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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major metabolic pathways</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_metabolic_pathways-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major metabolic pathways subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_metabolic_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catabolic_pathway_(catabolism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catabolic_pathway_(catabolism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catabolic pathway (catabolism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catabolic_pathway_(catabolism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cellular_respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellular_respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Cellular respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellular_respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabolic_pathway_(anabolism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabolic_pathway_(anabolism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anabolic pathway (anabolism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabolic_pathway_(anabolism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibolic_pathway_(Amphibolism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibolic_pathway_(Amphibolism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Amphibolic pathway (Amphibolism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibolic_pathway_(Amphibolism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_applications_in_targeting_metabolic_pathways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_applications_in_targeting_metabolic_pathways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical applications in targeting metabolic pathways</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_applications_in_targeting_metabolic_pathways-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical applications in targeting metabolic pathways subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_applications_in_targeting_metabolic_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Targeting_oxidative_phosphorylation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_oxidative_phosphorylation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Targeting oxidative phosphorylation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_oxidative_phosphorylation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_Heme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_Heme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Targeting Heme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_Heme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_the_tricarboxylic_acid_cycle_and_glutaminolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_the_tricarboxylic_acid_cycle_and_glutaminolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Targeting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_the_tricarboxylic_acid_cycle_and_glutaminolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_engineering_of_metabolic_pathways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_engineering_of_metabolic_pathways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetic engineering of metabolic pathways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_engineering_of_metabolic_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metabolic pathway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="বিপাকীয় পথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিপাকীয় পথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Метаболитен път – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метаболитен път" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_put" title="Metabolički put – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metabolički put" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_metab%C3%B2lica" title="Ruta metabòlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruta metabòlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemick%C3%BD_proces" title="Biochemický proces – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biochemický proces" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofskiftevej" title="Stofskiftevej – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stofskiftevej" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffwechselweg" title="Stoffwechselweg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stoffwechselweg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μεταβολική οδός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταβολική οδός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_metab%C3%B3lica" title="Ruta metabólica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruta metabólica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مسیر سوخت‌وساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیر سوخت‌وساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_m%C3%A9tabolique" title="Voie métabolique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voie métabolique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa_metab%C3%B3lica" title="Vía metabólica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vía metabólica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="대사경로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대사경로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_put" title="Metabolički put – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metabolički put" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lintasan metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_metabolica" title="Via metabolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Via metabolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iter_metabolicum" title="Iter metabolicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iter metabolicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF" title="ഉപാപചയ വഴി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപാപചയ വഴി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laluan_metabolisme" title="Laluan metabolisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laluan metabolisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactiepad_(biochemie)" title="Reactiepad (biochemie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reactiepad (biochemie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E7%B5%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="代謝経路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代謝経路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlak_metaboliczny" title="Szlak metaboliczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szlak metaboliczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_metab%C3%B3lica" title="Via metabólica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Via metabólica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cale_metabolic%C4%83" title="Cale metabolică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cale metabolică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_put" title="Metabolički put – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Metabolički put" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_putevi" title="Metabolički putevi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metabolički putevi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolikong_landas" title="Metabolikong landas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metabolikong landas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1" title="วิถีเมแทบอลิซึม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิถีเมแทบอลิซึม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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padding:0.2em; font-size:175%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/220px-Myoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/330px-Myoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/440px-Myoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0 0 0.8em;"><b>Chemistry of life</b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles" title="Index of biochemistry articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry" title="Outline of biochemistry">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Key components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">List of biochemists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">Biochemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biochemists" title="List of biochemists">List of biochemists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Biomolecule families</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</a>:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">Alcohols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoproteins">Glycoproteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosides">Glycosides</a></li> <li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">Lipids</a>:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoids">Eicosanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty acids">Fatty acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty-acid metabolism">Fatty-acid metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerides">Glycerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipids">Phospholipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipids">Sphingolipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">Steroids</a></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">Nucleic acids</a>:</i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleobases" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobases">Nucleobases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleosides">Nucleosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">Nucleotides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide metabolism">Nucleotide metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><u><a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">Proteins</a>:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">Amino acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">Amino acid metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><u>Other:</u></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrroles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapyrroles">Tetrapyrroles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Chemical synthesis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_gene_synthesis" title="Artificial gene synthesis">Artificial gene synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetic_synthesis" title="Biomimetic synthesis">Biomimetic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretrosynthesis" title="Bioretrosynthesis">Bioretrosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis_(nanotechnology)" title="Chemosynthesis (nanotechnology)">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_synthesis" title="Convergent synthesis">Convergent synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_peptide_synthesis" title="Custom peptide synthesis">Custom peptide synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_process" title="Direct process">Direct process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_synthesis" title="Divergent synthesis">Divergent synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrosynthesis" title="Electrosynthesis">Electrosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fully_automated_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully automated synthesis">Fully automated synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis" title="Hydrothermal synthesis">Hydrothermal synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation_synthesis_in_solution" title="Laser ablation synthesis in solution">LASiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanosynthesis" title="Mechanosynthesis">Mechanosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-pot_synthesis" title="One-pot synthesis">One-pot synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_synthesis" title="Peptide synthesis">Peptide synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosynthesis" title="Radiosynthesis">Radiosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_synthesis" title="Solid-phase synthesis">Solid-phase synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvothermal_synthesis" title="Solvothermal synthesis">Solvothermal synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_combustion_synthesis" title="Volume combustion synthesis">Volume combustion synthesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Biochemistry fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Glossary of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Glossary of chemistry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biochemistry" title="Category:Biochemistry">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Template:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Template talk:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, a <b>metabolic pathway</b> is a linked series of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> occurring within a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactants</a>, products, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate" title="Metabolic intermediate">intermediates</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Enzymatic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymatic reaction">enzymatic reaction</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a>, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions <a href="/wiki/Catalyze" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyze">catalyzed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">product</a> of one enzyme acts as the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)" title="Substrate (chemistry)">substrate</a> for the next. However, side products are considered waste and removed from the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different metabolic pathways function in the position within a <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic Cell">eukaryotic cell</a> and the significance of the pathway in the given compartment of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> all take place in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial membrane">mitochondrial membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73, 74 & 109">: 73, 74 & 109 </span></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">fatty acid biosynthesis</a> all occur in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> of a cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 441–442">: 441–442 </span></sup> </p><p>There are two types of metabolic pathways that are characterized by their ability to either synthesize molecules with the utilization of energy (<a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolic pathway</a>), or break down complex molecules and release energy in the process (<a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolic pathway</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two pathways complement each other in that the energy released from one is used up by the other. The degradative process of a catabolic pathway provides the energy required to conduct the <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of an anabolic pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the two distinct metabolic pathways is the <a href="/wiki/Amphibolic" title="Amphibolic">amphibolic</a> pathway, which can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the need for or the availability of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pathways are required for the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> within an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metabolism)" title="Flux (metabolism)">flux</a> of metabolites through a pathway is regulated depending on the needs of the cell and the availability of the substrate. The end product of a pathway may be used immediately, initiate another metabolic pathway or be stored for later use. The <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of a cell consists of an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">network</a> of interconnected pathways that enable the synthesis and breakdown of molecules (anabolism and catabolism). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Net_reactions_for_glycolysis_of_glucose,_oxidative_decarboxylation_of_pyruvate,_and_Krebs_cycle..png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glycolysis, Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate, and Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Net_reactions_for_glycolysis_of_glucose%2C_oxidative_decarboxylation_of_pyruvate%2C_and_Krebs_cycle..png/650px-Net_reactions_for_glycolysis_of_glucose%2C_oxidative_decarboxylation_of_pyruvate%2C_and_Krebs_cycle..png" decoding="async" width="650" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Net_reactions_for_glycolysis_of_glucose%2C_oxidative_decarboxylation_of_pyruvate%2C_and_Krebs_cycle..png/975px-Net_reactions_for_glycolysis_of_glucose%2C_oxidative_decarboxylation_of_pyruvate%2C_and_Krebs_cycle..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Net_reactions_for_glycolysis_of_glucose%2C_oxidative_decarboxylation_of_pyruvate%2C_and_Krebs_cycle..png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="117" /></a><figcaption>Net reactions of common metabolic pathways</figcaption></figure> <p>Each metabolic pathway consists of a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates: the products of one reaction are the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (biochemistry)">substrates</a> for subsequent reactions, and so on. Metabolic pathways are often considered to flow in one direction. Although all chemical reactions are technically reversible, conditions in the cell are often such that it is <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamically</a> more favorable for <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> to proceed in one direction of a reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one pathway may be responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid, but the breakdown of that amino acid may occur via a separate and distinct pathway. One example of an exception to this "rule" is the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> results in the breakdown of glucose, but several reactions in the glycolysis pathway are reversible and participate in the re-synthesis of glucose (<a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> was the first metabolic pathway discovered:</li></ul> <ol><li>As <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> enters a cell, it is immediately <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorylated">phosphorylated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> to <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">glucose 6-phosphate</a> in the irreversible first step.</li> <li>In times of excess <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> energy sources, certain reactions in the <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> pathway may run in reverse to produce <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">glucose 6-phosphate</a>, which is then used for storage as <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>.</li></ol> <ul><li>Metabolic pathways are often <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">regulated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Feedback_inhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback inhibition">feedback inhibition</a>.</li> <li>Some metabolic pathways flow in a 'cycle' wherein each component of the cycle is a substrate for the subsequent reaction in the cycle, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Krebs_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Krebs Cycle">Krebs Cycle</a> (see below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">Anabolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolic">catabolic</a> pathways in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a> often occur independently of each other, separated either physically by compartmentalization within <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a> or separated biochemically by the requirement of different enzymes and co-factors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_metabolic_pathways">Major metabolic pathways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major metabolic pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For additional infographics of major metabolic pathways, see <a href="#External_links">§ External links</a>.</div> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb center" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px;"> <div style="position:relative; width:800px; height:600px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:800px; position:absolute"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolic_Metro_Map.svg" title="File:Metabolic Metro Map.svg"><img alt="Metro-style map of major metabolic pathways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/800px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1200px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1600px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="945" /></a></span> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:8px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black"><div id="annotation_225x150" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:150px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Carbon<br />fixation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_135x185" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:185px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration"><span style="color:#5400a9;">Photo-<br />respiration</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x140" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:140px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Pentose<br />phosphate<br />pathway</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_215x340" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:340px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Citric<br />acid cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x505" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:505px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Glyoxylate<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x398" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:398px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle"><span style="color:#89dd00;">Urea<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x260" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:260px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />synthesis</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x335" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:335px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />elongation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x425" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:425px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x495" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:495px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Peroxisomal</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x510" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:510px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_295x42" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:42px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis"><span style="color:#8a2c2c;">Glyco-<br />genolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x80" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:80px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis"><span style="color:#2e427e;">Glyco-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_360x160" style="position:absolute; left:360px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis"><span style="color:#ea0000;">Glyco-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x160" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">Gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x332" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:332px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase"><span style="color:#ea6000;">Pyruvate<br />decarb-<br />oxylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x335" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:335px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation"><span style="color:#d47ff0;">Fermentation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_325x430" style="position:absolute; left:325px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies"><span style="color:#e06c1f;">Keto-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x430" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis"><span style="color:#5f8216;">Keto-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x470" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:470px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">feeders to<br />gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_225x230" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:230px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation#Carbon_concentrating_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Direct / C4 / CAM<br />carbon intake</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x143" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:143px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions" title="Light-dependent reactions"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Light reaction</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_115x355" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:355px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation"><span style="color:#c34747;">Oxidative<br />phosphorylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_25x415" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination"><span style="color:#4999c2;">Amino acid<br />deamination</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x288" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:288px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis#Glycolytic_end_products_are_used_in_the_conversion_of_carbohydrates_into_fatty_acids" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Citrate<br />shuttle</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x415" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Lipogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x455" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:455px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Lipolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_585x260" style="position:absolute; left:585px; top:260px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Steroid#Steroidogenesis" title="Steroid"><span style="color:#0099cc;">Steroidogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x235" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:235px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#0099cc;">MVA pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_460x210" style="position:absolute; left:460px; top:210px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#af753a;">MEP pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_487x153" style="position:absolute; left:487px; top:153px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Shikimate_pathway" title="Shikimate pathway"><span style="color:#00cc99;">Shikimate<br />pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x105" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:105px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Transcription &</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication"><span style="color:#79793d;">replication</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x83" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:83px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Translation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x57" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:57px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis"><span style="color:#6666cc;">Proteolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_687x55" style="position:absolute; left:687px; top:55px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><span style="color:#79793d;">Glycosyl-<br />ation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_210x38" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_acid" title="Sugar acid">Sugar<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_240x38" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Double</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">multiple<br />sugars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_340x38" style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Simple<br />sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_380x45" style="position:absolute; left:380px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Inositol_phosphate" title="Inositol phosphate">Inositol-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_160x90" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_sugar" title="Amino sugar">Amino sugars</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x120" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:120px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sugar" title="Nucleotide sugar">Nucleotide sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x105" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">Hexose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x180" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Triose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_305x240" style="position:absolute; left:305px; top:240px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x260" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x110" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x190" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Erythrose_4-phosphate" title="Erythrose 4-phosphate">Tetrose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x440" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">Propionyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x495" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:495px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">Succinate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_455x530" style="position:absolute; left:455px; top:530px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_230x210" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:210px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_85x180" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid" title="Glyoxylic acid">Glyoxylate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_65x152" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:152px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">Photosystems</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_320x310" style="position:absolute; left:320px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">Pyruvate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x308" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:308px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x345" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_295x380" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:380px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_270x300" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">Oxalo-<br />acetate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_200x310" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x405" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Succinyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x405" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-Keto-<br />glutarate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x455" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:455px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone<br />bodies</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_70x365" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:365px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">Respiratory<br />chain</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x265" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:265px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x290" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:290px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x345" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x275" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:275px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate<br />group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_180x250" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:250px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Homoserine" title="Homoserine">Homoserine<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x445" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:445px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamate<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_105x465" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_40x465" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x385" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:385px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">Ketogenic</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_550x85" style="position:absolute; left:550px; top:85px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_520x190" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">Shikimate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_635x165" style="position:absolute; left:635px; top:165px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">Aromatic amino<br />acids</a> & <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_158x38" style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">Ascorbate</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x490" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">δ-ALA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_155x510" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:510px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile pigment">Bile<br />pigments</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_210x520" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Hemes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x585" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:585px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x45" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">Various<br />vitamin Bs</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x300" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">Calciferols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_725x235" style="position:absolute; left:725px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x190" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>)<br />& <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x140" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactors</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_745x140" style="position:absolute; left:745px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">minerals</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x185" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:185px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_490x140" style="position:absolute; left:490px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">PRPP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_535x140" style="position:absolute; left:535px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_610x140" style="position:absolute; left:610px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x87" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_710x87" style="position:absolute; left:710px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x520" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophylls</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x235" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Methylerythritol_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylerythritol phosphate">MEP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x245" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:245px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">MVA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x260" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_440x330" style="position:absolute; left:440px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyketide" title="Polyketide">Polyketides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x230" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:230px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Terpenoid<br />backbones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x235" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x287" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x287" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x330" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">Glycero-<br />phospholipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x397" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerolipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerolipid">Glycerolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_620x430" style="position:absolute; left:620px; top:430px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA" title="Acyl-CoA">Acyl-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_630x500" style="position:absolute; left:630px; top:500px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x350" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">Glyco-<br />sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x397" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x440" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_680x497" style="position:absolute; left:680px; top:497px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">Polyunsaturated<br />fatty acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x45" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_705x305" style="position:absolute; left:705px; top:305px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_587x330" style="position:absolute; left:587px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endo-<br />cannabinoids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_735x465" style="position:absolute; left:735px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> </span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div>Major <a class="mw-selflink selflink">metabolic pathways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">metro-style map</a>. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.<br />Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Orange nodes: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Violet nodes: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Red nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Pink nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Blue nodes: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Grey nodes: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Brown nodes: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">nucleotide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">protein</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Green nodes: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a>.</span></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catabolic_pathway_(catabolism)"><span id="Catabolic_pathway_.28catabolism.29"></span>Catabolic pathway (catabolism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catabolic pathway (catabolism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Catabolic_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolic pathway">catabolic pathway</a></b> is a series of reactions that bring about a net release of energy in the form of a high energy phosphate bond formed with the energy carriers adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91–93">: 91–93 </span></sup> The net reaction is, therefore, thermodynamically favorable, for it results in a lower free energy for the final products.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 578–579">: 578–579 </span></sup> A catabolic pathway is an exergonic system that produces chemical energy in the form of ATP, GTP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2, etc. from energy containing sources such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The end products are often carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. Coupled with an endergonic reaction of anabolism, the cell can synthesize new macromolecules using the original precursors of the anabolic pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of <a href="/wiki/Fructose_6-phosphate" title="Fructose 6-phosphate">fructose-6-phosphate</a> to form the intermediate <a href="/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphate" title="Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate">fructose-1,6-bisphosphate</a> by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase" title="Phosphofructokinase">phosphofructokinase</a> accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a result, irreversible in the cell. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fructose-6-Phosphate + ATP -> Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate + ADP}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Fructose</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>Phosphate</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>ATP</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Fructose</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>Bisphosphate</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>ADP</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Fructose-6-Phosphate + ATP -> Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate + ADP}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/760964724e538922332cbb96827d6386b84dc778" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:75.533ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fructose-6-Phosphate + ATP -> Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate + ADP}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cellular_respiration">Cellular respiration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cellular respiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></div> <p>A core set of energy-producing <a href="/wiki/Catabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolic">catabolic</a> pathways occur within all living organisms in some form. These pathways transfer the energy released by breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> into <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> and other small molecules used for energy (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>, <a href="/wiki/FADH2" class="mw-redirect" title="FADH2">FADH<sub>2</sub></a>). All cells can perform <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>. Additionally, most organisms can perform more efficient <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>. Additionally <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> are able to use sunlight to <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolically</a> synthesize compounds from non-living matter by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png/411px-Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png" decoding="async" width="411" height="557" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png/617px-Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png/822px-Gluconeogenese_Schema_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="4041" /></a><figcaption>Gluconeogenesis mechanism</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabolic_pathway_(anabolism)"><span id="Anabolic_pathway_.28anabolism.29"></span>Anabolic pathway (anabolism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anabolic pathway (anabolism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to catabolic pathways, <b><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic pathways">anabolic pathways</a></b> require an energy input to construct macromolecules such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. The isolated reaction of anabolism is unfavorable in a cell due to a positive <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> (+Δ<i>G</i>). Thus, an input of chemical energy through a coupling with an <a href="/wiki/Exergonic_reaction" title="Exergonic reaction">exergonic reaction</a> is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–27">: 25–27 </span></sup> The coupled reaction of the catabolic pathway affects the thermodynamics of the reaction by lowering the overall <a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">activation energy</a> of an anabolic pathway and allowing the reaction to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Otherwise, an <a href="/wiki/Endergonic_reaction" title="Endergonic reaction">endergonic reaction</a> is non-spontaneous. </p><p>An anabolic pathway is a biosynthetic pathway, meaning that it combines smaller molecules to form larger and more complex ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 570">: 570 </span></sup> An example is the reversed pathway of glycolysis, otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>, which occurs in the liver and sometimes in the kidney to maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood and supply the brain and muscle tissues with adequate amount of glucose. Although gluconeogenesis is similar to the reverse pathway of glycolysis, it contains four distinct enzymes(<a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase" title="Pyruvate carboxylase">pyruvate carboxylase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxykinase" title="Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase">phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose_1,6-bisphosphatase" title="Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase">fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphatase" title="Glucose 6-phosphatase">glucose 6-phosphatase</a>) from glycolysis that allow the pathway to occur spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibolic_pathway_(Amphibolism)"><span id="Amphibolic_pathway_.28Amphibolism.29"></span>Amphibolic pathway (Amphibolism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amphibolic pathway (Amphibolism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphibolic_Properties_of_the_Citric_Acid_Cycle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Amphibolic_Properties_of_the_Citric_Acid_Cycle.gif" decoding="async" width="351" height="506" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Amphibolic properties of the citric acid cycle</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b><a href="/wiki/Amphibolic" title="Amphibolic">amphibolic pathway</a></b> is one that can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the availability of or the need for energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 570">: 570 </span></sup> The currency of energy in a biological cell is <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), which stores its energy in the <a href="/wiki/High-energy_phosphate" title="High-energy phosphate">phosphoanhydride bonds</a>. The energy is utilized to conduct biosynthesis, facilitate movement, and regulate active transport inside of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 571">: 571 </span></sup> Examples of amphibolic pathways are the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. These sets of chemical reactions contain both energy producing and utilizing pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 572">: 572 </span></sup> To the right is an illustration of the amphibolic properties of the TCA cycle. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle">glyoxylate shunt pathway</a> is an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle</a>, for it redirects the pathway of TCA to prevent full oxidation of carbon compounds, and to preserve high energy carbon sources as future energy sources. This pathway occurs only in plants and bacteria and transpires in the absence of glucose molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flux of the entire pathway is regulated by the rate-determining steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 577–578">: 577–578 </span></sup> These are the slowest steps in a network of reactions. The rate-limiting step occurs near the beginning of the pathway and is regulated by feedback inhibition, which ultimately controls the overall rate of the pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolic pathway in the cell is regulated by covalent or non-covalent modifications. A covalent modification involves an addition or removal of a chemical bond, whereas a non-covalent modification (also known as allosteric regulation) is the binding of the regulator to the enzyme via <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>, electrostatic interactions, and <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van der Waals forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of turnover in a metabolic pathway, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metabolism)" title="Flux (metabolism)">metabolic flux</a>, is regulated based on the stoichiometric reaction model, the utilization rate of metabolites, and the translocation pace of molecules across the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weckwerth_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weckwerth-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulation methods are based on experiments involving <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">13C-labeling</a>, which is then analyzed by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)</a>–derived mass compositions. The aforementioned techniques synthesize a statistical interpretation of mass distribution in <a href="/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid" title="Proteinogenic amino acid">proteinogenic amino acids</a> to the catalytic activities of enzymes in a cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Weckwerth_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weckwerth-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178">: 178 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_applications_in_targeting_metabolic_pathways">Clinical applications in targeting metabolic pathways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical applications in targeting metabolic pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_oxidative_phosphorylation">Targeting oxidative phosphorylation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Targeting oxidative phosphorylation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metabolic pathways can be targeted for clinically therapeutic uses. Within the mitochondrial metabolic network, for instance, there are various pathways that can be targeted by compounds to prevent cancer cell proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-Frattaruolo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frattaruolo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such pathway is <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> (OXPHOS) within the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> (ETC). Various inhibitors can downregulate the electrochemical reactions that take place at Complex I, II, III, and IV, thereby preventing the formation of an electrochemical gradient and downregulating the movement of electrons through the ETC. The substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs at ATP synthase can also be directly inhibited, preventing the formation of ATP that is necessary to supply energy for cancer cell proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these inhibitors, such as <a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">lonidamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frattaruolo_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frattaruolo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which inhibit Complex II and Complex III, respectively, are currently undergoing clinical trials for <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> approval. Other non-FDA-approved inhibitors have still shown experimental success in vitro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_Heme">Targeting Heme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Targeting Heme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme</a>, an important prosthetic group present in Complexes I, II, and IV can also be targeted, since heme biosynthesis and uptake have been correlated with increased cancer progression.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various molecules can inhibit heme via different mechanisms. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Succinylacetone" title="Succinylacetone">succinylacetone</a> has been shown to decrease heme concentrations by inhibiting δ-aminolevulinic acid in murine erythroleukemia cells.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary structure of heme-sequestering peptides, such as HSP1 and HSP2, can be modified to downregulate heme concentrations and reduce proliferation of non-small lung cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_the_tricarboxylic_acid_cycle_and_glutaminolysis">Targeting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Targeting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tricarboxylic_acid_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricarboxylic acid cycle">tricarboxylic acid cycle</a> (TCA) and <a href="/wiki/Glutaminolysis" title="Glutaminolysis">glutaminolysis</a> can also be targeted for cancer treatment, since they are essential for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. <a href="/wiki/Ivosidenib" title="Ivosidenib">Ivosidenib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enasidenib" title="Enasidenib">enasidenib</a>, two FDA-approved cancer treatments, can arrest the TCA cycle of cancer cells by inhibiting isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Frattaruolo_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frattaruolo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivosidenib is specific to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and cholangiocarcinoma, whereas enasidenib is specific to just acute myeloid leukemia (AML). </p><p>In a clinical trial consisting of 185 adult patients with cholangiocarcinoma and an IDH-1 mutation, there was a statistically significant improvement (p<0.0001; HR: 0.37) in patients randomized to ivosidenib. Still, some of the adverse side effects in these patients included fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite, ascites, and anemia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a clinical trial consisting of 199 adult patients with AML and an IDH2 mutation, 23% of patients experienced complete response (CR) or complete response with partial hematologic recovery (CRh) lasting a median of 8.2 months while on enasidenib. Of the 157 patients who required transfusion at the beginning of the trial, 34% no longer required transfusions during the 56-day time period on enasidenib. Of the 42% of patients who did not require transfusions at the beginning of the trial, 76% still did not require a transfusion by the end of the trial. Side effects of enasidenib included nausea, diarrhea, elevated bilirubin and, most notably, differentiation syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glutaminase" title="Glutaminase">Glutaminase</a> (GLS), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamine to glutamate via hydrolytic deamidation during the first reaction of glutaminolysis, can also be targeted. In recent years, many small molecules, such as azaserine, acivicin, and CB-839 have been shown to inhibit glutaminase, thus reducing cancer cell viability and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its effective antitumor ability in several cancer types such as ovarian, breast and lung cancers, CB-839 is the only GLS inhibitor currently undergoing clinical studies for FDA-approval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_engineering_of_metabolic_pathways">Genetic engineering of metabolic pathways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetic engineering of metabolic pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many metabolic pathways are of commercial interest. For instance, the production of many <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> or other drugs requires complex pathways. The pathways to produce such compounds can be transplanted into microbes or other more suitable organism for production purposes. For example, the world's supply of the anti-cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Vinblastine" title="Vinblastine">vinblastine</a> is produced by relatively ineffient extraction and purification of the precursors <a href="/wiki/Vindoline" title="Vindoline">vindoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharanthine" title="Catharanthine">catharanthine</a> from the plant <i><a href="/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus" title="Catharanthus roseus">Catharanthus roseus</a></i>, which are then chemically converted into vinblastine. The biosynthetic pathway to produce vinblastine, including 30 enzymatic steps, has been transferred into yeast cells which is a convenient system to grow in large amounts. With these genetic modifications yeast can use its own metabolites <a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">geranyl pyrophosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> to produce the precursors of catharanthine and vindoline. This process required 56 genetic edits, including expression of 34 heterologous genes from plants in yeast cells.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KaPPA-View4" title="KaPPA-View4">KaPPA-View4</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_control_analysis" title="Metabolic control analysis">Metabolic control analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network_modelling" title="Metabolic network modelling">Metabolic network modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_engineering" title="Metabolic engineering">Metabolic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_systems_equation" title="Biochemical systems equation">Biochemical systems equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_biochemical_pathway" title="Linear biochemical pathway">Linear biochemical pathway</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNelsonCox2008" class="citation book cs1">Nelson DL, Cox MM (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lehningerprincip00lehn_1"><i>Lehninger principles of biochemistry</i></a> (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7108-1"><bdi>978-0-7167-7108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehninger+principles+of+biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7108-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Cox%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flehningerprincip00lehn_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolic+pathway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlisonPapachristodoulouDespoElliott2014" class="citation book cs1">Alison S, Papachristodoulou DK, Despo K, Elliott WH, Elliott DC (2014). <i>Biochemistry and molecular biology</i> (Fifth ed.). Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960949-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960949-9"><bdi>978-0-19-960949-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862091499">862091499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry+and+molecular+biology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862091499&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960949-9&rft.aulast=Alison&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Papachristodoulou%2C+DK&rft.au=Despo%2C+K&rft.au=Elliott%2C+WH&rft.au=Elliott%2C+DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolic+pathway" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1971" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson DE (March 1971). <i>An Introduction to Metabolic Pathways by S. DAGLEY</i> (Vol. 59, No. 2 ed.). Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Metabolic+Pathways+by+S.+DAGLEY&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=Vol.+59%2C+No.+2&rft.pub=Sigma+Xi%2C+The+Scientific+Research+Society&rft.date=1971-03&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolic+pathway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2011" class="citation book cs1">Harvey RA (2011). <i>Biochemistry</i> (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-412-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-412-6"><bdi>978-1-60831-412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60831-412-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolic+pathway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voet,_Voet,_Pratt_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoetVoetPratt2013" class="citation book cs1">Voet D, Voet JD, Pratt CW (2013). <a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry:_Life_at_the_Molecular_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level"><i>Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level</i></a> (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470-54784-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470-54784-7"><bdi>978-0470-54784-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Biochemistry%3A+Life+at+the+Molecular+Level&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0470-54784-7&rft.aulast=Voet&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Voet%2C+JD&rft.au=Pratt%2C+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetabolic+pathway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeceCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Reece JB, Campbell NA (2011). <i>Campbell Biology</i> (9th ed.). 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolic_pathway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biochemical-pathways.com/#/map/1">Full map of metabolic pathways</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrojan.nhely.hu/protein/bohr1.htm">Biochemical pathways, Gerhard Michal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/pathway_index.php">Overview Map from BRENDA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biocyc.org/">BioCyc: Metabolic network models for thousands of sequenced organisms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/kegg/">KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reactome.org/">Reactome, a database of reactions, pathways and biological processes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacyc.org/">MetaCyc: A database of experimentally elucidated metabolic pathways (2,200+ pathways from more than 2,500 organisms)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metabomaps.brenda-enzymes.org">MetaboMAPS: A platform for pathway sharing and data visualization on metabolic pathways</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016111652/http://pathloc.cbi.pku.edu.cn/">The Pathway Localization database (PathLocdb)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824171528/https://david.ncifcrf.gov/">DAVID: Visualize genes on pathway maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikipathways.org/">Wikipathways: pathways for the people</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpdb.molgen.mpg.de/">ConsensusPathDB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metabolicpathways.teithe.gr/"><i>metpath</i>: Integrated interactive metabolic chart</a></li></ul> <style 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font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Metabolic pathway diagram</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <div> <div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 790px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolism_pathways_(partly_labeled).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Metabolism_pathways_%28partly_labeled%29.svg/790px-Metabolism_pathways_%28partly_labeled%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="790" height="573" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Metabolism_pathways_%28partly_labeled%29.svg/1185px-Metabolism_pathways_%28partly_labeled%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Metabolism_pathways_%28partly_labeled%29.svg/1580px-Metabolism_pathways_%28partly_labeled%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:9.8px; top:82.85px"><a href="/wiki/Glucuronate_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucuronate metabolism">Glucuronate metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174.12px; top:82.85px"><a href="/wiki/Pentose_interconversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentose interconversion">Pentose interconversion</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:9.8px; top:249.54px"><a href="/wiki/Inositol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol metabolism">Inositol metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:9.8px; top:315.9px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_and_sucrose_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulose and sucrose metabolism (page does not exist)">Cellulose and sucrose<br />metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:9.8px; top:394.9px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch_and_glycogen_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starch and glycogen metabolism (page does not exist)">Starch and glycogen<br />metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:155.95px; top:189.5px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Other_sugar_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Other sugar metabolism (page does not exist)">Other sugar<br />metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242.85px; top:256.65px"><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:246.8px; top:339.6px"><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:155.95px; top:402.8px"><a href="/wiki/Amino_sugars_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino sugars metabolism">Amino sugars metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:88.8px; top:462.05px"><a href="/wiki/Small_amino_acid_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Small amino acid synthesis">Small amino acid synthesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:88.8px; top:489.7px"><a href="/wiki/Branched_amino_acid_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Branched amino acid synthesis">Branched amino acid<br />synthesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:357.4px; top:3.85px"><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine biosynthesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:118.4px"><a href="/wiki/Histidine_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Histidine metabolism">Histidine metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:412.7px; top:189.5px"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic amino acid synthesis">Aromatic amino<br />acid synthesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:436.4px; top:315.9px"><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_decarboxylation" title="Pyruvate decarboxylation">Pyruvate<br />decarboxylation</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:444.3px; top:339.6px"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:469.95px"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid<br />metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:448.25px; top:466px"><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:661.55px; top:138.15px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspartate_amino_acid_group_synthesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspartate amino acid group synthesis (page does not exist)">Aspartate amino acid<br />group synthesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:685.25px; top:209.25px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyrins_and_corrinoids_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porphyrins and corrinoids metabolism (page does not exist)">Porphyrins and<br />corrinoids<br />metabolism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:558.85px; top:290.62px"><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:665.5px; top:355.4px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamate_amino_acid_group_synthesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glutamate amino acid group synthesis (page does not exist)">Glutamate amino<br />acid group<br />synthesis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:633.9px; top:466px"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_biosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrimidine biosynthesis">Pyrimidine biosynthesis</a></div> </div> <div style="float:left;margin-right:8px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span> All pathway labels on this image are links, simply click to access the article.<br /> A high resolution labeled version of this image is available here. <span style="padding-left: 7px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolism_790px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Metabolism_790px.png/50px-Metabolism_790px.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism" title="Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism" title="Template talk:Metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metabolic pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Energy<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">Aerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate decarboxylation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Electron acceptors other than oxygen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">Substrate-level phosphorylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Catabolism</a> (protein→peptide→amino acid)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism#Amino_acid_degradation" title="Protein catabolism">Amino acid degradation</a> (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleotide<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">carbohydrate catabolism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyol_pathway" title="Polyol pathway">Polyol pathway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir_pathway" title="Leloir pathway">Leloir pathway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-linked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" title="O-linked glycosylation">O-linked</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">Anoxygenic photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeLey-Doudoroff_pathway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeLey-Doudoroff pathway (page does not exist)">DeLey-Doudoroff pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entner-Doudoroff_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entner-Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylose_metabolism" title="Xylose metabolism">Xylose metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">Lipid metabolism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Fatty acid degradation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipid metabolism">Sphingolipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoid metabolism">Eicosanoid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Metal metabolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol metabolism">Ethanol metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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