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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Comparison to other Romance languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digraphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digraphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Digraphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digraphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Written publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Written_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Written publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Written_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodicals_and_commercial_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodicals_and_commercial_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Periodicals and commercial publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodicals_and_commercial_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aranese dialect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranees" title="Aranees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aranees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهجة آرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة آرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occit%C3%A1n_aran%C3%A9s" title="Occitán aranés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Occitán aranés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A9s" title="Aranés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aranés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranes_dili" title="Aranes dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aranes dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аранская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аранская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Аранская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аранская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneg" title="Araneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Araneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A8s" title="Aranès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aranès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A9%C5%A1tina" title="Aranéština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aranéština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneg" title="Araneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Araneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranesische_Sprache" title="Aranesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aranesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρανική διάλεκτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρανική διάλεκτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A9s" title="Aranés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aranés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arana_lingvo" title="Arana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A9s" title="Aranés – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aranés" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranera" title="Aranera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aranera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گویش آرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گویش آرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranais" title="Aranais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aranais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A9s" title="Aranés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aranés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%80_%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B8" title="아란 방언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아란 방언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Арайнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Арайнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_aranese" title="Dialetto aranese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto aranese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_aran%C3%AE" title="Zimanê aranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê aranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aranica" title="Lingua Aranica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Aranica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Araniešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Araniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranees" title="Aranees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aranees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranes" title="Aranes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aranes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialet_aranes" title="Dialet aranes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dialet aranes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1ni_nyelv" title="Aráni nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aráni nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranees" title="Aranees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aranees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="アラン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranesisk" title="Aranesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aranesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C3%A9s_(parlar)" title="Aranés (parlar) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aranés (parlar)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90r%D0%B0n_tili" title="Аrаn tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Аrаn tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_aranejski" title="Język aranejski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język aranejski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitano_aran%C3%AAs" title="Occitano aranês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Occitano aranês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Аранский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аранский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Occitan dialect near the French-Spanish border</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Aranese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">aranés</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ca. 2,600 + ca. 2,100 non-native (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-cens_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Aranese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aran1260">aran1260</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>oc-aranes</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Occitania_aranes_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Occitania_aranes_map.png/320px-Occitania_aranes_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Occitania_aranes_map.png/480px-Occitania_aranes_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Occitania_aranes_map.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="397" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Aranese area in the traditionally Occitan-speaking territory</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg/220px-Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg/330px-Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg/440px-Europe2005_bossost-aranes1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Aranese signage in <a href="/wiki/Boss%C3%B2st" title="Bossòst">Bossòst</a>, Val d'Aran</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aranese</b> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">aranés</i>) is a standardized form of the Pyrenean <a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a>, in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> close to the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="France–Spain border">Spanish border with France</a>, where it is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Catalonia" title="Languages of Catalonia">languages</a> beside <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, it was declared the third official language in Catalonia by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament of Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official names of towns in Val d'Aran are in Occitan; for example, the municipality of <i><a href="/wiki/Vielha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vielha">Vielha</a></i> is known by its Occitan name on maps and road signs, rather than its Catalan/Spanish name, <i>Viella</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>needs fleshing out and grammar improvements.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aranese_dialect" title="Special:EditPage/Aranese dialect">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Aran Valley is the only territory in the language domain of <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a> where Occitan has official recognition and institutional protection. According to Law 35/2010 passed by the Parliament of Catalonia, Occitan is considered an official language not only in Val d'Aran, but in all of Catalonia, and is given precedence in the territory where it is spoken (Val d'Aran). </p><p>Article 3.4 of Catalonia's 1979 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Statute of Autonomy</a> establishes that the "Aranese language will be the object of education and of special respect and protection." Subsequently, Law 7/1983, on linguistic normalization, declares Aranese the language of Aran, proclaims certain linguistic rights of the Aranese and directs public service to guarantee its usage and teaching. Aranese is taught on all levels of compulsory education and has been the medium of instruction in the Aran Valley since 1984. </p><p>A certain degree of autonomy was granted to the Aran Valley in 1990. Law 16/1990, concerning the special regime of the Val d'Aran, grants to the Valley an administrative autonomy. This law affirms the official status of Aranese, further guarantees its use and teaching, and affirms the general mandate to promote its normalization in Aran. </p><p>Law 1/1998, on linguistic policy, includes specific provisions related to place names, <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a>, and the media. Although the localities of Catalonia have their official names in Catalan, the localities of the Aran Valley have their official names in Occitan. Thus, the indicators of the towns and the names of their streets are written in this language. Since May 2001, there is an official regulation of the General Council of Aran that promulgates the certification system of the different levels of knowledge of Occitan. </p><p>In 2006, a new Statute of Autonomy was promulgated in Catalonia. Concerning Aranese, article 6.5 of the organic law establishes that "the Occitan language, called Aranese in Aran, is the language of this territory and is official in Catalonia, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute and the laws of linguistic normalization." In 2010, Law 35/2010 was subsequently passed, with specific provisions concerning Occitan in Catalonia reflecting the new constitutional framework. </p><p>In 2011, the Spanish Government, specifically that of the Popular Party and Citizens, opposed the preference given to Aranese by the 2010 law, questioning the constitutionality of articles 2.3, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.5. In 2018, the constitutional court ruled that while article 2.3 was found to be constitutional, the "preferential" status given found in the other concerned articles are unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2001 linguistic census by the Aranese government, about 90% of the inhabitants of Val d'Aran can understand the language, with those between 25 and 34 years old having the lowest rate, at around 80% (excluding those under the age of 4). Between 60 and 65% of the population can speak it; however, only 26% reported being able to write in Aranese.<sup id="cite_ref-cens_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="right">Knowledge of Aranese<br />in the Val d'Aran among<br />People 2+ Years Old </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>1996</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>2001</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>2008</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>2013</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>2018</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Can understand </td> <td>6,295 </td> <td>90.05% </td> <td>6,712 </td> <td>88.88% </td> <td>6,600 </td> <td>78.2% </td> <td>6,840 </td> <td>80.7% </td> <td>7,060 </td> <td>83.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can speak </td> <td>4,534 </td> <td>64.85% </td> <td>4,700 </td> <td>62.24% </td> <td>4,800 </td> <td>56.8% </td> <td>4,710 </td> <td>55.6% </td> <td>5,087 </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can read </td> <td>4,145 </td> <td>59.29% </td> <td>4,413 </td> <td>58.44% </td> <td>5.000 </td> <td>59.3% </td> <td>5,020 </td> <td>59.3% </td> <td>6,234 </td> <td>73.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can write </td> <td>1,746 </td> <td>24.97% </td> <td>2,016 </td> <td>26.69% </td> <td>2,900 </td> <td>34.9% </td> <td>2,950 </td> <td>34.9% </td> <td>3,880 </td> <td>45.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11;">Source : IDESCAT, Cens lingüístic de l'aranès de 2001<sup id="cite_ref-cens_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Enquesta d’usos lingüístics de la població - Aran 2008/2018.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> surveyed the population (15 years old or older) in the Val d'Aran. The survey reported that 78.2% of the population could understand Aranese, 56.8% could speak it, 59.4% could read it, and 34.8% could write the language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of people that can speak Aranese grew to the 61% of the population in 2020, according to a survey of the Public Office for the Occitan Language.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once considered to be an endangered language<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken mainly by older people, it is now experiencing a renaissance; it enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish within Val d'Aran, and since 1984 has been taught bilingually alongside Spanish in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students in the Val d'Aran are required to have two hours each of Spanish, Catalan, and Aranese per week. At some levels of education, a foreign language is added to the three official languages —usually French due to proximity— and sometimes even two additional hours of English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> characteristics: </p> <ul><li>Latin <i>F</i> > <i>H</i>: <ul><li><i>focus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfokus/</span> (hearth) > <i>huec</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hwek/</span> (fire)</li> <li><i>ferrum</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈferːum/</span> > <i>hèr</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hɛɾ/</span> (iron)</li></ul></li> <li>Latin <i>LL</i> > <i>TH </i>(internal or final) or <i>R</i> (in intervocalic position): <ul><li><i>vitellu > vedèth</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/beˈdɛt(ʃ)/</span> (calf)</li> <li><i>ille</i> > <i>eth </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/et(ʃ)/</span><i> </i>(sing. masc. definite article)</li> <li><i>ille</i> > <i>er </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɾ/</span><i> </i>(sing. masc. definite article; used before words that start with a vowel sound)</li> <li><i>illa</i> > <i>era </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɾa/</span><i> </i>(sing. fem. definite article)</li></ul></li> <li>Vocalisation of <i>L</i> to <i>U</i> in final position: <i>malum</i> > <i>mau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maw/</span> (bad)</li> <li>Loss of <i>N</i> in intervocalic position: <ul><li>Latin <i>luna</i> > <i>lua</i> (moon)</li> <li>Latin <i>farīna</i> > <i>haria</i> (flour)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a> of <i>-R</i>: <ul><li>Latin <i>venter</i> > <i>vrente</i> (stomach)</li> <li>Latin <i>vesper</i> > <i>vrèspe</i> (evening)</li></ul></li> <li>Prosthetic <i>A-</i> before initial <i>R-</i>, doubling the <i>R</i>: <ul><li>Latin <i>recognōscō</i> > <i>arreconéisher</i> (to recognize)</li> <li>Latin <i>rīdēre</i> > <i>arríder</i> (to laugh)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Specific Aranese characteristics: </p> <ul><li>Deaspiration of Gascon <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> > Aranese ∅ (except in <a href="/wiki/Bausen" title="Bausen">Bausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canejan" title="Canejan">Canejan</a>, where it remains [h]) <ul><li>Gascon <i>huec</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hwek/</span> (fire) > Aranese <i>huec</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wek/</span></li></ul></li> <li>Gascon -<i>AS</i> pronounced and written <i>-ES</i>: <ul><li>Gascon <i>hemnas</i> > <i>hemnes </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈennes/</span> (women)</li> <li>Gascon <i>parlas</i> > <i>parles </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpaɾles/</span> (you speak)</li></ul></li> <li>Plurals of nouns ending in -A become -ES: <i>era pèira</i> → <i>es pèires</i> (the stones)</li> <li>Intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> written <i>U</i> and pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>: <ul><li>Gascon: <i>cantava </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kanˈtaba/</span> > Aranese <i>cantaua </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kanˈtawa/</span> (he/she was singing)</li></ul></li> <li>Reduction of plural definite articles: <ul><li>Gascon: <i>eths</i>, <i>eras</i> > Aranese <i>es </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/es/</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>)<sup>4</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>)<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td width="25px"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <dl><dd><ol><li>The voiced stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are devoiced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, respectively, in word-final position.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is pronounced only in the towns of Bausen and Canejan. Foreign words that have not been adopted into Aranese also retain <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>: <i>hardware</i>, <i>maharajah</i>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>, except at the end of a word, where it is generally silent, regardless of what follows.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> is heard as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in word-final position.</li></ol></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-normes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="background: none"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Falling diphthongs<sup id="cite_ref-normes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Diphthong </th> <th>Usual spelling </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span> </td> <td>ai </td> <td><b>ai</b>gua </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span> </td> <td>au </td> <td>s<b>au</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ej/</span> </td> <td>ei<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>v<b>ei</b>re </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛj/</span> </td> <td>èi<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>l<b>èi</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ew/</span> </td> <td>eu </td> <td>p<b>eu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛw/</span> </td> <td>èu </td> <td>m<b>èu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iw/</span> </td> <td>iu<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>h<b>iu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uj/</span> </td> <td>oi </td> <td>p<b>oi</b>rir </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔj/</span> </td> <td>òi </td> <td>ber<b>òi</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔw/</span> </td> <td>òu<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>p<b>òu</b>r </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Rising diphthongs<sup id="cite_ref-normes_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-normes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Diphthong </th> <th>Usual spelling </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span> </td> <td>ia </td> <td>istòr<b>ia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span> </td> <td>ie </td> <td>v<b>ie</b>lh </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span> </td> <td>iè </td> <td>mol<b>iè</b>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span> </td> <td>io </td> <td>v<b>io</b>léncia </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɔ/</span> </td> <td>iò </td> <td>p<b>iò</b>isha </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wa/</span> </td> <td>oa<br />ua </td> <td>empod<b>oa</b>r<br />q<b>ua</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span> </td> <td>oe<br />ue </td> <td><b>oe</b>lha<br />h<b>ue</b>c </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <dl><dd><ol><li>In practice, stressed <i>ei</i> tends to be pronounced [e]: <i>trueita</i> pronounced as <i>trueta</i>.</li> <li>Word-final <i>èi</i> is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛj]</span>: <i>cantèi</i> pronounced as <i>cantè</i>. Similarly, speakers tend to say <i>òu</i> as <i>ò</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>: <i>auriòu</i> is pronounced like <i>auriò</i></li> <li><i>iu</i> can be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iw]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jew]</span>: <i>Diu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[diw<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>djew]</span></li> <li>Orthographic <i>ui</i> historically was a diphthong, but is currently produced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>.</li></ol></dd></dl> <p>Aranese orthography denotes where two consecutive vowels do not diphthongize, but rather form a hiatus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="word salad, as "denotes" normally serves to explain the meaning of a term and thus suggests the meaning of the phrase "A.o." is a place at which a linguistic event occurs. I feel as if the colleague is offering an alchemical theory of linguistics: "It's just a question of who's going to be master: you, or the words." (Surely unfairly, my respect for Catalonian nationalism and my contempt for al Caudillo feel as if they are at stake here !!) (October 2017)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaereses</a> mark over unstressed <i>i</i> or <i>u</i>: <i>ï</i>, <i>ü</i> <ul><li><i>flaüta</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/flaˈy.ta/</span></li> <li><i>cocaïna</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ku.kaˈi.na/</span></li> <li><i>coïncidir</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ku.in.siˈdi(ɾ)/</span></li></ul></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, which marks lexical stress, on <i>i</i> or <i>u</i>: <i>í</i>, <i>ú</i> <ul><li><i>país</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/paˈis/</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_Romance_languages">Comparison to other Romance languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison to other Romance languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Comparison to other Romance languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> </th> <th>Aranese </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>fēsta<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfeːsta/</span> </th> <td>hèsta <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈ(h)ɛsta/</span> </td> <td>fiesta<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfjesta/</span> </td> <td>festa<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfɛsta/</span> </td> <td>festa<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfɛʃtɐ/</span> </td> <td>fête<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɛt/</span> </td> <td>festa<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfɛsta/</span> </td> <th>party </th></tr> <tr> <th>lūna<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈluːna/</span> </th> <td>lua<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈly.a/</span> </td> <td>luna<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈluna/</span> </td> <td>lluna<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʎuna/</span> </td> <td>lua<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈlu.ɐ/</span> </td> <td>lune<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lyn/</span> </td> <td>luna<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈluna/</span> </td> <th>moon </th></tr> <tr> <th>mel<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mel/</span> </th> <td>mèu<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛw/</span> </td> <td>miel<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mjel/</span> </td> <td>mel<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛɫ/</span> </td> <td>mel<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛɫ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɛw/</span> </td> <td>miel<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mjɛl/</span> </td> <td>miele<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmjɛle/</span> </td> <th>honey </th></tr> <tr> <th>castellum<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kasˈtelːum/</span> </th> <td>castèth<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kasˈtɛt(ʃ)/</span> </td> <td>castillo<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kasˈtiʎo/</span> </td> <td>castell<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kasˈteʎ/</span> </td> <td>castelo<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɐʃˈtɛlu/</span> </td> <td>château<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɑto/</span> </td> <td>castello<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kasˈtɛlːo/</span> </td> <th>castle </th></tr> <tr> <th>illa<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈilːa/</span> </th> <td>era<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeɾa/</span> </td> <td>ella<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeʎa/</span> </td> <td>ella<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeʎa/</span> </td> <td>ela<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɛlɐ/</span> </td> <td>elle<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛl/</span> </td> <td>ella ~ lei<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈelːa/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɛːi/</span> </td> <th>she </th></tr> <tr> <th>rīdēre<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/riːˈdeːre/</span> </th> <td>arrir<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aˈri(ɾ)/</span> </td> <td>reír<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/reˈiɾ/</span> </td> <td>riure<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈriwɾe/</span> </td> <td>rir<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁiɾ/</span> </td> <td>rire<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁiʁ/</span> </td> <td>ridere<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈridere/</span> </td> <th>to laugh </th></tr> <tr> <th>capra<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkapra/</span> </th> <td>craba<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkraba/</span> </td> <td>cabra<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkabɾa/</span> </td> <td>cabra<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkabɾa/</span> </td> <td>cabra<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkabɾɐ/</span> </td> <td>chèvre<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃɛvʁ/</span> </td> <td>capra<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkapra/</span> </td> <th>goat </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digraphs">Digraphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digraphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>ch</b>ut </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> </td> <td>hi<b>lh</b> </td> <td>pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> before <i>s</i>: <i>hilhs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ils]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ll </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td>co<b>ll</b>aborar </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> </td> <td><b>nh</b>èu </td> <td><b>n·h</b>, with <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a>, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n(h)]</span>: e<b>n·h</b>ornar </td></tr> <tr> <td>rr </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> </td> <td>te<b>rr</b>assa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sh<br />ish </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>sh</b>ada<br />ca<b>ish</b>a </td> <td>* following a vowel, <i>sh</i> must be written <i>ish</i><br />* <b>s·h</b>, with interpunct, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s(h)]</span>: de<b>s·h</b>èir </td></tr> <tr> <td>tj<br />tg </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> </td> <td>ho<b>tj</b>ar<br />horma<b>tg</b>e </td> <td>* before <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i><br />* before <i>e</i>, <i>i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>th </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> </td> <td>vedè<b>th</b>, e<b>th</b><br />cò<b>th</b>, po<b>th</b> </td> <td>the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> pronunciation only occurs in Bausen and Canejan </td></tr> <tr> <td>tl </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lː]</span> </td> <td>ca<b>tl</b>a </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ts </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> </td> <td>di<b>ts</b> </td> <td>word-final <i>ts</i> is only used for plurals of words<br />ending in <i>-t</i>, otherwise it becomes written <i>tz</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> </td> <td>do<b>tz</b>e<br />prè<b>tz</b> </td> <td>* between vowels <br />* word-final </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel </th> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">a, à </td> <td>stressed </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unstressed </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span> </td> <td>phrase-final </td></tr> <tr> <td>e, é </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>è </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i, í </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o, ó </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ò </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td> <td>sometimes pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u, ú </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Val d'Aran is located within Spanish and Catalan territory, Aranese is subject to certain influences from Spanish and Catalan. As such, Aranese has adopted several neologisms from them: </p> <ul><li><i>actuar</i> (vs. <i>agir</i>)</li> <li><i>empresa</i> (vs. <i>entrepresa</i>)</li> <li><i>increment</i> (vs. <i>aumentacion</i>)</li> <li><i>laborau</i> (vs. <i>professionau</i>)</li> <li><i>matrícula</i> (vs. <i>inscripcion</i>)</li> <li><i>oficina</i> (vs. <i>burèu</i>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Gallicism" title="Gallicism">Gallicism</a>)</li></ul> <p>Spanish and Catalan have also created deformations of words such as <i>abans</i> > <i>abantes</i> or <i>dempús</i> > <i>despuès</i>. Some Hispanicisms are directly adopted into Aranese: <i>hasta</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aranese is regulated under classic unifying standards of Occitan, defined initially by <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_Alib%C3%A8rt" class="mw-redirect" title="Loís Alibèrt">Loís Alibèrt</a>. These standards of the <a href="/wiki/Conselh_de_la_Lenga_Occitana" title="Conselh de la Lenga Occitana">Conselh de la Lenga Occitana</a> (Occitan Language Council) have officially been recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Conselh_Generau_d%27Aran" title="Conselh Generau d'Aran">Conselh Generau d'Aran</a> (General Council of Aran) since 1999. </p><p>In practice, several details standards diverge due to the popular or preferred usage of Aranese, in relation to other <a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> varieties. For instance: </p> <ul><li>the form of the feminine plural -AS in general Gascon is replaced with -ES in Aranese, as the pronunciation is "/es/". Ex: <i>hemnes araneses </i>(Aranese women) in place of general Gascon <i>hemnas aranesas </i></li> <li>the accepted use of U in place of V in a good deal of the Valley (but some retain the "v" as it is pronounced /b/) Ex: <i>auer</i> instead of <i>aver</i> (general Gascon always write it "v" even when pronounced /w/).</li></ul> <p>The Institut d'Estudis Aranesi is the recognized language academy by the Conselh Generau d'Aran.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_publications">Written publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Written publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reference on usage and conjugation of Aranese verbs entitled <i>Es Vèrbs conjugadi : morfologia verbau aranesa</i> was written by Verònica Barés Moga and published in 2003. A descriptive and normative reference grammar book, written in Aranese by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitor_Carrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitor Carrera (page does not exist)">Aitor Carrera</a>, was published in March 2007. It includes a detailed breakdown of phonological and grammatical differences between varieties of Aranese in different villages in the valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dictionary of Aranese was written by the Catalan linguist <a href="/wiki/Joan_Coromines" title="Joan Coromines">Joan Coromines</a> as his doctoral thesis. </p><p>A simple four-language Spanish–Aranese–Catalan–French dictionary exists, written by Frederic Vergés Bartau (see Bibliography). </p><p>An Aranese-English and English–Aranese dictionary was published in 2006. It was written by Ryan Furness, a young man from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, after he became curious about the language when he traveled to Val d'Aran.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed one-volume Catalan–Occitan and Occitan–Catalan dictionary was published under the auspices of the governments of Catalonia (<a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a>) and Val d'Aran (<a href="/wiki/Conselh_Generau_d%27Aran" title="Conselh Generau d'Aran">Conselh Generau d'Aran</a>). Although it calls the language "Occitan", it uses Aranese spelling and its preface says that special attention is given to the Aranese variety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodicals_and_commercial_publications">Periodicals and commercial publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Periodicals and commercial publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A local monthly magazine <i>Toti</i> and local newspapers are published partly in the language. The online newspaper <i>Jornalet</i> also publishes a fair deal of articles and opinions in Aranese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cens-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cens_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cens_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cens_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conselh Generau d'Aran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Altres/Arxius/aran_cens.pdf">"Cens lingüistic del aranès de 2001"</a>. 2001. Retrieved on 22 August 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollett" class="citation web cs1">Collett, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220117-aranese-spains-little-known-language">"Aranese: Spain's little-known language"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Aranese%3A+Spain%27s+little-known+language&rft.aulast=Collett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20220117-aranese-spains-little-known-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/aranes/convierte/tercera/lengua/oficial/Cataluna/elpepuesp/20100922elpepunac_9/Tes">"El aranés se convierte en la tercera lengua oficial de Cataluña"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>, Barcelona, 22 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 August 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cat.elpais.com/cat/2018/02/12/actualidad/1518460460_814618.html">"El Tribunal Constitucional tomba la condició de "preferent" de l'aranès"</a>. <i>EL PAÍS</i> (in Catalan). 12 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS&rft.atitle=El+Tribunal+Constitucional+tomba+la+condici%C3%B3+de+%22preferent%22+de+l%27aran%C3%A8s&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcat.elpais.com%2Fcat%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2Factualidad%2F1518460460_814618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2018/02/12/5a81d783468aebdc5d8b4593.html">"El TC declara inconstitucional el carácter de "preferente" del aranés en su territorio"</a>. <i>ELMUNDO</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=El+TC+declara+inconstitucional+el+car%C3%A1cter+de+%22preferente%22+del+aran%C3%A9s+en+su+territorio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcataluna%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2F5a81d783468aebdc5d8b4593.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2018-3301">"BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2018-3301"</a>. <i>www.boe.es</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boe.es&rft.atitle=BOE.es+-+Documento+BOE-A-2018-3301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2018-3301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/dadesestudis/altres/arxius/dossier_eulp-2018_aranes.pdf"><i>Enquesta d’usos lingüístics de la població</i>.</a> IDESCAT/<a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Dades_territori_poblacio/Altres/Arxius/EULP08_PresentResultats.pdf">Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 (EULP 2008)</a>, Generalitat de Catalunya, 29 June 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jornalet.com/12513"><i>Enquista sociolingüistica de l’ÒPLO: mai del 90% dels sondats vòlon de politicas lingüisticas per l’occitan</i></a>. Jornalet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalannewsagency.com/politics/item/aranese-language-becomes-the-3rd-co-official-language-in-catalonia">"Aranese language becomes the 3rd co-official language in Catalonia"</a>, <i>Catalan News Agency</i>, 2010. Retrieved on 22 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aranes.org/docs/curr.pdf">"Curriculum der Aranés"</a>, "Conselh Generau d'Aran", 12 February 1998. Retrieved on 24 August 2014. <i>(Aranese)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-normes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-normes_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-normes_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-normes_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conselh Generau d'Aran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Altres/Arxius/normes.pdf">"Normes Ortografiques der Aranés"</a>, 1999. Retrieved on 23 August 2014 <i>(Aranese)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conselharan.org/reconeishenca-der-institut-destudis-aranesi-coma-academia-e-autoritat-linguistica-der-occitan-aranes-en-aran/">"Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran - Conselh Generau d'Aran"</a>. <i>www.conselharan.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.conselharan.org&rft.atitle=Reconeishen%C3%A7a+der+Institut+d%27Estudis+Aranesi+coma+academia+e+autoritat+ling%C3%BCistica+der+occitan%2C+aran%C3%A9s+en+Aran+-+Conselh+Generau+d%27Aran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conselharan.org%2Freconeishenca-der-institut-destudis-aranesi-coma-academia-e-autoritat-linguistica-der-occitan-aranes-en-aran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115144308/http://www.noticies.cat/acn/265803/General/text/-.html">"Presenten el primer diccionari aranès-anglès"</a>, <i>Agència Catalana de Notícies</i>, 05 April 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.324.cat/noticia/26187/valldaran/Un-jove-de-Minnesota-prepara-el-primer-diccionari-aranes-angles">"Un jove de Minnesota prepara el primer diccionari aranès-anglès"</a>, <i>324</i>, Vielha, 09 November 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarés_Moga2003" class="citation book cs1">Barés Moga, Verònica (2003). <i>Es vèrbs conjugadi: morfologia verbau aranesa</i>. Barcelona: Llibres de l'Index. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95317-47-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-95317-47-8"><bdi>84-95317-47-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Es+v%C3%A8rbs+conjugadi%3A+morfologia+verbau+aranesa&rft.pub=Barcelona%3A+Llibres+de+l%27Index&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-95317-47-8&rft.aulast=Bar%C3%A9s+Moga&rft.aufirst=Ver%C3%B2nica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrera2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carrera, Aitor (2007). <i>Gramatica Aranesa</i> (in Occitan). Lleida: Pagès Editors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9779-484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9779-484-8"><bdi>978-84-9779-484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramatica+Aranesa&rft.place=Lleida&rft.pub=Pag%C3%A8s+Editors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-9779-484-8&rft.aulast=Carrera&rft.aufirst=Aitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurness2006" class="citation book cs1">Furness, Ryan C. (2006). <i>Diccionari Occitan (aranés) - Anglés/English-Occitan (Aranese) Dictionary</i>. Pages Editors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9779-362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9779-362-9"><bdi>978-84-9779-362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionari+Occitan+%28aran%C3%A9s%29+-+Angl%C3%A9s%2FEnglish-Occitan+%28Aranese%29+Dictionary&rft.pub=Pages+Editors&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-84-9779-362-9&rft.aulast=Furness&rft.aufirst=Ryan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_d'Estudis_Aranesi2019" class="citation book cs1">Institut d'Estudis Aranesi (2019). <i>Gramatica der occitan aranés</i>. Institut d'Estudis Aranesi-Acadèmia aranesa dera llengua occitana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramatica+der+occitan+aran%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Aranesi-Acad%C3%A8mia+aranesa+dera+llengua+occitana&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Institut+d%27Estudis+Aranesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclerc2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leclerc, Jean-Marc (2004). <i>Le Gascon de poche</i> (in French). France: Assimil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7005-0345-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7005-0345-7"><bdi>2-7005-0345-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Gascon+de+poche&rft.pub=France%3A+Assimil&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-7005-0345-7&rft.aulast=Leclerc&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergés_Bartau1991" class="citation book cs1">Vergés Bartau, Frederic (1991). <i>Petit diccionari: castelhan-aranés (occitan)-catalan-francés, aranés (occitan)-castelhan-catalan-francés</i>. Vielha, Vall dʾAran, Lhèida : Conselh Comarcau dera Val d’Aran. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-606-0175-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-606-0175-7"><bdi>84-606-0175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+diccionari%3A+castelhan-aran%C3%A9s+%28occitan%29-catalan-franc%C3%A9s%2C+aran%C3%A9s+%28occitan%29-castelhan-catalan-franc%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Vielha%2C+Vall+d%CA%BEAran%2C+Lh%C3%A8ida+%3A+Conselh+Comarcau+dera+Val+d%E2%80%99Aran&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=84-606-0175-7&rft.aulast=Verg%C3%A9s+Bartau&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAranese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagecharter.coe.int/sites/languages/L-Aranese_in_Spain-Catalonia.htm">Aranese in Catalonia, Spain</a>—Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corsi.aranes.org/">Aranese Training with the Conselh generau d'Aran</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English, Spanish, Catalan, and Occitan)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/falcon/ramonrius/verb.htm">Es vèrbs der aranés</a>—Aranese verb conjugation guide <span class="languageicon">(in Occitan)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/asala22/docs/lectures_basiques"><i>Lectures basiques</i></a>—Manuel Naranjo i Teixido and Frederic Vergés i Bartau <span class="languageicon">(in Occitan)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/guiaconversa/a.php?idioma%5B%5D=7&idioma%5B%5D=1&idioma%5B%5D=3&idioma%5B%5D=0&idioma%5B%5D=0&fer=guianova"><i>A University Phrasebook</i> (English-Catalan-Aranese)</a>—University of Barcelona (with recordings) <span class="languageicon">(in English, Catalan, and Occitan)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/asala22/docs/rebrembes_d_ua_garia"><i>Rebrembes d'ua garia</i></a>—a story in Aranese <span class="languageicon">(in Occitan)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu3.cat/Edu3tv/Cerca?p_tip=AUDIO&p_cp=1&p_amb=&p_niv=&p_are=&x=17&y=20&p_ex=condes&p_to=&p_alg=">Stories in Aranese</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan and Occitan)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/asala22/docs/vocabulari_basic"><i>Vocabulari basic</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official / national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">a.k.a. Castilian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional / minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aranese</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Gomeran whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li>Asturian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Basque</a></li> <li>Catalan / Valencian</li> <li>Galician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages and dialects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arverno-Mediterranean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a> and Waldensian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Occitan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a> <small>(excepting <a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquitano-Pyrenean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catalan">Western Catalan</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Western Catalan">North-Western</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <small>(including <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aranese</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit language">Judaeo-Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Cal%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Caló">Catalan Caló</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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