CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Romanization of Japanese - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a387fc61-99f6-45b1-9edd-57e2be8bdac6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Romanization_of_Japanese","wgTitle":"Romanization of Japanese","wgCurRevisionId":1256523856,"wgRevisionId":1256523856, "wgArticleId":26263954,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Romanization_of_Japanese","wgRelevantArticleId":26263954,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv", "autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym" :"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv", "autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym": "саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he", "hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro", "wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q192509","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Romanization of Japanese - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Romanization_of_Japanese rootpage-Romanization_of_Japanese stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Romanization+of+Japanese" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Romanization+of+Japanese" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Romanization of Japanese</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Romanization_of_Japanese" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Romanization+of+Japanese" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Japanese transliteration" redirects here. For transliteration into Japanese, see <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245169151">.mw-parser-output .jawriting-sidebar{width:20em}.mw-parser-output .jawriting-header{border-top:1px solid #aaa}</style> The romanization of Japanese is the use of <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> This method of writing is sometimes referred to in Japanese as rōmaji (ローマ字, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Roman letters', <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾoːma(d)ʑi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/Ja-Romaji.oga\/Ja-Romaji.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Romaji.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Ja-Romaji.oga/Ja-Romaji.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Romaji.oga" title="File:Ja-Romaji.oga">ⓘ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾoːmaꜜ(d)ʑi]</a>). Japanese is normally written in a combination of <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic characters</a> borrowed from Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a> scripts (<a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>) that also ultimately derive from Chinese characters. There are several different <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> systems. The three main ones are <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a> (ISO 3602) and <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki romanization</a> (ISO 3602 Strict). Variants of the Hepburn system are the most widely used. Romanized Japanese may be used in any context where Japanese text is targeted at non-Japanese speakers who cannot read kanji or kana, such as for names on street signs and passports and in dictionaries and textbooks for foreign learners of the language. It is also used to transliterate Japanese terms in text written in English (or other languages that use the Latin script) on topics related to Japan, such as linguistics, literature, history, and culture. All Japanese who have attended elementary school since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> have been taught to read and write romanized Japanese. Therefore, almost all Japanese can read and write Japanese by using rōmaji. However, it is extremely rare in Japan to use it to write Japanese (except as an input tool on a computer or for special purposes like in some logo design), and most Japanese are more comfortable in reading kanji and kana. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#As_a_replacement_for_the_Japanese_writing_system">1.1 As a replacement for the Japanese writing system</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Modern_systems">2 Modern systems</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Hepburn">2.1 Hepburn</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nihon-shiki">2.2 Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Kunrei-shiki">2.3 Kunrei-shiki</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_variants">2.4 Other variants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#JSL">2.5 JSL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Non-standard_romanization">3 Non-standard romanization</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Long_vowels">3.1 Long vowels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Example_words_written_in_each_romanization_system">4 Example words written in each romanization system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Differences_among_romanizations">5 Differences among romanizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Spacing">6 Spacing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Kana_without_standardized_forms_of_romanization">7 Kana without standardized forms of romanization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Historical_romanizations">8 Historical romanizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Roman_letter_names_in_Japanese">9 Roman letter names in Japanese</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sources">11.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a>. It was developed around 1548 by a Japanese Catholic named <a href="/wiki/Anjir%C5%8D" title="Anjirō">Anjirō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priests used the system in a series of printed Catholic books so that missionaries could preach and teach their converts without learning to read Japanese orthography. The most useful of these books for the study of early modern Japanese pronunciation and early attempts at romanization was the <a href="/wiki/Nippo_jisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippo jisho">Nippo jisho</a>, a Japanese–Portuguese dictionary written in 1603. In general, the early Portuguese system was similar to Nihon-shiki in its treatment of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> were transliterated differently: for instance, the /k/ consonant was rendered, depending on context, as either c or q, and the /ɸ/ consonant (now pronounced /h/, except before u) as f; and so Nihon no kotoba ("The language of Japan") was spelled Nifon no cotoba. The Jesuits also printed some secular books in romanized Japanese, including the first printed edition of the Japanese classic <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike" title="The Tale of the Heike">The Tale of the Heike</a>, romanized as Feiqe no monogatari, and a collection of <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a> (romanized as Esopo no fabulas). The latter continued to be printed and read after the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan</a> (Chibbett, 1977). From the mid-19th century onward, several systems were developed, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn system</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a> who used it in the third edition of his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1887. The Hepburn system included representation of some sounds that have since changed. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things">Kwaidan</a> shows the older kw- pronunciation; in modern Hepburn romanization, this would be written <a href="/wiki/Kwaidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwaidan">Kaidan</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ghost tales').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_replacement_for_the_Japanese_writing_system">As a replacement for the Japanese writing system</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a replacement for the Japanese writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868–1912), some Japanese scholars advocated abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a> entirely and using rōmaji instead. The Nihon-shiki romanization was an outgrowth of that movement. Several Japanese texts were published entirely in rōmaji during this period, but it failed to catch on. Later, in the early 20th century, some scholars devised syllabary systems with characters derived from Latin (rather like the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a>) that were even less popular since they were not based on any historical use of the Latin script. Today, the use of Nihon-shiki for writing Japanese is advocated by the <a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a> sect<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and some independent organizations.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a>, the government of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> (SCAP) made it official policy to romanize Japanese. However, that policy failed and a more moderate attempt at <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a> followed. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Modern_systems">Modern systems</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hepburn">Hepburn</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hepburn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/220px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3159"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/220px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/330px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/440px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Old sign from the <a href="/wiki/JNR" class="mw-redirect" title="JNR">JNR</a> era at <a href="/wiki/Toyooka_Station_(Hy%C5%8Dgo)" title="Toyooka Station (Hyōgo)">Toyooka Station</a> shows inconsistent romanization. Although in principle Hepburn is used, Kokuhu is the kunrei-shiki form (which would be <a href="/wiki/Kokufu_Station" title="Kokufu Station">Kokufu</a> in Hepburn).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a></div> Hepburn romanization generally follows English phonology with <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> vowels. It is an intuitive method of showing <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Anglophones</a> the pronunciation of a word in Japanese. It was standardized in the United States as American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn), but that status was abolished on October 6, 1994. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English-speaking world. The Revised Hepburn system of romanization uses a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> to indicate some <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> to note the separation of easily confused <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> (usually, syllabic n ん from a following naked vowel or semivowel). For example, the name じゅんいちろう is written with the kana characters ju-n-i-chi-ro-u, and romanized as Jun'ichirō in Revised Hepburn. Without the apostrophe, it would not be possible to distinguish this correct reading from the incorrect ju-ni-chi-ro-u (じゅにちろう). This system is widely used in Japan and among foreign students and academics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nihon-shiki" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki romanization</a></div> Nihon-shiki romanization was originally invented as a method for Japanese to write their own language in Latin characters, rather than to transcribe it for Westerners as Hepburn was. It follows the Japanese syllabary very strictly, with no adjustments for changes in pronunciation. It has also been standardized as <a href="/wiki/ISO_3602_Strict" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3602 Strict">ISO 3602 Strict</a>. Also known as Nippon-shiki, rendered in the Nihon-shiki style of romanization the name is either Nihon-siki or Nippon-siki. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kunrei-shiki">Kunrei-shiki</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kunrei-shiki" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a></div> Kunrei-shiki romanization is a slightly modified version of Nihon-shiki which eliminates differences between the kana syllabary and modern pronunciation. For example, the characters づ and ず are <a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">pronounced identically</a> in modern Japanese, and thus Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn ignore the difference in kana and represent the sound in the same way (zu). Nihon-shiki, on the other hand, will romanize づ as du, but ず as zu. Similarly for the pair じ and ぢ, they are both zi in Kunrei-shiki and ji in Hepburn, but are zi and di respectively in Nihon-shiki. See the table below for full details. Kunrei-shiki has been standardized by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Government">Japanese Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> as <a href="/wiki/ISO_3602" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3602">ISO 3602</a>. Kunrei-shiki is taught to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japanese elementary school</a> students in their fourth year of education. Written in Kunrei-shiki, the name of the system would be rendered Kunreisiki. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_variants">Other variants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other variants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is possible to elaborate these romanizations to enable non-native speakers to pronounce Japanese words more correctly. Typical additions include <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> marks to note the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Japanese pitch accent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic mark">diacritic marks</a> to distinguish phonological changes, such as the assimilation of the moraic nasal /ɴ/ (see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JSL">JSL</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: JSL" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL romanization</a></div> JSL is a romanization system based on Japanese phonology, designed using the linguistic principles used by linguists in designing writing systems for languages that do not have any. It is a purely <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> system, using exactly one symbol for each phoneme, and marking <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">the pitch accent</a> using <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. It was created for <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Jorden" title="Eleanor Jorden">Eleanor Harz Jorden</a>'s system of Japanese language teaching. Its principle is that such a system enables students to internalize the phonology of Japanese better. Since it does not have any of the other systems' advantages for non-native speakers, and the Japanese already have a writing system for their language, JSL is not widely used outside the educational environment. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Non-standard_romanization">Non-standard romanization</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-standard romanization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In addition to the standardized systems above, there are many variations in romanization, used either for simplification, in error or confusion between different systems, or for deliberate stylistic reasons. Notably, the various mappings that <a href="/wiki/Japanese_input_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese input methods">Japanese input methods</a> use to convert keystrokes on a Roman keyboard to kana often combine features of all of the systems; when used as plain text rather than being converted, these are usually known as <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">wāpuro rōmaji</a>. (Wāpuro is a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> of wādo purosessā <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>.) Unlike the standard systems, wāpuro rōmaji requires no characters from outside the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set. While there may be arguments in favour of some of these variant romanizations in specific contexts, their use, especially if mixed, leads to confusion when romanized Japanese words are indexed. This confusion never occurs when inputting Japanese characters with a word processor, because input Latin letters are transliterated into Japanese kana as soon as the <a href="/wiki/Input_Method_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input Method Editor">IME</a> processes what character is input. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_vowels">Long vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Long vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition, the following three "non-Hepburn rōmaji" (非ヘボン式ローマ字, hi-Hebon-shiki rōmaji) methods of representing long vowels are authorized by the Japanese Foreign Ministry for use in passports.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>oh for おお or おう (Hepburn ō).</li> <li>oo for おお or おう. This is valid JSL romanization. For Hepburn romanization, it is not a valid romanization if the long vowel belongs within a single word.</li> <li>ou for おう. This is also an example of <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">wāpuro rōmaji</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Example_words_written_in_each_romanization_system">Example words written in each romanization system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example words written in each romanization system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th rowspan="2">Japanese </th> <th rowspan="2">Kana spelling </th> <th colspan="3">Romanization </th></tr> <tr> <th>Revised Hepburn </th> <th>Kunrei-shiki </th> <th>Nihon-shiki </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>Roman characters </td> <td>ローマ字 </td> <td>ローマじ </td> <td>rōmaji </td> <td>rômazi </td> <td>rômazi </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> </td> <td>富士山 </td> <td>ふじさん </td> <td>Fujisan </td> <td>Huzisan </td> <td>Huzisan </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> </td> <td>お茶 </td> <td>おちゃ </td> <td>ocha </td> <td>otya </td> <td>otya </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> </td> <td>知事 </td> <td>ちじ </td> <td>chiji </td> <td>tizi </td> <td>tizi </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>to shrink </td> <td>縮む </td> <td>ちぢむ </td> <td>chijimu </td> <td>tizimu </td> <td>tidimu </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>to continue </td> <td>続く </td> <td>つづく </td> <td>tsuzuku </td> <td>tuzuku </td> <td>tuduku </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Differences_among_romanizations">Differences among romanizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Differences among romanizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Japanese: <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunrei-shiki">Kunrei-shiki</a>: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>あ</td> <td>ア</td> <td colspan="4">a </td></tr> <tr> <td>い</td> <td>イ</td> <td colspan="4">i </td></tr> <tr> <td>う</td> <td>ウ</td> <td colspan="3">u</td> <td>ɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>え</td> <td>エ</td> <td colspan="4">e </td></tr> <tr> <td>お</td> <td>オ</td> <td colspan="4">o </td></tr> <tr> <td>か</td> <td>カ</td> <td colspan="4">ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>き</td> <td>キ</td> <td colspan="3">ki</td> <td>kʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>く</td> <td>ク</td> <td colspan="3">ku</td> <td>kɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>け</td> <td>ケ</td> <td colspan="4">ke </td></tr> <tr> <td>こ</td> <td>コ</td> <td colspan="4">ko </td></tr> <tr> <td>きゃ</td> <td>キャ</td> <td colspan="3">kya</td> <td>kʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>きゅ</td> <td>キュ</td> <td colspan="3">kyu</td> <td>kʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>きょ</td> <td>キョ</td> <td colspan="3">kyo</td> <td>kʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>さ</td> <td>サ</td> <td colspan="4">sa </td></tr> <tr> <td>し</td> <td>シ</td> <td>shi</td> <td colspan="2">si</td> <td>ɕi </td></tr> <tr> <td>す</td> <td>ス</td> <td colspan="3">su</td> <td>sɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>せ</td> <td>セ</td> <td colspan="4">se </td></tr> <tr> <td>そ</td> <td>ソ</td> <td colspan="4">so </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゃ</td> <td>シャ</td> <td>sha</td> <td colspan="2">sya</td> <td>ɕa </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゅ</td> <td>シュ</td> <td>shu</td> <td colspan="2">syu</td> <td>ɕɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>しょ</td> <td>ショ</td> <td>sho</td> <td colspan="2">syo</td> <td>ɕo </td></tr> <tr> <td>た</td> <td>タ</td> <td colspan="4">ta </td></tr> <tr> <td>ち</td> <td>チ</td> <td>chi</td> <td colspan="2">ti</td> <td>tɕi </td></tr> <tr> <td>つ</td> <td>ツ</td> <td>tsu</td> <td colspan="2">tu</td> <td>tsɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>て</td> <td>テ</td> <td colspan="4">te </td></tr> <tr> <td>と</td> <td>ト</td> <td colspan="4">to </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゃ</td> <td>チャ</td> <td>cha</td> <td colspan="2">tya</td> <td>tɕa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゅ</td> <td>チュ</td> <td>chu</td> <td colspan="2">tyu</td> <td>tɕɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちょ</td> <td>チョ</td> <td>cho</td> <td colspan="2">tyo</td> <td>tɕo </td></tr> <tr> <td>な</td> <td>ナ</td> <td colspan="4">na </td></tr> <tr> <td>に</td> <td>ニ</td> <td colspan="3">ni</td> <td>ɲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぬ</td> <td>ヌ</td> <td colspan="3">nu</td> <td>nɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ね</td> <td>ネ</td> <td colspan="4">ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>の</td> <td>ノ</td> <td colspan="4">no </td></tr> <tr> <td>にゃ</td> <td>ニャ</td> <td colspan="3">nya</td> <td>ɲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>にゅ</td> <td>ニュ</td> <td colspan="3">nyu</td> <td>ɲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>にょ</td> <td>ニョ</td> <td colspan="3">nyo</td> <td>ɲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>は</td> <td>ハ</td> <td colspan="4">ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひ</td> <td>ヒ</td> <td colspan="3">hi</td> <td>çi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ふ</td> <td>フ</td> <td>fu</td> <td colspan="2">hu</td> <td>ɸɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>へ</td> <td>ヘ</td> <td colspan="4">he </td></tr> <tr> <td>ほ</td> <td>ホ</td> <td colspan="4">ho </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひゃ</td> <td>ヒャ</td> <td colspan="3">hya</td> <td>ça </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひゅ</td> <td>ヒュ</td> <td colspan="3">hyu</td> <td>çɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひょ</td> <td>ヒョ</td> <td colspan="3">hyo</td> <td>ço </td></tr> <tr> <td>ま</td> <td>マ</td> <td colspan="4">ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>み</td> <td>ミ</td> <td colspan="3">mi</td> <td>mʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>む</td> <td>ム</td> <td colspan="3">mu</td> <td>mɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>め</td> <td>メ</td> <td colspan="4">me </td></tr> <tr> <td>も</td> <td>モ</td> <td colspan="4">mo </td></tr> <tr> <td>みゃ</td> <td>ミャ</td> <td colspan="3">mya</td> <td>mʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>みゅ</td> <td>ミュ</td> <td colspan="3">myu</td> <td>mʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>みょ</td> <td>ミョ</td> <td colspan="3">myo</td> <td>mʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>や</td> <td>ヤ</td> <td colspan="3">ya</td> <td>ja </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゆ</td> <td>ユ</td> <td colspan="3">yu</td> <td>jɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>よ</td> <td>ヨ</td> <td colspan="3">yo</td> <td>jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ら</td> <td>ラ</td> <td colspan="3">ra</td> <td>ɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>り</td> <td>リ</td> <td colspan="3">ri</td> <td>ɾʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>る</td> <td>ル</td> <td colspan="3">ru</td> <td>ɾɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>れ</td> <td>レ</td> <td colspan="3">re</td> <td>ɾe </td></tr> <tr> <td>ろ</td> <td>ロ</td> <td colspan="3">ro</td> <td>ɾo </td></tr> <tr> <td>りゃ</td> <td>リャ</td> <td colspan="3">rya</td> <td>ɾʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>りゅ</td> <td>リュ</td> <td colspan="3">ryu</td> <td>ɾʲu </td></tr> <tr> <td>りょ</td> <td>リョ</td> <td colspan="3">ryo</td> <td>ɾʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>わ</td> <td>ワ</td> <td colspan="3">wa</td> <td>wa~ɰa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐ</td> <td>ヰ</td> <td>i</td> <td>wi</td> <td colspan="2">i </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゑ</td> <td>ヱ</td> <td>e</td> <td>we</td> <td colspan="2">e </td></tr> <tr> <td>を</td> <td>ヲ</td> <td>o</td> <td>wo</td> <td colspan="2">o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐゃ</td> <td>ヰャ</td> <td>iya</td> <td>wya</td> <td colspan="2">iya </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐゅ</td> <td>ヰュ</td> <td>iyu</td> <td>wyu</td> <td colspan="2">iyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐょ</td> <td>ヰョ</td> <td>iyo</td> <td>wyo</td> <td colspan="2">iyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ん</td> <td>ン</td> <td>n-n'(-m)</td> <td colspan="2">n-n'</td> <td>m~n~ŋ~ɴ </td></tr> <tr> <td>が</td> <td>ガ</td> <td colspan="4">ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎ</td> <td>ギ</td> <td colspan="3">gi</td> <td>gʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぐ</td> <td>グ</td> <td colspan="3">gu</td> <td>gɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>げ</td> <td>ゲ</td> <td colspan="4">ge </td></tr> <tr> <td>ご</td> <td>ゴ</td> <td colspan="4">go </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎゃ</td> <td>ギャ</td> <td colspan="3">gya</td> <td>gʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎゅ</td> <td>ギュ</td> <td colspan="3">gyu</td> <td>gʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎょ</td> <td>ギョ</td> <td colspan="3">gyo</td> <td>gʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ざ</td> <td>ザ</td> <td colspan="3">za</td> <td>za~dza </td></tr> <tr> <td>じ</td> <td>ジ</td> <td>ji</td> <td colspan="2">zi</td> <td>ʑi~dʑi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ず</td> <td>ズ</td> <td colspan="3">zu</td> <td>zɯ~dzɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぜ</td> <td>ゼ</td> <td colspan="3">ze</td> <td>ze~dze </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぞ</td> <td>ゾ</td> <td colspan="3">zo</td> <td>zo~dzo </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゃ</td> <td>ジャ</td> <td>ja</td> <td colspan="2">zya</td> <td>ʑa~dʑa </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゅ</td> <td>ジュ</td> <td>ju</td> <td colspan="2">zyu</td> <td>ʑɯ~dʑɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>じょ</td> <td>ジョ</td> <td>jo</td> <td colspan="2">zyo</td> <td>ʑo~dʑo </td></tr> <tr> <td>だ</td> <td>ダ</td> <td colspan="4">da </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢ</td> <td>ヂ</td> <td>ji</td> <td>di</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ʑi~dʑi </td></tr> <tr> <td>づ</td> <td>ヅ</td> <td>zu</td> <td>du</td> <td>zu</td> <td>zɯ~dzɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>で</td> <td>デ</td> <td colspan="4">de </td></tr> <tr> <td>ど</td> <td>ド</td> <td colspan="4">do </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゃ</td> <td>ヂャ</td> <td>ja</td> <td>dya</td> <td>zya</td> <td>ʑa~dʑa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゅ</td> <td>ヂュ</td> <td>ju</td> <td>dyu</td> <td>zyu</td> <td>ʑɯ~dʑɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢょ</td> <td>ヂョ</td> <td>jo</td> <td>dyo</td> <td>zyo</td> <td>ʑo~dʑo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ば</td> <td>バ</td> <td colspan="4">ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>び</td> <td>ビ</td> <td colspan="3">bi</td> <td>bʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぶ</td> <td>ブ</td> <td colspan="3">bu</td> <td>bɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>べ</td> <td>ベ</td> <td colspan="4">be </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぼ</td> <td>ボ</td> <td colspan="4">bo </td></tr> <tr> <td>びゃ</td> <td>ビャ</td> <td colspan="3">bya</td> <td>bʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>びゅ</td> <td>ビュ</td> <td colspan="3">byu</td> <td>bʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>びょ</td> <td>ビョ</td> <td colspan="3">byo</td> <td>bʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぱ</td> <td>パ</td> <td colspan="4">pa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴ</td> <td>ピ</td> <td colspan="3">pi</td> <td>pʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぷ</td> <td>プ</td> <td colspan="3">pu</td> <td>pɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぺ</td> <td>ペ</td> <td colspan="4">pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぽ</td> <td>ポ</td> <td colspan="4">po </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴゃ</td> <td>ピャ</td> <td colspan="3">pya</td> <td>pʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴゅ</td> <td>ピュ</td> <td colspan="3">pyu</td> <td>pʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴょ</td> <td>ピョ</td> <td colspan="3">pyo</td> <td>pʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゔ</td> <td>ヴ</td> <td colspan="3">vu</td> <td>βɯ </td></tr></tbody></table> This chart shows the significant differences among them. Despite the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, the /j/ sound in <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%84" class="mw-redirect" title="や">や</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ゆ">ゆ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%88" class="mw-redirect" title="よ">よ</a> are never romanized with the letter <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kana</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>うう</td> <td>ū</td> <td colspan="2">û </td></tr> <tr> <td>おう, おお</td> <td>ō</td> <td colspan="2">ô </td></tr> <tr> <td>し</td> <td>shi</td> <td colspan="2">si </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゃ</td> <td>sha</td> <td colspan="2">sya </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゅ</td> <td>shu</td> <td colspan="2">syu </td></tr> <tr> <td>しょ</td> <td>sho</td> <td colspan="2">syo </td></tr> <tr> <td>じ</td> <td>ji</td> <td colspan="2">zi </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゃ</td> <td>ja</td> <td colspan="2">zya </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゅ</td> <td>ju</td> <td colspan="2">zyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>じょ</td> <td>jo</td> <td colspan="2">zyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ち</td> <td>chi</td> <td colspan="2">ti </td></tr> <tr> <td>つ</td> <td>tsu</td> <td colspan="2">tu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゃ</td> <td>cha</td> <td colspan="2">tya </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゅ</td> <td>chu</td> <td colspan="2">tyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちょ</td> <td>cho</td> <td colspan="2">tyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢ</td> <td>ji</td> <td>di</td> <td>zi </td></tr> <tr> <td>づ</td> <td>zu</td> <td>du</td> <td>zu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゃ</td> <td>ja</td> <td>dya</td> <td>zya </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゅ</td> <td>ju</td> <td>dyu</td> <td>zyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢょ</td> <td>jo</td> <td>dyo</td> <td>zyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ふ</td> <td>fu</td> <td colspan="2">hu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐ</td> <td>i</td> <td>wi</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゑ</td> <td>e</td> <td>we</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>を</td> <td>o</td> <td>wo</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ん</td> <td>n, n' ( m)</td> <td colspan="2">n n' </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Spacing">Spacing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spacing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Japanese is written without spaces between words, and in some cases, such as compounds, it may not be completely clear where word boundaries should lie, resulting in varying romanization styles. For example, 結婚する, meaning "to marry", and composed of the noun 結婚 (kekkon, "marriage") combined with する (suru, "to do"), is romanized as one word kekkonsuru by some authors but two words kekkon suru by others. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Kana_without_standardized_forms_of_romanization">Kana without standardized forms of romanization</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kana without standardized forms of romanization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> There is no universally accepted style of romanization for the smaller versions of the vowels and y-row kana when used outside the normal combinations (きゃ, きょ, ファ etc.), nor for the <a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a> or small tsu kana っ/ッ when it is not directly followed by a consonant. Although these are usually regarded as merely phonetic marks or diacritics, they do sometimes appear on their own, such as at the end of sentences, in exclamations, or in some names. The detached sokuon, representing a final glottal stop in exclamations, is sometimes represented as an apostrophe or as t; for example, あっ! might be written as a'! or at!.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Historical_romanizations">Historical romanizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical romanizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <dl><dd>1603: <a href="/wiki/Nippo_jisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippo jisho">Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam</a> (1603)</dd> <dd>1604: <a href="/wiki/Arte_da_Lingoa_de_Iapam" title="Arte da Lingoa de Iapam">Arte da Lingoa de Iapam</a> (1604–1608)</dd> <dd>1620: Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa (1620)</dd> <dd>1848: Kaisei zoho Bango sen<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (1848)</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>あ</th> <th>い</th> <th>う</th> <th>え</th> <th>お</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">a</td> <td>i, j, y</td> <td>v, u</td> <td rowspan="3">ye</td> <td>vo, uo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td>i</td> <td rowspan="2">v</td> <td rowspan="2">vo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>y</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>i</td> <td>woe</td> <td>e</td> <td>o</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>か</th> <th>き</th> <th>く</th> <th>け</th> <th>こ</th> <th>きゃ</th> <th></th> <th>きょ</th> <th>くゎ </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="2">ca</td> <td>qi, qui</td> <td rowspan="2">cu, qu</td> <td>qe, que</td> <td rowspan="3">co</td> <td>qia</td> <td></td> <td>qio, qeo</td> <td rowspan="3">qua </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td>qui</td> <td>que</td> <td>quia</td> <td></td> <td>quio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>ca, ka</td> <td rowspan="2">ki</td> <td>cu, ku</td> <td>ke</td> <td>kia</td> <td></td> <td>kio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>ka</td> <td>kfoe</td> <td>ko</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>が</th> <th>ぎ</th> <th>ぐ</th> <th>げ</th> <th>ご</th> <th>ぎゃ</th> <th>ぎゅ</th> <th>ぎょ</th> <th>ぐゎ </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="2">ga</td> <td rowspan="2">gui</td> <td>gu, gv</td> <td rowspan="2">gue</td> <td rowspan="2">go</td> <td>guia</td> <td rowspan="2">guiu</td> <td rowspan="2">guio</td> <td rowspan="3">gua </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td>gu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>ga, gha</td> <td>ghi</td> <td>gu, ghu</td> <td>ghe</td> <td>go, gho</td> <td>ghia</td> <td>ghiu</td> <td>ghio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>ga</td> <td>gi</td> <td>gfoe</td> <td>ge</td> <td>go</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>さ</th> <th>し</th> <th>す</th> <th>せ</th> <th>そ</th> <th>しゃ</th> <th>しゅ</th> <th>しょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">sa</td> <td rowspan="3">xi</td> <td rowspan="3">su</td> <td rowspan="3">xe</td> <td rowspan="4">so</td> <td rowspan="3">xa</td> <td rowspan="3">xu</td> <td rowspan="3">xo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>si</td> <td>sfoe</td> <td>se</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>ざ</th> <th>じ</th> <th>ず</th> <th>ぜ</th> <th>ぞ</th> <th>じゃ</th> <th>じゅ</th> <th>じょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">za</td> <td>ii, ji</td> <td rowspan="3">zu</td> <td>ie, ye</td> <td rowspan="4">zo</td> <td>ia, ja</td> <td>iu, ju</td> <td>io, jo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">ji</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">ia</td> <td>ju</td> <td>jo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>ie</td> <td>iu</td> <td>io</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>zi</td> <td>zoe</td> <td>ze</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>た</th> <th>ち</th> <th>つ</th> <th>て</th> <th>と</th> <th>ちゃ</th> <th>ちゅ</th> <th>ちょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ta</td> <td rowspan="3">chi</td> <td rowspan="3">tçu</td> <td rowspan="4">te</td> <td rowspan="4">to</td> <td rowspan="3">cha</td> <td rowspan="3">chu</td> <td rowspan="3">cho</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>tsi</td> <td>tsoe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>だ</th> <th>ぢ</th> <th>づ</th> <th>で</th> <th>ど</th> <th>ぢゃ</th> <th>ぢゅ</th> <th>ぢょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">da</td> <td rowspan="3">gi</td> <td>zzu</td> <td rowspan="4">de</td> <td rowspan="4">do</td> <td rowspan="3">gia</td> <td rowspan="3">giu</td> <td rowspan="3">gio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">dzu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>dsi</td> <td>dsoe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>な</th> <th>に</th> <th>ぬ</th> <th>ね</th> <th>の</th> <th>にゃ</th> <th>にゅ</th> <th>にょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">na</td> <td rowspan="4">ni</td> <td rowspan="3">nu</td> <td rowspan="4">ne</td> <td rowspan="4">no</td> <td>nha</td> <td>nhu, niu</td> <td>nho, neo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">nha</td> <td rowspan="2">nhu</td> <td rowspan="2">nho</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>noe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>は</th> <th>ひ</th> <th>ふ</th> <th>へ</th> <th>ほ</th> <th>ひゃ</th> <th>ひゅ</th> <th>ひょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="3">fa</td> <td rowspan="3">fi</td> <td rowspan="3">fu</td> <td rowspan="3">fe</td> <td rowspan="3">fo</td> <td>fia</td> <td>fiu</td> <td>fio, feo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">fio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>ha</td> <td>hi</td> <td>foe</td> <td>he</td> <td>ho</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>ば</th> <th>び</th> <th>ぶ</th> <th>べ</th> <th>ぼ</th> <th>びゃ</th> <th>びゅ</th> <th>びょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ba</td> <td rowspan="4">bi</td> <td rowspan="3">bu</td> <td rowspan="4">be</td> <td rowspan="4">bo</td> <td>bia</td> <td>biu</td> <td>bio, beo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>bia</td> <td>biu</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>boe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>ぱ</th> <th>ぴ</th> <th>ぷ</th> <th>ぺ</th> <th>ぽ</th> <th>ぴゃ</th> <th>ぴゅ</th> <th>ぴょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">pa</td> <td rowspan="4">pi</td> <td rowspan="3">pu</td> <td rowspan="4">pe</td> <td rowspan="4">po</td> <td>pia</td> <td></td> <td>pio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>pia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>poe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>ま</th> <th>み</th> <th>む</th> <th>め</th> <th>も</th> <th>みゃ</th> <th></th> <th>みょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ma</td> <td rowspan="4">mi</td> <td rowspan="3">mu</td> <td rowspan="4">me</td> <td rowspan="4">mo</td> <td>mia, mea</td> <td></td> <td>mio, meo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>mio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>moe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>や</th> <th></th> <th>ゆ</th> <th></th> <th>よ</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="3">ya</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="3">yu</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="3">yo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>ら</th> <th>り</th> <th>る</th> <th>れ</th> <th>ろ</th> <th>りゃ</th> <th>りゅ</th> <th>りょ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ra</td> <td rowspan="4">ri</td> <td rowspan="3">ru</td> <td rowspan="4">re</td> <td rowspan="4">ro</td> <td>ria, rea</td> <td>riu</td> <td>rio, reo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">rio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td>riu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>roe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>わ</th> <th>ゐ</th> <th></th> <th>ゑ</th> <th>を</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td>va, ua</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>vo, uo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">va</td> <td rowspan="2">y</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">ye</td> <td rowspan="2">vo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wi</td> <td></td> <td>ije, ÿe</td> <td>wo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="9">ん </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td colspan="9">n, m, ˜ (<a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td colspan="9">n </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td colspan="9">n, m </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="9">っ </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td colspan="9">-t, -cc-, -cch-, -cq-, -dd-, -pp-, -ss-, -tt, -xx-, -zz- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td colspan="9">-t, -cc-, -cch-, -pp-, -cq-, -ss-, -tt-, -xx- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td colspan="9">-t, -cc-, -cch-, -pp-, -ck-, -cq-, -ss-, -tt-, -xx- </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Roman_letter_names_in_Japanese">Roman letter names in Japanese</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roman letter names in Japanese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> The list below shows the Japanese readings of letters in Katakana, for spelling out words, or in acronyms. For example, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> is read enu-eichi-kē (エヌ・エイチ・ケー). These are the standard names, based on the British English letter names (so Z is from zed, not zee), but in specialized circumstances, names from other languages may also be used. For example, musical keys are often referred to by the German names, so that B♭ is called bē (べー) from German B (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[beː]</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>A; ē (エー, sometimes pronounced ei, エイ)</li> <li>B; bī (ビー)</li> <li>C; shī (シー, sometimes pronounced sī, スィー)</li> <li>D; dī (ディー, sometimes pronounced dē, デー)</li> <li>E; ī (イー)</li> <li>F; efu (エフ)</li> <li>G; jī (ジー)</li> <li>H; eichi or etchi (エイチ or エッチ)</li> <li>I; ai (アイ)</li> <li>J; jē (ジェー, sometimes pronounced jei, ジェイ)</li> <li>K; kē (ケー, sometimes pronounced kei, ケイ)</li> <li>L; eru (エル)</li> <li>M; emu (エム)</li> <li>N; enu (エヌ)</li> <li>O; ō (オー)</li> <li>P; pī (ピー)</li> <li>Q; kyū (キュー)</li> <li>R; āru (アール)</li> <li>S; esu (エス)</li> <li>T; tī (ティー)</li> <li>U; yū (ユー)</li> <li>V; bui or vī (ブイ or ヴィー)</li> <li>W; daburyū (ダブリュー)</li> <li>X; ekkusu (エックス)</li> <li>Y; wai (ワイ)</li> <li>Z; zetto (ゼット)</li></ul></div> Sources: <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Djien" title="Kōjien">Kōjien</a> (7th edition), <a href="/wiki/Daijisen" title="Daijisen">Daijisen</a> (online version). Note: Daijisen does not mention the name vī, while Kōjien does. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization of Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">List of ISO romanizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Crosby_Eells1952" class="citation journal cs1">Walter Crosby Eells (May 1952). "Language Reform in Japan". The Modern Language Journal. 36 (5): 210–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.1952.tb06122.x">10.1111/j.1540-4781.1952.tb06122.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/318376">318376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Journal&rft.atitle=Language+Reform+in+Japan&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=210-213&rft.date=1952-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.1952.tb06122.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F318376%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Walter+Crosby+Eells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.lingodeer.com/what-is-romaji/">"What is Romaji? Everything you need to know about Romaji Everything you need to know about Romaji"</a>. 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Romaji%3F+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Romaji+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Romaji&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.lingodeer.com%2Fwhat-is-romaji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oomoto.or.jp/Romazi/index.html">"Oomoto.or.jp"</a>. Oomoto.or.jp. 2000-02-07. Retrieved 2011-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oomoto.or.jp&rft.pub=Oomoto.or.jp&rft.date=2000-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oomoto.or.jp%2FRomazi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.age.ne.jp/x/nrs/">"Age.ne.jp"</a>. Age.ne.jp. Retrieved 2011-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age.ne.jp&rft.pub=Age.ne.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.age.ne.jp%2Fx%2Fnrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/osirase/02/2315/hihepburn.html">"ヘボン式ローマ字と異なる場合（非ヘボン式ローマ字）"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefectural Government</a>. Retrieved 2018-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22lang%3Aja%3E%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E3%81%A8%E7%95%B0%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E5%A0%B4%E5%90%88%EF%BC%88%E9%9D%9E%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Kanagawa+Prefectural+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.kanagawa.jp%2Fosirase%2F02%2F2315%2Fhihepburn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndl.go.jp/nichiran/e/data/L/104/104-002l.html">"Kaisei zoho Bango sen. (Lager image 104-002) | Japan-Netherlands Exchange in the Edo Period"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaisei+zoho+Bango+sen.+%28Lager+image+104-002%29+%26%23124%3B+Japan-Netherlands+Exchange+in+the+Edo+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fnichiran%2Fe%2Fdata%2FL%2F104%2F104-002l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibbett,_David1977" class="citation book cs1">Chibbett, David (1977). The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration. Kodansha International Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-288-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87011-288-0"><bdi>0-87011-288-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Japanese+Printing+and+Book+Illustration&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87011-288-0&rft.au=Chibbett%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJun'ichirō_Kida_(紀田順一郎Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text,_Kida_Jun'ichirō)1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jun'ichirō Kida (紀田順一郎, Kida Jun'ichirō) (1994). Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館) (in Japanese). Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutem). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-88309-046-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-88309-046-9"><bdi>4-88309-046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihongo+Daihakubutsukan%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Just+System%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hepburn+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ja-Latn%22%3EJasuto+Shisutem%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=4-88309-046-9&rft.au=Jun%27ichir%C5%8D+Kida%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E7%B4%80%E7%94%B0%E9%A0%86%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hepburn+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ja-Latn%22%3EKida+Jun%27ichir%C5%8D%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadao_Doi_(土井忠生Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tadao Doi (土井忠生) (1980). Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (邦訳日葡辞書) (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten (岩波書店).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C5%8Dyaku+Nippo+Jisho%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E9%82%A6%E8%A8%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%91%A1%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Tadao+Doi%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%95%E5%BF%A0%E7%94%9F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadao_Doi_(土井忠生Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tadao Doi (土井忠生) (1955). Nihon Daibunten (日本大文典) (in Japanese). Sanseido (三省堂).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+Daibunten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Sanseido%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%A0%82%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Tadao+Doi%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%95%E5%BF%A0%E7%94%9F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMineo_Ikegami_(池上岑夫Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mineo Ikegami (池上岑夫) (1993). Nihongo Shōbunten (日本語小文典) (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten (岩波書店).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihongo+Sh%C5%8Dbunten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%8F%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Mineo+Ikegami%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%B1%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%B2%91%E5%A4%AB%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroshi_Hino_(日埜博Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hiroshi Hino (日埜博) (1993). Nihon Shōbunten (日本小文典) (in Japanese). Shin-Jinbutsu-Ôrai-Sha (新人物往来社).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+Sh%C5%8Dbunten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%8F%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Shin-Jinbutsu-%C3%94rai-Sha%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%BE%80%E6%9D%A5%E7%A4%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Hiroshi+Hino%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E5%9F%9C%E5%8D%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>(in Japanese) Hishiyama, Takehide (菱山剛秀 Hishiyama Takehide), Topographic Department (測図部). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000024858.pdf">Romanization of Geographical Names in Japan</a>." (地名のローマ字表記) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805055103/http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000024858.pdf">Archive</a>) <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Authority_of_Japan" title="Geospatial Information Authority of Japan">Geospatial Information Authority of Japan</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Japanese" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/">"Rōmaji sōdan shitsu" <bdi lang="ja">ローマ字相談室</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306112226/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C5%8Dmaji+s%C5%8Ddan+shitsu+%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E7%9B%B8%E8%AB%87%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp%2F~kaizu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"> An extensive collection of materials relating to rōmaji, including standards documents and HTML versions of Hepburn's original dictionaries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416175444/http://www.cic.sfu.ca/tqj/JapaneseStudy/romaji.html">The rōmaji conundrum</a> by Andrew Horvat contains a discussion of the problems caused by the variety of confusing romanization systems in use in Japan today.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&oldid=1256523856">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&oldid=1256523856</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 November 2024, at 09:51 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="روماجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روماجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaci" title="Romaci – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Romaci" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Ромаджи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ромаджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mad%C5%BEi" title="Rómadži – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rómadži" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhufeinio%27r_iaith_Japaneg" title="Rhufeinio'r iaith Japaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhufeinio'r iaith Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Ρομάτζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομάτζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_lingvo_per_latinaj_literoj" title="Japana lingvo per latinaj literoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana lingvo per latinaj literoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="روماجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روماجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%96%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="일본어 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본어 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasion_ti_Hapon" title="Romanisasion ti Hapon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Romanisasion ti Hapon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%99" title="רומאג'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומאג'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="რომაჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომაჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas_romaniz%C4%81cija" title="Japāņu valodas romanizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japāņu valodas romanizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romad%C5%BEi" title="Romadži – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romadži" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%89" title="روماچى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روماچى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD" title="ရိုမဂျိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုမဂျိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97" title="ローマ字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering_av_japansk" title="Romanisering av japansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanisering av japansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੋਮਾਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Ромадзи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ромадзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizimi_i_japonishtes" title="Romanizimi i japonishtes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romanizimi i japonishtes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanization of Japanese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepis_z_japonsk%C3%A9ho_p%C3%ADsma_do_latinky" title="Prepis z japonského písma do latinky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prepis z japonského písma do latinky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ڕۆماجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆماجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B8" title="Ромаџи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ромаџи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasi_aksara_Jepang" title="Romanisasi aksara Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Romanisasi aksara Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4" title="โรมาจิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรมาจิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латинізація японської мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латинізація японської мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="روماجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روماجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日文羅馬字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日文羅馬字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日语罗马字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 09:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5z882","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.297","walltime":"1.566","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4746,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":210763,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18156,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":82345,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1314.439 1 -total"," 14.80% 194.549 179 Template:Lang"," 14.79% 194.411 1 Template:Nihongo3"," 13.90% 182.669 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.11% 132.870 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.05% 118.919 1 Template:Japanese_writing"," 8.89% 116.850 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.65% 87.361 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.28% 82.524 6 Template:Navbox"," 5.23% 68.779 6 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.836","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25135408,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vzds5","timestamp":"20241122144229","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Romanization of Japanese","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Japanese","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192509","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192509","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-07T19:28:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T09:51:49Z","headline":"Japanese language written in Latin script"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>