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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish sociolect of the Gascon language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Judeo-Gascon</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, South of <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Judeo-Gascon</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Judeo-Gascon</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon language</a>, formerly spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a> who settled during the 16th century in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> and in the south-west part of <a href="/wiki/Landes_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landes of Gascony">Landes of Gascony</a> (most notably in <a href="/wiki/Peyrehorade" title="Peyrehorade">Peyrehorade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidache" title="Bidache">Bidache</a>). <i>Judeo-Gascon</i>, as <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a>, the other major <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish sociolect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, is now practically extinct. </p><p>Until recently, Judeo-Gascon was probably one of the least known dialects of Gascon and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and the least studied from a linguistic point of view. Its first coverage in scholarship has been in <a href="#CITEREFNahon2017">Nahon (2017)</a>; its linguistic characteristics have been investigated in depth in <a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon (2018)</a>, alongside comprehensive critical editions of the surviving Judeo-Gascon texts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula</a>, some Iberian Jews, who were originally speakers of Portuguese and/or Spanish, settled in the South-West of France in Gascon-speaking areas. In the course of time, these Jews were linguistically assimilated to their Gascon-speaking environment, though Spanish was kept, alongside Hebrew, as a written language for administrative, liturgical, and literary purposes. The variety of Gascon spoken by the Jews, in a situation of diglossia with these languages, received a strong linguistic imprint that caused it to diverge from the Gascon dialects spoken by the coterritorial Christian populations. Additional influences of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian">Judeo-Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western Yiddish</a> occurred too, due to immigration of Jews from other communities to Gascony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201824-25,_353-355_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201824-25,_353-355-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judeo-Gascon was still spoken in the early 20th century but disappeared quickly after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201896-97_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201896-97-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was superseded by a variety of French that retains a large number of lexical and morphological influences from Judeo-Gascon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201885-323_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201885-323-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variety of French with Judeo-Gascon substrate is still spoken nowadays by a few dozens of speakers, some of which still know a few sentences in Judeo-Gascon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon202094-95_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon202094-95-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main phonetic feature of Judeo-Gascon, especially its Bayonne variety, is the realization as [e] of stressed and unstressed /e/, in contrast with its [œ] realization in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Western Gascon</a> (also called <i>gascon negue</i>). This has been attributed by Nahon as an influence from the inland dialects or <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> with Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201850-51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201850-51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexical_features">Lexical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lexical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most prominent feature of Judeo-Gascon is the high influx of loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, adapted to the phonology of Gascon. Hebrew loanwords include <i>cheman Israël</i> 'goodness!' (Hebr. <i>šema yisrael</i>), <i>haroche</i> or <i>harocho</i> ‘disgusting, unpleasant’ (Hebr. <i>ḥaroset</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">charoset</a></i>), <i>vécimento</i> ‘blessed!’ (Hebr. <i>besiman ṭob</i> ‘in a good omen’), <i>sabbat</i> ‘Saturday’ (Hebr. <i>šabbat</i>). Ibero-Romance loanwords include <i>enridou</i> ‘tangle’ (Sp./Port. <i>enredo</i>), <i>bobou</i> ‘stupid’, <i>amoundeguille</i> 'meat ball' (Sp. <i>albondiguilla</i>), and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201850,_68,_71_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201850,_68,_71-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG/220px-Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG/330px-Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG/440px-Bayonne_-Synagogue_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, built in 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>Most texts written in Judeo-Gascon date from the 19th and early 20th century. The only known earlier material are a few 18th-century Gascon nicknames borne by Jews in Gascony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeider2019287_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeider2019287-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the other documents have been published and commented by Nahon. They include: </p> <ul><li>three pieces of para-liturgical poetry, sang at the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> holiday. Two of them have been collected orally by Nahon in the 2010s, and are the last surviving specimens of Judeo-Gascon oral literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201871-77_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201871-77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>several satirical works in verse and prose, including an important satire composed in 1837 for the inauguration of the main synagogue of Bayonne</li> <li>a Jewish holiday calendar (<i>Calende yudiu</i>) dated 1928, the last printed work in Judeo-Gascon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201877-79_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201877-79-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>private correspondence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNahon2017" class="citation cs2">Nahon, Peter (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01942642/file/JJL%281%29.pdf">"Diglossia among French Sephardim as a motivation for the genesis of 'Judeo-Gascon'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Jewish Languages</i>, <b>5</b> (1): 104–119, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134638-12340080">10.1163/22134638-12340080</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193824976">193824976</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Diglossia+among+French+Sephardim+as+a+motivation+for+the+genesis+of+%27Judeo-Gascon%27&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-119&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134638-12340080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193824976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nahon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-01942642%2Ffile%2FJJL%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Gascon" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34715462/Peter_Nahon_Diglossia_among_French_Sephardim_as_a_motivation_for_the_genesis_of_Judeo_Gascon_Journal_of_Jewish_Languages_5_1_2017_p_104_119">Link to full-text</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahon2018" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nahon, Peter (2018), <i>Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Documents et inventaire lexical</i> (in French), Paris: Classiques Garnier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-406-07296-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-406-07296-6"><bdi>978-2-406-07296-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gascon+et+fran%C3%A7ais+chez+les+Isra%C3%A9lites+d%27Aquitaine.+Documents+et+inventaire+lexical&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Classiques+Garnier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-406-07296-6&rft.aulast=Nahon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Gascon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeider2019" class="citation cs2">Beider, Alexander (2019), "Review of: <i>Gascon et français chez les israélites d'Aquitaine. Documents et inventaire lexical</i>, written by Nahon, Peter", <i>Journal of Jewish Languages</i>, <b>7</b> (1): 279–291, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134638-07011133">10.1163/22134638-07011133</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204715582">204715582</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Review+of%3A+Gascon+et+fran%C3%A7ais+chez+les+isra%C3%A9lites+d%27Aquitaine.+Documents+et+inventaire+lexical%2C+written+by+Nahon%2C+Peter&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=279-291&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134638-07011133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204715582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beider&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Gascon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinervini2021" class="citation cs2">Minervini, Laura (2021), "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan).", <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.454">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics.&rft.atitle=Judeo-Romance+in+Italy+and+France+%28Judeo-Italian%2C+Judeo-French%2C+Judeo-Occitan%29.&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.454&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Minervini&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Gascon" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahon2020" class="citation cs2">Nahon, Peter (2020), "La singularisation linguistique des juifs en Provence et en Gascogne : deux cas parallèles ou opposés ?", <i>La Linguistique</i>, <b>56</b>: 87–113, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fling.561.0087">10.3917/ling.561.0087</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216486816">216486816</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Linguistique&rft.atitle=La+singularisation+linguistique+des+juifs+en+Provence+et+en+Gascogne+%3A+deux+cas+parall%C3%A8les+ou+oppos%C3%A9s+%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=87-113&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fling.561.0087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216486816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nahon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Gascon" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43479677/Peter_Nahon_La_singularisation_linguistique_des_juifs_en_Provence_et_en_Gascogne_deux_cas_parall%C3%A8les_ou_oppos%C3%A9s_La_Linguistique_56_2020_87_113">Link to full-text</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Gascon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201824-25,_353-355-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201824-25,_353-355_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 24-25, 353-355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201896-97-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201896-97_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 96-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201885-323-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201885-323_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 85-323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon202094-95-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon202094-95_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2020">Nahon 2020</a>, p. 94-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201850-51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201850-51_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201850,_68,_71-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201850,_68,_71_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 50, 68, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeider2019287-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeider2019287_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeider2019">Beider 2019</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201871-77-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201871-77_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 71-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahon201877-79-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahon201877-79_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNahon2018">Nahon 2018</a>, p. 77-79.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style 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