CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Romance languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5de681ab-2bc4-4d19-8098-7edea6e16c45","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Romance_languages","wgTitle":"Romance languages","wgCurRevisionId":1259662982,"wgRevisionId":1259662982,"wgArticleId":25401,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles containing French-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024", "All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles that may contain original research from June 2019","All articles that may contain original research","Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint","Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2020","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles needing additional references from March 2022","All articles needing additional references","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017","Articles containing Neapolitan-language text","Articles containing Aragonese-language text", "Articles containing Aromanian-language text","Articles containing Asturian-language text","Articles containing Catalan-language text","Articles containing Corsican-language text","Articles containing Emilian-language text","Articles containing Extremaduran-language text","Articles containing Arpitan-language text","Articles containing Friulian-language text","Articles containing Galician-language text","Articles containing Gallurese-language text","Articles containing Ladino-language text","Articles containing Ladin-language text","Articles containing Ligurian-language text","Articles containing Lombard-language text","Articles containing Mirandese-language text","Articles containing Norman-language text","Articles containing Picard-language text","Articles containing Piedmontese-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Romagnol-language text","Articles containing Romansh-language text","Articles containing Campidanese-language text", "Articles containing Logudorese-language text","Articles containing Sassarese-language text","Articles containing Sicilian-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Venetian-language text","Articles containing Walloon-language text","Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text","Articles containing Morisyen-language text","Articles containing Seselwa Creole French-language text","Articles containing Papiamento-language text","Articles containing Kabuverdianu-language text","Articles containing Chavacano-language text","Articles containing Sardinian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Articles needing additional references from September 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024","All accuracy disputes", "Articles with disputed statements from May 2017","Articles containing German-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles containing Old Spanish-language text","Articles citing Nationalencyklopedin","Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text","Romance languages","Latino-Faliscan languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Romance_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":25401,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby": true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19814","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/1200px-Romance_languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="871"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/800px-Romance_languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="581"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/640px-Romance_languages.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="465"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Romance languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Romance_languages rootpage-Romance_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Romance+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Romance+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Romance+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Romance+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name and languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Modern status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vulgar_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgar_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Vulgar Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgar_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fall of the Western Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Early Romance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_the_vernaculars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_the_vernaculars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Recognition of the vernaculars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_the_vernaculars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniformization_and_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniformization_and_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Uniformization and standardization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniformization_and_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Samples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_related_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classification and related languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification and related languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranking_by_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranking_by_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ranking by distance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranking_by_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pidgins,_creoles,_and_mixed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pidgins,_creoles,_and_mixed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pidgins,_creoles,_and_mixed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_and_constructed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_and_constructed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Auxiliary and constructed languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_and_constructed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sound changes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sound changes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apocope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Apocope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Palatalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Lenition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_prosthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_prosthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Vowel prosthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_prosthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stressed_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stressed_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Stressed vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stressed_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_vowel_length,_reorientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_vowel_length,_reorientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Loss of vowel length, reorientation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_vowel_length,_reorientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Latin diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Further developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metaphony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3.1 Metaphony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3.2 Diphthongization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3.3 Nasalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front-rounded_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front-rounded_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Front-rounded vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front-rounded_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unstressed_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unstressed_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Unstressed vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unstressed_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intertonic_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intertonic_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Intertonic vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intertonic_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writing systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digraphs_and_trigraphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digraphs_and_trigraphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Digraphs and trigraphs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digraphs_and_trigraphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Double consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_and_lowercase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_and_lowercase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Upper and lowercase </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_and_lowercase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vocabulary comparison </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary_comparison-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary comparison subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degrees_of_lexical_similarity_among_the_Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_of_lexical_similarity_among_the_Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Degrees of lexical similarity among the Romance languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees_of_lexical_similarity_among_the_Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Romance languages</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" > 149 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanse_tale" title="Romaanse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanische_Sprachen" title="Romanische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Romanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ሮማንስ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮማንስ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisc_spr%C3%A6c" title="Romanisc spræc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Romanisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات رومانسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات رومانسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_romances" title="Luengas romances – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas romances" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܡܐܢܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܡܐܢܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoues_romanes" title="Lengoues romanes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoues romanes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A1niques" title="Llingües romániques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües romániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Романиял мацӀал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Романиял мацӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dill%C9%99ri" title="Roman dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roman dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رومان دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رومان دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_g%C3%AD-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Roman gí-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roman gí-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Раманскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Раманскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Раманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Latin" title="Mga Latin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga Latin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Романски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanische_Sprochn" title="Romanische Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Romanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ལ་ཊིན་ནས་ཆད་པའི་ཡུལ་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལ་ཊིན་ནས་ཆད་པའི་ཡུལ་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jezici" title="Romanski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Romanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_romanek" title="Yezhoù romanek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù romanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües romàniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües romàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Romanse" title="Pinulongang Romanse – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Romanse" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Románské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Románské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_rumaniche" title="Lingue rumaniche – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingue rumaniche" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Rom%C3%A1wns" title="Ieithoedd Romáwns – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Romáwns" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanske_sprog" title="Romanske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romanske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Románalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Románalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanische_Sprachen" title="Romanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Romanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Romaniske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Romaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaani_keeled" title="Romaani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Romaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ρομανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languv_lat%C3%A9n" title="Languv latén – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Languv latén" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_romances" title="Lenguas romances – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas romances" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinida_lingvaro" title="Latinida lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinida lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_romancis" title="Lenguas romancis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lenguas romancis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_erromantzeak" title="Hizkuntza erromantzeak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza erromantzeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های رومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_bhasa" title="Romance bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Romance bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_romanes" title="Langues romanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues romanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanske_talen" title="Romaanske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghis_romanichis" title="Lenghis romanichis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghis romanichis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_R%C3%B3m%C3%A1nsacha" title="Teangacha Rómánsacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Rómánsacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Romanagh" title="Çhengaghyn Romanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Romanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanan_R%C3%B2manach" title="Cànanan Ròmanach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanan Ròmanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_rom%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas románicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas románicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Roman Ngî-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Roman Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="로망스어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로망스어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Loma" title="ʻŌlelo Loma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Loma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռոմանական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="रोमान्स भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमान्स भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Romaniske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Romaniske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jezici" title="Romanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinida_linguo" title="Latinida linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latinida linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Roman" title="Rumpun bahasa Roman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Roman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romanic" title="Linguas romanic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas romanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_romanic" title="Lingues romanic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingues romanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Ромайнаг æвзæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ромайнаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Rómönsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_romanze" title="Lingue romanze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue romanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות רומאניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות רומאניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Romanika" title="Kulawarga basa Romanika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Romanika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რომანული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომანული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Роман тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роман тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanek" title="Romanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kirumi" title="Lugha za Kirumi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kirumi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_wom%C3%A0n" title="Lang womàn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang womàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_roman%C3%AE" title="Zimanên romanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên romanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Роман тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Роман тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingac_romanc" title="Lingac romanc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingac romanc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romansas" title="Linguas romansas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguas romansas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ກຸ່ມພາສາໂລມັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຸ່ມພາສາໂລມັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Romanicae" title="Linguae Romanicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Romanicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Romāņu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesch_Sproochen" title="Romanesch Sproochen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Romanesch Sproochen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Romanų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoe_romanse" title="Lengoe romanse – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoe romanse" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemaanse_tale" title="Roemaanse tale – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roemaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romanica" title="Linguas romanica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas romanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengov_romanze" title="Lengov romanze – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengov romanze" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajlatin_nyelvek" title="Újlatin nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újlatin nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Романски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_r%C3%B4mana" title="Fiteny rômana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="റോമാൻസ് ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാൻസ് ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_Rumanzi" title="Lingwi Rumanzi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Rumanzi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C5%8Dmana" title="Reo Rōmana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rōmana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="रोमान्स भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमान्स भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="رومی‌تبار زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رومی‌تبار زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Romawi" title="Bahasa-bahasa Romawi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9nguas_rom%C3%A1nicas" title="Lénguas románicas – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lénguas románicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanse_talen" title="Romaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="ロマンス諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマンス諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_neolatine" title="Lengue neolatine – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengue neolatine" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaans_spriaken" title="Romaans spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Romaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laungue_romanne" title="Laungue romanne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Laungue romanne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinidi_lingues" title="Latinidi lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Latinidi lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_romanicas" title="Lengas romanicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas romanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_tillari" title="Roman tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Roman tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਰੋਮਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="رومنی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومنی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_rom%C3%A1niko" title="Lenga romániko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenga romániko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="رومي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomans_languij" title="Ruomans languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruomans languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_romanes" title="Langues romanes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Langues romanes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_romanze" title="Lenghe romanze – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe romanze" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_roma%C5%84skie" title="Języki romańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki romańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_rom%C3%A2nicas" title="Línguas românicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas românicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_romanice" title="Limbi romanice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi romanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanikane_chhiba" title="Romanikane chhiba – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Romanikane chhiba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romanas" title="Linguas romanas – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Linguas romanas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanu_simikuna" title="Rumanu simikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Романские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_romanzas" title="Limbas romanzas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas romanzas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_leids" title="Romance leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Romance leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisk" title="Romanisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Romanisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_neolatine" title="Gjuhët neolatine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët neolatine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_rumanzi" title="Lingui rumanzi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingui rumanzi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romance languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Románske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Románske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jeziki" title="Romanski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romanski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романьсци ѩꙁꙑци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Романьсци ѩꙁꙑци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە ڕۆمانسییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە ڕۆمانسییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Романски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jezici" title="Romanski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Romanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaaniset_kielet" title="Romaaniset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Romanse" title="Mga wikang Romanse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Romanse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோமானிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_tilatinin" title="Tutlayin tilatinin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tilatinin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Роман телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роман телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="กลุ่มภาษาโรมานซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาโรมานซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_dilleri" title="Latin dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latin dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilyem_Roman" title="Lilyem Roman – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lilyem Roman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Романські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="رومنی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومنی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_R%C3%B4man" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Rôman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Rôman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCks_romenik" title="Püks romenik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Püks romenik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaedjes_romans" title="Lingaedjes romans – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lingaedjes romans" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaansche_toaln" title="Romaansche toaln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Romaansche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗曼语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="羅曼語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅曼語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Romanki" title="Zıwanê Romanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Romanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaonse_taelen" title="Romaonse taelen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Romaonse taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗曼语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_zyvonon" title="Romani zyvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Romani zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Romance_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Romance_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Romance_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&oldid=1259662982" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Romance_languages&id=1259662982&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRomance_languages">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRomance_languages">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Romance_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romance_languages" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19814" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Love_Language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Love Language (disambiguation)">Love Language (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance (love)</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Romance languages">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Romance_languages" title="Talk:Romance languages">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Map is out of date. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (June 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Romance</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Latin/Neo-Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Originated in <a href="/wiki/Old_Latium" title="Old Latium">Old Latium</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, now spoken in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe#Romance" title="Languages of Europe">Latin Europe</a> (parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (a majority of the countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>), as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">Latin Africa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Romance</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British</a> †</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/roa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:roa">roa</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>51- (phylozone)</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1334">roma1334</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/300px-Romance_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/450px-Romance_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/600px-Romance_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1525" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Romance languages in Europe</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg/300px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg/450px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg/600px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Romance-speaking_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a> <div style="text-align:left;">Romance languages globally <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Majority native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Co-official and majority native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Official but minority native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Cultural or secondary language</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> The Romance languages, also known as the Latin<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> or Neo-Latin<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> languages, are the <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">directly descended</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> They are the only extant subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. The five <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">most widely spoken Romance languages</a> by number of native speakers are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (489 million): the official language in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (321 million): official in 29 countries<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (240 million): official in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-speaking Africa">Portuguese-speaking Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (67 million): official in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>; minority language in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>; regional in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo">Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encantado,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul">Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul</a>)<a href="#cite_note-encantado-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (25 million): official in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; minority language in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the rest of Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li></ul> The Romance languages spread throughout the world owing to the period of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> beginning in the 15th century; there are more than 900 million native speakers of Romance languages found worldwide, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Portuguese, French and Spanish also have many non-native speakers and are in widespread use as <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua francas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-9">[9]</a> There are also numerous <a href="/wiki/Regional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional languages">regional</a> Romance languages and dialects. All of the five most widely spoken Romance languages are also official languages of the European Union (with France, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain being part of it). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_languages">Name and languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and languages">edit</a>]</div> The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Romance" class="extiw" title="wikt:Romance">Romance</a> derives from the Vulgar Latin adverb romanice, "in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a>", derived from romanicus: for instance, in the expression romanice loqui, "to speak in Roman" (that is, the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>), contrasted with latine loqui, "to speak in Latin" (Medieval Latin, the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> version of the language used in <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages#Roofing" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">writing and formal contexts</a> or as a lingua franca), and with barbarice loqui, "to speak in <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a>" (the non-Latin languages of the peoples living outside the Roman Empire).<a href="#cite_note-Ilari-10">[10]</a> From this adverb the noun romance originated, which applied initially to anything written romanice, or "in the Roman vernacular".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Most of the Romance-speaking area in Europe has traditionally been a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, where the speech variety of a location differs only slightly from that of a neighboring location, but over a longer distance these differences can accumulate to the point where two remote locations speak what may be unambiguously characterized as separate languages. This makes drawing language boundaries difficult, and as such there is no unambiguous way to divide the Romance varieties into individual languages. Even the criterion of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> can become ambiguous when it comes to determining whether two language varieties belong to the same language or not.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Online-12">[12]</a> The following is a list of groupings of Romance languages, with some languages chosen to exemplify each grouping. Not all languages are listed, and the groupings should not be interpreted as well-separated <a href="/wiki/Cladistics#In_disciplines_other_than_biology" title="Cladistics">genetic clades</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree model</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>/<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (classification disputed);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian languages">Extreme Southern Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian languages">Southern Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a> (extinct in 1898), Istriot;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, Megleno-Romanian, <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_status">Modern status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance-speaking Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Romance languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_20c_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/300px-Romance_20c_en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/450px-Romance_20c_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/600px-Romance_20c_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg/434px-2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="434" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg/651px-2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg/868px-2024_Updated_Total_Speakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of speakers in the top 5 Romance languages, as of 2024</figcaption></figure> The Romance language <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">most widely spoken natively</a> today is <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, which together cover a vast territory in Europe and beyond, and work as <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> in dozens of countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen20101–4-13">[13]</a> In Europe, at least one Romance language is official in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. In these countries, French, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> have constitutional official status. French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian are also official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan were the official languages of the defunct <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Outside Europe, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> are spoken and enjoy official status in various countries that emerged from the respective <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> With almost 500 million speakers worldwide, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">Spanish is an official language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and in nine countries of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, home to about half that continent's population; in six countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> (all except <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>); and in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, it is official in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. In all these countries, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Spanish">Latin American Spanish</a> is the vernacular language of the majority of the population, giving Spanish the most native speakers of any Romance language. In Africa it is one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>. Spanish was one of the official languages in the Philippines in Southeast Asia until 1973. In the 1987 constitution, Spanish was removed as an official language (replaced by English), and was listed as an optional/voluntary language along with Arabic. It is currently spoken by a minority and taught in the school curriculum. Portuguese, in its original homeland, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, is spoken by almost the entire population of 10 million. As the official language of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, it is spoken by more than 200 million people, as well as in neighboring parts of <a href="/wiki/Brasiguayos" title="Brasiguayos">eastern Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverense_Portu%C3%B1ol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverense Portuñol language">northern Uruguay</a>. This accounts for slightly more than half the population of South America, making Portuguese the most spoken <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official Romance language</a> in a single country. Portuguese is the official language of six African countries (<a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>), and is spoken as a native language by perhaps 16 million residents of that continent.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] In Asia, Portuguese is co-official with other languages in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, while most Portuguese-speakers in Asia—some 400,000<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>—are in <a href="/wiki/Japan#Demographics" title="Japan">Japan</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi" title="Dekasegi">return immigration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese Brazilians</a>. In North America 1,000,000 people speak Portuguese as their home language, mainly immigrants from Brazil, Portugal, and other Portuguese-speaking countries and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In Oceania, Portuguese is the second most spoken Romance language, after French, due mainly to the number of speakers in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>. Its closest relative, Galician, has official status in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous communities in Spain">autonomous community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, together with Spanish.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Outside Europe, French is spoken natively most in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and in parts of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. Canada is <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">officially bilingual</a>, with French and English being the official languages and government services in French theoretically mandated to be provided nationwide. In parts of the Caribbean, such as <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, French has official status, but most people speak creoles such as <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> as their native language. French also has official status in much of Africa, with relatively few native speakers but larger numbers of second language speakers. Although <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> also had some colonial possessions before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, its language did not remain official after the end of the colonial domination. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> outside Italy and Switzerland is now spoken only as a minority language by immigrant communities in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. In some former Italian colonies in Africa—namely <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>—it is spoken by a few educated people in commerce and government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> did not establish a colonial empire. The native range of Romanian includes not only the <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, where it is the dominant language and spoken by a majority of the population, but neighboring areas in Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bor_District" title="Bor District">Bor District</a>), Bulgaria, Hungary, and Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>) and in some villages between the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As with Italian, Romanian is spoken outside of its ethnic range by immigrant communities. In Europe, Romanian-speakers form about two percent of the population in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. Romanian is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> by Romanian Jews,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> where it is the native language of five percent of the population,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and is spoken by many more as a secondary language. The <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian language</a> is spoken today by <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> in Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Biondo" title="Flavio Biondo">Flavio Biondo</a> was the first scholar to have observed (in 1435) linguistic affinities between the Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> languages, as well as their common Latin origin.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The total of 880 million native speakers of Romance languages (ca. 2020) are divided as follows:<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-28">[28]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> 54% (475 million, plus 75 million L2 for 550 million in the <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> 26% (230 million, plus 30 million L2 for 260 million in the <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> 9% (80 million, plus 230 million L2 for 310 million in the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> 7% (65 million, plus 3 million L2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> 3% (24 million)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> 0.5% (4 million, plus 5 million L2)</li> <li>Others 3% (26 million, nearly all bilingual in one of the national languages)</li></ul> Catalan is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>. In Spain, it is co-official with Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> (under the name <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, and it is recognized, but not official, in an area of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> known as <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>. In addition, it is spoken by many residents of <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and it is co-official in that city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016393-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, with more than three million speakers, is official together with Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, and has legal recognition in neighbouring territories in <a href="/wiki/Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilla y León">Castilla y León</a>. A few other languages have official recognition on a regional or otherwise limited level; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> in Spain; <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> in Portugal; <a href="/wiki/Friulan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulan language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a> in Italy; and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> in Switzerland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">This paragraph needs citation(s)</a>] The remaining Romance languages survive mostly as spoken languages for informal contact. National governments have historically viewed linguistic diversity as an economic, administrative or military liability, as well as a potential source of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements; therefore, they have generally fought to eliminate it, by extensively promoting the use of the official language, restricting the use of the other languages in the media, recognizing them as mere "dialects", or even persecuting them. As a result, all of these languages are considered endangered to varying degrees according to the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Endangered_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book of Endangered Languages">Red Book of Endangered Languages</a>, ranging from "vulnerable" (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>) to "severely endangered" (<a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> varieties). Since the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, increased sensitivity to the rights of minorities has allowed some of these languages to start recovering their prestige and lost rights. Yet it is unclear whether these political changes will be enough to reverse the decline of minority Romance languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">This paragraph needs citation(s)</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Between 350 BC and 150 AD, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">the expansion of the Roman Empire</a>, together with its administrative and educational policies, made Latin the dominant native language in continental Western Europe. Latin also exerted a strong influence in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">southeastern Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">the Roman province of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">western Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Romance">Pannonia</a> and the whole <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> During the Empire's decline, and after its fragmentation and the collapse of its Western half in the fifth and sixth centuries, the spoken varieties of Latin became more isolated from each other, with the western dialects coming under heavy Germanic influence (the Goths and Franks in particular) and the eastern dialects coming under Slavic influence.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The dialects diverged from Latin at an accelerated rate and eventually evolved into a continuum of recognizably different typologies. The colonial empires established by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> from the fifteenth century onward spread their languages to the other continents to such an extent that about two-thirds of all Romance language speakers today live outside Europe. Despite other influences (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> from pre-Roman languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">superstratum</a> from later <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> invasions), the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of all Romance languages consist mainly of evolved forms of Vulgar Latin. However, some notable differences exist between today's Romance languages and their Roman ancestor. With only one or two exceptions, Romance languages have lost the <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> system of Latin and, as a result, have <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> sentence structure and make extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDragomirescuNicolae2016911–914-33">[33]</a> By most measures, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and Italian are the least divergent languages from Latin, while French has changed the most.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, all Romance languages are closer to each other than to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulgar_Latin">Vulgar Latin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vulgar Latin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg/350px-Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg/525px-Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg/700px-Map_Length_of_Roman_Rule_Neo_Latin_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Latin_Europe.png/350px-Latin_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Latin_Europe.png/525px-Latin_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Latin_Europe.png/700px-Latin_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Romance languages in Europe</figcaption></figure> Documentary evidence about Vulgar Latin for the purposes of comprehensive research is limited, and the literature is often hard to interpret or generalize. Many of its speakers were soldiers, slaves, displaced peoples, and forced resettlers, and more likely to be natives of conquered lands than natives of Rome. In Western Europe, Latin gradually replaced <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>, which were related to it by a shared Indo-European origin. Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-curchin-40">[40]</a> To some scholars, this suggests the form of Vulgar Latin that evolved into the Romance languages was around during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (from the end of the first century BC), and was spoken alongside the written Classical Latin which was reserved for official and formal occasions. Other scholars argue that the distinctions are more rightly viewed as indicative of sociolinguistic and register differences normally found within any language. With the rise of the Roman Empire, spoken Latin spread first throughout Italy and then through <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">southeastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">northern Africa</a> along parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">western Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HarrisVincent2001-41">[41]</a>: 1  Latin reached a stage when innovations became generalised around the sixth and seventh centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Banniard-42">[42]</a> After that time and within two hundred years, it became a <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">dead language</a> since "the Romanized people of Europe could no longer understand texts that were read aloud or recited to them."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> By the eighth and ninth centuries Latin gave way to Romance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanniard201395-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fall of the Western Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> During the political <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">decline of the Western Roman Empire</a> in the fifth century, there were large-scale <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">migrations</a> into the empire, and the Latin-speaking world was fragmented into several independent states. Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> were occupied by Germanic and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a>—the forms of Vulgar Latin used in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">the Roman province of Africa</a>, where it had been spoken by much of the urban population—disappeared in the Middle Ages (as did <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a> in Germany). But the Germanic tribes that had penetrated <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> eventually adopted Latin/Romance and the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">culture of ancient Rome</a> alongside existing inhabitants of those regions, and so Latin remained the dominant language there. In part due to regional dialects of the Latin language and local environments, several languages evolved from it.<a href="#cite_note-HarrisVincent2001-41">[41]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire">Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> Meanwhile, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">migrations</a> into the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> started with the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and continued with <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>. The invasions of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> were the most thoroughgoing, and they partially reduced the Romanic element in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> and conquest of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453 marked the end of the empire. The surviving local Romance languages were <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Romance">Early Romance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Romance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lexical_changes_from_Classical_Latin_to_Proto-Romance" title="Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance">Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance</a></div> Over the course of the fourth to eighth centuries, local changes in phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon accumulated to the point that the speech of any locale was noticeably different from that of another. In principle, differences between any two <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">lects</a> increased the more they were separated geographically, reducing easy mutual intelligibility between speakers of distant communities.<a href="#cite_note-price-46">[46]</a> Clear evidence of some levels of change is found in the <a href="/wiki/Reichenau_Glosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichenau Glosses">Reichenau Glosses</a>, an eighth-century compilation of about 1,200 words from the fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> that had changed in phonological form or were no longer normally used, along with their eighth-century equivalents in proto-<a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The following are some examples with reflexes in several modern Romance languages for comparison:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Classical / 4th cent. (Vulgate)</th> <th>8th cent. (Reichenau)</th> <th>Franco-Provençal</th> <th>French</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></th> <th>Italian</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Portuguese</th> <th>Romanian</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Sardinian</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></th> <th>Neapolitan </th></tr> <tr> <td>once</td> <td>semel</td> <td>una vice</td> <td>una vês / una fês</td> <td>une fois</td> <td>(ina giada)</td> <td>(una volta)</td> <td>una vez</td> <td>uma vez</td> <td>(o dată)</td> <td>una vegada (un cop, una volta)</td> <td>(una borta)</td> <td>una fes (un còp)</td> <td>n iede</td> <td>na vota </td></tr> <tr> <td>children/infants</td> <td>liberi / infantes</td> <td>infantes</td> <td>enfants</td> <td>enfants</td> <td>unfants</td> <td>(bambini) / infanti</td> <td>(niños) / infantes</td> <td>infantes (crianças)</td> <td>(copii) / infanți</td> <td>(nens, etc.) / infants</td> <td>(pipius) / (pitzinnos)</td> <td>(mainatge, dròlles) /enfants</td> <td>mutons</td> <td>criature </td></tr> <tr> <td>to blow</td> <td>flare / sofflare</td> <td>suflare</td> <td>sofllar</td> <td>souffler</td> <td>suflar</td> <td>soffiare</td> <td>soplar</td> <td>soprar</td> <td>(a) sufla</td> <td>(bufar)</td> <td>sulai / sulare</td> <td>bufar</td> <td>suflé</td> <td>sciuscià </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sing</td> <td>canere</td> <td>cantare</td> <td>chantar</td> <td>chanter</td> <td>chantar</td> <td>cantare</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>(a) cânta</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>cantai / cantare</td> <td>cantar</td> <td>cianté</td> <td>cantà </td></tr> <tr> <td>the best (plur.)</td> <td>optimi / meliores</td> <td>meliores</td> <td>los mèlyors</td> <td>les meilleurs</td> <td>ils megliers</td> <td>i migliori</td> <td>los mejores</td> <td>os melhores</td> <td>(optimi, cei mai buni)</td> <td>els millors</td> <td>is mellus / sos menzus</td> <td>Los/lei melhors</td> <td>i miëures</td> <td>'e meglie </td></tr> <tr> <td>beautiful</td> <td>pulchra / bella</td> <td>bella</td> <td>bèla</td> <td>belle</td> <td>bella</td> <td>bella</td> <td>(hermosa, bonita, linda) / bella</td> <td>bela / (formosa, bonita, linda)</td> <td>frumoasă</td> <td>(bonica, polida) / bella</td> <td>bella</td> <td>(polida) /bèla</td> <td>bela</td> <td>bella </td></tr> <tr> <td>in the mouth</td> <td>in ore</td> <td>in bucca</td> <td>en la boche</td> <td>dans la bouche</td> <td>in la bucca</td> <td>nella bocca</td> <td>en la boca</td> <td>na boca<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td> <td>(în gură) / în bucă<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> (a îmbuca)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></td> <td>a la boca</td> <td>in sa buca</td> <td>dins la boca</td> <td>te la bocia</td> <td>'n bocca (/ˈmmokkə/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>winter</td> <td>hiems</td> <td>hibernus</td> <td>hivèrn</td> <td>hiver</td> <td>inviern</td> <td>inverno</td> <td>invierno</td> <td>inverno</td> <td>iarnă</td> <td>hivern</td> <td>ierru / iberru</td> <td>ivèrn</td> <td>inviern</td> <td>vierno </td></tr></tbody></table> In all of the above examples, the words appearing in the fourth century Vulgate are the same words as would have been used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> of c. 50 BC. It is likely that some of these words had already disappeared from casual speech by the time of the Glosses; but if so, they may well have been still widely understood, as there is no recorded evidence that the common people of the time had difficulty understanding the language. By the 8th century, the situation was very different. During the late 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, holding that "Latin of his age was by classical standards intolerably corrupt",<a href="#cite_note-price-46">[46]</a>: 6  successfully imposed <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> as an artificial written vernacular for <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Unfortunately, this meant that parishioners could no longer understand the sermons of their priests, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tours_813" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Tours 813">Council of Tours in 813</a> to issue an edict that priests needed to translate their speeches into the rustica romana lingua, an explicit acknowledgement of the reality of the Romance languages as separate languages from Latin.<a href="#cite_note-price-46">[46]</a>: 6  By this time, and possibly as early as the 6th century according to Price (1984),<a href="#cite_note-price-46">[46]</a>: 6  the Romance <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">lects</a> had split apart enough to be able to speak of separate <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a>. Some researchers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have postulated that the major divergences in the spoken dialects began or accelerated considerably in the 5th century, as the formerly widespread and efficient communication networks of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> rapidly broke down, leading to the total disappearance of the Western Roman Empire by the end of the century. During the period between the 5th–10th centuries AD Romance vernaculars documentation is scarce as the normal writing language used was <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>, with vernacular writing only beginning in earnest in the 11th or 12th century. The earliest such texts are the <a href="/wiki/Indovinello_veronese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indovinello veronese">Indovinello Veronese</a> from the eight century and the <a href="/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourg" title="Oaths of Strasbourg">Oaths of Strasbourg</a> from the second half of the ninth century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_of_the_vernaculars">Recognition of the vernaculars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recognition of the vernaculars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_(early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_%28early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century%29.svg/350px-Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_%28early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_%28early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century%29.svg/525px-Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_%28early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_%28early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century%29.svg/700px-Germanic_%E2%80%93_Romance_language_border_map_%28early_Middle_Ages_%E2%80%93_early_twentieth_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Romance – Germanic language border:<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> • Early Middle Ages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  • Early Twentieth Century <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </figcaption></figure> From the 10th century onwards, some local <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> developed a written form and began to supplant Latin in many of its roles.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-53">[53]</a> In some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, this transition was expedited by force of law; whereas in others, such as <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, many prominent poets and writers used the vernacular of their own accord – some of the most famous in Italy being <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_da_Lentini" title="Giacomo da Lentini">Giacomo da Lentini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>. Well before that, the vernacular was also used for practical purposes, such as the testimonies in the <a href="/wiki/Placiti_Cassinesi" title="Placiti Cassinesi">Placiti Cassinesi</a>, written 960–963.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniformization_and_standardization">Uniformization and standardization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uniformization and standardization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Romance languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> brought a tendency towards greater uniformity of <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard languages</a> within political boundaries, at the expense of other Romance languages and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> less favored politically. In France, for instance, the dialect spoken in the region of Paris gradually spread to the entire country, and the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> of the south lost ground. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Samples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Romance languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages, and between Latin and each of them, are apparent from the following examples in various Romance <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">lects</a>, all meaning 'She always closes the window before she dines/before dining'. <dl><dd><table cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td> <td>(Ea) semper antequam cenat fenestram claudit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Apulian</a></td> <td>(Ièdde) achiùde sèmbe la fenèstre prime de mangè. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></td> <td>(Ella) zarra siempre a finestra antes de cenar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></td> <td>(Ea/Nâsa) ãncljidi/nkidi totna firida/fireastra ninti di tsinã. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></td> <td>(Ella) pieslla siempres la ventana enantes de cenar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></td> <td>(Ella) tranca siempri la ventana enantis de cenar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></td> <td>(Ella) sempre/tostemps tanca la finestra abans de sopar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language#Northern_Corsican" title="Corsican language">Northern Corsican</a></td> <td>Ella chjode/chjude sempre lu/u purtellu avanti/nanzu di cenà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language#Southern_Corsican" title="Corsican language">Southern Corsican</a></td> <td>Edda/Idda sarra/serra sempri u purteddu nanzu/prima di cinà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></td> <td>Jala insiara sianpro el balkáun anínč de kenúr. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard">Eastern Lombard</a></td> <td>(Le) la sàra sèmper la fenèstra prìma de diznà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reggiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggiano dialect">Reggiano</a>)</td> <td>(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a>)</td> <td>(Lî) la sèra sänper la fnèstra prémma ed dṡnèr. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_piacentino#cite_note-Template_ISO_639-1" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto piacentino">Placentine</a>)</td> <td>Ad sira lé la sèra seimpar la finéstra prima da seina. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></td> <td>(Ella) afecha siempri la ventana antis de cenal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a></td> <td>(Le) sarre toltin/tojor la fenétra avan de goutâ/dinar/sopar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td>Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de dîner/souper. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></td> <td>(Jê) e siere simpri il barcon prin di cenâ. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></td> <td>(Ela) pecha/fecha sempre a fiestra/xanela antes de cear. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese dialect">Gallurese</a></td> <td>Idda chjude sempri lu balconi primma di cinà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>(Ella/lei) chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">אֵילייה סֵירּה שֵׂימפּרֵי לה װֵינטאנה אנטֵיז דֵי סֵינאר.‎ Ella cerra sempre la ventana antes de cenar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></td> <td>Badiot: Ëra stlüj dagnora la finestra impröma de cenè. Centro Cadore: La sera sempre la fenestra gnante de disna. Auronzo di Cadore: La sera sempro la fenestra davoi de disnà. Gherdëina: Ëila stluj for l viere dan maië da cëina. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese</a></td> <td>(Eilla) pecha siempre la ventana primeiru de cenare. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a></td> <td>(Le) a saera sempre u barcun primma de cenà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Lombard (east.) (Bergamasque)</a></td> <td>(Lé) la sèra sèmper sö la finèstra prima de senà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Lombard (west.)</a></td> <td>(Lee) la sara sù semper la finestra primma de disnà/scenà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magoua_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Magoua dialect">Magoua</a></td> <td>(Elle) à fàrm toujour là fnèt àvan k'à manj. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></td> <td>(Eilha) cerra siempre la bentana/jinela atrás de jantar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></td> <td>Essa 'nzerra sempe 'a fenesta primma d'a cena / 'e magnà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></td> <td>Lli barre tréjous la crouésie devaunt de daîner. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></td> <td>(Ela) barra/tanca sempre/totjorn la fenèstra abans de sopar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></td> <td>Ale frunme toudi ch'croésèe édvint éd souper. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></td> <td>Chila a sara sèmper la fnestra dnans ëd fé sin-a/dnans ëd siné. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td>(Ela) fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialect">Romagnol</a></td> <td>(Lia) la ciud sëmpra la fnèstra prëma ad magnè. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td> <td>(Ea) închide întotdeauna fereastra înainte de a cina. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></td> <td>Ella clauda/serra adina la fanestra avant ch'ella tschainia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">South Sardinian (Campidanese)</a></td> <td>Issa serrat semp(i)ri sa bentana in antis de cenai </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">North Sardinian (Logudorese)</a></td> <td>Issa serrat semper sa bentana in antis de chenàre. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></td> <td>Edda sarra sempri lu balchoni primma di zinà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a></td> <td>Iḍḍa ncasa sempri a finesṭṛa prima 'i manciari â sira. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>(Ella) siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar/comer. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></td> <td>Lei chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Umbrian</a></td> <td>Lia chiude sempre la finestra prima de cenà. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></td> <td>(Eła) ła sara/sera senpre ła fenestra vanti de diznar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></td> <td>Èle sere todi l'fignèsse divant d'soper. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table cellspacing="3px"> <caption>Romance-based creoles and pidgins </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></td> <td>Li toujou fèmen fenèt la avan li mange. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></td> <td>Li touzour ferm lafnet avan (li) manze. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois Creole</a></td> <td>Y pou touzour ferm lafnet aven y manze. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></td> <td>E muhe semper ta sera e bentana promé ku e kome. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Kriolu</a></td> <td>Êl fechâ sempre janela antes de jantâ. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></td> <td>Ta cerrá él siempre con la ventana antes de cená. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></td> <td>Ele ta cerrá siempre ventana antes de cená. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Some of the divergence comes from <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">semantic change</a>: where the same root words have developed different meanings. For example, the Portuguese word fresta is descended from Latin fenestra "window" (and is thus <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to French fenêtre, Italian finestra, Romanian fereastră and so on), but now means "skylight" and "slit". Cognates may exist but have become rare, such as hiniestra in Spanish, or dropped out of use entirely. The Spanish and Portuguese terms defenestrar meaning "to <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">throw through a window</a>" and fenestrado meaning "replete with windows" also have the same root, but are later borrowings from Latin. Likewise, Portuguese also has the word cear, a cognate of Italian cenare and Spanish cenar, but uses it in the sense of "to have a late supper" in most varieties, while the preferred word for "to dine" is jantar (related to archaic Spanish yantar "to eat") because of semantic changes in the 19th century. Galician has both fiestra (from medieval fẽestra, the ancestor of standard Portuguese fresta) and the less frequently used ventá and xanela. As an alternative to lei (originally the genitive form), Italian has the pronoun ella, a cognate of the other words for "she", but it is hardly ever used in speaking. Spanish, Asturian, and Leonese ventana and Mirandese and Sardinian bentana come from Latin ventus "wind" (cf. English window, etymologically 'wind eye'), and Portuguese janela, Galician xanela, Mirandese jinela from Latin *ianuella "small opening", a derivative of ianua "door". Sardinian balcone (alternative for ventàna/bentàna) comes from Old Italian and is similar to other Romance languages such as French balcon (from Italian balcone), Portuguese balcão, Romanian balcon, Spanish balcón, Catalan balcó and Corsican balconi (alternative for purtellu). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_related_languages">Classification and related languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classification and related languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">Classification of Romance languages</a></div> Along with Latin and a few extinct languages of ancient Italy, the Romance languages make up the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Online-12">[12]</a> Identifying subdivisions of the Romance languages is inherently problematic, because most of the linguistic area is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, and in some cases political biases can come into play. A tree model is often used, but the selection of criteria results in different trees. Most classification schemes are, implicitly or not, historical and geographic, resulting in groupings such as <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a>. A major division can be drawn between Eastern and Western Romance, separated by the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia-Rimini line</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png/300px-Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png/450px-Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png/600px-Idiomas_y_dialectos_romances.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Romance languages and dialects</figcaption></figure> The main subfamilies that have been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> within the various classification schemes for Romance languages are:<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a>, the largest group, which includes languages such as Galician, Catalan, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and French.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a>, which includes Romanian and closely related languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern Romance</a>, which includes Sardinian and Corsican. This family is thought to have included the now-vanished Romance languages of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (or at least, they appear to have evolved some phonological features and their vowels in the same way).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranking_by_distance">Ranking by distance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ranking by distance">edit</a>]</div> Another approach involves attempts to rank the distance of Romance languages from each other or from their common ancestor (i.e. ranking languages based on how <a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">conservative or innovative</a> they are, although the same language may be conservative in some respects while innovative in others). By most measures, French is the most highly differentiated Romance language, although Romanian has changed the greatest amount of its vocabulary, while Italian<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and Sardinian have changed the least. Standard Italian can be considered a "central" language, which is generally somewhat easy to understand to speakers of other Romance languages, whereas French and Romanian are peripheral and quite dissimilar from the rest of Romance.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Online-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pidgins,_creoles,_and_mixed_languages">Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages">edit</a>]</div> Some Romance languages have developed varieties which seem dramatically restructured as to their grammars or to be mixtures with other languages. There are several dozens of creoles of <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese</a> origin, some of them spoken as <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> and lingua franca in former European colonies. Creoles of French: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Antillean Creole French">Antillean</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucian Creole French">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominica</a>; majority native language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian</a> (one of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>'s two official languages and majority native language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole French">Louisiana</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a> (native language of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>' official language)</li></ul> Creoles of Spanish: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> (in part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a> (in part of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>)</li></ul> Creoles of Portuguese: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolar_Creole" title="Angolar Creole">Angolar</a> (regional language in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Principe" class="mw-redirect" title="São Tomé and Principe">São Tomé and Principe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>'s national language and lingua franca; includes several distinct varieties)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Portuguese_Creole" title="Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole">Daman and Diu Creole</a> (regional language in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forro_Creole" title="Forro Creole">Forro</a> (regional language in São Tomé and Príncipe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristi language">Kristi</a> (regional language in India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Antilles">Dutch Antilles</a> official language, majority native language, and lingua franca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>'s national language and lingua franca)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auxiliary_and_constructed_languages">Auxiliary and constructed languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Auxiliary and constructed languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a></div> Latin and the Romance languages have also served as the inspiration and basis of numerous auxiliary and constructed languages, so-called "Neo-Romance languages".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The concept was first developed in 1903 by Italian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a>, under the title <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peano-de-61">[61]</a> He wanted to create a naturalistic international language, as opposed to an autonomous constructed language like <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a> which were designed for maximal simplicity of lexicon and derivation of words. Peano used Latin as the base of his language because, as he described it, Latin had been the international scientific language until the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-peano-de-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Other languages developed include <a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a>-Occidental (1922), <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> (1951) and <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a> (1998). The most famous and successful of these is Interlingua.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Each of these languages has attempted to varying degrees to achieve a pseudo-Latin vocabulary as common as possible to living Romance languages. Some languages have been constructed specifically for communication among speakers of Romance languages, the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance languages</a>. There are also languages created for artistic purposes only, such as <a href="/wiki/Talossa#Talossan_language" title="Talossa">Talossan</a>. Because Latin is a very well attested ancient language, some amateur linguists have even constructed Romance languages that mirror real languages that developed from other ancestral languages. These include <a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a> (which mirrors <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>), Breathanach<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> (mirrors <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wenedyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenedyk">Wenedyk</a> (mirrors <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>), Þrjótrunn (mirrors <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>),<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and Helvetian (mirrors <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sound changes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonological_changes_from_Classical_Latin_to_Proto-Romance" title="Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance">Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Romance languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Romance+languages%22">"Romance languages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Romance+languages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Romance+languages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Romance+languages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Romance+languages%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Romance+languages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> Significant <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> affected the consonants of the Romance languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apocope">Apocope</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Apocope">edit</a>]</div> There was a tendency to eliminate final consonants in Vulgar Latin, either by dropping them (<a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a>) or adding a vowel after them (<a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a>). Many final consonants were rare, occurring only in certain prepositions (e.g. ad "towards", apud "at, near (a person)"), conjunctions (sed "but"), demonstratives (e.g. illud "that (over there)", hoc "this"), and nominative singular noun forms, especially of neuter nouns (e.g. lac "milk", mel "honey", cor "heart"). Many of these prepositions and conjunctions were replaced by others, while the nouns were regularized into forms based on their oblique stems that avoided the final consonants (e.g. *lacte, *mele, *core). Final -m was dropped in Vulgar Latin.<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel,_Gess,_Meisenburg-66">[66]</a> Even in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>, final -am, -em, -um (<a href="/wiki/Suffix#Inflectional_suffixes" title="Suffix">inflectional suffixes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>) were often <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">poetic meter</a>, suggesting the m was weakly pronounced, probably marking the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalisation</a> of the vowel before it. This nasal vowel lost its nasalization in the Romance languages except in monosyllables, where it became /n/ e.g. Spanish quien < quem "whom",<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel,_Gess,_Meisenburg-66">[66]</a> French rien "anything" < rem "thing";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Bowman1980133-67">[67]</a> note especially French and Catalan mon < meum "my (m.sg.)" which are derived from monosyllabic /meu̯m/ > */meu̯n/, /mun/, whereas Spanish disyllabic mío and Portuguese and Catalan monosyllabic meu are derived from disyllabic /ˈme.um/ > */ˈmeo/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a result, only the following final consonants occurred in Vulgar Latin: <ul><li>Final -t in third-person singular verb forms, and -nt (later reduced in many languages to -n) in third-person plural verb forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiden2016500-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Final -s (including -x) in a large number of morphological endings (verb endings -ās/-ēs/-īs/-is, -mus, -tis; nominative singular -us/-is; plural -ās/-ōs/-ēs) and certain other words (trēs "three", sex "six", crās "tomorrow", etc.).</li> <li>Final -n in some monosyllables (often from earlier -m).</li> <li>Final -r, -d in some prepositions (e.g. ad, per), which were <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] that attached phonologically to the following word.</li> <li>Very occasionally, final -c, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> oc "yes" < hoc, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> avuec "with" < apud hoc (although these instances were possibly protected by a final <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> vowel at one point).</li></ul> Final -t was eventually lost in many languages, although this often occurred several centuries after the Vulgar Latin period. For example, the reflex of -t was dropped in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> only around 1100. In Old French, this occurred only when a vowel still preceded the t (generally /ə/ < Latin a). Hence amat "he loves" > Old French aime but venit "he comes" > Old French vient: the /t/ was never dropped and survives into Modern French in <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a>, e.g. vient-il? "is he coming?" /vjɛ̃ti(l)/ (the corresponding /t/ in aime-t-il? is analogical, not inherited). Old French also kept the third-person plural ending -nt intact. In Italo-Romance and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a>, eventually all final consonants were either lost or protected by an epenthetic vowel, except for some articles and a few monosyllabic prepositions con, per, in. Modern Standard Italian still has very few consonant-final words, although Romanian has resurfaced them through later loss of final /u/ and /i/. For example, amās "you love" > ame > Italian ami; amant "they love" > *aman > Ital. amano. On the evidence of "sloppily written" <a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic language</a> documents, however, the loss of final /s/ in northern Italy did not occur until the 7th or 8th century, after the Vulgar Latin period, and the presence of many former final consonants is betrayed by the <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">syntactic gemination</a> (raddoppiamento sintattico) that they trigger. It is also thought that after a long vowel /s/ became /j/ rather than simply disappearing: nōs > noi "we", crās > crai "tomorrow" (southern Italy).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In unstressed syllables, the resulting diphthongs were simplified: canēs > */ˈkanej/ > cani "dogs"; amīcās > */aˈmikaj/ > amiche /aˈmike/ "(female) friends", where nominative amīcae should produce **amice rather than amiche (note masculine amīcī > amici not *amichi). Central <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a> eventually regained a large number of final consonants through the general loss of final /e/ and /o/, e.g. Catalan llet "milk" < lactem, foc "fire" < focum, peix "fish" < piscem. In French, most of these secondary final consonants (as well as primary ones) were lost before around 1700, but tertiary final consonants later arose through the loss of /ə/ < -a. Hence masculine frīgidum "cold" > Old French froit /'frwεt/ > froid /fʁwa/, feminine frīgidam > Old French froide /'frwεdə/ > froide /fʁwad/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Palatalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_in_the_Romance_languages" title="Palatalization in the Romance languages">Palatalization in the Romance languages</a></div> In Romance languages the term 'palatalization' is used to describe the phonetic evolution of velar stops preceding a front vowel and of consonant clusters involving yod or of the palatal approximant itself.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The process involving gestural blending and articulatory reinforcement, starting from Late Latin and Early Romance, generated a new series of consonants in Romance languages.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lenition">Lenition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lenition">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop consonants</a> shifted by <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> in Vulgar Latin in some areas. The voiced <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonants</a> /b/ and /w/ (represented by ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, respectively) both developed a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">fricative</a> [β] as an intervocalic allophone.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This is clear from the orthography; in medieval times, the spelling of a consonantal ⟨v⟩ is often used for what had been a ⟨b⟩ in Classical Latin, or the two spellings were used interchangeably. In many Romance languages (Italian, French, Portuguese, Romanian, etc.), this fricative later developed into a /v/; but in others (Spanish, Galician, some Catalan and Occitan dialects, etc.) reflexes of /b/ and /w/ simply merged into a single phoneme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201032–33-73">[73]</a> Several other consonants were "softened" in intervocalic position in Western Romance (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Northern Italian), but normally not phonemically in the rest of Italy (except some cases of "elegant" or Ecclesiastical words),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] nor apparently at all in Romanian. The dividing line between the two sets of dialects is called the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a> and is one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> bundles of the Romance dialects.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The changes (instances of diachronic lenition resulting in <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">phonological restructuring</a>) are as follows: Single voiceless plosives became <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>: -p-, -t-, -c- > -b-, -d-, -g-. Subsequently, in some languages they were further weakened, either becoming <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a>, [β̞], [ð̞], [ɣ˕] (as in Spanish) or disappearing entirely (such as /t/ and /k/ lost between vowels in French, but /p/ > /v/). The following example shows progressive weakening of original /t/: e.g. vītam > Italian vita [ˈviːta], Portuguese vida [ˈvidɐ] (European Portuguese [ˈviðɐ]), Spanish vida [ˈbiða] (Southern Peninsular Spanish [ˈbi.a]), and French vie [vi]. Some scholars have speculated that these sound changes may be due in part to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> while scholarship of the past few decades has proposed internal motivations.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <ul><li>The voiced plosives /d/ and /ɡ/ tended to disappear.</li> <li>The plain <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant</a> -s- [s] was also voiced to [z] between vowels, although in many languages its spelling has not changed. (In Spanish, intervocalic [z] was later devoiced back to [s]; [z] is only found as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /s/ before voiced consonants in Modern Spanish.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">double</a> plosives became single: -pp-, -tt-, -cc-, -bb-, -dd-, -gg- > -p-, -t-, -c-, -b-, -d-, -g- in most languages. Subsequently, in some languages the voiced forms were further weakened, either becoming fricatives or approximants, [β̞], [ð̞], [ɣ˕] (as in Spanish). In French spelling, double consonants are merely etymological, except for -ll- after -i (pronounced [ij]), in most cases.</li> <li>The double sibilant -ss- [sː] also became phonetically and phonemically single [s], although in many languages its spelling has not changed. Double sibilant remains in some <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a>, like Italian, Sardinian, and Sicilian.</li></ul> The sound /h/ was lost but later reintroduced into individual Romance languages. The so-called h aspiré "aspirated h" in French, now completely silent, was a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a>. In Spanish, word-initial /f/ changed to /h/ during its <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Medieval stage</a> and was lost afterwards (for example farina > harina).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201034-77">[77]</a> Romanian acquired it most likely from the adstrate.<a href="#cite_note-Sala-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">Consonant length</a> is no longer phonemically distinctive in most Romance languages. However some <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a> (Italian, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, Sicilian, and numerous other varieties of central and southern Italy) do have long consonants like /bb/, /dd/, /ɡɡ/, /pp/, /tt/, /kk/, /ll/, /mm/, /nn/, /rr/, /ss/, etc., where the doubling indicates either actual length or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonants">plosives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, a short hold before the consonant is released, in many cases with distinctive lexical value: e.g. note /ˈnɔte/ (notes) vs. notte /ˈnɔtte/ (night), cade /ˈkade/ (s/he, it falls) vs. cadde /ˈkadde/ (s/he, it fell), caro /ˈkaro/ (dear, expensive) vs. carro /ˈkarro/ (cart, car). They may even occur at the beginning of words in <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a>, Neapolitan, Sicilian and other southern varieties, and are occasionally indicated in writing, e.g. Sicilian cchiù (more), and ccà (here). In general, the consonants /b/, /ts/, and /dz/ are long at the start of a word, while the <a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">archiphoneme</a> |R|[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Romance_languages#Dubious" title="Talk:Romance languages">discuss</a>] is realised as a <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> /r/ in the same position. In much of central and southern Italy, the affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ weaken synchronically to fricative [ʃ] and [ʒ] between vowels, while their geminate congeners do not, e.g. cacio /ˈkatʃo/ → [ˈkaːʃo] (cheese) vs. caccio /ˈkattʃo/ → [ˈkattʃo] (I chase). In Italian the geminates /ʃʃ/, /ɲɲ/, and /ʎʎ/ are pronounced as long [ʃʃ], [ɲɲ], and [ʎʎ] between vowels, but normally reduced to short following pause: lasciare 'let, leave' or la sciarpa 'the scarf' with [ʃʃ], but post-pausal sciarpa with [ʃ]. A few languages have regained secondary geminate consonants. The double consonants of <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> exist only after stressed /ə/, written ë, and are not etymological: vëdde (Latin vidēre, to see), sëcca (Latin sicca, dry, feminine of sech). In standard Catalan and Occitan, there exists a geminate sound /lː/ written ŀl (Catalan) or ll (Occitan), but it is usually pronounced as a simple sound in colloquial (and even some formal) speech in both languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_prosthesis">Vowel prosthesis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vowel prosthesis">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> a <a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">prosthetic</a> vowel /i/ (lowered to /e/ in most languages) was inserted at the beginning of any word that began with /s/ (referred to as s impura) and a voiceless consonant (#sC- > isC-):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201026-79">[79]</a> <ul><li>scrībere 'to write' > Sardinian iscribere, Spanish escribir, Portuguese escrever, Catalan escriure, Old French escri(v)re (mod. écrire);</li> <li>spatha "sword" > Sard ispada, Sp/Pg espada, Cat espasa, OFr espeḍe (modern épée);</li> <li>spiritus "spirit" > Sard ispìritu, Sp espíritu, Pg espírito, Cat esperit, French esprit;</li> <li>Stephanum "Stephen" > Sard Istèvene, Sp Esteban, Cat Esteve, Pg Estêvão, OFr Estievne (mod. Étienne);</li> <li>status "state" > Sard istadu, Sp/Pg estado, Cat estat, OFr estat (mod. état).</li></ul> While Western Romance words fused the prosthetic vowel with the word, cognates in Eastern Romance and southern Italo-Romance did not, e.g. Italian scrivere, spada, spirito, Stefano, and stato, Romanian scrie, spată, spirit, Ștefan and stat. In Italian, syllabification rules were preserved instead by vowel-final articles, thus feminine spada as la spada, but instead of rendering the masculine *il stato, lo stato came to be the norm. Though receding at present, Italian once had a prosthetic /i/ maintaining /s/ syllable-final if a consonant preceded such clusters, so that 'in Switzerland' was in [i]Svizzera. Some speakers still use the prothetic [i] productively, and it is fossilized in a few set locutions such as in ispecie 'especially' or per iscritto 'in writing' (a form whose survival may have been buttressed in part by the word iscritto < Latin īnscrīptus). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stressed_vowels">Stressed vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stressed vowels">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_vowel_length,_reorientation">Loss of vowel length, reorientation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Loss of vowel length, reorientation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Evolution of stressed vowels in early Romance </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Classical</th> <th>Sardinian</th> <th>Eastern Romance </th> <th colspan="2">Proto- Romance</th> <th>Western Romance</th> <th>Sicilian </th></tr> <tr> <th>Acad.1</th> <th>Roman</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Acad.1 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="2">IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th>ī </th> <td>long i</td> <td>/iː/</td> <td rowspan="4">/i/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/i/</td> <td rowspan="2">ị</td> <td rowspan="2">*/i/</td> <td rowspan="2">/i/</td> <td rowspan="6">/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ȳ </th> <td>long y</td> <td>/yː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>i (ĭ) </th> <td>short i</td> <td>/ɪ/ </td> <td rowspan="4">/e/</td> <td rowspan="2">į</td> <td rowspan="2">*/ɪ/</td> <td rowspan="4">/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>y (y̆) </th> <td>short y</td> <td>/ʏ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ē </th> <td>long e</td> <td>/eː/</td> <td rowspan="4">/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">ẹ</td> <td rowspan="2">*/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>oe </th> <td>oe</td> <td>/oj/ > /eː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>e (ĕ) </th> <td>short e</td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/</td> <td rowspan="2">ę</td> <td rowspan="2">*/ɛ/</td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/</td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ae </th> <td>ae</td> <td>/aj/ > /ɛː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ā </th> <td>long a</td> <td>/aː/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/</td> <td rowspan="2">a</td> <td rowspan="2">*/a/</td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>a (ă) </th> <td>short a</td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>o (ŏ) </th> <td>short o</td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/ɔ/</td> <td rowspan="3">/o/</td> <td>ǫ</td> <td>*/ɔ/</td> <td>/ɔ/</td> <td>/ɔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ō </th> <td>long o</td> <td>/oː/</td> <td rowspan="2">ọ</td> <td rowspan="2">*/o/</td> <td rowspan="3">/o/</td> <td rowspan="4">/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>au (a few words) </th> <td>au</td> <td>/aw/ > /ɔː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>u (ŭ) </th> <td>short u</td> <td>/ʊ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/u/</td> <td rowspan="2">/u/ </td> <td>ų</td> <td>*/ʊ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ū </th> <td>long u</td> <td>/uː/</td> <td>ụ</td> <td>*/u/</td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>au (most words) </th> <td>au</td> <td>/aw/ </td> <td>/aw/ </td> <td>/aw/ </td> <td>au </td> <td>*/aw/</td> <td>/aw/ </td> <td>/aw/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">1 Traditional academic transcription in Latin and <a href="/wiki/Romance_studies" title="Romance studies">Romance studies</a>, respectively. </td></tr></tbody></table> One profound change that affected Vulgar Latin was the reorganisation of its <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen20108-80">[80]</a> Classical Latin had five short vowels, ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, and five <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, each of which was an individual <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> (see the table in the right, for their likely pronunciation in IPA), and four <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, ae, oe, au and eu (five according to some authors, including ui). There were also long and short versions of y, representing the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">rounded vowel</a> /y(ː)/ in Greek borrowings, which however probably came to be pronounced /i(ː)/ even before Romance vowel changes started. There is evidence that in the imperial period all the short vowels except a differed by quality as well as by length from their long counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> So, for example ē was pronounced <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid</a> /eː/ while ĕ was pronounced <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open-mid</a> /ɛ/, and ī was pronounced <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close</a> /iː/ while ĭ was pronounced <a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">near-close</a> /ɪ/. During the Proto-Romance period, phonemic length distinctions were lost. Vowels came to be automatically pronounced long in stressed, <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a> (i.e. when followed by only one consonant), and pronounced short everywhere else. This situation is still maintained in modern Italian: cade [ˈkaːde] "he falls" vs. cadde [ˈkadde] "he fell". The Proto-Romance loss of phonemic length originally produced a system with nine different quality distinctions in monophthongs, where only original /a aː/ had merged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201013-82">[82]</a> Soon, however, many of these vowels coalesced: <ul><li>The simplest outcome was in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> where the former long and short vowels in Latin simply coalesced, e.g. /ɛ eː/ > /ɛ/, /ɪ iː/ > /i/: This produced a simple five-vowel system /a ɛ i ɔ u/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016471-84">[84]</a></li> <li>In most areas, however (technically, the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western languages</a>), the near-close vowels /ɪ ʊ/ lowered and merged into the high-mid vowels /e o/. As a result, Latin pira "pear" and vēra "true", came to rhyme (e.g. Italian and Spanish pera, vera, and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> poire, voire). Similarly, Latin nucem (from nux "nut") and vōcem (from vōx "voice") become Italian noce, voce, Portuguese noz, voz, and French noix, voix. This produced a seven-vowel system /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, still maintained in conservative languages such as Italian and Portuguese, and lightly transformed in Spanish (where /ɛ/ > /je/, /ɔ/ > /we/).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> (particularly, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>), the front vowels /ĕ ē ĭ ī/ evolved as in the majority of languages, but the back vowels /ɔ oː ʊ uː/ evolved as in Sardinian. This produced an unbalanced six-vowel system: /a ɛ e i o u/. In modern Romanian, this system has been significantly transformed, with /ɛ/ > /je/ and with new vowels /ə ɨ/ evolving, leading to a balanced seven-vowel system with central as well as front and back vowels: /a e i ə ɨ o u/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012146-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> is sometimes described as having its own distinct vowel system. In fact, Sicilian passed through the same developments as the main bulk of Italo-Western languages. Subsequently, however, high-mid vowels (but not low-mid vowels) were raised in all syllables, stressed and unstressed; i.e. /e o/ > /i u/. The result is a five-vowel /a ɛ i ɔ u/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016471-84">[84]</a></li></ul> Further variants are found in southern Italy and Corsica, which also boasts a completely distinct system. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Outcome of stressed Classical Latin vowels in dialects of southern Italy, Sardinia and Corsica[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classical Latin </th> <th>Proto-Romance </th> <th>Senisese </th> <th>Castel-mezzano </th> <th>Neapolitan </th> <th>Sicilian </th> <th>Verbi-carese </th> <th>Caro-vignese </th> <th>Nuorese Sardinian </th> <th>Southern Corsican </th> <th>Taravo Corsican </th> <th>Northern Corsican </th> <th>Cap de Corse </th></tr> <tr> <td>ā </td> <td rowspan="2">*/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ă </td></tr> <tr> <td>au </td> <td>*/aw/ </td> <td>/ɔ/? </td> <td>/o/? </td> <td>/ɔ/? </td> <td>/ɔ/? </td> <td>/ɔ/? </td> <td>/ɔ/? </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>/o/? </td> <td>/ɔ/? </td> <td>/o/? </td></tr> <tr> <td>ĕ, ae </td> <td>*/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/e/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/e/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/e/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>/e/ (/ɛ/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ē, oe </td> <td>*/e/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/e/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/i/ </td> <td>/ɪ/ (/ɛ/) </td> <td rowspan="2">/e/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ĭ </td> <td>*/ɪ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/i/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɪ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/i/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/i/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ī </td> <td>*/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŏ </td> <td>*/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ō, (au) </td> <td>*/o/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/u/ </td> <td>/ʊ/ (/ɔ/) </td> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŭ </td> <td>*/ʊ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/u/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/u/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ʊ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/u/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/u/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ū </td> <td>*/u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td></tr></tbody></table> The Sardinian-type vowel system is also found in a small region belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Lausberg_area" title="Lausberg area">Lausberg area</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lausberg" title="Heinrich Lausberg">Lausberg</a> zone; compare <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language#Distribution" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan language § Distribution</a>) of southern Italy, in southern <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, and there is evidence that the Romanian-type "compromise" vowel system was once characteristic of most of southern Italy,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> although it is now limited to a small area in western Basilicata centered on the <a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano dialect</a>, the area being known as Vorposten, the German word for 'outpost'. The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_vowel_system" title="Sicilian vowel system">Sicilian vowel system</a>, now generally thought to be a development based on the Italo-Western system, is also represented in southern Italy, in southern <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, and may have been more widespread in the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgeway2016248ff-87">[87]</a> The greatest variety of vowel systems outside of southern Italy is found in Corsica, where the Italo-Western type is represented in most of the north and center and the Sardinian type in the south, as well as a system resembling the Sicilian vowel system (and even more closely the Carovignese system) in the <a href="/wiki/Cap_Corse" title="Cap Corse">Cap Corse</a> region; finally, in between the Italo-Western and Sardinian system is found, in the <a href="/wiki/Taravo" title="Taravo">Taravo</a> region, a unique vowel system that cannot be derived from any other system, which has reflexes like Sardinian for the most part, but the short high vowels of Latin are uniquely reflected as mid-low vowels.<a href="#cite_note-corsican-88">[88]</a> The Proto-Romance allophonic vowel-length system was phonemicized in the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> as a result of the loss of many final vowels. Some northern Italian languages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>) still maintain this secondary phonemic length, but most languages dropped it by either diphthongizing or shortening the new long vowels. French phonemicized a third vowel length system around AD 1300 as a result of the sound change /VsC/ > /VhC/ > /VːC/ (where V is any vowel and C any consonant). This vowel length began to be lost in Early Modern French, but the long vowels are still usually marked with a circumflex (and continue to be distinguished regionally, chiefly in Belgium). A fourth vowel length system, still non-phonemic, has now arisen: All nasal vowels as well as the oral vowels /ɑ o ø/ (which mostly derive from former long vowels) are pronounced long in all stressed <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a>, and all vowels are pronounced long in syllables closed by the voiced fricatives /v z ʒ ʁ vʁ/. This system in turn has been phonemicized in some varieties (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>), as a result of the loss of final /ʁ/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_diphthongs">Latin diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Latin diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> The Latin diphthongs ae and oe, pronounced /aj/ and /oj/ in earlier Latin, were early on monophthongized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClackson20166-89">[89]</a> ae became /ɛː/ by[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the 1st century <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>a.d. at the latest. Although this sound was still distinct from all existing vowels, the neutralization of Latin vowel length eventually caused its merger with /ɛ/ < short e: e.g. caelum "sky" > French ciel, Spanish/Italian cielo, Portuguese céu /sɛw/, with the same vowel as in mele "honey" > French/Spanish miel, Italian miele, Portuguese mel /mɛl/. Some words show an early merger of ae with /eː/, as in praeda "booty" > *prēda /preːda/ > French proie (vs. expected **priée), Italian preda (not **prieda) "prey"; or faenum "hay" > *fēnum [feːnũ] > Spanish heno, French foin (but Italian fieno /fjɛno/). oe generally merged with /eː/: poenam "punishment" > Romance */pena/ > Spanish/Italian pena, French peine; foedus "ugly" > Romance */fedo/ > Spanish feo, Portuguese feio. There are relatively few such outcomes, since oe was rare in Classical Latin (most original instances had become Classical ū, as in Old Latin oinos "one" > Classical ūnus<a href="#cite_note-Palmer-90">[90]</a>) and so oe was mostly limited to Greek loanwords, which were typically learned (high-register) terms. au merged with ō /oː/ in the popular speech of Rome already by the 1st century <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">b.c.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Quite bold to claim that the entire phoneme /aw/ was lost to such a merger in the first century BC, in light of the modern Roman dialect reflecting no such thing (rather showing outcomes similar to those of Tuscan/Standard Italian). (November 2023)">citation needed</a>] A number of authors remarked on this explicitly, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s taunt that the populist politician <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> had changed his name from Claudius to ingratiate himself with the masses. This change never penetrated far from Rome, however, and the pronunciation /au/ was maintained for centuries in the vast majority of Latin-speaking areas, although it eventually developed into some variety of o in many languages. For example, Italian and French have /ɔ/ as the usual reflex, but this post-dates diphthongization of /ɔ/ and the French-specific palatalization /ka/ > /tʃa/ (hence causa > French chose, Italian cosa /kɔza/ not **cuosa). Spanish has /o/, but Portuguese spelling maintains ⟨ou⟩, which has developed to /o/ (and still remains as /ou/ in some dialects, and /oi/ in others).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Bowman198024–25-91">[91]</a> Occitan, Dalmatian, Sardinian, and many other minority Romance languages still have /au/ while in Romanian it underwent diaresis like in aurum > aur (a-ur).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012145-92">[92]</a> A few common words, however, show an early merger with ō /oː/, evidently reflecting a generalization of the popular Roman pronunciation:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] e.g. French queue, Italian coda /koda/, Occitan co(d)a, Romanian coadă (all meaning "tail") must all derive from cōda rather than Classical cauda.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Similarly, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, French oreille, Romanian ureche, and Sardinian olícra, orícla "ear" must derive from ōric(u)la rather than Classical auris (Occitan aurelha was probably influenced by the unrelated ausir < audīre "to hear"), and the form oricla is in fact reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Appendix_Probi" title="Appendix Probi">Appendix Probi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further developments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Metaphony">Metaphony</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Metaphony">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metaphony_(Romance_languages)" title="Metaphony (Romance languages)">Metaphony (Romance languages)</a></div> An early process that operated in all Romance languages to varying degrees was <a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">metaphony</a> (vowel mutation), conceptually similar to the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlaut</a> process so characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. Depending on the language, certain stressed vowels were raised (or sometimes diphthongized) either by a final /i/ or /u/ or by a directly following /j/. Metaphony is most extensive in the Italo-Romance languages, and applies to nearly all languages in Italy; however, it is absent from Tuscan, and hence from standard Italian. In many languages affected by metaphony, a distinction exists between final /u/ (from most cases of Latin -um) and final /o/ (from Latin -ō, -ud and some cases of -um, esp. masculine "mass" nouns), and only the former triggers metaphony. Some examples: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Servigliano" title="Servigliano">Servigliano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> of Italy, stressed /ɛ e ɔ o/ are raised to /e i o u/ before final /i/ or /u/:<a href="#cite_note-kaze1991-94">[94]</a> /ˈmetto/ "I put" vs. /ˈmitti/ "you put" (< *metti < *mettes < Latin mittis); /moˈdɛsta/ "modest (fem.)" vs. /moˈdestu/ "modest (masc.)"; /ˈkwesto/ "this (neut.)" (< Latin eccum istud) vs. /ˈkwistu/ "this (masc.)" (< Latin eccum istum).</li> <li>Calvallo in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, is similar, but the low-mid vowels /ɛ ɔ/ are diphthongized to /je wo/ rather than raised:<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> /ˈmette/ "he puts" vs. /ˈmitti/ "you put", but /ˈpɛnʒo/ "I think" vs. /ˈpjenʒi/ "you think".</li> <li>Metaphony also occurs in most northern Italian dialects, but only by (usually lost) final *i; apparently, final *u was lowered to *o (usually lost) before metaphony could take effect.</li> <li>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese language">Astur-Leonese languages</a> in northern Spain have the same distinction between final /o/ and /u/<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> as in the Central-Southern Italian languages,<a href="#cite_note-penny1994-97">[97]</a> with /u/ triggering metaphony.<a href="#cite_note-AAC-98">[98]</a> The plural of masculine nouns in these dialects ends in -os, which does not trigger metaphony, unlike in the singular (vs. Italian plural -i, which does trigger metaphony).</li> <li>Sardinian has allophonic raising of mid vowels /ɛ ɔ/ to [e o] before final /i/ or /u/. This has been phonemicized in the <a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese dialect</a> as a result of the subsequent raising of final /e o/ to /i u/.</li> <li>Raising of /ɔ/ to /o/ occurs sporadically in Portuguese in the masculine singular, e.g. porco /ˈporku/ "pig" vs. porcos /ˈpɔrkus/ "pig". It is thought that Galician-Portuguese at one point had singular /u/ vs. plural /os/, exactly as in modern Astur-Leonese.<a href="#cite_note-penny1994-97">[97]</a></li> <li>In all of the Western Romance languages, final /i/ (primarily occurring in the first-person singular of the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>) raised mid-high /e o/ to /i u/, e.g. Portuguese fiz "I did" (< *fidzi < *fedzi < Latin fēcī) vs. fez "he did" (< *fedze < Latin fēcit). Old Spanish similarly had fize "I did" vs. fezo "he did" (-o by analogy with amó "he loved"), but subsequently generalized stressed /i/, producing modern hice "I did" vs. hizo "he did". The same thing happened prehistorically in Old French, yielding fis "I did", fist "he did" (< *feist < Latin fēcit).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Diphthongization">Diphthongization</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Diphthongization">edit</a>]</div> A number of languages <a href="/wiki/Diphthongization" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongization">diphthongized</a> some of the free vowels, especially the open-mid vowels /ɛ ɔ/:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012154-99">[99]</a> <ul><li>Spanish consistently diphthongized all open-mid vowels /ɛ ɔ/ > /je we/ except for before certain palatal consonants (which raised the vowels to close-mid before diphthongization took place).</li> <li>Eastern Romance languages similarly diphthongized /ɛ/ to /je/ (the corresponding vowel /ɔ/ did not develop from Proto-Romance).</li> <li>Italian diphthongized /ɛ/ > /jɛ/ and /ɔ/ > /wɔ/ in open syllables (in the situations where vowels were lengthened in Proto-Romance), the most salient exception being /ˈbɛne/ bene 'well', perhaps due to the high frequency of <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocopated</a> ben (e.g. ben difficile 'quite difficult', ben fatto 'well made' etc.).</li> <li>French similarly diphthongized /ɛ ɔ/ in open syllables (when lengthened), along with /a e o/: /aː ɛː eː ɔː oː/ > /aɛ iɛ ei uɔ ou/ > middle OF /e je ɔi we eu/ > modern /e je wa œ ~ ø œ ~ ø/.</li> <li>French also diphthongized /ɛ ɔ/ before palatalized consonants, especially /j/. Further development was as follows: /ɛj/ > /iej/ > /i/; /ɔj/ > /uoj/ > early OF /uj/ > modern /ɥi/.</li> <li>Catalan diphthongized /ɛ ɔ/ before /j/ from palatalized consonants, just like French, with similar results: /ɛj/ > /i/, /ɔj/ > /uj/.</li></ul> These diphthongization had the effect of reducing or eliminating the distinctions between open-mid and close-mid vowels in many languages. In Spanish and Romanian, all open-mid vowels were diphthongized, and the distinction disappeared entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012155-100">[100]</a> Portuguese is the most conservative in this respect, keeping the seven-vowel system more or less unchanged (but with changes in particular circumstances, e.g. due to <a href="#Metaphony">metaphony</a>). Other than before palatalized consonants, Catalan keeps /ɔ o/ intact, but /ɛ e/ split in a complex fashion into /ɛ e ə/ and then coalesced again in the standard dialect (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a>) in such a way that most original /ɛ e/ have reversed their quality to become /e ɛ/. In French and Italian, the distinction between open-mid and close-mid vowels occurred only in closed syllables. Standard Italian more or less maintains this. In French, /e/ and /ɛ/ merged by the twelfth century or so, and the distinction between /ɔ/ and /o/ was eliminated without merging by the sound changes /u/ > /y/, /o/ > /u/. Generally this led to a situation where both [e,o] and [ɛ,ɔ] occur allophonically, with the close-mid vowels in <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a> and the open-mid vowels in <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a>. In French, both [e/ɛ] and [o/ɔ] were partly rephonemicized: Both /e/ and /ɛ/ occur in open syllables as a result of /aj/ > /ɛ/, and both /o/ and /ɔ/ occur in closed syllables as a result of /al/ > /au/ > /o/. Old French also had numerous falling diphthongs resulting from diphthongization before palatal consonants or from a fronted /j/ originally following palatal consonants in Proto-Romance or later: e.g. pācem /patsʲe/ "peace" > PWR */padzʲe/ (lenition) > OF paiz /pajts/; *punctum "point" > Gallo-Romance */ponʲto/ > */pojɲto/ (fronting) > OF point /põjnt/. During the Old French period, preconsonantal /l/ [ɫ] vocalized to /w/, producing many new falling diphthongs: e.g. dulcem "sweet" > PWR */doltsʲe/ > OF dolz /duɫts/ > douz /duts/; fallet "fails, is deficient" > OF falt > faut "is needed"; bellus "beautiful" > OF bels [bɛɫs] > beaus [bɛaws]. By the end of the Middle French period, all falling diphthongs either monophthongized or switched to rising diphthongs: proto-OF /aj ɛj jɛj ej jej wɔj oj uj al ɛl el il ɔl ol ul/ > early OF /aj ɛj i ej yj oj yj aw ɛaw ew i ɔw ow y/ > modern spelling ⟨ai ei i oi ui oi ui au eau eu i ou ou u⟩ > mod. French /ɛ ɛ i wa ɥi wa ɥi o o ø i u u y/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nasalization">Nasalization</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nasalization">edit</a>]</div> In both French and Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> eventually developed from sequences of a vowel followed by a nasal consonant (/m/ or /n/). Originally, all vowels in both languages were nasalized before any nasal consonants, and nasal consonants not immediately followed by a vowel were eventually dropped. In French, nasal vowels before remaining nasal consonants were subsequently denasalized, but not before causing the vowels to lower somewhat, e.g. dōnat "he gives" > OF dune /dunə/ > donne /dɔn/, fēminam > femme /fam/. Other vowels remained nasalized, and were dramatically lowered: fīnem "end" > fin /fɛ̃/ (often pronounced [fæ̃]); linguam "tongue" > langue /lɑ̃ɡ/; ūnum "one" > un /œ̃/, /ɛ̃/. In Portuguese, /n/ between vowels was dropped, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> eliminated through vowel contraction of various sorts, often producing diphthongs: manum, *manōs > PWR *manu, ˈmanos "hand(s)" > mão, mãos /mɐ̃w̃, mɐ̃w̃s/; canem, canēs "dog(s)" > PWR *kane, ˈkanes > *can, ˈcanes > cão, cães /kɐ̃w̃, kɐ̃j̃s/; ratiōnem, ratiōnēs "reason(s)" > PWR *raˈdʲzʲone, raˈdʲzʲones > *raˈdzon, raˈdzones > razão, razões /χaˈzɐ̃w̃, χaˈzõj̃s/ (Brazil), /ʁaˈzɐ̃ũ, ʁɐˈzõj̃ʃ/ (Portugal). Sometimes the nasalization was eliminated: lūna "moon" > Galician-Portuguese lũa > lua; vēna "vein" > Galician-Portuguese vẽa > veia. Nasal vowels that remained actually tend to be raised (rather than lowered, as in French): fīnem "end" > fim /fĩ/; centum "hundred" > PWR tʲsʲɛnto > cento /ˈsẽtu/; pontem "bridge" > PWR pɔnte > ponte /ˈpõtʃi/ (Brazil), /ˈpõtɨ/ (Portugal).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Romanian shows evidence of past nasalization phenomena, the loss of palatal nasal [ɲ] in vie < Lat. vinia, and the rhotacism of intervocalic /n/ in words like mărunt < Lat. minutu for example. The effect of nasalization is observed in vowel closing to /i ɨ u/ before single /n/ and nasal+consonant clusters. Latin /nn/ and /m/ did not cause the same effect.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front-rounded_vowels">Front-rounded vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Front-rounded vowels">edit</a>]</div> Characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance languages</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Front_rounded_vowel" title="Front rounded vowel">front rounded vowels</a> /y ø œ/. All of these languages, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, show an unconditional change /u/ > /y/, e.g. lūnam > French lune /lyn/, Occitan /ˈlyno/. Many of the languages in Switzerland and Italy show the further change /y/ > /i/. Also very common is some variation of the French development /ɔː oː/ (lengthened in <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a>) > /we ew/ > /œ œ/, with mid back vowels diphthongizing in some circumstances and then re-monophthongizing into mid-front rounded vowels. (French has both /ø/ and /œ/, with /ø/ developing from /œ/ in certain circumstances.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unstressed_vowels">Unstressed vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Unstressed vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Evolution of unstressed vowels in early Italo-Western Romance </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Latin </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Proto- Romance </th> <th rowspan="2">Stressed</th> <th rowspan="2">Non-final unstressed</th> <th colspan="5">Final-unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Original</th> <th>Later Italo- Romance</th> <th>Later Western- Romance</th> <th>Gallo- Romance</th> <th>Primitive French </th></tr> <tr> <th>Acad.1 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>a, ā </th> <td>a </td> <td>*/a/</td> <td colspan="2">/a/</td> <td>/a/ </td> <td colspan="3">/a/</td> <td>/ə/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>e, ae </th> <td>ę </td> <td>*/ɛ/</td> <td>/ɛ/</td> <td rowspan="3">/e/</td> <td rowspan="3">/e/ </td> <td rowspan="3">/e/</td> <td rowspan="4">/e/</td> <td rowspan="8">∅; /e/ (prop)</td> <td rowspan="8">∅; /ə/ (prop) </td></tr> <tr> <th>ē, oe </th> <td>ẹ </td> <td>*/e/</td> <td rowspan="2">/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>i, y </th> <td>į </td> <td>*/ɪ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ī, ȳ </th> <td>ị </td> <td>*/i/</td> <td colspan="2">/i/</td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td>ǫ </td> <td>*/ɔ/</td> <td>/ɔ/</td> <td rowspan="3">/o/</td> <td rowspan="2">/o/</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4">/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ō, (au) </th> <td>ọ </td> <td>*/o/</td> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td>ų </td> <td>*/ʊ/</td> <td rowspan="2">/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ū </th> <td>ụ </td> <td>*/u/</td> <td colspan="2">/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>au (most words) </th> <td>au </td> <td>*/aw/</td> <td colspan="2">/aw/</td> <td colspan="5">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10">1 Traditional academic transcription in Romance studies. </td></tr></tbody></table> There was more variability in the result of the unstressed vowels. Originally in Proto-Romance, the same nine vowels developed in unstressed as stressed syllables, and in Sardinian, they coalesced into the same five vowels in the same way. In Italo-Western Romance, however, vowels in unstressed syllables were significantly different from stressed vowels, with yet a third outcome for final unstressed syllables. In non-final unstressed syllables, the seven-vowel system of stressed syllables developed, but then the low-mid vowels /ɛ ɔ/ merged into the high-mid vowels /e o/. This system is still preserved, largely or completely, in all of the conservative Romance languages (e.g. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan). In final unstressed syllables, results were somewhat complex. One of the more difficult issues is the development of final short -u, which appears to have been raised to /u/ rather than lowered to /o/, as happened in all other syllables. However, it is possible that in reality, final /u/ comes from long *-ū < -um, where original final -m caused vowel lengthening as well as nasalization. Evidence of this comes from <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a>, which preserves reflexes of both final -us and -um, and where the latter, but not the former, triggers <a href="#Metaphony">metaphony</a>. This suggests the development -us > /ʊs/ > /os/, but -um > /ũː/ > /u/.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The original five-vowel system in final unstressed syllables was preserved as-is in some of the more conservative central Italian languages, but in most languages there was further coalescence: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> (including standard Italian), final /u/ merged into /o/.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a>, final /i/ eventually merged into /e/ (although final /i/ triggered <a href="#Metaphony">metaphony</a> before that, e.g. Spanish hice, Portuguese fiz "I did" < *fize < Latin fēcī). Conservative languages like Spanish largely maintain that system, but drop final /e/ after certain single consonants, e.g. /r/, /l/, /n/, /d/, /z/ (< palatalized c). The same situation happened in final /u/ that merged into /o/ in Spanish.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> (part of Western Romance), final /o/ and /e/ were dropped entirely unless that produced an impossible final cluster (e.g. /tr/), in which case a "prop vowel" /e/ was added. This left only two final vowels: /a/ and prop vowel /e/. Catalan preserves this system.</li> <li>Loss of final stressless vowels in <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> shows a pattern intermediate between Central Italian and the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a> branch, and the environments for vowel deletion vary considerably depending on the dialect. In the table above, final /e/ is uniformly absent in mar, absent in some dialects in part(e) /part(e)/ and set(e) /sɛt(e)/, but retained in mare (< Latin mātrem) as a relic of the earlier cluster *dr.</li> <li>In primitive <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>), these two remaining vowels merged into /ə/.</li></ul> Various later changes happened in individual languages, e.g.: <ul><li>In French, most final consonants were dropped, and then final /ə/ was also dropped. The /ə/ is still preserved in spelling as a final silent -e, whose main purpose is to signal that the previous consonant is pronounced, e.g. port "port" /pɔʁ/ vs. porte "door" /pɔʁt/. These changes also eliminated the difference between singular and plural in most words: ports "ports" (still /pɔʁ/), portes "doors" (still /pɔʁt/). Final consonants reappear in <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> contexts (in close connection with a following vowel-initial word), e.g. nous [nu] "we" vs. nous avons [nu.za.ˈvɔ̃] "we have", il fait [il.fɛ] "he does" vs. fait-il ? [fɛ.til] "does he?".</li> <li>In Portuguese, final unstressed /o/ and /u/ were apparently preserved intact for a while, since final unstressed /u/, but not /o/ or /os/, triggered <a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">metaphony</a> (see above). Final-syllable unstressed /o/ was raised in preliterary times to /u/, but always still written ⟨o⟩. At some point (perhaps in late Galician-Portuguese), final-syllable unstressed /e/ was raised to /i/ (but still written ⟨e⟩); this remains in <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, but has developed to /ɨ/ in northern and central <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>.</li> <li>In Catalan, final unstressed /as/ > /es/. In many dialects, unstressed /o/ and /u/ merge into /u/ as in Portuguese, and unstressed /a/ and /e/ merge into /ə/. However, some dialects preserve the original five-vowel system, most notably standard <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em;"> <caption>Examples of evolution of final unstressed vowels: From least- to most-changed languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English</th> <th rowspan="2">Latin</th> <th>Proto-Italo- Western1</th> <th>Conservative Central Italian1</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>Portuguese</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Old French</th> <th>Modern French </th></tr> <tr> <th>a, e, i, o, u</th> <th>a, e, i, o, u</th> <th>a, e, i, o</th> <th colspan="2">a, e/-, o</th> <th>a, -/e</th> <th colspan="2">e, -/e </th></tr> <tr> <td>one (fem.)</td> <td>ūnam</td> <td>[ˈuna]</td> <td colspan="2">una</td> <td>uma</td> <td colspan="2">una</td> <td colspan="2">une </td></tr> <tr> <td>door</td> <td>portam</td> <td>[ˈpɔrta]</td> <td colspan="3">porta</td> <td>puerta</td> <td>porta</td> <td colspan="2">porte </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td>septem</td> <td>[ˈsɛtte]</td> <td colspan="2">sette</td> <td>sete</td> <td>siete</td> <td colspan="2">set</td> <td>sept </td></tr> <tr> <td>sea</td> <td>mare</td> <td>[ˈmare]</td> <td colspan="2">mare</td> <td colspan="3">mar</td> <td colspan="2">mer </td></tr> <tr> <td>peace</td> <td>pācem</td> <td>[ˈpatʃe]</td> <td colspan="2">pace</td> <td colspan="2">paz</td> <td>pau</td> <td>paiz</td> <td>paix </td></tr> <tr> <td>part</td> <td>partem</td> <td>[ˈparte]</td> <td colspan="4">parte</td> <td colspan="3">part </td></tr> <tr> <td>truth</td> <td>veritātem</td> <td>[veriˈtate]</td> <td colspan="2">verità</td> <td>verdade</td> <td>verdad</td> <td>veritat</td> <td>verité</td> <td>vérité </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother</td> <td>mātrem</td> <td>[ˈmatre]</td> <td>matre</td> <td>madre</td> <td>mãe</td> <td>madre</td> <td>mare</td> <td>meḍre</td> <td>mère </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty</td> <td>vīgintī</td> <td>[veˈenti]</td> <td>vinti</td> <td>venti</td> <td>vinte</td> <td>veinte</td> <td colspan="2">vint</td> <td>vingt </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>quattuor</td> <td>[ˈkwattro]</td> <td colspan="2">quattro</td> <td>quatro</td> <td>cuatro</td> <td colspan="3">quatre </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight</td> <td>octō</td> <td>[ˈɔkto]</td> <td colspan="2">otto</td> <td>oito</td> <td>ocho</td> <td>vuit</td> <td colspan="2">huit </td></tr> <tr> <td>when</td> <td>quandō</td> <td>[ˈkwando]</td> <td colspan="3">quando</td> <td>cuando</td> <td>quan</td> <td>quant</td> <td>quand </td></tr> <tr> <td>fourth</td> <td>quartum</td> <td>[ˈkwartu]</td> <td>quartu</td> <td colspan="2">quarto</td> <td>cuarto</td> <td colspan="3">quart </td></tr> <tr> <td>one (masc.)</td> <td>ūnum</td> <td>[ˈunu]</td> <td>unu</td> <td>uno</td> <td>um</td> <td>uno</td> <td colspan="3">un </td></tr> <tr> <td>port</td> <td>portum</td> <td>[ˈpɔrtu]</td> <td>portu</td> <td colspan="2">porto</td> <td>puerto</td> <td colspan="3">port </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intertonic_vowels">Intertonic vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Intertonic vowels">edit</a>]</div> The so-called intertonic vowels are word-internal unstressed vowels, i.e. not in the initial, final, or tonic (i.e. stressed) syllable, hence intertonic. Intertonic vowels were the most subject to loss or modification. Already in Vulgar Latin intertonic vowels between a single consonant and a following /r/ or /l/ tended to drop: vétulum "old" > veclum > Dalmatian vieklo, Sicilian vecchiu, Portuguese velho. But many languages ultimately dropped almost all intertonic vowels. Generally, those languages south and east of the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a> (Romanian and Central-Southern Italian) maintained intertonic vowels, while those to the north and west (Western Romance) dropped all except /a/. Standard Italian generally maintained intertonic vowels, but typically raised unstressed /e/ > /i/. Examples: <ul><li>septimā́nam "week" > Italian settimana, Romanian săptămână vs. Spanish/Portuguese semana, French semaine, Occitan/Catalan setmana, Piedmontese sman-a</li> <li>quattuórdecim "fourteen" > Italian quattordici, Venetian cuatòrdexe, Lombard/Piedmontese quatòrdes, vs. Spanish catorce, Portuguese/French quatorze</li> <li>metipsissimus<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> > medipsimus /medíssimos/ ~ /medéssimos/ "self"<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> > Italian medésimo vs. Venetian medemo, Lombard medemm, Old Spanish meísmo, meesmo (> modern mismo), Galician-Portuguese meesmo (> modern mesmo), Old French meḍisme (> later meïsme > MF mesme > modern même)<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>bonitā́tem "goodness" > Italian bonità ~ bontà, Romanian bunătate but Spanish bondad, Portuguese bondade, French bonté</li> <li>collocā́re "to position, arrange" > Italian coricare vs. Spanish colgar "to hang", Romanian culca "to lie down", French coucher "to lay sth on its side; put s.o. to bed"</li> <li>commūnicā́re "to take communion" > Romanian cumineca vs. Portuguese comungar, Spanish comulgar, Old French comungier</li> <li>carricā́re "to load (onto a wagon, cart)" > Portuguese/Catalan carregar vs. Spanish/Occitan cargar "to load", French charger, Lombard cargà/caregà, Venetian carigar/cargar(e) "to load", Romanian încărca</li> <li>fábricam "forge" > /*fawrɡa/ > Spanish fragua, Portuguese frágua, Occitan/Catalan farga, French forge</li> <li>disjējūnā́re "to break a fast" > *disjūnā́re > Old French disner "to have lunch" > French dîner "to dine" (but *disjū́nat > Old French desjune "he has lunch" > French (il) déjeune "he has lunch")</li> <li>adjūtā́re "to help" > Italian aiutare, Romanian ajuta but French aider, Lombard aidà/aiuttà (Spanish ayudar, Portuguese ajudar based on stressed forms, e.g. ayuda/ajuda "he helps"; cf. Old French aidier "to help" vs. aiue "he helps")</li></ul> Portuguese is more conservative in maintaining some intertonic vowels other than /a/: e.g. *offerḗscere "to offer" > Portuguese oferecer vs. Spanish ofrecer, French offrir (< *offerīre). French, on the other hand, drops even intertonic /a/ after the stress: Stéphanum "Stephen" > Spanish Esteban but Old French Estievne > French Étienne. Many cases of /a/ before the stress also ultimately dropped in French: sacraméntum "sacrament" > Old French sairement > French serment "oath". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Writing systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_in_the_Romance_languages#Spelling_of_palatalized_consonants" title="Palatalization in the Romance languages">Palatalization in the Romance languages § Spelling of palatalized consonants</a></div> The Romance languages for the most part have continued to use the Latin alphabet while adapting it to their evolution. One exception was Romanian, where before the nineteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a> was used due to Slavic influence after the Roman retreat. A Cyrillic alphabet was also used for Romanian (then called Moldovan) in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>. The non-Christian populations of Spain also used the scripts of their religions (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew</a>) to write Romance languages such as <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">aljamiado</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet#Classical_Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">classical Latin alphabet</a> of 23 letters – A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Y, Z – was <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">modified and augmented</a> in various ways to yield the spelling systems of the Romance languages. In particular, the single Latin letter V split into V (consonant) and U (vowel), and the letter I split into I and J. The Latin letter K and the new letter W, which came to be widely used in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, are seldom used in most Romance languages – mostly for unassimilated foreign names and words. Indeed, in Italian prose <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kilometro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:kilometro">kilometro</a> is properly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chilometro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:chilometro">chilometro</a>. Portuguese and Catalan eschew importation of "foreign" letters more than most languages. Thus Wikipedia is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Viquipèdia">Viquipèdia</a> in Catalan but <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> in Spanish; chikungunya, sandwich, kiwi are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chicungunha#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:chicungunha">chicungunha</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandu%C3%ADche#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:sanduíche">sanduíche</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quiu%C3%AD#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:quiuí">quiuí</a> in Portuguese but <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chikungu%C3%B1a#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:chikunguña">chikunguña</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C3%A1ndwich#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:sándwich">sándwich</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kiwi#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:kiwi">kiwi</a> in Spanish. While most of the 23 basic Latin letters have maintained their phonetic value, for some of them it has diverged considerably; and the new letters added since the Middle Ages have been put to different uses in different scripts. Some letters, notably H and Q, have been variously combined in <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraphs</a> (see below) to represent phonetic phenomena that could not be recorded with the basic Latin alphabet, or to get around previously established spelling conventions. Most languages added auxiliary marks (<a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>) to some letters, for these and other purposes. The spelling systems of most Romance languages are fairly simple, and consistent within any language. Spelling rules are typically <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a> (as opposed to being strictly <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic</a>); as a result of this, the actual pronunciation of standard written forms can vary substantially according to the speaker's accent (which may differ by region) or the position of a sound in the word or utterance (<a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophony</a>). The following letters have notably different values between languages, or between Latin and the Romance languages: <dl><dd>B, V: Merged in Spanish and some dialects of Catalan, where both letters represent a single phoneme pronounced as either [b] or [β] depending on position, with no differentiation between B and V.</dd> <dd>C: Generally a "hard" [k], but "soft" (<a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a>) before e, i, or y.</dd> <dd>G: Generally a "hard" [ɡ], but "soft" (fricative or affricate) before e, i, or y. In some languages, like Spanish, the hard g, phonemically /ɡ/, is pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] after vowels. In Romansch, the soft g is a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">voiced palatal plosive</a> [ɟ] or a voiced <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> affricate [dʑ].</dd> <dd>H: <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">Silent</a> in most languages; used to form various <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>. But represents [h] in Romanian, Walloon and Gascon Occitan.</dd> <dd>J: Represents the fricative [ʒ] in most languages, the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> [j] in Romansh and in several of the languages of Italy, and [x] or [h] in Spanish (depending on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties#Pronunciation_of_j" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">variety</a>). Italian does not use this letter in native words, replacing it with gi before a vowel.</dd> <dd>Q: As in Latin, its phonetic value is that of a hard c, i.e. [k], and in native words it is almost always followed by a (sometimes silent) u. Romanian does not use this letter in native words, using ch instead.</dd> <dd>S: Generally <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> [s], but in some languages it can be voiced [z] instead in certain contexts (especially between vowels). In Spanish, Romanian, Galician and several varieties of Italian, it is always pronounced voiceless between vowels. If the phoneme /s/ is represented by the letter S, predictable assimilations are normally not shown (e.g. Italian /ˈslitta/ 'sled', spelled slitta but pronounced [ˈzlitta], never with [s]). Also at the end of syllables it may represent special <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a> pronunciations. In Romansh, it also stands for a voiceless or voiced fricative, [ʃ] or [ʒ], before certain consonants.</dd> <dd>W: No Romance language uses this letter in native words, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>.</dd> <dd>X: Its pronunciation is rather variable, both between and within languages. In the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian languages">languages of Iberia</a> used this letter to denote the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> [ʃ], which is still the case in modern <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. With the Renaissance the classical pronunciation [ks] – or similar <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, such as [ɡz], [ɡs], or [kθ] – were frequently reintroduced in <a href="/wiki/Latinism" title="Latinism">latinisms</a> and hellenisms. In <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> it represents [z], and in <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> [ʒ]. Italian does not use this letter in native words for historical reasons.</dd> <dd>Y: This letter is not used in most languages, with the prominent exceptions of French and Spanish, where it represents [j] before vowels (or various similar fricatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">palatal fricative</a> [ʝ], in Spanish), and the vowel [i] or <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> [j] elsewhere.</dd> <dd>Z: In most languages it represents the sound [z]. However, in Italian it denotes the affricates [dz] and [ts] (which are two separate phonemes, but rarely contrast; among the few examples of minimal pairs are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/razza#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:razza">razza</a> "ray" with [ddz], <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/razza#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:razza">razza</a> "race" with [tts] (both are phonetically long between vowels); in Romansh the voiceless affricate [ts]; and in Galician and Spanish it denotes either the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> [θ] or [s].</dd></dl> Otherwise, letters that are not combined as digraphs generally represent the same phonemes as suggested by the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), whose design was, in fact, greatly influenced by Romance spelling systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digraphs_and_trigraphs">Digraphs and trigraphs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Digraphs and trigraphs">edit</a>]</div> Since most Romance languages have more sounds than can be accommodated in the Roman Latin alphabet they all resort to the use of digraphs and trigraphs – combinations of two or three letters with a single phonemic value. The concept (but not the actual combinations) is derived from Classical Latin, which used, for example, TH, PH, and CH when transliterating the Greek letters "θ", "ϕ" (later "φ"), and "χ". These were once <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> sounds in Greek before changing to corresponding fricatives, and the H represented what sounded to the Romans like an /ʰ/ following /t/, /p/, and /k/ respectively. Some of the digraphs used in modern scripts are: <dl><dd>CI: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican and Romanian to represent /tʃ/ before A, O, or U.</dd> <dd>CH: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romanian, Romansh and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> to represent /k/ before E or I (including yod /j/); /tʃ/ in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, Spanish, Astur-leonese and Galician; [c] or [tɕ] in Romansh before A, O or U; and /ʃ/ in most other languages. In Catalan it is used in some old spelling conventions for /k/.</dd> <dd>DD: used in <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">voiced retroflex plosive</a> /ɖ/. In recent history more accurately transcribed as DDH.</dd> <dd>DJ: used in Walloon and Catalan for /dʒ/.</dd> <dd>GI: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican and Romanian to represent /dʒ/ before A, O, or U, and in Romansh to represent [ɟi] or /dʑi/ or (before A, E, O, and U) [ɟ] or /dʑ/</dd> <dd>GH: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romanian, Romansh and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> to represent /ɡ/ before E or I (including yod /j/), and in Galician for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a> /ħ/ (not standard sound).</dd> <dd>GL: used in Romansh before consonants and I and at the end of words for /ʎ/.</dd> <dd>GLI: used in Italian and Corsican for /ʎʎ/ and Romansh for /ʎ/.</dd> <dd>GN: used in French, some Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romansh Walloon for /ɲ/, as in champignon; in Italian to represent /ɲɲ/, as in "ogni" or "lo gnocco".</dd> <dd>GU: used before E or I to represent /ɡ/ or /ɣ/ in all Romance languages except Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romansh, and Romanian, which use GH instead.</dd> <dd>IG: used at the end of word in Catalan for /tʃ/, as in maig, safareig or enmig.</dd> <dd>IX: used between vowels or at the end of word in Catalan/Aragonese for /ʃ/, as in caixa/caixa or calaix/calaixo.</dd> <dd>JH: used in Walloon for /ʒ/ or /h/.</dd> <dd>LH: used in Portuguese and Occitan /ʎ/.</dd> <dd>LL: used in Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Astur-leonese, Norman and Dgèrnésiais, originally for /ʎ/ which has merged in some cases with /j/. Represents /l/ in French unless it follows I (i) when it represents /j/ (or /ʎ/ in some dialects). As in Italian, it is used in Occitan for a <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">long</a> /ll/.</dd> <dd>L·L: used in Catalan for a geminate consonant /ɫɫ/.</dd> <dd>NH: used in Portuguese and Occitan for /ɲ/, used in official Galician for /ŋ/ .</dd> <dd>N-: used in Piedmontese and Ligurian for /ŋ/ between two vowels.</dd> <dd>NN: used in <a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese</a> for /ɲ/, in Italian for geminate /nn/.</dd> <dd>NY: used in Catalan, Aragonese and Walloon for /ɲ/.</dd> <dd>QU: represents /kw/ in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, and Romansh; /k/ in French, Astur-leonese (normally before e or i); /k/ (before e or i) or /kw/ (normally before a or o) in Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese; /k/ in Spanish (always before e or i).</dd> <dd>RR: used between vowels in several languages (Occitan, Catalan, Spanish) to denote a <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a> /r/ or a <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">guttural R</a>, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> /ɾ/.</dd> <dd>SC: used before E or I in Italian, Romance languages in Italy as /ʃ/ or /ʃʃ/, in European Portuguese as /ʃs/ and in French, Brazilian Portuguese, Catalan and Latin American Spanish as /s/ in words of certain etymology (notice this would represent /sθ/ in standard peninsular Spanish)</dd> <dd>SCH: used in Romansh for [ʃ] or [ʒ], in Italian for /sk/ before E or I, including yod /j/.</dd> <dd>SCI: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, and Corsican to represent /ʃ/ or /ʃʃ/ before A, O, or U.</dd> <dd>SH: used in Aranese Occitan and Walloon for /ʃ/.</dd> <dd>SS: used in French, Portuguese, Piedmontese, Romansh, Occitan, and Catalan for /s/ between vowels, in Italian, Romance languages of Italy, and Corsican for long /ss/.</dd> <dd>TS: used in Catalan for /ts/.</dd> <dd>TSH: used in Walloon for /tʃ/.</dd> <dd>TG: used in Romansh for [c] or [tɕ]. In Catalan is used for /dʒ/ before E and I, as in metge or fetge.</dd> <dd>TH: used in Jèrriais for /θ/; used in Aranese for either /t/ or /tʃ/.</dd> <dd>TJ: used between vowels and before A, O or U, in Catalan for /dʒ/, as in sotjar or mitjó.</dd> <dd>TSCH: used in Romansh for [tʃ].</dd> <dd>TX: used at the beginning or at the end of word or between vowels in Catalan for /tʃ/, as in txec, esquitx or atxa.</dd> <dd>TZ: used in Catalan for /dz/.</dd> <dd>XH: used in Walloon for /ʃ/ or /h/, depending on the dialect.</dd></dl> While the digraphs CH, PH, RH and TH were at one time used in many words of Greek origin, most languages have now replaced them with C/QU, F, R and T. Only French has kept these <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> spellings, which now represent /k/ or /ʃ/, /f/, /ʀ/ and /t/, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_consonants">Double consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Double consonants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a>, in the languages where it occurs, is usually indicated by doubling the consonant, except when it does not contrast phonemically with the corresponding short consonant, in which case gemination is not indicated. In <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>, long consonants are marked with an apostrophe: s's is a long /zz/, ss's is a long /ss/, and t't is a long /tt/. The phonemic contrast between geminate and single consonants is widespread in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and normally indicated in the traditional orthography: fatto /fatto/ 'done' vs. fato /fato/ 'fate, destiny'; cadde /kadde/ 's/he, it fell' vs. cade /kade/ 's/he, it falls'. The double consonants in French orthography, however, are merely etymological. In Catalan, the gemination of l is marked by a <a href="/wiki/Punt_volat" class="mw-redirect" title="Punt volat">punt volat</a> ("flying point"): l·l. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Diacritics">edit</a>]</div> Romance languages also introduced various marks (<a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>) that may be attached to some letters, for various purposes. In some cases, diacritics are used as an alternative to digraphs and trigraphs; namely to represent a larger number of sounds than would be possible with the basic alphabet, or to distinguish between sounds that were previously written the same. Diacritics are also used to mark word stress, to indicate exceptional pronunciation of letters in certain words, and to distinguish words with same pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a>). Depending on the language, some letter-diacritic combinations may be considered distinct letters, e.g. for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">lexical sorting</a>. This is the case, for example, of Romanian ș ([ʃ]) and Spanish ñ ([ɲ]). The following are the most common use of diacritics in Romance languages. <ul><li>Vowel quality: the system of marking <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid vowels</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, é, and <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open-mid vowels</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>, è, is widely used (e.g. Catalan, French, Italian). Portuguese, however, uses the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> (ê) for the former, and the acute (é), for the latter. Some minority Romance languages use an <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> (diaeresis mark) in the case of ä, ö, ü to indicate fronted vowel variants, as in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. Centralized vowels (/ɐ/, /ə/) are indicated variously (â in Portuguese, ă/î in Romanian, ë in <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, etc.). In French, Occitan and Romanian, these accents are used whenever necessary to distinguish the appropriate vowel quality, but in the other languages, they are used only when it is necessary to mark unpredictable stress, or in some cases to distinguish homophones.</li> <li>Vowel length: French uses a circumflex to indicate what had been a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> (although nowadays this rather indicates a difference in vowel quality, if it has any effect at all on pronunciation). This same usage is found in some minority languages.</li> <li>Nasality: Portuguese marks <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (ã) when they occur before other written vowels and in some other instances.</li> <li>Palatalization: some historical <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalizations</a> are indicated with the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> (ç) in French, Catalan, Occitan and Portuguese. In Spanish and several other world languages influenced by it, the grapheme <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a> represents a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> consonant.</li> <li>Separate pronunciation: when a vowel and another letter that would normally be combined into a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> with a single sound are exceptionally pronounced apart, this is often indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">diaeresis mark</a> on the vowel. This is particularly common in the case of gü /ɡw/ before e or i, because plain gu in this case would be pronounced /ɡ/. This usage occurs in Spanish, French, Catalan and Occitan, and occurred before the 2009 spelling reform in Brazilian Portuguese. French also uses the diaeresis on the second of two adjacent vowels to indicate that both are pronounced separately, as in Noël "Christmas" and haïr "to hate".</li> <li>Stress: the stressed vowel in a polysyllabic word may be indicated with an accent, when it cannot be predicted by rule. In Italian, Portuguese and Catalan, the choice of accent (acute, grave or circumflex) may depend on vowel quality. When no quality needs to be indicated, an acute accent is normally used (ú), but Italian and Romansh use a grave accent (ù). Portuguese puts a diacritic on all stressed monosyllables that end in a e o as es os, to distinguish them from unstressed function words: chá "tea", más "bad (fem. pl.)", sé "seat (of government)", dê "give! (imperative)", mês "month", só "only", nós "we" (cf. mas "but", se "if/oneself", de "of", nos "us"). Word-final stressed vowels in polysyllables are marked by the grave accent in Italian, thus università "university/universities", virtù "virtue/virtues", resulting in occasional minimal or near-minimal pairs such as parlo "I speak" ≠ parlò "s/he spoke", capi "heads, bosses" ≠ capì "s/he understood", gravita "it, s'/he gravitates" ≠ gravità "gravity, seriousness".</li> <li>Homophones: words (especially monosyllables) that are pronounced exactly or nearly the same way and are spelled identically, but have different meanings, can be differentiated by a diacritic. Typically, if one of the pair is stressed and the other isn't, the stressed word gets the diacritic, using the appropriate diacritic for notating stressed syllables (see above). Portuguese does this consistently as part of notating stress in certain monosyllables, whether or not there is an unstressed homophone (see examples above). Spanish also has many pairs of identically pronounced words distinguished by an acute accent on the stressed word: si "if" vs. sí "yes", mas "but" vs. más "more", mi "my" vs. mí "me", se "oneself" vs. sé "I know", te "you (object)" vs. té "tea", que/quien/cuando/como "that/who/when/how" vs. qué/quién/cuándo/cómo "what?/who?/when?/how?", etc. A similar strategy is common for monosyllables in writing Italian, but not necessarily determined by stress: stressed dà "it, s/he gives" vs. unstressed da "by, from", but also tè "tea" and te "you", both capable of bearing phrasal stress. Catalan has some pairs where both words are stressed, and one is distinguished by a vowel-quality diacritic, e.g. os "bone" vs. ós "bear". When no vowel-quality needs distinguishing, French and Catalan use a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>: French ou "or" vs. où "where", French la "the" vs. là "there", Catalan ma "my" vs. mà "hand".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_and_lowercase">Upper and lowercase</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Upper and lowercase">edit</a>]</div> Most languages are written with a mixture of two distinct but phonetically identical variants or "<a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">cases</a>" of the alphabet: <a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Majuscule" title="Letter case">majuscule</a> ("uppercase" or "capital letters"), derived from Roman stone-carved letter shapes, and <a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Miniscule" title="Letter case">minuscule</a> ("lowercase"), derived from <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian writing</a> and Medieval <a href="/wiki/Quill_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Quill pen">quill pen</a> handwriting which were later adapted by printers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In particular, all Romance languages capitalize (use uppercase for the first letter of) the following words: the first word of each complete <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>, most words in names of people, places, and organizations, and most words in titles of books. The Romance languages do not follow the German practice of capitalizing all nouns including common ones. Unlike English, the names of months, days of the weeks, and derivatives of proper nouns are usually not capitalized: thus, in Italian one capitalizes Francia ("France") and Francesco ("Francis"), but not francese ("French") or francescano ("Franciscan"). However, each language has some exceptions to this general rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_comparison">Vocabulary comparison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Vocabulary comparison">edit</a>]</div> The tables below[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] provide a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Latin and Romance languages. Words are given in their conventional spellings. In addition, for French the actual pronunciation is given, due to the dramatic differences between spelling and pronunciation. (French spelling approximately reflects the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, c. 1200 AD.) <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> (Nuorese) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> (Northern) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Arpitan</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>man </td> <td>homō, hominem </td> <td>ómine </td> <td>om </td> <td>omu [ˈɔmʊ] </td> <td>ommo [ˈɔmːə] </td> <td>omu </td> <td>uomo [ˈwɔmo] </td> <td>òm(en~an)o [ˈɔm(en~an)o]; òm [ˈɔŋ] </td> <td>òmmo [ɔmu] </td> <td>òm(en) </td> <td>òm(en) [ˈɔmɐn] </td> <td>òm [ˈɔm] </td> <td>om </td> <td>um </td> <td>homo </td> <td>homme /ɔm/ </td> <td>òme [ˈɔme] </td> <td>home </td> <td>hom(br)e </td> <td>hombre </td> <td>home </td> <td>homem </td> <td>home </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman, wife </td> <td>Domina, femina, mulier, mulierem </td> <td>Fémina, muzère </td> <td>doamna, femeie, muiere </td> <td>mugghieri [mʊˈgːjeri] </td> <td>femmena [femːənə], mugliera [muʎeɾə] </td> <td>donna, moglie </td> <td>donna [dɔnːa] </td> <td>dòna [ˈdɔna]; fémena [ˈfemena]; mujer [muˈjer] </td> <td>mogê/dònna </td> <td>mujér </td> <td>dòna [dɔnɐ] /femna,[femnɐ] / miee/moglier [ˈmje] </td> <td>fomna / fomla [ˈfʊmnɐ]/[ˈfʊmlɐ], mojé [mʊˈje] </td> <td>muîr </td> <td>muglier </td> <td>fèna </td> <td>femme /fam/ <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">OF</a> moillier </td> <td>femna/molhèr [ˈfɛnːɒ]/ [muˈʎɛ] </td> <td>dona, muller </td> <td>muller </td> <td>mujer </td> <td>muyer </td> <td>mulher </td> <td>muller </td></tr> <tr> <td>son </td> <td>fīlium </td> <td>fízu </td> <td>fiu </td> <td>figghiu [ˈfɪgːi̯ʊ] </td> <td>figlio [ˈfiʎə] </td> <td>figliu/figliolu </td> <td>figlio [ˈfiʎːo] </td> <td>fïo [ˈfi.o]; fiòƚo [ˈfi̯ɔ.e̯o]; fiol [ˈfi̯ɔl~ˈfi̯ol] </td> <td>figeu [fiˈdʒø] / figleu [ˈfiˈʎø] </td> <td>fiōl </td> <td>fiœl [ˈfi̯ø] </td> <td>fieul [ˈfi̯øl] / fij [fi] </td> <td>fi </td> <td>figl, fegl [fiʎ] </td> <td>fily, fely </td> <td>fils /fis/ </td> <td>filh [fil] </td> <td>fill </td> <td>fillo </td> <td>hijo </td> <td>fíu </td> <td>filho </td> <td>fillo </td></tr> <tr> <td>water </td> <td>aquam </td> <td>àbba </td> <td>apă </td> <td>acqua [ˈakːua] </td> <td>acqua [akːu̯ə] </td> <td>acqua </td> <td>acqua [akːwa] </td> <td>aqua~aqoa [ˈaku̯a~ˈakoa]; aba~aiva [ˈaba~ˈai̯va]; buba [ˈbuba]; łénça [ˈensa~ˈlensa] </td> <td>ægoa [ˈɛgu̯a]/ aigoa [ai̯ɡu̯a] </td> <td>aqua </td> <td>aqua/ova/eiva </td> <td>eva [ˈevɐ] </td> <td>aghe </td> <td>aua </td> <td>égoua </td> <td>eau /o/ </td> <td>aiga [ˈai̯gɒ] </td> <td>aigua </td> <td>aigua, augua </td> <td>agua </td> <td>agua </td> <td>água </td> <td>auga </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire </td> <td>focum </td> <td>fócu </td> <td>foc </td> <td>focu [ˈfɔkʊ] </td> <td>foco/(pere, from Greek "πυρ") </td> <td>focu </td> <td>fuoco [fu̯ɔko] </td> <td>fógo [ˈfogo]; hógo [ˈhogo] </td> <td>fêugo [ˈføgu] </td> <td>foeugh </td> <td>fœg [ˈføk] </td> <td>feu [ˈfø] </td> <td>fûc </td> <td>fieu </td> <td>fuè </td> <td>feu /fø/ </td> <td>fuòc [ˈfy̯ɔk] ~ [fjɔk] </td> <td>foc </td> <td>fuego </td> <td>fuego </td> <td>fueu </td> <td>fogo </td> <td>fogo </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain </td> <td>pluviam </td> <td>próida </td> <td>ploaie </td> <td>chiuvuta [ki̯ʊˈvʊta]<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td>chiuvuta </td> <td>pioggia </td> <td>pioggia [pi̯ɔdʒːa] </td> <td>piova [ˈpi̯ɔva~ˈpi̯ova] </td> <td>ciêuva [ˈtʃøa] </td> <td>pioeuva </td> <td>piœva [ˈpi̯øvɐ] </td> <td>pieuva [ˈpi̯øvɐ] </td> <td>ploe </td> <td>plievgia </td> <td>pllove </td> <td>pluie /plɥi/ </td> <td>pluèja [ˈply̯ɛd͡ʒɒ] </td> <td>pluja </td> <td>pluya/plevita </td> <td>lluvia </td> <td>lluvia </td> <td>chuva </td> <td>choiva </td></tr> <tr> <td>land </td> <td>terram </td> <td>tèrra </td> <td>țară </td> <td>terra [tɛˈrːa] </td> <td>terra [tɛrːə] </td> <td>terra </td> <td>terra [tɛrːa] </td> <td>tèra [ˈtɛra] </td> <td>tæra [tɛɾa] </td> <td>tera </td> <td>terra [ˈtɛɾɐ] </td> <td>tèra [ˈtɛɾɐ] </td> <td>tiere </td> <td>terra/tiara </td> <td>tèrra </td> <td>terre /tɛʁ/ </td> <td>tèrra [ˈtɛʁːɒ] </td> <td>terra </td> <td>tierra </td> <td>tierra </td> <td>tierra </td> <td>terra </td> <td>terra </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone </td> <td>petra </td> <td>pedra </td> <td>piatră </td> <td>petra [ˈpεtra] </td> <td>preta [ˈpɾɛtə] </td> <td>petra </td> <td>pietra [pi̯etra] </td> <td>piera [ˈpi̯ɛra~ˈpi̯era]; prïa~prèa [ˈpri.a~ˈprɛ.a] </td> <td>pria [pɾi̯a] </td> <td>preda </td> <td>preda/preja </td> <td>pera/pria/preja </td> <td>piere </td> <td>crapa </td> <td>piérra </td> <td>pierre </td> <td>pèira [ˈpɛi̯ʁɒ] </td> <td>pedra </td> <td>piedra </td> <td>piedra </td> <td>piedra </td> <td>pedra </td> <td>pedra </td></tr> <tr> <td>sky </td> <td>caelum </td> <td>chélu </td> <td>cer </td> <td>celu [ˈtʃɛlʊ] </td> <td>cielo [ˈtʃi̯elə] </td> <td>celu </td> <td>cielo [ˈtʃ(i̯)ɛlo] </td> <td>çiél [ˈsi̯el~ˈtsi̯el] ~ çiélo [ˈθi̯elo] </td> <td>çê [se] </td> <td>cēl </td> <td>cel [ˈtɕel] </td> <td>cel/sel [ˈtɕel] / [ˈsel] </td> <td>cîl </td> <td>tschiel [ˈtʃ̯i̯ɛl] </td> <td>cièl </td> <td>ciel /sjɛl/ </td> <td>cèl [sɛl] </td> <td>cel </td> <td>cielo </td> <td>ciel(o) </td> <td>cielu </td> <td>céu </td> <td>ceo </td></tr> <tr> <td>high </td> <td>altum </td> <td>àrtu </td> <td>înalt </td> <td>autu [ˈawɾʊ] </td> <td>auto [ɑu̯tə] </td> <td>altu </td> <td>alto [ˈalto] </td> <td>alto [ˈalto] </td> <td>ato [atu] </td> <td>élt </td> <td>alt/(v)olt </td> <td>àut [ˈɑʊ̯t] </td> <td>alt </td> <td>aut [ˈɑʊ̯t] </td> <td>hiôt </td> <td>haut<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> /o/ </td> <td>naut [nau̯t] </td> <td>alt </td> <td>alto </td> <td>alto </td> <td>altu </td> <td>alto </td> <td>alto </td></tr> <tr> <td>new </td> <td>novum </td> <td>nóbu </td> <td>nou </td> <td>novu [ˈnɔvʊ] </td> <td>nuovo [ˈnu̯ovə] </td> <td>novu </td> <td>nuovo [ˈnu̯ɔvo] </td> <td>nóvo [ˈnovo] </td> <td>nêuvo [nø̯u] </td> <td>noeuv </td> <td>nœv [ˈnøf] </td> <td>neuv [ˈnø̯w] </td> <td>gnove </td> <td>nov [ˈnøf] </td> <td>nôvo, nôf </td> <td>neuf /nœf/ </td> <td>nòu [nɔu̯] </td> <td>nou </td> <td>nuevo </td> <td>nuevo </td> <td>nuevu </td> <td>novo </td> <td>novo </td></tr> <tr> <td>horse </td> <td>caballum </td> <td>càdhu </td> <td>cal </td> <td>cavaḍḍu [kaˈvaɖɖʊ] </td> <td>cavallo [cɐvɑlːə] </td> <td>cavallu </td> <td>cavallo [kavalːo] </td> <td>cavało [kaˈvae̯o] caval [kaˈval] </td> <td>cavàllo </td> <td>cavàl </td> <td>cavall </td> <td>caval [kaˈvɑl] </td> <td>cjaval </td> <td>chaval [ˈtʃ̯aval] </td> <td>chevâl </td> <td>cheval /ʃ(ə)val/ </td> <td>caval [kaˈβal] </td> <td>cavall </td> <td>caballo </td> <td>caballo </td> <td>caballu </td> <td>cavalo </td> <td>cabalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog </td> <td>canem </td> <td>càne/jàgaru </td> <td>câine </td> <td>cani [ˈkanɪ] </td> <td>cane/cacciuttiello </td> <td>cane </td> <td>cane [kane] </td> <td>can [ˈkaŋ] </td> <td>càn [kaŋ] </td> <td>can </td> <td>can/ca [ˈkɑ̃(ŋ)] </td> <td>can [ˈkaŋ] </td> <td>cjan </td> <td>chaun [ˈtʃ̯awn] </td> <td>chin </td> <td>chien /ʃjɛ̃/ </td> <td>can [ka] / gos [gus] </td> <td>ca, gos </td> <td>can </td> <td>can/perro </td> <td>can </td> <td>cão </td> <td>can </td></tr> <tr> <td>do </td> <td>facere </td> <td>fàchere </td> <td>face(re) </td> <td>fàciri [ˈfaʃɪɾɪ] </td> <td>fà [fɑ] </td> <td>fà </td> <td>fare [ˈfaɾe] </td> <td>far [ˈfar] </td> <td>fâ [faː] </td> <td>far / fer </td> <td>far [ˈfɑ] </td> <td>fé [ˈfe] </td> <td>fâ </td> <td>far [far] </td> <td>fére, fâr </td> <td>faire /fɛːʁ/ </td> <td>far [fa] </td> <td>fer </td> <td>fer </td> <td>hacer </td> <td>facer </td> <td>fazer </td> <td>facer </td></tr> <tr> <td>milk </td> <td>lactem </td> <td>làte </td> <td>lapte </td> <td>latti [ˈlatːɪ] </td> <td>latte [ˈlɑtːə] </td> <td>latte </td> <td>latte [ˈlatːe] </td> <td>late [ˈlate] </td> <td>læte [ˈlɛːte] / laite [lai̯te] </td> <td>latt </td> <td>lacc/lat [ˈlɑtɕ] </td> <td>làit/lacc [ˈlɑi̯t] / [ˈlɑtɕ] </td> <td>lat </td> <td>latg [ˈlɑtɕ] </td> <td>lacél, lat </td> <td>lait /lɛ/ </td> <td>lach [lat͡ʃ] / [lat͡s] </td> <td>llet </td> <td>leit </td> <td>leche </td> <td>lleche </td> <td>leite </td> <td>leite </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye </td> <td>oculum > *oclum </td> <td>ócru </td> <td>ochi </td> <td>occhiu [ˈɔkːi̯ʊ] </td> <td>uocchio [uokːi̯ə] </td> <td>ochiu/ochju </td> <td>occhio [ˈɔkːi̯o] </td> <td>òcio [ˈɔtʃo] </td> <td>éugio [ˈødʒu] </td> <td>òć </td> <td>œgg [ˈøtɕ] </td> <td>euj/eugg [ˈøj] / [ødʑ] </td> <td>voli </td> <td>egl </td> <td>uely </td> <td>œil /œj/ </td> <td>uèlh [y̯ɛl] </td> <td>ull </td> <td>uello/ollo </td> <td>ojo </td> <td>güeyu </td> <td>olho </td> <td>ollo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear </td> <td>auriculam > *oriclam </td> <td>orícra </td> <td>ureche </td> <td>auricchia [awˈɾɪkːɪ̯a] </td> <td>recchia [ɾekːi̯ə] </td> <td>orecchiu/orechju </td> <td>orecchio [oˡɾekːjo] </td> <td>récia [ˈretʃa]; orécia [ˈoɾetʃa] </td> <td>oêgia </td> <td>uréć </td> <td>oregia/orecia [ʊˈɾɛd͡ʑɐ] </td> <td>orija [ʊˈɾiɐ̯] / oregia [ʊˈɾed͡ʑɐ] </td> <td>orele </td> <td>ureglia </td> <td>orelye </td> <td>oreille /ɔʁɛj/ </td> <td>aurelha [au̯ˈʁɛʎɒ] </td> <td>orella </td> <td>orella </td> <td>oreja </td> <td>oreya </td> <td>orelha </td> <td>orella </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue/ language </td> <td>linguam </td> <td>límba </td> <td>limbă </td> <td>lingua [lingu̯a] </td> <td>lengua </td> <td>lingua </td> <td>lingua [ˈliŋɡua] </td> <td>léngua [ˈleŋgu̯a] </td> <td>léngoa [leŋgu̯a] </td> <td>léngua </td> <td>lengua [lẽgwɐ] </td> <td>lenga [ˈlɛŋɡa] </td> <td>lenghe </td> <td>lingua </td> <td>lengoua </td> <td>langue /lɑ̃ɡ/ </td> <td>lenga [ˈlɛŋgɒ] </td> <td>llengua </td> <td>luenga </td> <td>lengua </td> <td>llingua </td> <td>língua </td> <td>lingua </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand </td> <td>manum </td> <td>mànu </td> <td>mână </td> <td>manu [manʊ] </td> <td>mana [ˈmɑnə] </td> <td>manu </td> <td>mano [mano] </td> <td>man [ˈmaŋ] </td> <td>màn [maŋ] </td> <td>man </td> <td>man/ma [mɑ̃(ɲ)] </td> <td>man [ˈmaŋ] </td> <td>man </td> <td>maun </td> <td>man </td> <td>main /mɛ̃/ </td> <td>man [ma] </td> <td>mà </td> <td>man </td> <td>mano </td> <td>mano </td> <td>mão [mɐ̃w̃] </td> <td>man </td></tr> <tr> <td>skin </td> <td>pellem </td> <td>pèdhe </td> <td>piele </td> <td>peḍḍi [pεdːɪ] </td> <td>pella [pɛlːə] </td> <td>pelle </td> <td>pelle [ˈpɛlːe] </td> <td>pèłe [ˈpɛ.e~ˈpɛle]; pèl [ˈpɛl] </td> <td>pélle [pele] </td> <td>pèl </td> <td>pell [pɛl] </td> <td>pèil [ˈpɛi̯l] </td> <td>piel </td> <td>pel </td> <td>pêl </td> <td>peau /po/ </td> <td>pèl [pɛl] </td> <td>pell </td> <td>piel </td> <td>piel </td> <td>piel </td> <td>pele </td> <td>pel </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>ego </td> <td>(d)ègo </td> <td>eu </td> <td>eu/jè/ju/iu </td> <td>ije [ijə] </td> <td>eiu </td> <td>io </td> <td>(mi)<a href="#cite_note-latinme-121">[121]</a> a </td> <td>(mi)<a href="#cite_note-latinme-121">[121]</a> a </td> <td>(mì/mè)<a href="#cite_note-latinme-121">[121]</a> a </td> <td>(mi/mé)<a href="#cite_note-latinme-121">[121]</a> a </td> <td>(mi)<a href="#cite_note-latinme-121">[121]</a> i/a/e </td> <td>jo </td> <td>jau </td> <td>je </td> <td>je /ʒə/, moi /mwa/<a href="#cite_note-latinme-121">[121]</a> </td> <td>ieu [i̯ɛu̯] </td> <td>jo </td> <td>yo </td> <td>yo </td> <td>yo </td> <td>eu </td> <td>eu </td></tr> <tr> <td>our </td> <td>nostrum </td> <td>nóstru </td> <td>nostru </td> <td>nostru [ˈnɔstrʊ] </td> <td>nuosto [nu̯oʃtə] </td> <td>nostru </td> <td>nostro </td> <td>nòstro [ˈnɔstro] </td> <td>nòstro [ˈnɔstɾu] </td> <td>nòster </td> <td>nòst/nòster [ˈnɔst(ɐr)] </td> <td>nòst [ˈnɔst] </td> <td>nestri </td> <td>noss </td> <td>noutron </td> <td>notre /nɔtʁ/ </td> <td>nòstre [ˈnɔstʁe] </td> <td>nostre </td> <td>nuestro </td> <td>nuestro </td> <td>nuesu,<a href="#cite_note-nosso-122">[122]</a> nuestru </td> <td>nosso<a href="#cite_note-nosso-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>noso<a href="#cite_note-nosso-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>three </td> <td>trēs </td> <td>tres </td> <td>trei </td> <td>tri [ˈtɹɪ] </td> <td>tre [trɛ] </td> <td>tre </td> <td>tre [tre] </td> <td>trí~trè [ˈtri~ˈtrɛ] </td> <td>tréi (m)/træ (f) </td> <td>trii </td> <td>tri (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">m</a>)/ tre (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">f</a>) </td> <td>trè [ˈtɾɛ] </td> <td>tre </td> <td>trais </td> <td>trê </td> <td>trois /tʁwɑ/ </td> <td>tres [tʁɛs] </td> <td>tres </td> <td>tres </td> <td>tres </td> <td>trés </td> <td>três </td> <td>tres </td></tr> <tr> <td>four </td> <td>quattuor > *quattro </td> <td>bàtoro </td> <td>patru </td> <td>quattru [ˈku̯aʈɻʊ] </td> <td>quatto [qu̯ɑtːə] </td> <td>quattru </td> <td>quattro </td> <td>quatro~qoatro [ˈku̯a.tro~ˈkoa.tro] </td> <td>quàttro [ˈkuatɾu] </td> <td>quàtar </td> <td>quàter [ˈkwɑtɐr] </td> <td>quatr [ˈkɑt] </td> <td>cuatri </td> <td>quat(t)er </td> <td>quatro </td> <td>quatre /katʁ/ </td> <td>quatre [ˈkatʁe] </td> <td>quatre </td> <td>cuatre, cuatro </td> <td>cuatro </td> <td>cuatro </td> <td>quatro </td> <td>catro </td></tr> <tr> <td>five </td> <td>quīnque > *cīnque </td> <td>chímbe </td> <td>cinci </td> <td>cincu [ˈtʃɪnkʊ] </td> <td>cinco [tʃinɡə] </td> <td>cinque </td> <td>cinque [ˈtʃinku̯e] </td> <td>çinque [ˈsiŋku̯e~ˈtsiŋku̯e~ˈθiŋku̯e]; çinqoe [ˈsiŋkoe] </td> <td>çìnque [ˈsiŋku̯e] </td> <td>sinc </td> <td>cinc [ʃĩk] </td> <td>sinch [ˈsiŋk] </td> <td>cinc </td> <td>tschintg [ˈtʃink] </td> <td>cinq </td> <td>cinq /sɛ̃k/ </td> <td>cinc [siŋk] </td> <td>cinc </td> <td>cinc(o) </td> <td>cinco </td> <td>cinco, cincu </td> <td>cinco </td> <td>cinco </td></tr> <tr> <td>six </td> <td>sex </td> <td>ses </td> <td>șase </td> <td>sia [ˈsi̯a] </td> <td>seje [sɛjə] </td> <td>sei </td> <td>sei [ˈsɛ̯j] </td> <td>sïe~sié [ˈsi.e~ˈsi̯e] </td> <td>sêi [se̯j] </td> <td>siē </td> <td>sex [ses] </td> <td>ses [ˈses] </td> <td>sîs </td> <td>sis </td> <td>siéx </td> <td>six /sis/ </td> <td>sièis [si̯ɛi̯s] </td> <td>sis </td> <td>seis/sais </td> <td>seis </td> <td>seis </td> <td>seis </td> <td>seis </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven </td> <td>septem </td> <td>sète </td> <td>șapte </td> <td>setti [ˈsɛtːɪ] </td> <td>sette [ˈsɛtːə] </td> <td>sette </td> <td>sette [ˈsɛtːe] </td> <td>sète [ˈsɛte]; sèt [ˈsɛt] </td> <td>sètte [ˈsɛte] </td> <td>sèt </td> <td>set [sɛt] </td> <td>set [ˈsɛt] </td> <td>siet </td> <td>se(a)t, siat [si̯ɛt] </td> <td>sèpt </td> <td>sept /sɛt/ </td> <td>sèt [sɛt] </td> <td>set </td> <td>siet(e) </td> <td>siete </td> <td>siete </td> <td>sete </td> <td>sete </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight </td> <td>octō </td> <td>òto </td> <td>opt </td> <td>ottu [ˈɔtːʊ] </td> <td>otto [otːə] </td> <td>ottu </td> <td>otto [ˈɔtːo] </td> <td>òto [ɔto] </td> <td>éuto [ˈøtu] </td> <td>òt </td> <td>vòt/òt [vɔt] </td> <td>eut [ˈøt] </td> <td>vot </td> <td>ot(g), och [ˈɔtɕ] </td> <td>huét </td> <td>huit /ɥit/ </td> <td>uèch/uèit [y̯ɛt͡ʃ]/[y̯ɛi̯t] </td> <td>vuit </td> <td>ueit(o) </td> <td>ocho </td> <td>ocho </td> <td>oito </td> <td>oito </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine </td> <td>novem </td> <td>nòbe </td> <td>nouă </td> <td>novi [ˈnɔvɪ] </td> <td>nove [novə] </td> <td>nove </td> <td>nove [ˈnɔve] </td> <td>nove [nɔve~nove] </td> <td>nêuve [nø̯e] </td> <td>nóv </td> <td>nœv [nøf] </td> <td>neuv [ˈnøw] </td> <td>nûv </td> <td>no(u)v </td> <td>nôf </td> <td>neuf /nœf/ </td> <td>nòu [nɔu̯] </td> <td>nou </td> <td>nueu </td> <td>nueve </td> <td>nueve </td> <td>nove </td> <td>nove </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten </td> <td>decem </td> <td>dèche </td> <td>zece </td> <td>deci [ˈɾεʃɪ] </td> <td>diece [d̯i̯eʃə] </td> <td>dece </td> <td>dieci [ˈdi̯etʃi] </td> <td>diéxe [di̯eze]; diés [di̯es] </td> <td>dêxe [ˈdeʒe] </td> <td>déś </td> <td>dex [des] </td> <td>des [ˈdes] </td> <td>dîs </td> <td>diesch [di̯eʃ] </td> <td>diéx </td> <td>dix /dis/ </td> <td>dètz [dɛt͡s] </td> <td>deu </td> <td>diez </td> <td>diez </td> <td>diez </td> <td>dez </td> <td>dez </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> (Nuorese) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> (Northern) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Arpitan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees_of_lexical_similarity_among_the_Romance_languages">Degrees of <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> among the Romance languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Degrees of lexical similarity among the Romance languages">edit</a>]</div> Data from <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>:<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="60"><big>%</big></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th> <th width="60"><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <td>85</td> <td>— </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <td>80</td> <td>89 </td> <td>—</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th> <td>76</td> <td>82 </td> <td>75</td> <td>—</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <td>76</td> <td>80 </td> <td>75</td> <td>89</td> <td>—</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </th> <td>75</td> <td>87 </td> <td>85</td> <td>85</td> <td>85</td> <td>—</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> </th> <td>74</td> <td>78 </td> <td>78</td> <td>74</td> <td>74</td> <td>76</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <td>74</td> <td>77 </td> <td>75</td> <td>71</td> <td>72</td> <td>73</td> <td>72 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_linguistics" title="Romance linguistics">Romance linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins#Latin_peoples_and_regions" title="Latins">Latins#Latin peoples and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English" title="Latin influence in English">Latin influence in English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610084939/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Latin#kidsdictionary:~:text=Latin%20grammar-,b,Latin%20languages,-2">"Latin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Latin#kidsdictionary:~:text=Latin%20grammar-,b,Latin%20languages,-2">the original</a> on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Latin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FLatin%23kidsdictionary%3A~%3Atext%3DLatin%2520grammar-%2Cb%2CLatin%2520languages%2C-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Neo-Latin#:~:text=2,ROMANCE%20sense%205">"Neo-Latin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>.com Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425224207/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Neo-Latin#:~:text=2,ROMANCE%20sense%205">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Neo-Latin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FNeo-Latin%23%3A~%3Atext%3D2%2CROMANCE%2520sense%25205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermanWright2000" class="citation book cs1">Herman, József; Wright, Roger (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vulgarlatin00herm">Vulgar Latin</a>. University Park: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vulgarlatin00herm/page/n111">96</a>–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02001-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02001-6"><bdi>0-271-02001-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vulgar+Latin&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pages=96-115&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-271-02001-6&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft.au=Wright%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvulgarlatin00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingoda.com/en/content/french-speaking-countries/">"French Speaking Countries List | Lingoda Live Language Education Online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Speaking+Countries+List+%26%23124%3B+Lingoda+Live+Language+Education+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingoda.com%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Ffrench-speaking-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society">"The World Factbook World"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA (US). Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encantado-6"><a href="#cite_ref-encantado_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/164">"Lei n. 5.048/2023 - Do Município de Encantado / RS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811141927/https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/164">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lei+n.+5.048%2F2023+-+Do+Munic%C3%ADpio+de+Encantado+%2F+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdireitolinguistico.com.br%2Frepositorio%2Fs%2Frbll%2Fitem%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/95">"Lei n. 2.812/2021 - Do Município de Santa Teresa / ES"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811141902/https://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/item/95">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lei+n.+2.812%2F2021+-+Do+Munic%C3%ADpio+de+Santa+Teresa+%2F+ES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdireitolinguistico.com.br%2Frepositorio%2Fs%2Frbll%2Fitem%2F95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Moldovan is a language very similar to Romanian, usually combined with Romanian </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue.com-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue.com_9-0">^</a> M. Paul Lewis, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">Summary by language size</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">Archived</a> 2013-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilari-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilari_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlari2002" class="citation book cs1">Ilari, Rodolfo (2002). Lingüística Românica. Ática. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-08-04250-7" title="Special:BookSources/85-08-04250-7"><bdi>85-08-04250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Rom%C3%A2nica&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=%C3%81tica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=85-08-04250-7&rft.aulast=Ilari&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/romance">"romance | Origin and meaning of romance by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413200952/https://www.etymonline.com/word/romance">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=romance+%7C+Origin+and+meaning+of+romance+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fromance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Online-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Online_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Online_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Online_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalaPosner">Sala & Posner</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen20101–4-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen20101–4_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlkireRosen2010">Alkire & Rosen 2010</a>, pp. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en">"Languages"</a>. European Union. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fprinciples-countries-history%2Flanguages_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unilat.org/">"Unión Latina"</a>. UNIÓN LATINA. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uni%C3%B3n+Latina&rft.pub=UNI%C3%93N+LATINA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unilat.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages">"Official Languages"</a>. United Nations. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Languages&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Four-work%2Fofficial-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uottawa.ca/clmc/internationalperspective/cameroon">"Cameroon"</a>. Compendium of Language Management in Canada (CLMC). uOttawa. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Language+Management+in+Canada+%28CLMC%29&rft.atitle=Cameroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uottawa.ca%2Fclmc%2Finternationalperspective%2Fcameroon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm">"CONSTITUIÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL DE 1988"</a>. gov.br. Retrieved 9 November 2023. <q>Art. 13. A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.br&rft.atitle=CONSTITUI%C3%87%C3%83O+DA+REP%C3%9ABLICA+FEDERATIVA+DO+BRASIL+DE+1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fconstituicao%2FConstituicaoCompilado.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacón" class="citation web cs1">Chacón, Marcela Hernández. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lenguasdecolombia.caroycuervo.gov.co/contenido/Espanol-de-Colombia/Articulo/contenido/162&">"¿Por qué hablamos español en Colombia?"</a>. Portal de Lenguas de Colombia. Instituto Caro y Cuervo. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+de+Lenguas+de+Colombia&rft.atitle=%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+hablamos+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Colombia%3F&rft.aulast=Chac%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Marcela+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flenguasdecolombia.caroycuervo.gov.co%2Fcontenido%2FEspanol-de-Colombia%2FArticulo%2Fcontenido%2F162%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/portuguese.php">"Portuguese speaking countries"</a>. WorldData.info. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldData.info&rft.atitle=Portuguese+speaking+countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fportuguese.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Portuguese in Asia and Oceania</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Portuguese is an official language">list of countries where Portuguese is an official language</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> I.S. Nistor, "Istoria românilor din Transnistria" (The history of Romanians from Transnistria), București, 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831192934/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110">"Reports of about 300,000 Jews who left the country after WW2"</a>. Eurojewcong.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110">the original</a> on 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2010-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+of+about+300%2C000+Jews+who+left+the+country+after+WW2&rft.pub=Eurojewcong.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurojewcong.org%2Fejc%2Fnews.php%3Fid_article%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ron">1993 Statistical Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619225520/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ron">Archived</a> 2013-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Israel reports 250,000 speakers of Romanian in Israel, while the 1995 census puts the total figure of the Israeli population at 5,548,523 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Djuvara Neagu, "La Diaspora aroumaine aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles " In: Les Aroumains, Paris : Publications Langues'O, 1989 (Cahiers du Centre d'étude des civilisations d'Europe centrale et du Sud-Est; 8). pp. 95–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Maiden, Martin (2010). "Italian's long-lost sister: the Romanian language and why Italianists should know about it". The Italianist. 30 (sup2): 29–43. doi:10.1080/02614340.2010.11917476. S2CID 149202032. </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511214408/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">"Ethnologue"</a>. SIL Haley. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size">the original</a> on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2022-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue&rft.pub=SIL+Haley&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.org%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016393-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016393_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016">Ledgeway & Maiden 2016</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamik2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adamik, Béla (2021-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50349827">"Romanization and Latinization of the Roman Empire in the light of data in the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age"</a>. Journal of Latin Linguistics 2021; 20 (1): 1–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+Linguistics+2021%3B+20+%281%29%3A+1%E2%80%9319&rft.atitle=Romanization+and+Latinization+of+the+Roman+Empire+in+the+light+of+data+in+the+Computerized+Historical+Linguistic+Database+of+Latin+Inscriptions+of+the+Imperial+Age&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Adamik&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50349827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy,_Thomas1887" class="citation book cs1">Percy, Thomas (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reliquesancient20percgoog">Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: Consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, Etc</a>. Abe Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reliquesancient20percgoog/page/n291">289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliques+of+Ancient+English+Poetry%3A+Consisting+of+Old+Heroic+Ballads%2C+Songs%2C+Etc&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Abe+Books&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Percy%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freliquesancient20percgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNgOmSoaNbgC">The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General Information</a>. Vol. 28 (11 ed.). 1957. p. 167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110012/https://books.google.com/books?id=SNgOmSoaNbgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-18. Retrieved 2018-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+Literature%2C+and+General+Information&rft.pages=167&rft.edition=11&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNgOmSoaNbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDragomirescuNicolae2016911–914-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDragomirescuNicolae2016911–914_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDragomirescuNicolae2016">Dragomirescu & Nicolae 2016</a>, pp. 911–914. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> «if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated and French most (though in vocabulary Romanian has changed most).» <a href="#CITEREFSalaPosner">Sala & Posner</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabatekPusch" class="citation book cs1">Kabatek, Johannes; Pusch, Claus D. "The Romance languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide. <q>If we look at the Romance languages from a morphological, syntactic or content-oriented synchronic perspective, there are several features common to all of them that justify the assumption of a more or less coherent Romance type different from Latin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Romance+languages&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Europe%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.aulast=Kabatek&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Pusch%2C+Claus+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzeltin" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Metzeltin, Miguel. "Tipología convergente de las lenguas románicas". Las Lenguas románicas estándar: historia de su formación y de su uso (in Spanish). p. 45. <q>Pese a la gran variación que ofrecen los idiomas románicos, su evolución y sus estructuras presentan tantos rasgos comunes que se puede hablar de un tipo lingüístico románico.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tipolog%C3%ADa+convergente+de+las+lenguas+rom%C3%A1nicas&rft.btitle=Las+Lenguas+rom%C3%A1nicas+est%C3%A1ndar%3A+historia+de+su+formaci%C3%B3n+y+de+su+uso&rft.pages=45&rft.aulast=Metzeltin&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBereznay2011" class="citation book cs1">Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania]. Méry Ratio. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-89286-45-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-89286-45-4"><bdi>978-80-89286-45-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erd%C3%A9ly+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%C3%A9nek+atlasza+%5BAtlas+of+the+History+of+Transylvania%5D&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=M%C3%A9ry+Ratio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-80-89286-45-4&rft.aulast=Bereznay&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#Rochette">Rochette</a>, p. 550 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 961 </li> <li id="cite_note-curchin-40"><a href="#cite_ref-curchin_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurchin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Curchin, Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain". The American Journal of Philology. 116 (3): 461–476 (464). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295333">10.2307/295333</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295333">295333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Literacy+in+the+Roman+Provinces%3A+Qualitative+and+Quantitative+Data+from+Central+Spain&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-476+%28464%29&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Curchin&rft.aufirst=Leonard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarrisVincent2001-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisVincent2001_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisVincent2001_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisVincent2001" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (2001). Romance Languages. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banniard-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Banniard_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanniard2013" class="citation book cs1">Banniard, Martin (2013). Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139019996">The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHO9781139019996">10.1017/CHO9781139019996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01999-6"><bdi>978-1-139-01999-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHO9781139019996&rft.isbn=978-1-139-01999-6&rft.aulast=Banniard&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHO9781139019996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2010" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Jozsef (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJco4ioXigYC">Vulgar Latin</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04177-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04177-3"><bdi>978-0-271-04177-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110013/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJco4ioXigYC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vulgar+Latin&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04177-3&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Jozsef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJco4ioXigYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988">, pp. 108–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanniard201395-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanniard201395_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanniard2013">Banniard 2013</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Vlad Georgescu, The Romanians: A History, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-price-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-price_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-price_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-price_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-price_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1984" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (1984). The French language: past and present. London: Grant and Cutler Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+language%3A+past+and+present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grant+and+Cutler+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenAlkire2010" class="citation cs2">Rosen, Carol; Alkire, Ti, eds. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/romance-languages/introduction/C369AC07A0CCC0DDBF0ECE7769950C47">"Introduction"</a>, Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–4, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511845192.001">10.1017/cbo9780511845192.001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88915-5"><bdi>978-0-521-88915-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Languages%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511845192.001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88915-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fromance-languages%2Fintroduction%2FC369AC07A0CCC0DDBF0ECE7769950C47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "Na" is a <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> of "em" (in) + "a" (the), the form "em a" is never used, it is always replaced by "na". The same happens with other prepositions: "de" (of) + o/a/os/as (singular and plural forms for "the" in masculine and feminine) = do, da, dos, das; etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> A more accurate translation for "in the mouth" would be "în gura / în buca", while "în gură / în bucă" would be "in mouth", it depends on the context / formulation. The word "bucă" is somewhat archaic, considered slightly vulgar, mostly used as a slang version of the word "mouth". The term "kitchen" translates as "bucătărie". </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Verb; literally means "to put in mouth" </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank-JobSelig2016" class="citation web cs1">Frank-Job, Barbara; Selig, Maria (2016). Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001">"The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages"</a>. Oxford Academic. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967710-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967710-8"><bdi>978-0-19-967710-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Romance+Languages&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967710-8&rft.aulast=Frank-Job&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Selig%2C+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Durme2002" class="citation book cs1">van Durme, Luc (2002). "Genesis and Evolution of the Romance-Germanic Language Border in Europe". In Treffers-Daller, Jeanine; Willemyns, Roland (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916212242/http://homepages.vub.ac.be/~rwillemy/229_LanguageContact2002.pdf">Language Contact at the Romance–Germanic Language Border</a> (PDF). Multilingual Matters. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-627-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-627-8"><bdi>978-1-85359-627-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.vub.ac.be/~rwillemy/229_LanguageContact2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+and+Evolution+of+the+Romance-Germanic+Language+Border+in+Europe&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+at+the+Romance%E2%80%93Germanic+Language+Border&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-627-8&rft.aulast=van+Durme&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.vub.ac.be%2F~rwillemy%2F229_LanguageContact2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2013" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Roger (2013). Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139019996">The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHO9781139019996">10.1017/CHO9781139019996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01999-6"><bdi>978-1-139-01999-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHO9781139019996&rft.isbn=978-1-139-01999-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHO9781139019996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics/cambridge-history-romance-languages-volume-2,%20https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/historical-linguistics">"The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages | Historical linguistics"</a>. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2024-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages+%7C+Historical+linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Flanguages-linguistics%2Feuropean-language-and-linguistics%2Fcambridge-history-romance-languages-volume-2%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Flanguages-linguistics%2Fhistorical-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/259/">"Romance | Ethnologue Free"</a>. Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 2024-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=Romance+%7C+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroup%2F259%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleure" class="citation book cs1">Fleure, H. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfvAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">The peoples of Europe</a>. Рипол Классик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-176-92698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-176-92698-1"><bdi>978-1-176-92698-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfvAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-18. Retrieved 2023-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peoples+of+Europe&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.isbn=978-1-176-92698-1&rft.aulast=Fleure&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFfvAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DItalian%2Bmost%2Bdirect%2Bdescendant%2Bof%2BLatin%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2MUAAAAIAAJ&q=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin">"Hermathena"</a>. 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110014/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2MUAAAAIAAJ&q=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-18. Retrieved 2023-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermathena&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2MUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DItalian%2Bmost%2Bdirect%2Bdescendant%2Bof%2BLatin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters2020" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Margaret E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027261236" title="Special:BookSources/9789027261236"><bdi>9789027261236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110014/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Italian+most+direct+descendant+of+Latin&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics%3A+A+cognitive+grammar+introduction&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789027261236&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVPdDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DItalian%2Bmost%2Bdirect%2Bdescendant%2Bof%2BLatin%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204020228/http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/novlatin.html">"NEO-ROMANTICISM IN LANGUAGE PLANNING (Edo BERNASCONI)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/novlatin.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEO-ROMANTICISM+IN+LANGUAGE+PLANNING+%28Edo+BERNASCONI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonh.best.vwh.net%2FLanguages%2Fnovlatin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710083231/http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/novlatin2.html">"NEO-ROMANTICISM IN LANGUAGE PLANNING (Edo BERNASCONI)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/novlatin2.html">the original</a> on 2015-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEO-ROMANTICISM+IN+LANGUAGE+PLANNING+%28Edo+BERNASCONI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonh.best.vwh.net%2FLanguages%2Fnovlatin2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peano-de-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peano-de_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peano-de_61-1">b</a> Peano, Giuseppe (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35803/35803-h/35803-h.htm">"De Latino Sine Flexione. Lingua Auxiliare Internationale"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504093022/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35803/35803-h/35803-h.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Revista de Mathematica (Revue de Mathématiques), Tomo VIII, pp. 74–83. Fratres Bocca Editores: Torino. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeano1903–1904" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Peano, Giuseppe</a> (1903–1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mono.eik.bme.hu/~galantai/LSF/interlingua/interlingua-07.jpg">"Il latino quale lingua ausiliare internazionale"</a>. Atti della Reale Accad. Delle Scienze di Torino (in Italian). 39: 273–283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407174144/http://mono.eik.bme.hu/~galantai/LSF/interlingua/interlingua-07.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2022-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atti+della+Reale+Accad.+Delle+Scienze+di+Torino&rft.atitle=Il+latino+quale+lingua+ausiliare+internazionale&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=273-283&rft.date=1903%2F1904&rft.aulast=Peano&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmono.eik.bme.hu%2F~galantai%2FLSF%2Finterlingua%2Finterlingua-07.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610171257/http://www.cix.co.uk/~morven/lang/breath.html">"Eall fhoil de Bhreathanach"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cix.co.uk/~morven/lang/breath.html">the original</a> on June 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eall+fhoil+de+Bhreathanach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cix.co.uk%2F~morven%2Flang%2Fbreath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrik_Theiling2007" class="citation web cs1">Henrik Theiling (2007-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/s_02.html">"Þrjótrunn: A North Romance Language: History"</a>. Kunstsprachen.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722104504/http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/s_02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%9Erj%C3%B3trunn%3A+A+North+Romance+Language%3A+History&rft.pub=Kunstsprachen.de&rft.date=2007-10-28&rft.au=Henrik+Theiling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunstsprachen.de%2Fs17%2Fs_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steen.free.fr/relay10/jelbazech.html">"Relay0/R – Jelbazech"</a>. Steen.free.fr. 2004-08-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516015257/http://steen.free.fr/relay10/jelbazech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2010-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relay0%2FR+%E2%80%93+Jelbazech&rft.pub=Steen.free.fr&rft.date=2004-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsteen.free.fr%2Frelay10%2Fjelbazech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel,_Gess,_Meisenburg-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel,_Gess,_Meisenburg_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel,_Gess,_Meisenburg_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielGessMeisenburg2021" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html">Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology</a>. De Gruyter. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110550283">10.1515/9783110550283</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48">1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055028-3"><bdi>978-3-11-055028-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243922354">243922354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906182812/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Romance+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243922354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550283&rft.isbn=978-3-11-055028-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550283%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Bowman1980133-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Bowman1980133_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyd-Bowman1980">Boyd-Bowman 1980</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiden2016500-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiden2016500_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiden2016">Maiden 2016</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2010" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Rodney (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/423583247">Vowel prosthesis in Romance: a diachronic study</a>. Oxford linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954115-7"><bdi>978-0-19-954115-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423583247">423583247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowel+prosthesis+in+Romance%3A+a+diachronic+study&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F423583247&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954115-7&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F423583247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbato2022" class="citation web cs1">Barbato, Marcello (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.750">"The Early History of Romance Palatalizations"</a>. oxfordre.com. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.750">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110528/https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-750">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordre.com&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Romance+Palatalizations&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.750&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Barbato&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasens2020" class="citation web cs1">Recasens, Daniel (30 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.435">"Palatalizations in the Romance Languages"</a>. oxfordre.com. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.435">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110527/https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-435">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordre.com&rft.atitle=Palatalizations+in+the+Romance+Languages&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.435&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Pope (1934). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201032–33-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201032–33_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlkireRosen2010">Alkire & Rosen 2010</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarotta2022" class="citation book cs1">Marotta, Giovanna (2022). "Structure of the Syllable – 5.5.3 Lenition". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-romance-linguistics/phonetics-and-phonology/31D83420153A0D7655CFE38EF54CF443">The Cambridge Handbook of Romance Linguistics</a>. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108580410.006">10.1017/9781108580410.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48579-1"><bdi>978-1-108-48579-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+of+the+Syllable+%E2%80%93+5.5.3+Lenition&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Romance+Linguistics&rft.series=Cambridge+Handbooks+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=181-318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108580410.006&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48579-1&rft.aulast=Marotta&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-handbook-of-romance-linguistics%2Fphonetics-and-phonology%2F31D83420153A0D7655CFE38EF54CF443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinet1952" class="citation journal cs1">Martinet, André (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/410513">"Celtic lenition and Western Romance consonants"</a>. Language. 28 (2): 214–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F410513">10.2307/410513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/410513">410513</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126165155/https://www.jstor.org/stable/410513">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Celtic+lenition+and+Western+Romance+consonants&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214-217&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F410513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F410513%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martinet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F410513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCravens2002" class="citation book cs1">Cravens, Thomas D. (2002). Comparative historical dialectology: Italo-Romance clues to Ibero-Romance sound change. John Benjamins Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+historical+dialectology%3A+Italo-Romance+clues+to+Ibero-Romance+sound+change&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cravens&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201034-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201034_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlkireRosen2010">Alkire & Rosen 2010</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sala-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Sala_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSala2012" class="citation book cs1">Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-647-435-1"><bdi>978-606-647-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Latin%C4%83+la+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Editura+Pro+Universitaria&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-647-435-1&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201026-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201026_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlkireRosen2010">Alkire & Rosen 2010</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen20108-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen20108_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlkireRosen2010">Alkire & Rosen 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Allen (2003) states: "There appears to have been no great difference in quality between long and short a, but in the case of the close and mid vowels (i and u, e and o) the long appear to have been appreciably closer than the short." He then goes on to the historical development, quotations from various authors (from around the second century AD), as well as evidence from older inscriptions where "e" stands for normally short i, and "i" for long e, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201013-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlkireRosen201013_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlkireRosen2010">Alkire & Rosen 2010</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Technically, Sardinian is one of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern Romance languages</a>. The same vowel outcome occurred in a small strip running across southern Italy (the Lausberg Zone), and is thought to have occurred in the Romance languages of northern Africa. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016471-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016471_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedgewayMaiden2016471_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016">Ledgeway & Maiden 2016</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012146-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala2012146_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSala2012">Sala 2012</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoporcaro2011" class="citation book cs1">Loporcaro, Michele (2011). "Phonological Processes". In Maiden; et al. (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonological+Processes&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Romance+Languages%3A+Volume+1%2C+Structures&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Loporcaro&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELedgeway2016248ff-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedgeway2016248ff_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLedgeway2016">Ledgeway 2016</a>, p. 248ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-corsican-88"><a href="#cite_ref-corsican_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalbera-Stefanaggi2002" class="citation book cs1">Dalbera-Stefanaggi, Marie-Josée (2002). La langue corse (1st ed.). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-052946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-052946-0"><bdi>978-2-13-052946-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+corse&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-13-052946-0&rft.aulast=Dalbera-Stefanaggi&rft.aufirst=Marie-Jos%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagehat.com/written-language-quiz/#comment-1722395">comment 1 at the blog Language Hat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206092334/http://languagehat.com/written-language-quiz/#comment-1722395">Archived</a> 2021-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagehat.com/written-language-quiz/#comment-2030506">comment 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206092334/http://languagehat.com/written-language-quiz/#comment-2030506">Archived</a> 2021-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClackson20166-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClackson20166_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClackson2016">Clackson 2016</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_90-0">^</a> Palmer (1954). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Bowman198024–25-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Bowman198024–25_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyd-Bowman1980">Boyd-Bowman 1980</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012145-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala2012145_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSala2012">Sala 2012</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> cauda would produce French **choue, Italian */kɔda/, Occitan **cauda, Romanian **caudă. </li> <li id="cite_note-kaze1991-94"><a href="#cite_ref-kaze1991_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaze1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kaze, Jeffery W. (1991). "Metaphony and Two Models for the Description of Vowel Systems". Phonology. 8 (1): 163–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0952675700001329">10.1017/s0952675700001329</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4420029">4420029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60966393">60966393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonology&rft.atitle=Metaphony+and+Two+Models+for+the+Description+of+Vowel+Systems&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-170&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A60966393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4420029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0952675700001329&rft.aulast=Kaze&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabrese" class="citation web cs1">Calabrese, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053600/http://homepages.uconn.edu/~anc02008/Papers/METAPHONY.pdf">"Metaphony"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.uconn.edu/~anc02008/Papers/METAPHONY.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2012-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metaphony&rft.aulast=Calabrese&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.uconn.edu%2F~anc02008%2FPapers%2FMETAPHONY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personales.uniovi.es/web/ariasal/">"ALVARO ARIAS CABAL – Publicaciones"</a>. personales.uniovi.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429121158/https://personales.uniovi.es/web/ariasal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2015-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=personales.uniovi.es&rft.atitle=ALVARO+ARIAS+CABAL+%E2%80%93+Publicaciones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonales.uniovi.es%2Fweb%2Fariasal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-penny1994-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-penny1994_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-penny1994_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny1994" class="citation journal cs1">Penny, Ralph (1994). "Continuity and Innovation in Romance: Metaphony and Mass-Noun Reference in Spain and Italy". The Modern Language Review. 89 (2): 273–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3735232">10.2307/3735232</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3735232">3735232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Innovation+in+Romance%3A+Metaphony+and+Mass-Noun+Reference+in+Spain+and+Italy&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-281&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3735232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3735232%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAC-98"><a href="#cite_ref-AAC_98-0">^</a> Álvaro Arias. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/5730/pg_113-142_moenia11.pdf?sequence=1">La armonización vocálica en fonología funcional (de lo sintagmático en fonología a propósito de dos casos de metafonía hispánica)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060648/https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/5730/pg_113-142_moenia11.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 2018-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Moenia 11 (2006): 111–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012154-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala2012154_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSala2012">Sala 2012</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESala2012155-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESala2012155_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSala2012">Sala 2012</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielGessMeisenburg2021" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html">Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology</a>. De Gruyter. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110550283">10.1515/9783110550283</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48">1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055028-3"><bdi>978-3-11-055028-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243922354">243922354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906182812/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Romance+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243922354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550283&rft.isbn=978-3-11-055028-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550283%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielGessMeisenburg2021" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html">Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology</a>. De Gruyter. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110550283">10.1515/9783110550283</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48">1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055028-3"><bdi>978-3-11-055028-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243922354">243922354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906182812/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Romance+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243922354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550283&rft.isbn=978-3-11-055028-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110550283%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> The outcome of -am -em -om would be the same regardless of whether lengthening occurred, and that -im was already rare in Classical Latin, and appears to have barely survived in Proto-Romance. The only likely survival is in "-teen" numerals such as trēdecim "thirteen" > Italian tredici. This favors the vowel-lengthening hypothesis -im > /ĩː/ > /i/; but notice unexpected decem > Italian dieci (rather than expected *diece). It is possible that dieci comes from *decim, which analogically replaced decem based on the -decim ending; but it is also possible that the final /i/ in dieci represents an irregular development of some other sort and that the process of analogy worked in the other direction. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The Latin forms are attested; metipsissimus is the superlative of the formative -metipse, found for example in egometipse "myself in person" </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ralph Penny, A History of the Spanish Language, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002), 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinosa1911" class="citation journal cs1">Espinosa, Aurelio M. (1911). "Metipsimus in Spanish and French". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association#Activities" title="Modern Language Association">PMLA</a>. 26 (2): 356–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456649">10.2307/456649</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456649">456649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Metipsimus+in+Spanish+and+French&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=356-378&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F456649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Espinosa&rft.aufirst=Aurelio+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008063308/http://ditzionariu.nor-web.eu/">"Ditzionàriu in línia de sa limba e de sa cultura sarda, Regione Autònoma de sa Sardigna"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ditzionariu.nor-web.eu/">the original</a> on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2013-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ditzion%C3%A0riu+in+l%C3%ADnia+de+sa+limba+e+de+sa+cultura+sarda%2C+Regione+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+sa+Sardigna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fditzionariu.nor-web.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075133/http://italian.about.com/od/sicilian/a/aa050405d_3.htm">"Sicilian–English Dictionary"</a>. Italian.about.com. 2010-06-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italian.about.com/od/sicilian/a/aa050405d_3.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicilian%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Italian.about.com&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitalian.about.com%2Fod%2Fsicilian%2Fa%2Faa050405d_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420144425/http://utenti.lycos.it/uerreclan_sito/dizionario.htm">"Dictionary Sicilian – Italian"</a>. Utenti.lycos.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utenti.lycos.it/uerreclan_sito/dizionario.htm">the original</a> on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2010-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+Sicilian+%E2%80%93+Italian&rft.pub=Utenti.lycos.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utenti.lycos.it%2Fuerreclan_sito%2Fdizionario.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zompist.com/euro.htm">"Indo-European Languages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224202225/http://www.zompist.com/euro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2013-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zompist.com%2Feuro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/strumenti/traduttore/">"Traduttore – Lingua Veneta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807124708/http://www.linguaveneta.net/strumenti/traduttore/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2022-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traduttore+%E2%80%93+Lingua+Veneta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguaveneta.net%2Fstrumenti%2Ftraduttore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeneize.net/itze/main.asp">"Traduttore Italiano Genovese – TIG"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002127/http://www.zeneize.net/itze/main.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traduttore+Italiano+Genovese+%E2%80%93+TIG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeneize.net%2Fitze%2Fmain.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piemonteis.com/">"Grand Dissionari Piemontèis / Grande Dizionario Piemontese"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902153307/http://www.piemonteis.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2013-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Dissionari+Piemont%C3%A8is+%2F+Grande+Dizionario+Piemontese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piemonteis.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053136/http://www.sangiorgioinsieme.it/Diz-friulan-english%20.htm">"Dictionary English–Friulian Friulian–English"</a>. Sangiorgioinsieme.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sangiorgioinsieme.it/Diz-friulan-english%20.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+English%E2%80%93Friulian+Friulian%E2%80%93English&rft.pub=Sangiorgioinsieme.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sangiorgioinsieme.it%2FDiz-friulan-english%2520.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arpitan.eu/SmartDic">"Lo trèsor arpitan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231062048/http://www.arpitan.eu/SmartDic">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-31. Retrieved 2021-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lo+tr%C3%A8sor+arpitan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farpitan.eu%2FSmartDic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2008" class="citation web cs1">Beaumont (2008-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.net/online/occitan.php?lg=gb">"Occitan–English Dictionary"</a>. Freelang.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603235151/http://www.freelang.net/online/occitan.php?lg=gb">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2010-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occitan%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Freelang.net&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.au=Beaumont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freelang.net%2Fonline%2Foccitan.php%3Flg%3Dgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.glosbe.com/en/an">"English Aragonese Dictionary Online"</a>. Glosbe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830042633/http://en.glosbe.com/en/an/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Aragonese+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Glosbe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.glosbe.com%2Fen%2Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.glosbe.com/en/ast">"English Asturian Dictionary Online"</a>. Glosbe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830075816/http://en.glosbe.com/en/ast/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2013-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Asturian+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Glosbe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.glosbe.com%2Fen%2Fast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Developed from *pluviūtam. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Initial h- due to contamination of Germanic *hauh "high". Although no longer pronounced, it reveals its former presence by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">elision</a> of a preceding <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, e.g. le haut "the high" vs. l'eau "the water". </li> <li id="cite_note-latinme-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latinme_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-latinme_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-latinme_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-latinme_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-latinme_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-latinme_121-5">f</a> Cognate with Latin mē, not ego. This parallels the state of affairs in Celtic, where the cognate of ego is not attested anywhere, and the use of the accusative form cognate to mē has been extended to cover the nominative, as well. </li> <li id="cite_note-nosso-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nosso_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nosso_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nosso_122-2">c</a> Developed from an assimilated form *nossum rather than from nostrum. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Ethnologue, Languages of the World, 15th edition, SIL International, 2005. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Overviews</dt></dl> <ul><li>Frederick Browning Agard. A Course in Romance Linguistics. Vol. 1: A Synchronic View, Vol. 2: A Diachronic View. Georgetown University Press, 1984.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisVincent1988" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988). The Romance Languages. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> Reprint 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2022" class="citation book cs1">Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin, eds. (2022). The Cambridge Handbook of Romance Linguistics. New York: Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48579-1"><bdi>978-1-108-48579-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Romance+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48579-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1996" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gerhard Ernst et al., eds. Romanische Sprachgeschichte: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen. 3 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003 (vol. 1), 2006 (vol. 2).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkireRosen2010" class="citation book cs1">Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010). Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511845192">10.1017/CBO9780511845192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88915-5"><bdi>978-0-521-88915-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+Languages%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511845192&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88915-5&rft.aulast=Alkire&rft.aufirst=Ti&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith & Adam Ledgeway, eds., The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Vol. 1: Structures, Vol. 2: Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011 (vol. 1) & 2013 (vol. 2).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ledgeway" title="Adam Ledgeway">Ledgeway, Adam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Maiden" title="Martin Maiden">Maiden, Martin</a>, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUlRDAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199677108" title="Special:BookSources/9780199677108"><bdi>9780199677108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Romance+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199677108.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199677108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUlRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/James_Clackson" title="James Clackson">Clackson, James</a>. "Latin as a source for the Romance languages". In <a href="#CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016">Ledgeway & Maiden (2016)</a>, pp. 3–13.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Ledgeway, Adam. "The dialects of southern Italy". In <a href="#CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016">Ledgeway & Maiden (2016)</a>, pp. 246–269.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Maiden, Martin. "Inflectional morphology". In <a href="#CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016">Ledgeway & Maiden (2016)</a>, pp. 497–512.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Dragomirescu, Adina; Nicolae, Alexandru. "Case". In <a href="#CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016">Ledgeway & Maiden (2016)</a>, pp. 911–923.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenbauerMetzeltinThir1995" class="citation book cs1">Lindenbauer, Petrea; Metzeltin, Michael; Thir, Margit (1995). Die romanischen Sprachen. Eine einführende Übersicht. Wilhelmsfeld: G. Egert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+romanischen+Sprachen.+Eine+einf%C3%BChrende+%C3%9Cbersicht&rft.place=Wilhelmsfeld&rft.pub=G.+Egert&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lindenbauer&rft.aufirst=Petrea&rft.au=Metzeltin%2C+Michael&rft.au=Thir%2C+Margit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzeltin2004" class="citation book cs1">Metzeltin, Michael (2004). Las lenguas románicas estándar. Historia de su formación y de su uso. Uviéu: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+lenguas+rom%C3%A1nicas+est%C3%A1ndar.+Historia+de+su+formaci%C3%B3n+y+de+su+uso&rft.place=Uvi%C3%A9u&rft.pub=Academia+de+la+Llingua+Asturiana&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Metzeltin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalaPosner" class="citation web cs1">Sala, Marius; Posner, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508379/Romance-languages">"Romance languages"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620172507/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Romance+languages&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft.au=Posner%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F508379%2FRomance-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Phonology</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd-Bowman1980" class="citation book cs1">Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112058502060">From Latin to Romance in Sound Charts</a>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-077-5"><bdi>978-0-87840-077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Latin+to+Romance+in+Sound+Charts&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-077-5&rft.aulast=Boyd-Bowman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112058502060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cravens, Thomas D. Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.</li> <li>Sónia Frota & Pilar Prieto, eds. Intonation in Romance. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2015.</li> <li>Christoph Gabriel & Conxita Lleó, eds. Intonational Phrasing in Romance and Germanic: Cross-Linguistic and Bilingual studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011.</li> <li>Philippe Martin. The Structure of Spoken Language: Intonation in Romance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.</li> <li>Rodney Sampson. Vowel Prosthesis in Romance. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lexicon</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltusMetzeltinSchmitt1988" class="citation book cs1">Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (1988). Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik. (LRL, 12 volumes). Tübingen: Niemeyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Romanistischen+Linguistik.+%28LRL%2C+12+volumes%29&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Holtus&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Metzeltin%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>French</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1971" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (1971). The French language: present and past. Edward Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+language%3A+present+and+past&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibler1984" class="citation book cs1">Kibler, William W. (1984). An introduction to Old French. New York: Modern Language Association of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Old+French&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kibler&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1993" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, R. Anthony (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French%3A+From+Dialect+to+Standard&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=R.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Portuguese</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1968" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Edwin B. (1968). From Latin to Portuguese, Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Portuguese Language (2nd ed.). University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Latin+to+Portuguese%2C+Historical+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+the+Portuguese+Language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzelsMenuzziCosta2016" class="citation book cs1">Wetzels, W. Leo; Menuzzi, Sergio; Costa, João (2016). The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Portuguese+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wetzels&rft.aufirst=W.+Leo&rft.au=Menuzzi%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Costa%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Spanish</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2002" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofspanish0000penn">A History of the Spanish Language</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofspanish0000penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapesa1981" class="citation book cs1">Lapesa, Rafael (1981). Historia de la Lengua Española. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Editorial+Gredos&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lapesa&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPharies2007" class="citation book cs1">Pharies, David (2007). A Brief History History of the Spanish Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+History+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pharies&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora_Vicente1967" class="citation book cs1">Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967). Dialectología Española (2nd ed.). Madrid: Editorial Gredos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectolog%C3%ADa+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editorial+Gredos&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Zamora+Vicente&rft.aufirst=Alonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italian</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevotoGiacomelli2002" class="citation book cs1">Devoto, Giacomo; Giacomelli, Gabriella (2002). I Dialetti delle Regioni d'Italia (3rd ed.). Milano: RCS Libri (Tascabili Bompiani).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Dialetti+delle+Regioni+d%27Italia&rft.place=Milano&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=RCS+Libri+%28Tascabili+Bompiani%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft.au=Giacomelli%2C+Gabriella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevoto1999" class="citation book cs1">Devoto, Giacomo (1999). Il Linguaggio d'Italia. Milano: RCS Libri (Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Linguaggio+d%27Italia&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=RCS+Libri+%28Biblioteca+Universale+Rizzoli%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiden1995" class="citation book cs1">Maiden, Martin (1995). A Linguistic History of Italian. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+History+of+Italian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomance+languages" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Rhaeto-Romance</dt></dl> <ul><li>John Haiman & Paola Benincà, eds., The Rhaeto-Romance Languages. London: Routledge, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617111122/http://iedo.brillonline.nl/dictionaries/content/latin/index.html">Michael de Vaan, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Brill, 2008, 826 pp. (part available freely online)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRumIF1TLVkC&q=Las+lenguas+rom%C3%A1nicas+est%C3%A1ndar.+Historia+de+su+formaci%C3%B3n+y+de+su+uso">Michael Metzeltin, Las lenguas románicas estándar. Historia de su formación y de su uso, Oviedo, 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202093412/http://orbilat.com/">Orbis Latinus, site on Romance languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501100652/http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/">Hugh Wilkinson's papers on Romance Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotword.dictionary.com/romance/">Spanish is a Romance language, but what does that have to do with the type of romance between lovers?</a>, dictionary.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativlang.com/romance-languages/">Comparative Grammar of the Romance Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727070941/http://neise.0rq.in/180-comparative-list-of-some-computer-terms-in-romance-language">Comparison of the computer terms in Romance languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19814#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19814#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19814#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115788-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114953">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950451w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950451w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569674">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125214&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000119303&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543774905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027471187">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&oldid=1259662982">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&oldid=1259662982</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romance_languages" title="Category:Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Category:Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Occitan_(post_1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text">Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2019">Articles that may contain original research from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_and_no_ISO_hint" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_from_June_2020" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2020">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2022">Articles needing additional references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Neapolitan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Neapolitan-language text">Articles containing Neapolitan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Aragonese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Aragonese-language text">Articles containing Aragonese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Aromanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Aromanian-language text">Articles containing Aromanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Asturian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Asturian-language text">Articles containing Asturian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Catalan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Catalan-language text">Articles containing Catalan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Corsican-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Corsican-language text">Articles containing Corsican-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Emilian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Emilian-language text">Articles containing Emilian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Extremaduran-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Extremaduran-language text">Articles containing Extremaduran-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arpitan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arpitan-language text">Articles containing Arpitan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Friulian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Friulian-language text">Articles containing Friulian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Galician-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Galician-language text">Articles containing Galician-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gallurese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gallurese-language text">Articles containing Gallurese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ladino-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ladino-language text">Articles containing Ladino-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ladin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ladin-language text">Articles containing Ladin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ligurian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ligurian-language text">Articles containing Ligurian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lombard-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lombard-language text">Articles containing Lombard-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mirandese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mirandese-language text">Articles containing Mirandese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norman-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norman-language text">Articles containing Norman-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Picard-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Picard-language text">Articles containing Picard-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Piedmontese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Piedmontese-language text">Articles containing Piedmontese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romagnol-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romagnol-language text">Articles containing Romagnol-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romansh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romansh-language text">Articles containing Romansh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Campidanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Campidanese-language text">Articles containing Campidanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Logudorese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Logudorese-language text">Articles containing Logudorese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sassarese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sassarese-language text">Articles containing Sassarese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sicilian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sicilian-language text">Articles containing Sicilian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Venetian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Venetian-language text">Articles containing Venetian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Walloon-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Walloon-language text">Articles containing Walloon-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text">Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Morisyen-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Morisyen-language text">Articles containing Morisyen-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Seselwa_Creole_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Seselwa Creole French-language text">Articles containing Seselwa Creole French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Papiamento-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Papiamento-language text">Articles containing Papiamento-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kabuverdianu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kabuverdianu-language text">Articles containing Kabuverdianu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chavacano-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chavacano-language text">Articles containing Chavacano-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sardinian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sardinian-language text">Articles containing Sardinian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2023">Articles needing additional references from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from May 2017">Articles with disputed statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Spanish-language text">Articles containing Old Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_citing_Nationalencyklopedin" title="Category:Articles citing Nationalencyklopedin">Articles citing Nationalencyklopedin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Medieval_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text">Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 11:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-kp9s5","wgBackendResponseTime":224,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.754","walltime":"3.084","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22880,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":687385,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33545,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":391870,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2498.968 1 -total"," 19.97% 498.923 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.98% 399.218 283 Template:Lang"," 15.92% 397.889 507 Template:IPA"," 10.20% 254.905 42 Template:Cite_web"," 8.14% 203.411 45 Template:Cite_book"," 6.37% 159.220 18 Template:Fix"," 5.60% 140.024 20 Template:Sfn"," 5.45% 136.276 13 Template:Citation_needed"," 3.90% 97.341 1 Template:Indo-European_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.635","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21071211,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamik2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlkireRosen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanniard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbato2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBereznay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd-Bowman1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalabrese\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChacón\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClackson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCravens2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurchin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalbera-Stefanaggi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevoto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevotoGiacomelli2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDragomirescuNicolae2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspinosa1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleure\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank-JobSelig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrielGessMeisenburg2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisVincent1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisVincent2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenrik_Theiling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermanWright2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltusMetzeltinSchmitt1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabatekPusch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaze1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKibler1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapesa1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedgeway2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedgewayMaiden2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindenbauerMetzeltinThir1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodge1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoporcaro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaiden1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaiden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarotta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinet1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzeltin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzeltin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeano1903–1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenny1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenny2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercy,_Thomas1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPharies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecasens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenAlkire2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSala2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalaPosner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetzelsMenuzziCosta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinters2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamora_Vicente1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Durme2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 8,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 13,\n [\"Citation needed paragraph\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Clarification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cleanup lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 505,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 283,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 18,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Romance languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"Rs?\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 2,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 12,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","11.6"],["?","180","10.5"],["type","120","7.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.0"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","120","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:62\u003E","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.3"],["[others]","500","29.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-75b4cd9cb5-bgnsm","timestamp":"20241126112702","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Romance languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romance_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19814","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19814","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-18T14:02:19Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T11:26:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/Romance_languages.png","headline":"group of Indo-European languages, direct descendants of Vulgar Latin"}</script> </body> </html>