>[jʊŋ]</td> <td>yong</td> <td>as i + ong. Varies between [joŋ] and [juŋ] depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Finals beginning with u- (w-) </th></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</td> <td>wu</td> <td>like English oo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ua</td> <td>[wa]</td> <td>wa</td> <td>as u + a </td></tr> <tr> <td>uo/o</td> <td>[wo]</td> <td>wo</td> <td>as u + o where the o (compare with the o interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as o after b, p, m or f) </td></tr> <tr> <td>uai</td> <td>[wai̯]</td> <td>wai</td> <td>as u + ai, as in English why </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui</td> <td>[wei̯]</td> <td>wei</td> <td>as u + ei, as in English way </td></tr> <tr> <td>uan</td> <td>[wan]</td> <td>wan</td> <td>as u + an </td></tr> <tr> <td>un</td> <td>[wən]</td> <td>wen</td> <td>as u + en; as in English won </td></tr> <tr> <td>uang</td> <td>[waŋ]</td> <td>wang</td> <td>as u + ang </td></tr> <tr> <td>(ong)</td> <td>[wəŋ]</td> <td>weng</td> <td>as u + eng </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Finals beginning with ü- (yu-) </th></tr> <tr> <td>ü</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[y]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close front rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close front rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>yu</td> <td>as in German über or French lune (pronounced as English ee with rounded lips; spelled as u after j, q or x) </td></tr> <tr> <td>üe</td> <td>[ɥe]</td> <td>yue</td> <td>as ü + ê where the e (compare with the ê interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as ue after j, q or x) </td></tr> <tr> <td>üan</td> <td>[ɥɛn]</td> <td>yuan</td> <td>as ü + an. Varies between [ɥen] and [ɥan] depending on the speaker (spelled as uan after j, q or x) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ün</td> <td>[yn]</td> <td>yun</td> <td>as ü + n (spelled as un after j, q or x) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Interjections </th></tr> <tr> <td>ê</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</td> <td>ê</td> <td>as in bet </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</td> <td>o</td> <td>approximately as in British English office; the lips are much more rounded </td></tr> <tr> <td>io</td> <td>[jɔ]</td> <td>yo</td> <td>as i + o </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_⟨ü⟩_sound">The ⟨ü⟩ sound</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The ⟨ü⟩ sound" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> is added to ⟨u⟩ when it occurs after the initials ⟨l⟩ and ⟨n⟩ when necessary in order to represent the sound [y]. This is necessary in order to distinguish the front high rounded vowel in lü (e.g. 驴; 驢; 'donkey') from the back high rounded vowel in lu (e.g. 炉; 爐; 'oven'). Tonal markers are placed above the umlaut, as in lǘ. However, the ü is not used in the other contexts where it could represent a front high rounded vowel, namely after the letters j, q, x, and y. For example, the sound of the word for 'fish' (鱼; 魚) is transcribed in pinyin simply as yú, not as *yǘ. This practice is opposed to Wade–Giles, which always uses ü, and <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>, which always uses yu. Whereas Wade–Giles needs the umlaut to distinguish between chü (pinyin ju) and chu (pinyin zhu), this ambiguity does not arise with pinyin, so the more convenient form ju is used instead of jü. Genuine ambiguities only happen with nu/nü and lu/lü, which are then distinguished by an umlaut. Many fonts or output methods do not support an umlaut for ü or cannot place tone marks on top of ü. Likewise, using ü in input methods is difficult because it is not present as a simple key on many keyboard layouts. For these reasons v is sometimes used instead by convention. For example, it is common for cellphones to use v instead of ü. Additionally, some stores in China use v instead of ü in the transliteration of their names. The drawback is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> and limited font support for <a href="/wiki/Combining_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining accent">combining accents</a> on the letter v, (v̄ v́ v̌ v̀). This also presents a problem in transcribing names for use on passports, affecting people with names that consist of the sound lü or nü, particularly people with the surname 吕 (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(surname)" title="Lü (surname)">Lǚ</a>), a fairly common surname, particularly compared to the surnames 陆 (<a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%99%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu (surname 陆)">Lù</a>), 鲁 (<a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%B2%81)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu (surname 鲁)">Lǔ</a>), 卢 (<a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E5%8D%A2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu (surname 卢)">Lú</a>) and 路 (<a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E8%B7%AF)" title="Lu (surname 路)">Lù</a>). Previously, the practice varied among different passport issuing offices, with some transcribing as "LV" and "NV" while others used "LU" and "NU". On 10 July 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Public Security</a> standardized the practice to use "LYU" and "NYU" in passports.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Although nüe written as nue, and lüe written as lue are not ambiguous, nue or lue are not correct according to the rules; nüe and lüe should be used instead. However, some Chinese input methods support both nve/lve (typing v for ü) and nue/lue. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Tones">Tones</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/130px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/130px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png" data-width="130" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/195px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/260px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Relative pitch changes of the four tones</figcaption></figure> The pinyin system also uses four <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to mark the <a href="/wiki/Tones_of_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tones of Mandarin">tones of Mandarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In the pinyin system, four main tones of Mandarin are shown by diacritics: ā, á, ǎ, and à.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> There is no symbol or diacritic for the neutral tone: a. The diacritic is placed over the letter that represents the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">syllable nucleus</a>, unless that letter is missing. Tones are used in Hanyu Pinyin symbols, and they do not appear in Chinese characters. Tones are written on the finals of Chinese pinyin. If the tone mark is written over an i, then it replaces the tittle, as in yī. <ol><li>The first tone (flat or high-level tone) is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> ⟨ˉ⟩ added to the pinyin vowel: <dl><dd>ā ē ê̄ ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ê̄ Ī Ō Ū Ǖ</dd></dl></li> <li>The second tone (rising or high-rising tone) is denoted by an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> ⟨ˊ⟩: <dl><dd>á é ế í ó ú ǘ Á É Ế Í Ó Ú Ǘ</dd></dl></li> <li>The third tone (falling-rising or low tone) is marked by a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> ⟨ˇ⟩: <dl><dd>ǎ ě ê̌ ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ê̌ Ǐ Ǒ Ǔ Ǚ</dd></dl></li> <li>The fourth tone (falling or high-falling tone) is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> ⟨ˋ⟩: <dl><dd>à è ề ì ò ù ǜ À È Ề Ì Ò Ù Ǜ</dd></dl></li> <li>The fifth tone (neutral tone) is represented by a normal vowel without any accent mark: <dl><dd>a e ê i o u ü A E Ê I O U Ü</dd></dl></li></ol> In dictionaries, neutral tone may be indicated by a dot preceding the syllable—e.g. ·ma. When a neutral tone syllable has an alternative pronunciation in another tone, a combination of tone marks may be used: zhī·dào (知道) may be pronounced either zhīdào or zhīdao.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGB/T_161592012%C2%A77.3-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">Tone number</a></div> Before the advent of computers, many typewriter fonts did not contain vowels with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> diacritics. Tones were thus represented by placing a <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">tone number</a> at the end of individual syllables. For example, tóng is written tong2. Each tone can be denoted with its numeral the order listed above. The neutral tone can either be denoted with no numeral, with 0, or with 5. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone</th> <th scope="col">Examples</th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li>mā (<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>)</li><li>ma1</li></ul></div></td> <td>ma˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li>má (<a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>)</li><li>ma2</li></ul></div></td> <td>ma˧˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li>mǎ (<a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>)</li><li>ma3</li></ul></div></td> <td>ma˨˩˦ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li>mà (<a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>)</li><li>ma4</li></ul></div></td> <td>ma˥˩ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral tone">Neutral</a> </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li>ma</li><li>·ma (<a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle dot</a>)</li><li>ma0</li><li>ma5</li></ul></div> </td> <td>ma </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placement_and_omission">Placement and omission</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Placement and omission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Briefly, tone marks should always be placed in the order a, e, i, o, u, ü, with the only exceptions being iu and io where the tone mark is placed on the second vowel instead. Pinyin tone marks appear primarily above the syllable nucleus—e.g. as in kuài, where k is the initial, u the medial, a the nucleus, and i is the coda. There is an exception for syllabic nasals like /m/, where the nucleus of the syllable is a consonant: there, the diacritic will be carried by a written dummy vowel. When the nucleus is /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ (written e or o), and there is both a medial and a coda, the nucleus may be dropped from writing. In this case, when the coda is a consonant n or ng, the only vowel left is the medial i, u, or ü, and so this takes the diacritic. However, when the coda is a vowel, it is the coda rather than the medial which takes the diacritic in the absence of a written nucleus. This occurs with syllables ending in -ui (from wei: wèi → -uì) and in -iu (from you: yòu → -iù). That is, in the absence of a written nucleus the finals have priority for receiving the tone marker, as long as they are vowels; if not, the medial takes the diacritic. An algorithm to find the correct vowel letter (when there is more than one) is as follows: <ol><li>If there is an a or an e, it will take the tone mark</li> <li>If there is an ou, then the o takes the tone mark</li> <li>Otherwise, the second vowel takes the tone mark</li></ol> Worded differently, <ol><li>If there is an a, e, or o, it will take the tone mark; in the case of ao, the mark goes on the a</li> <li>Otherwise, the vowels are -iu or -ui, in which case the second vowel takes the tone mark</li></ol> The above can be summarized as the following table. The vowel letter taking the tone mark is indicated by the fourth-tone mark. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;border:none"> <caption>Placement of the pinyin tone mark </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:none;border-style:none"> </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-a </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-e </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-i </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-o </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-u </th></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">a- </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td> <td>ài</td> <td>ào </td> <td class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">e- </th> <td>èi </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">i- </th> <td>ià, iào</td> <td>iè</td> <td class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"></td> <td>iò</td> <td>iù </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">o- </th> <td colspan="4" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td> <td>òu </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">u- </th> <td>uà, uài</td> <td>uè</td> <td>uì</td> <td>uò </td> <td class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">ü- </th> <td>(üà)</td> <td>üè </td> <td colspan="3" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid solid none"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-taiwan-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-8">i</a> for Taipei Mandarin </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowel-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_19-1">b</a> Y and w are equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> medials i, u, and ü (see below). They are spelled differently when there is no initial consonant in order to mark a new syllable: fanguan is fan-guan, while fangwan is fang-wan (and equivalent to *fang-uan). With this convention, an apostrophe only needs to be used to mark an initial a, e, or o: Xi'an (two syllables: [ɕi.an]) vs. xian (one syllable: [ɕi̯ɛn]). In addition, y and w are added to fully vocalic i, u, and ü when these occur without an initial consonant, so that they are written yi, wu, and yu. Some Mandarin speakers do pronounce a [j] or [w] sound at the beginning of such words—that is, yi [i] or [ji], wu [u] or [wu], yu [y] or [ɥy],—so this is an intuitive convention. See below for a few finals which are abbreviated after a consonant plus w/u or y/i medial: wen → C+un, wei → C+ui, weng → C+ong, and you → Q+iu. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a> is not ordinarily reflected in pinyin spelling. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Spacing,_capitalization,_and_punctuation">Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Standard Chinese has many <a href="/wiki/Polysyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysyllabic">polysyllabic</a> words. Like in other writing systems using the Latin alphabet, spacing in pinyin is officially based on word boundaries. However, there are often ambiguities in partitioning a word. The Basic Rules of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography were put into effect in 1988 by the National Educational and National Language commissions.<a href="#cite_note-ortho-25">[23]</a> These rules became a GB recommendation in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-ortho-25">[23]</a> and were last updated in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> In practice, however, published materials in China now often space pinyin syllable by syllable. According to <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a>, this practice became widespread after the Script Reform Committee, previously under direct control of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, had its power greatly weakened in 1985 when it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/State_Language_Commission" title="State Language Commission">State Language Commission</a> and placed under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Mair claims that proponents of Chinese characters in the educational bureaucracy "became alarmed that word-based pinyin was becoming a de facto alternative to Chinese characters as a script for writing Mandarin and demanded that all pinyin syllables be written separately."<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_orthographies">Comparison with other orthographies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison with other orthographies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Pinyin superseded older romanization systems such as Wade–Giles and <a href="/wiki/Postal_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal romanization">postal romanization</a>, and replaced bopomofo as the method of Chinese phonetic instruction in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. The ISO adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for modern Chinese in 1982 (ISO 7098:1982, superseded by ISO 7098:2015). The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> followed suit in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lin-29">[27]</a> It has also been accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government of Singapore</a>, the United States's <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>, and many other international institutions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Pinyin assigns some Latin letters sound values which are quite different from those of most languages. This has drawn some criticism as it may lead to confusion when uninformed speakers apply either native or English assumed pronunciations to words. However, this problem is not limited only to pinyin, since many languages that use the Latin alphabet natively also assign different values to the same letters. A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor2014124-31">[29]</a> As pinyin is a phonetic writing system for modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, it is not designed to replace characters for writing <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, the standard written language prior to the early 1900s. In particular, Chinese characters retain semantic cues that help distinguish differently pronounced words in the ancient classical language that are now <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> in Mandarin. Thus, Chinese characters remain indispensable for recording and transmitting the corpus of Chinese writing from the past. Pinyin is not designed to transcribe <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language varieties">varieties</a> other than Standard Chinese, which is based on the phonological system of Beijing Mandarin. Other romanization schemes have been devised to transcribe those other Chinese varieties, such as <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> for Cantonese and <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_charts">Comparison charts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison charts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Vowels a, e, o </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">a </th> <th scope="col">ɔ </th> <th scope="col">ɛ </th> <th scope="col">ɤ </th> <th scope="col">ai </th> <th scope="col">ei </th> <th scope="col">au </th> <th scope="col">ou </th> <th scope="col">an </th> <th scope="col">ən </th> <th scope="col">aŋ </th> <th scope="col">əŋ </th> <th scope="col">ʊŋ </th> <th scope="col">aɹ </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="3">a</td> <td rowspan="3">o</td> <td rowspan="2">ê</td> <td rowspan="2">e</td> <td rowspan="3">ai</td> <td rowspan="3">ei</td> <td rowspan="3">ao</td> <td rowspan="3">ou</td> <td rowspan="3">an</td> <td rowspan="2">en</td> <td rowspan="3">ang</td> <td rowspan="2">eng</td> <td rowspan="2">ong</td> <td rowspan="2">er </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>eh</td> <td>ê/o</td> <td>ên</td> <td>êng</td> <td>ung</td> <td>êrh </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄛ</td> <td>ㄝ</td> <td>ㄜ</td> <td>ㄞ</td> <td>ㄟ</td> <td>ㄠ</td> <td>ㄡ</td> <td>ㄢ</td> <td>ㄣ</td> <td>ㄤ</td> <td>ㄥ</td> <td>ㄨㄥ</td> <td>ㄦ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>阿</td> <td>喔</td> <td>誒</td> <td>俄</td> <td>艾</td> <td>黑</td> <td>凹</td> <td>偶</td> <td>安</td> <td>恩</td> <td>昂</td> <td>冷</td> <td>中</td> <td>二 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Vowels i, u, y </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">i </th> <th scope="col">je </th> <th scope="col">jou </th> <th scope="col">jɛn </th> <th scope="col">in </th> <th scope="col">iŋ </th> <th scope="col">jʊŋ </th> <th scope="col">u </th> <th scope="col">wo </th> <th scope="col">wei </th> <th scope="col">wən </th> <th scope="col">wəŋ </th> <th scope="col">y </th> <th scope="col">ɥe </th> <th scope="col">ɥɛn </th> <th scope="col">yn </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">yi</td> <td rowspan="2">ye</td> <td rowspan="2">you</td> <td rowspan="2">yan</td> <td rowspan="3">yin</td> <td rowspan="3">ying</td> <td rowspan="2">yong</td> <td rowspan="3">wu</td> <td rowspan="3">wo/o</td> <td rowspan="3">wei</td> <td>wen</td> <td>weng</td> <td rowspan="2">yu</td> <td rowspan="2">yue</td> <td rowspan="2">yuan</td> <td rowspan="2">yun </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>wun</td> <td>wong </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>i/yi</td> <td>yeh</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yen</td> <td>yung</td> <td>wên</td> <td>wêng</td> <td>yü</td> <td>yüeh</td> <td>yüan</td> <td>yün </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄧ</td> <td>ㄧㄝ</td> <td>ㄧㄡ</td> <td>ㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄧㄣ</td> <td>ㄧㄥ</td> <td>ㄩㄥ</td> <td>ㄨ</td> <td>ㄨㄛ/ㄛ</td> <td>ㄨㄟ</td> <td>ㄨㄣ</td> <td>ㄨㄥ</td> <td>ㄩ</td> <td>ㄩㄝ</td> <td>ㄩㄢ</td> <td>ㄩㄣ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>一</td> <td>也</td> <td>又</td> <td>言</td> <td>音</td> <td>英</td> <td>用</td> <td>五</td> <td>我</td> <td>位</td> <td>文</td> <td>翁</td> <td>玉</td> <td>月</td> <td>元</td> <td>雲 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Non-sibilant consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">p </th> <th scope="col">pʰ </th> <th scope="col">m </th> <th scope="col">fəŋ </th> <th scope="col">tjou </th> <th scope="col">twei </th> <th scope="col">twən </th> <th scope="col">tʰɤ </th> <th scope="col">ny </th> <th scope="col">ly </th> <th scope="col">kɤ </th> <th scope="col">kʰɤ </th> <th scope="col">xɤ </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">b</td> <td rowspan="2">p</td> <td rowspan="3">m</td> <td>feng</td> <td>diu</td> <td>dui</td> <td rowspan="2">dun</td> <td rowspan="2">te</td> <td>nü</td> <td>lü</td> <td rowspan="2">ge</td> <td rowspan="2">ke</td> <td rowspan="2">he </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>fong</td> <td>diou</td> <td>duei</td> <td>nyu</td> <td>lyu </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td>pʻ</td> <td>fêng</td> <td>tiu</td> <td>tui</td> <td>tun</td> <td>tʻê</td> <td>nü</td> <td>lü</td> <td>ko</td> <td>kʻo</td> <td>ho </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄅ</td> <td>ㄆ</td> <td>ㄇ</td> <td>ㄈㄥ</td> <td>ㄉㄧㄡ</td> <td>ㄉㄨㄟ</td> <td>ㄉㄨㄣ</td> <td>ㄊㄜ</td> <td>ㄋㄩ</td> <td>ㄌㄩ</td> <td>ㄍㄜ</td> <td>ㄎㄜ</td> <td>ㄏㄜ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>玻</td> <td>婆</td> <td>末</td> <td>封</td> <td>丟</td> <td>兌</td> <td>頓</td> <td>特</td> <td>女</td> <td>旅</td> <td>歌</td> <td>可</td> <td>何 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Sibilant consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">tɕjɛn </th> <th scope="col">tɕjʊŋ </th> <th scope="col">tɕʰin </th> <th scope="col">ɕɥɛn </th> <th scope="col">ʈʂɤ </th> <th scope="col">ʈʂɨ </th> <th scope="col">ʈʂʰɤ </th> <th scope="col">ʈʂʰɨ </th> <th scope="col">ʂɤ </th> <th scope="col">ʂɨ </th> <th scope="col">ɻɤ </th> <th scope="col">ɻɨ </th> <th scope="col">tsɤ </th> <th scope="col">tswo </th> <th scope="col">tsɨ </th> <th scope="col">tsʰɤ </th> <th scope="col">tsʰɨ </th> <th scope="col">sɤ </th> <th scope="col">sɨ </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">jian</td> <td>jiong</td> <td>qin</td> <td>xuan</td> <td>zhe</td> <td>zhi</td> <td rowspan="2">che</td> <td>chi</td> <td rowspan="2">she</td> <td>shi</td> <td rowspan="2">re</td> <td>ri</td> <td rowspan="2">ze</td> <td rowspan="2">zuo</td> <td>zi</td> <td rowspan="2">ce</td> <td>ci</td> <td rowspan="2">se</td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>jyong</td> <td>cin</td> <td>syuan</td> <td>jhe</td> <td>jhih</td> <td>chih</td> <td>shih</td> <td>rih</td> <td>zih</td> <td>cih</td> <td>sih </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>chien</td> <td>chiung</td> <td>chʻin</td> <td>hsüan</td> <td>chê</td> <td>chih</td> <td>chʻê</td> <td>chʻih</td> <td>shê</td> <td>shih</td> <td>jê</td> <td>jih</td> <td>tsê</td> <td>tso</td> <td>tzŭ</td> <td>tsʻê</td> <td>tzʻŭ</td> <td>sê</td> <td>ssŭ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄐㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄐㄩㄥ</td> <td>ㄑㄧㄣ</td> <td>ㄒㄩㄢ</td> <td>ㄓㄜ</td> <td>ㄓ</td> <td>ㄔㄜ</td> <td>ㄔ</td> <td>ㄕㄜ</td> <td>ㄕ</td> <td>ㄖㄜ</td> <td>ㄖ</td> <td>ㄗㄜ</td> <td>ㄗㄨㄛ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㄘㄜ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙㄜ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>件</td> <td>囧</td> <td>秦</td> <td>宣</td> <td>哲</td> <td>之</td> <td>扯</td> <td>赤</td> <td>社</td> <td>是</td> <td>惹</td> <td>日</td> <td>仄</td> <td>左</td> <td>字</td> <td>策</td> <td>次</td> <td>色</td> <td>斯 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Tones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">ma˥ </th> <th scope="col">ma˧˥ </th> <th scope="col">ma˨˩˦ </th> <th scope="col">ma˥˩ </th> <th scope="col">ma </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td>mā</td> <td rowspan="2">má</td> <td rowspan="2">mǎ</td> <td rowspan="2">mà</td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>ma</td> <td>må </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>ma1</td> <td>ma2</td> <td>ma3</td> <td>ma4</td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄇㄚ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˊ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˇ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˋ</td> <td>˙ㄇㄚ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>) </th> <td>媽</td> <td>麻</td> <td>馬</td> <td>罵</td> <td>嗎 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Typography_and_encoding">Typography and encoding</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Typography and encoding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Based on the "Chinese Romanization" section of ISO 7098:2015, pinyin tone marks should use the symbols from <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks" title="Combining Diacritical Marks">Combining Diacritical Marks</a>, as opposed by the use of <a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">Spacing Modifier Letters</a> in bopomofo. Lowercase letters with tone marks are included in <a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a> and their uppercase counterparts are included in <a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a>;<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> thus Unicode includes all the common accented characters from pinyin.<a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33">[31]</a> Other punctuation mark and symbols in Chinese are to use the equivalent symbol in English noted in to GB 15834. According to GB 16159, all accented letters are required to have both uppercase and lowercase characters as per their normal counterparts. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Accent alphabets in Hanyu Pinyin<a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33">[31]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_pinyin-yellow">[a]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_pinyin-grey">[b]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Letter</th> <th>First tone</th> <th>Second tone</th> <th>Third tone</th> <th>Fourth tone </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks" title="Combining Diacritical Marks">Combining Diacritical Marks</a></td> <td>◌̄ (U+0304)</td> <td>◌́ (U+0301)</td> <td>◌̌ (U+030C)</td> <td>◌̀ (U+0300) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Common letters </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Uppercase</td> <td>A</td> <td>Ā (U+0100)</td> <td>Á (U+00C1)</td> <td>Ǎ (U+01CD)</td> <td>À (U+00C0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>Ē (U+0112)</td> <td>É (U+00C9)</td> <td>Ě (U+011A)</td> <td>È (U+00C8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>Ī (U+012A)</td> <td>Í (U+00CD)</td> <td>Ǐ (U+01CF)</td> <td>Ì (U+00CC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>Ō (U+014C)</td> <td>Ó (U+00D3)</td> <td>Ǒ (U+01D1)</td> <td>Ò (U+00D2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>Ū (U+016A)</td> <td>Ú (U+00DA)</td> <td>Ǔ (U+01D3)</td> <td>Ù (U+00D9) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ü (U+00DC)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">Ǖ (U+01D5)</td> <td>Ǘ (U+01D7)</td> <td>Ǚ (U+01D9)</td> <td>Ǜ (U+01DB) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Lowercase</td> <td>a</td> <td>ā (U+0101)</td> <td>á (U+00E1)</td> <td>ǎ (U+01CE)</td> <td>à (U+00E0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>ē (U+0113)</td> <td>é (U+00E9)</td> <td>ě (U+011B)</td> <td>è (U+00E8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>ī (U+012B)</td> <td>í (U+00ED)</td> <td>ǐ (U+01D0)</td> <td>ì (U+00EC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>ō (U+014D)</td> <td>ó (U+00F3)</td> <td>ǒ (U+01D2)</td> <td>ò (U+00F2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>ū (U+016B)</td> <td>ú (U+00FA)</td> <td>ǔ (U+01D4)</td> <td>ù (U+00F9) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü (U+00FC)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">ǖ (U+01D6)</td> <td>ǘ (U+01D8)</td> <td>ǚ (U+01DA)</td> <td>ǜ (U+01DC) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Rare letters </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Uppercase</td> <td>Ê (U+00CA)</td> <td style="background:yellow">Ê̄ (U+00CA U+0304)</td> <td>Ế (U+1EBE)</td> <td style="background:yellow">Ê̌ (U+00CA U+030C)</td> <td>Ề (U+1EC0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td style="background:yellow">M̄ (U+004D U+0304)</td> <td>Ḿ (U+1E3E)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">M̌ (U+004D U+030C)</td> <td style="background:yellow">M̀ (U+004D U+0300) </td></tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">N̄ (U+004E U+0304)</td> <td>Ń (U+0143)</td> <td>Ň (U+0147)</td> <td>Ǹ (U+01F8) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Lowercase</td> <td>ê (U+00EA)</td> <td style="background:yellow">ê̄ (U+00EA U+0304)</td> <td>ế (U+1EBF)</td> <td style="background:yellow">ê̌ (U+00EA U+030C)</td> <td>ề (U+1EC1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td style="background:yellow">m̄ (U+006D U+0304)</td> <td>ḿ (U+1E3F)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">m̌ (U+006D U+030C)</td> <td style="background:yellow">m̀ (U+006D U+0300) </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">n̄ (U+006E U+0304)</td> <td>ń (U+0144)</td> <td>ň (U+0148)</td> <td>ǹ (U+01F9) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>a.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_pinyin-yellow">^</a> Yellow cells indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.<a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33">[31]</a></dd> <dd>b.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_pinyin-grey">^</a> Grey cells indicate that <a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Cidian</a> does not include pinyin with that specific letter.<a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33">[31]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a> has mapped two characters ⟨ḿ⟩ and ⟨ǹ⟩ to <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Areas</a> in Unicode respectively, thus some fonts (e.g. SimSun) that adhere to GBK include both characters in the Private Use Areas, and some input methods (e.g. Sogou Pinyin) also outputs the Private Use Areas code point instead of the original character. As the superset <a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a> changed the mappings of ⟨ḿ⟩ and ⟨ǹ⟩, this has caused an issue where the input methods and font files use different encoding standards, and thus the input and output of both characters are mixed up.<a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Shorthand pinyin letters<a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33">[31]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Uppercase</th> <th>Lowercase</th> <th>Note</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ĉ (U+0108)</td> <td>ĉ (U+0109)</td> <td>Abbreviation of ch</td> <td>长; 長 can be spelled as ĉáŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ŝ (U+015C)</td> <td>ŝ (U+015D)</td> <td>Abbreviation of sh</td> <td>伤; 傷 can be spelled as ŝāŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ẑ (U+1E90)</td> <td>ẑ (U+1E91)</td> <td>Abbreviation of zh</td> <td>张; 張 can be spelled as Ẑāŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ŋ (U+014A)</td> <td>ŋ (U+014B)</td> <td>Abbreviation of ng</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>让; 讓 can be spelled as ràŋ</li><li>嗯 can be spelled as ŋ̀</li></ul></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Other symbols are used in pinyin are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Symbol comparison </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+3002 。 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+002E . FULL STOP </td> <td>End of sentence </td> <td>你好。 Nǐ hǎo. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF0C ， FULLWIDTH COMMA</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3001 、 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+002C , COMMA </td> <td>Connecting clauses </td> <td>你，好吗？ Nǐ, hǎo ma? </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2014 — EM DASH (×2) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2014 — EM DASH </td> <td>Division of clauses mid-sentence </td> <td>枢纽部分——中央大厅 shūniǔ bùfèn — zhōngyāng dàtīng </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2026 … HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS (×2) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2026 … HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS </td> <td>Redaction of part of a passage </td> <td>我…… Wǒ… </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT </td> <td>Neutral tone marker placed before the syllable </td> <td>吗 ·ma </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS </td> <td>Hyphenation of abbreviated compounds </td> <td>公关 gōng-guān </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0027 ' APOSTROPHE </td> <td>Syllable segmentation </td> <td>西安 - Xī'ān (compared to 先 - xiān) </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/290px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/290px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/435px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/580px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A slogan written on a school wall featuring pinyin annotations without tonal marks or word grouping</figcaption></figure> The spelling of Chinese geographical or personal names in pinyin has become the most common way to transcribe them in English. Pinyin has also become the dominant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_method" title="Chinese input method">Chinese input method</a> in mainland China, in contrast to Taiwan, where bopomofo is most commonly used. Families outside of Taiwan who speak Mandarin as a mother tongue use pinyin to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know. Chinese families outside of Taiwan who speak some other language as their mother tongue use the system to teach children Mandarin pronunciation when learning vocabulary in elementary school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowlingHulme2005320%E2%80%93322-34">[32]</a> Since 1958, pinyin has been actively used in <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a> as well, making it easier for formerly illiterate people to continue with self-study after a short period of pinyin literacy instruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2005206%E2%80%93208-35">[33]</a> Pinyin has become a tool for many foreigners to learn Mandarin pronunciation, and is used to explain both the grammar and spoken Mandarin coupled with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. Books containing both Chinese characters and pinyin are often used by foreign learners of Chinese. Pinyin's role in teaching pronunciation to foreigners and children is similar in some respects to <a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a>-based books with <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> letters written alongside <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> (directly analogous to bopomofo) in Japanese, or fully vocalised texts in Arabic. The tone-marking diacritics are commonly omitted in popular news stories and even in scholarly works, as well as in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Braille</a> system, which is similar to pinyin, but meant for blind readers.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> This results in some degree of ambiguity as to which words are being represented. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_input">Computer input</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Computer input" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Simple computer systems, sometimes only able to use simple character systems for text, such as the 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> standard—essentially the 26 Latin letters, 10 digits, and punctuation marks—long provided a convincing argument for using unaccented pinyin instead of diacritical pinyin or Chinese characters. Today, however, most computer systems are able to display characters from Chinese and many other writing systems as well, and have them entered with a Latin keyboard using an <a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">input method</a> editor. Alternatively, some touchscreen devices allow users to input characters graphically by writing with a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>, with concurrent online <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a>. Pinyin with accents can be entered with the use of special keyboard layouts or various other utilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorting_techniques">Sorting techniques</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sorting techniques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pinyin_alphabetical_order" title="Pinyin alphabetical order">Pinyin alphabetical order</a></div> Chinese text can be sorted by its pinyin representation, which is often useful for looking up words whose pronunciations are known, but not whose character forms are not known. Chinese characters and words can be sorted for convenient lookup by their Pinyin expressions alphabetically,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326%E2%80%9327-37">[35]</a> according to their inherited order originating with the ancient Phoenicians. Identical syllables are then further sorted by tone number, ascending, with neutral tones placed last. Words of multiple characters can be sorted in two different ways,<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> either per character, as is used in the <a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Cidian</a>, or by the whole word's string, which is only then sorted by tone. This method is used in the <a href="/wiki/ABC_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="ABC Chinese–English Dictionary">ABC Chinese–English Dictionary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region">By region</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By region" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taiwan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Chinese language romanization in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></div> Between October 2002 and January 2009, Taiwan used <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>, a domestic modification of Hanyu Pinyin, as its official romanization system. Thereafter, it began to promote the use of Hanyu Pinyin instead. Tongyong Pinyin was designed to romanize varieties spoken on the island in addition to Standard Chinese. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party resisted its adoption, preferring the system by then used in mainland China and internationally. Romanization preferences quickly became associated with issues of national identity. Preferences split along party lines: the KMT and its affiliated parties in the Pan-Blue Coalition supported the use of Hanyu Pinyin while the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP) and its allies in the Pan-Green Coalition favored the use of Tongyong Pinyin. Today, many street signs in Taiwan use Tongyong Pinyin or derived romanizations,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> but some use Hanyu Pinyin–derived romanizations. It is not unusual to see spellings on street signs and buildings derived from the older Wade–Giles, <a href="/wiki/MPS2" class="mw-redirect" title="MPS2">MPS2</a> and other systems. Attempts to make Hanyu Pinyin standard in Taiwan have had uneven success, with most place and proper names remaining unaffected, including all major cities. Personal names on Taiwanese passports honor the choices of Taiwanese citizens, who can choose Wade–Giles, Hakka, <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo</a>, Tongyong, aboriginal, or pinyin.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Official use of pinyin is controversial, as when pinyin use for a metro line in 2017 provoked protests, despite government responses that "The romanization used on road signs and at transportation stations is intended for foreigners... Every foreigner learning Mandarin learns Hanyu pinyin, because it is the international standard...The decision has nothing to do with the nation's self-determination or any ideologies, because the key point is to ensure that foreigners can read signs."<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language romanization in Singapore">Chinese language romanization in Singapore</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> implemented Hanyu Pinyin as the official romanization system for Mandarin in the public sector starting in the 1980s, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073-42">[40]</a> Hanyu Pinyin is also used as the romanization system to teach Mandarin Chinese at schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2016485-43">[41]</a> While adoption has been mostly successful in government communication, placenames, and businesses established in the 1980s and onward, it continues to be unpopular in some areas, most notably for personal names and vocabulary borrowed from other varieties of Chinese already established in the local vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073-42">[40]</a> In these situations, romanization continues to be based on the Chinese language variety it originated from, especially the three largest Chinese varieties traditionally spoken in Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_names">Special names</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Special names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></div> In accordance to the Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages (少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法; 少數民族語地名漢語拼音字母音譯寫法) promulgated in 1976, place names in non-Han languages like <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> are also officially transcribed using pinyin in a system adopted by the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping and Geographical Names Committee known as <a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC romanization</a>. The pinyin letters (26 Roman letters, plus ⟨ü⟩ and ⟨ê⟩) are used to approximate the non-Han language in question as closely as possible. This results in spellings that are different from both the customary spelling of the place name, and the pinyin spelling of the name in Chinese: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Customary</th> <th>Official pinyin</th> <th>Characters </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a></td> <td>Xigazê</td> <td>日喀则; 日喀則; Rìkāzé </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urumchi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></td> <td>乌鲁木齐; 烏魯木齊; Wūlǔmùqí </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(city)" title="Lhasa (city)">Lhasa</a></td> <td>Lhasa</td> <td>拉萨; 拉薩; Lāsà </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></td> <td>Hohhot</td> <td>呼和浩特; Hūhéhàotè </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud</a></td> <td>Golmud</td> <td>格尔木; 格爾木; Gé'ěrmù </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></td> <td>Qiqihar</td> <td>齐齐哈尔; 齊齊哈爾; Qíqíhā'ěr </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Chinese_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Chinese transcription systems">Comparison of Chinese transcription systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization of Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_word-segmented_writing" title="Chinese word-segmented writing">Chinese word-segmented writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Type&rft.atitle=The+Type%E2%80%94W%C7%92+%C3%A0i+p%C4%ABny%C4%ABn%21&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Eric+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetype.com%2F2017%2F08%2F11606%2F%23pinyin-yin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowlingHulme2005320–322-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowlingHulme2005320%E2%80%93322_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnowlingHulme2005">Snowling & Hulme (2005)</a>, pp. 320–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2005206–208-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2005206%E2%80%93208_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2005">Price (2005)</a>, pp. 206–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2126844/louis-brailles-19th-century-invention-remains-boon-visually">"Braille's invention still a boon to visually impaired Chinese readers"</a>. South China Morning Post. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2022. <q>... mainland Chinese Braille for standard Mandarin, and Taiwanese Braille for Taiwanese Mandarin are phonetically based ... tone (generally omitted for Mandarin systems)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Braille%27s+invention+still+a+boon+to+visually+impaired+Chinese+readers&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F2126844%2Flouis-brailles-19th-century-invention-remains-boon-visually&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326–27-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326%E2%80%9327_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangZou2003">Wang & Zou (2003)</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Su Peicheng (苏培成) (2014). <bdi lang="zh">现代汉字学纲要</bdi> [Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved 28 July 2019. <bdi lang="zh">基進黨台南市東區市議員參選人李宗霖今天指出，台南市路名牌拼音未統一、音譯錯誤等，建議統一採用通用拼音。對此，台南市政府交通局回應，南市已實施通用拼音多年，將全面檢視路名牌，依現行音譯方式進行校對改善。</bdi></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberty+Times&rft.atitle=%E8%B7%AF%E7%89%8C%E6%94%B9%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%EF%BC%9F+%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%82%E5%BA%9C%EF%BC%9A%E5%B7%B2%E6%8E%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wanjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ltn.com.tw%2Fnews%2Flife%2Fbreakingnews%2F2581473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverington2019" class="citation news cs1">Everington, Keoni (15 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3763530">"Taiwan passport can now include names in Hoklo, Hakka, indigenous languages"</a>. 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Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology. Vol. 17. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1488-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1488-6"><bdi>1-4051-1488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Reading&rft.series=Blackwell+Handbooks+of+Developmental+Psychology&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-1488-6&rft.aulast=Snowling&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft.au=Hulme%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqV7s-Oyx13oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSybesma2015" class="citation book cs1">Sybesma, Rint, ed. (2015). Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Online. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7363-ecll-all">10.1163/2210-7363-ecll-all</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-7363">2210-7363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chinese+Language+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2210-7363-ecll-all&rft.issn=2210-7363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Wipperman, Dorothea. "Transcription Systems: Hànyǔ pīnyīn 漢語拼音". In <a href="#CITEREFSybesma2015">Sybesma (2015)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin (2014) [1995]. Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. Studies in Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 14 (Rev. ed.). John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1794-3"><bdi>978-90-272-1794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+Chinese%2C+Korean%2C+and+Japanese&rft.series=Studies+in+Written+Language+and+Literacy&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1794-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsu2022" class="citation book cs1">Tsu, Jing (2022). "When "Peking" Became "Beijing"". Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern. New York: Riverhead. pp. 171–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-1472-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-1472-9"><bdi>978-0-7352-1472-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+%22Peking%22+Became+%22Beijing%22&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Characters%3A+The+Language+Revolution+That+Made+China+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=171-213&rft.pub=Riverhead&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-1472-9&rft.aulast=Tsu&rft.aufirst=Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Jun (王均) (1995). <bdi lang="zh">当代中國的文字改革</bdi> [Writing System Reform in Contemporary China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Contemporary Chinese Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80092-298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80092-298-5"><bdi>978-7-80092-298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Contemporary+Chinese+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-7-80092-298-5&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZou2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Ning (王寧) Zou Xiaoli (鄒曉麗) (2003). <bdi lang="zh">工具書</bdi> [Reference Books] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Peace Book. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-238-363-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-238-363-7"><bdi>962-238-363-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%9B%B8&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Peace+Book&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=962-238-363-7&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Ning&rft.au=Zou%2C+Xiaoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2005" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Johnson K. (2005). Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook. Jack Sun. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-599-71251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-599-71251-2"><bdi>978-1-599-71251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pinyin+shorthand%3A+a+bilingual+handbook&rft.pub=Jack+Sun&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-599-71251-2&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Johnson+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinFelley1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yin Binyong (尹斌庸) Felley, Mary (1990). <bdi lang="zh">汉语拼音和正词法</bdi> [Chinese romanization: pronunciation and orthography]. Sinolingua. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-148-5"><bdi>978-7-80052-148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95&rft.pub=Sinolingua&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-7-80052-148-5&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Binyong&rft.au=Felley%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Pinyin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pinyin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pinyin">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinyin" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pinyin">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42222" class="extiw" title="d:Q42222">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Pinyin">Pinyin</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chinese_(Mandarin)" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Chinese (Mandarin)">Chinese (Mandarin)</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chinese_(Mandarin)/Pinyin_Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Chinese (Mandarin)/Pinyin Pronunciation">Pinyin Pronunciation</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/06/01/20120601104529410.pdf">Chinese phonetic alphabet spelling rules for Chinese names</a>—The official standard GB/T 28039–2011 in Chinese. PDF version from the Chinese Ministry of Education (in Chinese) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelstone.co.uk/CJK/GBT28039-2011.html">HTML version</a> (in Chinese)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&oldid=1259439568">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&oldid=1259439568</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 04:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بينيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিনিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD_Pheng-im" title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньінь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піньінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Πινγίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πινγίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjino" title="Pinjino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pinjino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE_Ph%C3%AEn-y%C3%AEm" title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%B3%91%EC%9D%8C" title="한어병음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한어병음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Փինյին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փինյին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पिनयिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिनयिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin-sistemo" title="Pinyin-sistemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pinyin-sistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פין-יין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פין-יין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფინინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пінин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пінин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%86ji%C5%86s" title="Piņjiņs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piņjiņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പിൻ‌യിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിൻ‌യിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="फीनयीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फीनयीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پينيپين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پينيپين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_P%C4%ADng-%C4%ADng" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="拼音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拼音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین ین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پین ین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пінїнь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пінїнь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین-ین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پین-ین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பின்யின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்யின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="พินอิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พินอิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньїнь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піньїнь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پینین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86" title="پىنيىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىنيىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghyeam_Vahgun" title="Binghyeam Vahgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghyeam Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADnh_%C3%A2m_H%C3%A1n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Bính âm Hán ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bính âm Hán ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="普通話拼音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普通話拼音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 04:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is 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[\"CITEREFSybesma2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorTaylor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangAndrews2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZou2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiedenhof2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWipperman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYinFelley1990\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Angbr\"] = 10,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 5,\n [\"Bpmfsp\"] = 2,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Diagonal split header\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Hr\"] = 36,\n [\"IPA\"] = 131,\n [\"IPA blink\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 6,\n [\"IPA-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 35,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"ISO standards\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Mandarin vowels\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 14,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad\"] = 5,\n [\"Pinyintable\"] = 1,\n [\"RCL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 16,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 69,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 2,\n [\"Typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubc\"] = 36,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 5,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Unichar\"] = 12,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 2,\n [\"Zhc\"] = 5,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 35,\n [\"Zhl\"] = 2,\n [\"Zhp\"] = 5,\n [\"\\\\\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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