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Responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_response_in_April_1241" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_response_in_April_1241"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Local response in April 1241 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_response_in_April_1241-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_Frederick's_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_Frederick's_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Emperor Frederick's response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_Frederick's_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conrad_IV's_anti-Mongol_crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conrad_IV's_anti-Mongol_crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Conrad IV's anti-Mongol crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conrad_IV's_anti-Mongol_crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports_of_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports_of_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Reports of victory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports_of_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later crusades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the first great Mongol invasion of Europe</div> Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire took place in the spring of 1241 and again in the winter of 1241–42. They were part of the first <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tartar_Feast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/A_Tartar_Feast.png/360px-A_Tartar_Feast.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/A_Tartar_Feast.png/540px-A_Tartar_Feast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/A_Tartar_Feast.png/720px-A_Tartar_Feast.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>"A Tartar Feast", <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature illustration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> depicting Mongol cannibalism at the siege of Neustat</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> did not advance far into the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and there was no major clash of arms on its territory. Rather, the army that had <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>, after harassing eastern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Moravia" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Moravia">March of Moravia</a> in April–May 1241 to rejoin the army that had <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">invaded Hungary</a>. During their transit, they laid waste the Moravian countryside but avoided strongholds. King <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I of Bohemia</a> was joined by some German princes, but he monitored the Mongols in Moravia without seeking battle. There were more significant skirmishes in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a> a month later that left several hundred dead, but there was no cooperation between the Austrians and Hungarians. In response to the Mongol threat, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_church_system" title="Imperial church system">imperial church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial princes">imperial princes</a> held assemblies to organize a military response. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> ordered the preaching of a <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> and from Italy <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick II">Emperor Frederick II</a> issued an encyclical to that end. A crusading army under the command of King <a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV of Germany</a> mustered on 1 July 1241, but was disbanded a few weeks after setting out because the danger had passed. Although there was no major military action in the Empire, rumours that the Mongols had been checked there spread far beyond the Empire's borders. There are records in several languages from Spain to Armenia of the Bohemian or German king defeating the Mongols and forcing their retreat. In Moravia, a supposed victory over the Mongols took on legendary proportions. In Germany, some contemporary writers attributed the Mongols' general retreat from Europe to the intimidating crusading army. In reality, the Mongols likely spared most of Germany because their primary objective was to punish the Hungarian king for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>. The Mongols raided eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in December 1241 and January 1242. A century later in 1340 they raided the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a>. Anti-Mongol crusades were preached within the Empire's borders several times between these two raids, and even as late as 1351. <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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invasions and conquests"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_invasions_andconquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland and Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1230_CE,_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1230_CE%2C_Europe.svg/300px-1230_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1230_CE%2C_Europe.svg/450px-1230_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1230_CE%2C_Europe.svg/600px-1230_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Europe around 1230, showing Mongol incursions in the east</figcaption></figure> The general view in western Europe, since at least 1236, was that the Mongols' ultimate goal was the Holy Roman Empire. This was based partially on intelligence, but mainly on prevailing interpretations of apocalyptic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200573-1">[1]</a> The arrival of the Mongols on the eastern border of the Empire presented the first serious external threat it had faced since the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions</a> in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201641-2">[2]</a> The Empire was not well positioned to meet it. The emperor had been excommunicated since 1239 and the pope was arranging <a href="/wiki/Crusades_against_Frederick_II_and_Conrad_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusades against Frederick II and Conrad IV">a political crusade against him</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021238-3">[3]</a> In 1237, King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a> received a Mongol ultimatum demanding his submission. According to <a href="/wiki/Aubry_of_Trois-Fontaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubry of Trois-Fontaines">Aubry of Trois-Fontaines</a>, a similar ultimatum was received at the court of Emperor Frederick II in 1238, although this is not recorded by anyone else and no such document has survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200561-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021236-5">[5]</a> Frederick supposedly responded that he would gladly resign his crown if he could become the khan's falconer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia1988267-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Sancrucenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Sancrucenses (page does not exist)">Annales Sancrucenses</a> record that the Mongols also sent ambassadors to Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Austria">Frederick II of Austria</a> demanding his submission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199721-7">[7]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Chronica_majora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronica majora">Chronica majora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew of Paris">Matthew of Paris</a> records that rumours about the Mongols had spread into the empire by 1238, for which reason the fishmongers of <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> were unwilling to go to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021236-5">[5]</a> He is also the source for the rumour that the Mongols were the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Tribes of Israel">Lost Tribes of Israel</a> and were assisted by <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jews</a> smuggling arms out of Germany in wine barrels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1971223_n47-8">[8]</a> The Jewish merchants were said to claim that the barrels were filled with poisoned wine for the invaders. Owing to these rumours, Jews were killed at several customs posts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979105-9">[9]</a> News of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Georgia">Mongol invasion of Georgia</a> reached the papal court in late 1239 or early 1240. Queen <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia" title="Rusudan of Georgia">Rusudan</a> and her son, the future King <a href="/wiki/David_VI_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VI of Georgia">David VI</a>, requested the preaching of a crusade, but Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> rejected the request on the grounds that the church was already overcommitted with crusades in Spain and the Levant as well as against heresy and apostasy in Occitania and Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELower2023128–129-10">[10]</a> The Mongols <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">entered Hungary</a> on 12 March 1241. Béla IV immediately sent a letter requesting assistance to Duke Frederick. The duke arrived in <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a> in the last weeks of March or the first week of April with a small contingent of poorly armed men. Frederick quickly won a small victory, killing two spies attached to the contingent under <a href="/wiki/Shiban" title="Shiban">Shiban</a>. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> leader <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ten" title="Köten">Köten</a> was killed. Although the role of Frederick in this is uncertain, he left Pest not long after on bad terms with the Hungarian king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199710–12-11">[11]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Battle of Mohi</a> on 11 April 1241, the defeated king of Hungary fled to Austria, crossing the border at <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104-13">[13]</a> Initially welcomed by his erstwhile ally, Duke Frederick lured the king into the castle of <a href="/wiki/Hainburg_an_der_Donau" title="Hainburg an der Donau">Hainburg</a> and extorted the repayment of an indemnity he had been forced to pay the king six years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254-14">[14]</a> Béla handed over all the wealth he had with him, including the crown jewels, and was still forced to pawn three <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary_(before_1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Hungary (before 1920)">counties</a> to the duke. These were probably the three westernmost counties of <a href="/wiki/Moson_County" title="Moson County">Moson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopron_County" title="Sopron County">Sopron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vas_County_(former)" title="Vas County (former)">Vas</a>, which had large German populations. After he was freed, Béla headed for <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_union_with_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in union with Hungary">Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104-13">[13]</a> At the same time, Béla sent a letter to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> requesting help and another to the Emperor Frederick offering to submit Hungary to the Empire in exchange for military support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021238–239-15">[15]</a> The emperor responded in a letter that he could not assist until his quarrel with the pope was resolved and directed the Hungarian king to request aid from Conrad IV, who had formally been ruling Germany since 1237.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incursions">Incursions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Incursions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeastern_Germany">Northeastern Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northeastern Germany">edit</a>]</div> As early as 10 March 1241, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry Raspe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Landgraviate of Thuringia">Landgrave of Thuringia</a>, wrote to Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II of Brabant">Henry II of Brabant</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> detailing the Mongols' movements across the border in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996129-19">[18]</a> An early form of the <a href="/wiki/Antemurale_christianitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antemurale christianitatis">antemurale christianitatis</a> ('bulwark of Christianity') metaphor is found in this letter, where Henry refers to Poland as his "wall".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021233,_254-20">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chmielnik" title="Battle of Chmielnik">Battle of Chmielnik</a> on 18 March 1241, the Polish duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V</a> fled to Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197185-21">[20]</a> Following their victory over Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry of Silesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a> on 9 April 1241, Mongol detachments entered the marches of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Meissen">Meissen</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">Lusatia</a> in eastern Germany, advancing as far as the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197185-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a> Their attacks are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Annales_sancti_Pantaleonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales sancti Pantaleonis">Annales sancti Pantaleonis</a>, which states that they "reached the boundary of the diocese of Meissen".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> According to a letter from <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Trent" title="Bartholomew of Trent">Bartholomew of Trent</a> to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Egino_(bishop_of_Brixen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egino (bishop of Brixen)">Egino of Brixen</a>, the Mongols "attacked the borders of Bohemia and Saxony".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> King Wenceslaus of Bohemia, who had raised an army of 40,000, retreated into Germany to join his forces with Thuringian and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a> He avoided giving battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a> although his cavalry may have beaten off the Mongol vanguard near <a href="/wiki/Kladsko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kladsko">Kladsko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers197999-26">[25]</a> He had earlier ordered the fortification of his major cities, including <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a> possibly in response to the report of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(1240)" title="Siege of Kiev (1240)">fall of Kiev</a> in 1240.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2021119–120-27">[26]</a> The fortification work is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Dalimil" title="Chronicle of Dalimil">Chronicle of Dalimil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2021119–120-27">[26]</a> The Mongols did not continue their westward advance into Germany, but turned back east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">[21]</a> They did not invade Bohemia. This has been attributed to their losses at Legnica being too heavy for them to confront the Bohemian army;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers197999-26">[25]</a> to Wenceslaus' proximity from Legnica—he was only a day's march away—deterring the Mongols from pressing their luck;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">[21]</a> or to the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Massif" title="Bohemian Massif">Bohemian Massif</a>, which formed the natural northern boundary of Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a> According to Wenceslaus, who wrote letters to the princes of Germany informing them of the Mongols' progress, they were moving at a pace of 40 miles (64 km) per day away from the Bohemian border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200571-28">[27]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Gate" title="Moravian Gate">Moravian Gate</a>, they turned south and passed between the ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, entering Moravia near <a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Opava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moravia">Moravia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moravia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeastern_Moravia_relief.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Northeastern_Moravia_relief.png/280px-Northeastern_Moravia_relief.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Northeastern_Moravia_relief.png/420px-Northeastern_Moravia_relief.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Northeastern_Moravia_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The Moravian Gate (pinked dotted lines) in eastern Moravia and the border of the Empire (black dotted line).</figcaption></figure> The Mongol army at Legnica had been under the command of <a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidar" title="Baidar">Baidar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadan">Qadan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018238-30">[29]</a> It has been estimated at 8,000 strong. The army as it entered Moravia must have been somewhat smaller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a>, was also at Legnica. According to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a>, the official history of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, Uriyangkhadai took part in the invasion of Poland and the land of the Nie-mi-sz', which word is derived from a <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">name for Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBretschneider1888322-31">[30]</a> The Franciscan vice-minister in Bohemia, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_of_Giano" title="Jordan of Giano">Jordan of Giano</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a> who wrote letters from Prague while the Mongols were in Moravia, indicates that they had passed through the Moravian Gate before 9 May. Other sources place Orda in Hungary by late April, so the transit of Moravia seems to have lasted less than a month.<a href="#cite_note-36">[c]</a> The speed of the transit is mentioned by two other sources: <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Torre_Maggiore" title="Roger of Torre Maggiore">Roger of Torre Maggiore</a> remarks on it and the Annales sancti Pantaleonis note with hyperbole that, whereas it should have taken four days, the Mongols crossed Moravia in one day and night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021250-37">[34]</a> The Mongols probably exited Moravia through the <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Hrozenkov" title="Nový Hrozenkov">Hrozenkov</a> pass, what Roger of Torre Maggiore calls the Hungarian Gate. The path they took through Moravia is unknown. They rejoined the main force under <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a> in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a> During their transit, the Mongols devastated all of Moravia "except for the castles and fortified places", according to the Annales sancti Pantaleonis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200568-38">[35]</a> The only evidence relating to a specific place is a charter of 1247 in which Margrave <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar</a> gave the city of Opava some privileges because of the damage the Mongols had caused in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a> All the other charters relating to the destruction of towns and monasteries were forged in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-42">[d]</a> No archaeological evidence of the brief Mongol presence in Moravia has yet come to light, nor is Moravia mentioned explicitly in any eastern sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_of_Ballhausen" title="Siegfried of Ballhausen">Siegfried of Ballhausen</a>, many Moravian refugees appeared in Meissen and Thuringia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200568-38">[35]</a> Many others fled into the hills, woods and marshes and hid in caves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197185-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979100-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> The Mongol raiding parties entered Austria in late May or early June, either from Hungary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19913-35">[33]</a> or from Moravia on their way to rejoin the main Mongol army in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">[21]</a> They did not cross the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in Austria, but they sacked <a href="/wiki/Korneuburg" title="Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a> to its north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">[21]</a> The Mongols were probably in Austria as late as July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197186-43">[39]</a> although already in that month Duke Frederick II was occupying the Hungarian counties that Béla IV had pawned him.<a href="#cite_note-44">[e]</a> Duke Frederick detailed the situation in Austria in letters to the pope and the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254-14">[14]</a> In a letter to Conrad IV dated 13 June 1241, he reports on the damage the Mongols inflicted on Austria and estimates that he killed 300 of them on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108-46">[41]</a> A week later, in a letter to Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_Tanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von Tanne (page does not exist)">Henry of Constance</a> dated 22 or 23 June 1241, Frederick revises his estimate of casualties upwards to 700 and puts his own dead at 100.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">[42]</a> This incursion into Austria is also mentioned in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Garstenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Garstenses (page does not exist)">Annales Garstenses</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Zwetlenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Zwetlenses (page does not exist)">Annales Zwetlenses</a> and Annales Sancrucenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200568,_78-48">[43]</a> The first two annals record that the Mongols left Austria unscathed, while the Sancrucenses assign them many dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718-45">[40]</a> Matthew of Paris quotes a letter from a certain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivo_of_Narbonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivo of Narbonne (page does not exist)">Ivo of Narbonne</a>, an eyewitness, who credits King Wenceslaus, Duke Frederick, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Berthold_(patriarch_of_Aquileia)" title="Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia)">Berthold of Aquileia</a>, Duke <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_Spanheim" title="Bernhard von Spanheim">Bernard of Carinthia</a>, Margrave <a href="/wiki/Herman_V,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Herman V of Baden</a> and the "prince of Dalmatia" with the relief of Neustat from a besieging Mongol army that came from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulter2022516-50">[45]</a> Neustat is usually identified with <a href="/wiki/Wiener-Neustadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener-Neustadt">Wiener-Neustadt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21-49">[44]</a> Such an attack is implausible but not impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254–255-51">[46]</a> The Mongols are not otherwise known to have crossed the Danube before the winter of 1241/42.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21-49">[44]</a> It has been suggested that the enemy at Wiener-Neustadt was in fact a band of unruly Cumans who had left Hungary following the death of Köten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200578-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199722-53">[48]</a> Neustat, however, may be the aforementioned Korneuburg.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Ivo describes the siege of Neustat and the ravaging of the countryside by the Mongols. He records that the garrison amounted to "no more than fifty knights along with twenty crossbowmen".<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-55">[50]</a> The letter attributes cannibalism to the Mongols,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattersall1988244-56">[51]</a> although this appears to be an addition by Matthew of Paris,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulter2022499-57">[52]</a> who is known to have added material of his own fabrication to his letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19912-58">[53]</a> They are said to have tortured and eaten civilians regardless of their age, sex, fortune or class. They ate deformed and old women right away, but beautiful women "they suffocated ... under a mass of rapists as they cried out and wailed." They cut the breasts off of virgins, reserving them for their leaders before eating the rest of their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Andrea-55">[50]</a> Ivo credits the prince of Dalmatia—possibly Duke <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto III, Count of Burgundy">Otto II of Merania</a>—with capturing eight of the enemy, including an Englishman who had served the Mongols for years and under interrogation revealed much that was not previously known in the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21-49">[44]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewkesbury_Annals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewkesbury Annals (page does not exist)">Tewkesbury Annals</a> and the Chronique rimée of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Mousk%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Mouskès">Philippe Mouskès</a> report a victory over the Mongols by Duke <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto II, Duke of Bavaria">Otto II of Bavaria</a>, which nonetheless probably involved no more than a Mongol raiding party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">[42]</a> In May 1241, with the Mongol still threat on his doorstep, Duke Otto of Bavaria expelled the Papal legate <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Behaim" title="Albert von Behaim">Albert von Behaim</a> from Bavaria in an act of solidarity with Conrad IV and Frederick II amidst their conflict with the Papacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996107-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantorowicz1931620-60">[55]</a> In late May, Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_I_(bishop_of_Freising)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad I (bishop of Freising) (page does not exist)">Conrad of Freising</a> wrote to Henry of Constance about the Mongol threat in the Danube valley. He reported that Wenceslaus was avoiding battle with the Mongols because he had been advised to do so by the king of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996131–132-61">[56]</a> A Mongol army entered western Hungary, eastern Austria and southern Moravia again in late December 1241, as recorded in a letter dated 4 January 1242 from a Benedictine abbot in Vienna, quoted by Matthew of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses">Responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Responses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_response_in_April_1241">Local response in April 1241</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Local response in April 1241">edit</a>]</div> A letter from the master of the French <a href="/wiki/Templars" class="mw-redirect" title="Templars">Templars</a> to the French king at about this time noted that if the armies of Bohemia and Hungary "should be defeated, these Tartars will find no one to stand against them as far as" France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979106-62">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Ninove" title="Baldwin of Ninove">Baldwin of Ninove</a> records that the Mongols caused panic in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Peter Jackson</a> agrees with the Templar master that had the Mongols launched a serious invasion of the Empire in the spring of 1241, "it is unlikely that they would have encountered coordinated opposition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a> In response to the Mongol threat, German church leaders held several councils in April 1241, issuing calls for a crusade against the Mongols and enjoining fasting and processions for the defence of Germany and Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200566-63">[58]</a> A princely assembly was held at <a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a> on 22 April to raise troops and coordinate efforts, according to the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Weltchronik" title="Sächsische Weltchronik">Sächsische Weltchronik</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Annales_breves_Wormatienses" title="Annales breves Wormatienses">Annales breves Wormatienses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[f]</a> There is no record of who attended,<a href="#cite_note-66">[g]</a> but Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Albert I, Duke of Saxony">Albert of Saxony</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Wallhausen" title="Konrad von Wallhausen">Conrad of Meissen</a> had mustered an army and joined Wenceslaus at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein,_Saxony" title="Königstein, Saxony">Königstein</a> by 7 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996130-64">[59]</a> In late April, another assembly was held at <a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a> (or perhaps <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>) under the presidency of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_III_(archbishop_of_Mainz)" title="Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)">Siegfried of Mainz</a>, then acting regent in Germany, but it did not lead to the formation of an army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996130-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperor_Frederick's_response">Emperor Frederick's response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emperor Frederick's response">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg/220px-Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg/330px-Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg/440px-Mitteleuropa_zur_Zeit_der_Staufer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8291" data-file-height="10793" /></a><figcaption>Frederick II's domains—the Holy Roman Empire (bold border) and the kingdom of Sicily (pink)—at the time of the Mongol incursions</figcaption></figure> The ongoing quarrel between the excommunicated emperor and the pope hampered the imperial response to the arrival of the Mongols on the empire's eastern border. In May 1241, representatives of the emperor and the pope met to negotiate an end to their dispute in order to sustain a common front against the Mongols. The talks came to nothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021251–252-67">[60]</a> In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_da_Pistoia" title="Filippo da Pistoia">Filippo da Pistoia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ferrara">bishop of Ferrara</a>, circulated a letter he claimed to have received showing that the Emperor Frederick II had sent envoys to the Mongols and was in league with them. The pope's agents spread similar rumours in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979106-62">[57]</a> The emperor remained in Italy throughout the crisis. From there, in either May or June, he sent a short list of seven instructions for countering the Mongol threat to Germany. He specifically ordered the use of crossbows, which were regarded as sparking terror in the Mongols, who did not possess the technology. The same advice was repeated a few years later in the <a href="/wiki/Tartar_Relation" title="Tartar Relation">Tartar Relation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200571-28">[27]</a> On 20 June in <a href="/wiki/Faenza" title="Faenza">Faenza</a>, the emperor issued the Encyclica contra Tartaros, an encyclical letter announcing the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(1240)" title="Siege of Kiev (1240)">fall of Kiev</a>, the invasion of Hungary and the threat to Germany, and requesting each Christian nation to devote its proper quota of men and arms to the defence of Christendom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021251-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197186-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996179-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia1988355-70">[63]</a> According to Matthew of Paris's copy of the encyclical, it was addressed to the Catholic nations—<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles" title="Kingdom of Arles">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>—each addressed according to its own national stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantorowicz1931554-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScales2012356n-72">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_San_Germano" title="Richard of San Germano">Richard of San Germano</a> states that copies were sent to all the princes of the West and quotes the start of the letter to the French king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005137-73">[66]</a> In the encyclical, Frederick indicated he had accepted Hungarian submission.<a href="#cite_note-75">[h]</a> On 3 July, Frederick II addressed a letter to his brother-in-law, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>, informing him of the Mongol threat. The emperor had seemingly just received letters from Conrad IV, the kings of Hungary and Bohemia and the dukes of Austria and Bavaria informing him of the Mongols' progress. Béla IV's letter was delivered by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_B%C3%A1ncsa" title="Stephen I Báncsa">Stephen of Vác</a>, who carried another letter to Pope Gregory IX.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulter2022512-76">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conrad_IV's_anti-Mongol_crusade">Conrad IV's anti-Mongol crusade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conrad IV's anti-Mongol crusade">edit</a>]</div> On the advice of the secular princes, Archbishop Siegfried promulgated instructions for the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> to preach a crusade against the Mongols on 25 April, after the assembly in Herford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996130-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143-77">[69]</a> This was an unprecedent usurpation of what was by then a papal prerogative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143-77">[69]</a> Little seems to have come of it immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996130-64">[59]</a> Preaching did take place in the archdioceses of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Trier">Trier</a>; the diocese of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Constance">Constance</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, where Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siboto_von_Seefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siboto von Seefeld (page does not exist)">Siboto</a> commissioned the friars to preach; and the city of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Strasbourg#Imperial_city" title="History of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996179-69">[62]</a> According to the Annales sancti Pantaleonis, the crusade was preached throughout all of Germany by the Dominicans and Franciscans: "many friars Preachers and Minors ... have armed clergy and laity throughout almost all Germany against the aforesaid barbarians with the sign of the cross."<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> On 19 May, with the assistance of Siegfried, the 13-year-old Conrad IV held an assembly at <a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen</a>, where he took the vow of a crusader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996131-79">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253-80">[72]</a> His vow committed him only until 11 November 1241,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996179-69">[62]</a> although Béla IV warned him that the Mongols planned to invade Germany at the beginning of winter in 1241–42.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200573-1">[1]</a> At Esslingen, Conrad proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Landfrieden" title="Landfrieden">Landfrieden</a> (territorial peace) for all of Germany so that forces could be concentrated against the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200566-63">[58]</a> Bishops solicited donations for the cause throughout Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253-80">[72]</a> Conrad IV set 1 July as the date for the army to assemble at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a> In June, Pope Gregory IX wrote to several bishops in Germany promoting the preaching of the crusade, retroactively authorizing what local authorities and the king had already begun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143-77">[69]</a> The abbot of <a href="/wiki/Heiligenkreuz_Abbey" title="Heiligenkreuz Abbey">Heiligenkreuz</a> and the prior of the Dominicans in Vienna were also ordered to preach the crusade in their provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosi2018112-81">[73]</a> The Dominicans and Franciscans preached throughout Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253-82">[74]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Stade" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of Stade">Annals of Stade</a>, Gregory had received appeals for the full <a href="/wiki/Crusade_indulgence" title="Crusade indulgence">crusade indulgence</a> from the dukes of Austria and Carinthia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosi2018112-81">[73]</a> On 19 June, referring to the letter he had received from Duke Frederick, he issued a formal indulgence for the defence of Germany and Bohemia, as he had three days earlier for Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996131-79">[71]</a> Among those known to have taken a crusader's vow and joined the imperial army are Duke <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Otto of Brunswick</a>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Hochstaden" title="Konrad von Hochstaden">Conrad of Cologne</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Count_of_Tyrol" title="Albert IV, Count of Tyrol">Albert IV of Tyrol</a>, Count <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_of_Ulten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich of Ulten (page does not exist)">Ulrich of Ulten</a> and Count Louis of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Helfenstein" title="House of Helfenstein">Helfenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996131–132-61">[56]</a> The geographical spread of these names suggests that the call for a crusade was widely heeded across Germany.<a href="#cite_note-84">[i]</a> In his letter of 13 June, Duke Frederick explained that he would not join the crusade because he was already engaged with the Mongols, whom he described as a "hurricane".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108-46">[41]</a> He asked Conrad IV to have <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a> brought to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200571-28">[27]</a> He also advised him to bring knights from Swabia, Franconia, Bavaria and the Rhineland to Austria and direct the knights of Saxony, Meissen and Thuringia to Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996133-85">[76]</a> The crusader army assembled as planned at Nuremberg and had advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Weiden_in_der_Oberpfalz" title="Weiden in der Oberpfalz">Weiden</a> by 16 July. It is unclear if Conrad was marching toward Bohemia or Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996133-85">[76]</a> By this time the Mongols were no longer threatening Germany and consequently the crusade broke up. It did not make contact with the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996134-86">[77]</a> The latest indication that the crusade was ongoing is a charter issued by the count of Tyrol on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253-82">[74]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Wormatiense" title="Chronicon Wormatiense">Chronicon Wormatiense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Treverorum" title="Gesta Treverorum">Gesta Treverorum</a>, most of the bishops and princes divided the money collected for the crusade between themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199717-87">[78]</a> The exception was Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landolf_of_Hoheneck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landolf of Hoheneck (page does not exist)">Landolf of Worms</a>, who, according to the Chronicon, returned the donations after the crusade was called off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253-82">[74]</a> The rebellion of Conrad's regent in Germany, Siegfried of Mainz, who defected to the papal party, was probably the immediate cause of Conrad's decision to end the crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996134-86">[77]</a> Although the crusade had not met the Mongols in battle, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_sancti_Trudperti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales sancti Trudperti (page does not exist)">Annales sancti Trudperti</a>, followed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Zwifaltenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Zwifaltenses (page does not exist)">Annales Zwifaltenses</a>, attributes the Mongols' subsequent retreat from Europe to the intimidating German army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a> Nationalist modern historians in Germany or Austria have also fallen on such explanations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200573-1">[1]</a> In reality, the Mongols probably did not invade Germany in force because their objective was merely to punish the Hungarian king for giving protection to the Cumans.<a href="#cite_note-89">[j]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports_of_victory">Reports of victory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reports of victory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelnahora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zelnahora.jpg/280px-Zelnahora.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zelnahora.jpg/420px-Zelnahora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Zelnahora.jpg/560px-Zelnahora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Legendary encounter of Yaroslav and Baidar. From a 19th-century fresco.</figcaption></figure> Despite the lack of contemporary evidence for a major German victory over the Mongols, the rumour that they had received such a check spread as far as Egypt, Armenia and Muslim Spain. It is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria">History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria</a> and the Chronological History of <a href="/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Ayrivank" title="Mekhitar of Ayrivank">Mekhitar of Ayrivank</a>. The Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient of <a href="/wiki/Hayton_of_Corycus" title="Hayton of Corycus">Hayton of Corycus</a> states that the duke of Austria and the king of Bohemia defeated the Mongols on the Danube and Batu drowned. The <a href="/wiki/Liber_secretorum_fidelium_crucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber secretorum fidelium crucis">Liber secretorum fidelium crucis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marino_Sanudo_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Marino Sanudo the Elder">Marino Sanudo the Elder</a> also alludes to an Austrian victory on the Danube. The Kitāb al-jughrāfiyya of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_al-Maghrib%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saʿīd al-Maghribī">Ibn Saʿīd al-Maghribī</a> records that a joint German–Hungarian army defeated the Mongols near <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567,_81-90">[80]</a> Matthew of Paris claims that Conrad IV and his brother, King <a href="/wiki/Enzo_of_Sardinia" title="Enzo of Sardinia">Enzo of Sardinia</a>, defeated a Mongol army on the banks of the river Delpheos (possibly the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">[42]</a> In later Moravian historiography, the Mongol invasion of 1241 was conflated with the Hungarian invasion of 1253, which was part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Babenberg_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War of the Babenberg Succession (page does not exist)">War of the Babenberg Succession</a>. On the latter occasion, the Hungarian army included pagan Cumans, who were confused with Mongols. The Hungarians besieged <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>. They defeated a relief army before lifting the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018241–242-91">[81]</a> In the Czech Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_H%C3%A1jek" class="mw-redirect" title="Václav Hájek">Václav Hájek</a> (1541), the Hungarian victory before Olomouc is transformed into a defeat and the leader of the Moravians is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_of_Sternberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaroslav of Sternberg (page does not exist)">Jaroslav of Sternberg</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_ze_%C5%A0ternberka" class="extiw" title="cz:Jaroslav ze Šternberka">cz</a>]. The actual lord of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_%C5%A0ternberk_Castle" title="Český Šternberk Castle">Sternberg Castle</a> at the time was <a href="/wiki/Zdeslav_of_Sternberg" title="Zdeslav of Sternberg">Zdeslav</a>, whose son Jaroslav was probably too young to participate in military action. In the History of the Kingdom of Bohemia of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dubravius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Dubravius">Johannes Dubravius</a> (1552), the siege of Olomouc is moved to 1241 and attributed to the Mongols. Jaroslav of Sternberg was transformed into a national hero who defeated the Mongols before Olomouc and killed Baidar in the <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts_of_Dv%C5%AFr_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_and_Zelen%C3%A1_Hora" title="Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora">Dvůr Králové manuscript literary hoax</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018243–244-92">[82]</a> In fact, Baidar was still alive in 1246.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_crusades">Later crusades</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later crusades">edit</a>]</div> Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a> called for a crusade against the Mongols to be preached in Germany in August 1243 and throughout Bohemia and Moravia in the spring of 1253. In June 1258, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a> called for another crusade to be preached in Germany, Bohemia and Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005104-93">[83]</a> In June 1265, <a href="/wiki/Clement_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement IV">Clement IV</a>, in response to a report he received from Béla IV, ordered the preaching of a new crusade against the Mongols in Austria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a> within the Holy Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214-94">[84]</a> The crusade against the Mongols was rarely promoted thereafter. In 1288, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a> ordered it preached in Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214-94">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Winterthur" title="John of Winterthur">John of Winterthur</a> reports attacks on the March of Brandenburg during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Poland_(1340%E2%80%931341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Poland (1340–1341)">Mongol invasion of Poland in 1340</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005206-95">[85]</a> It was also rumoured at that time that the Mongols intended to attack Bohemia, according to the Historia Parmensis of <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Cornazzano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Cornazzano (page does not exist)">John of Cornazzano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005227-96">[86]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Prague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis of Prague (page does not exist)">Francis of Prague</a>, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> refused to aid Poland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005215-97">[87]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Galvano_Fiamma" title="Galvano Fiamma">Galvano Fiamma</a> says that "numerous Germans" joined the defence of Poland, as did the king of Bohemia, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Blind">John the Blind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005232-98">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a>, responding to a request from King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III of Poland</a>, ordered the crusade preached in Bohemia in 1340. In March 1351, <a href="/wiki/Clement_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VI">Clement VI</a> authorised Polish clergy to preach the crusade against the Mongols in Bohemia for the defence of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214-94">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> After the battle of Legnica, the duke also received a hostage sent by the kings of Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Rus'</a>. The hostage, a Cuman, testified before the duke in <a href="/wiki/Herk-de-Stad" title="Herk-de-Stad">Herk-de-Stad</a>. The Jewish writer <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Abraham_(fl._1244)" title="Moses ben Abraham (fl. 1244)">Moses ben Abraham</a> has left the only account of his episode.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachetta2020254–255-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Chambers calls his letter to the duke of Brabant and all Christians "the most accurate" report "which gave a detailed account of the Mongols' mobility, tactics and use of artillery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979105-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> According to Saunders, the transit of Moravia took about a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40-33">[31]</a> Sodders has the Mongols still in Moravia on 7 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996178-34">[32]</a> Jackson has them entering Moravia only in the last week of April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19913-35">[33]</a> Vercamer says that the Mongols remained in Poland and Moravia for less than two months (April–May) and estimates their transit of Moravia at 9–10 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton%C3%ADn_Bo%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonín Boček (page does not exist)">Antonín Boček</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Bo%C4%8Dek" class="extiw" title="cs:Antonín Boček">cs</a>] forged the charters for his Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, published at Olomouc in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018247-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021250n-40">[37]</a> These charters show damage to the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Hradisko_Monastery" title="Hradisko Monastery">Hradisko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajhrad_Abbey" title="Rajhrad Abbey">Rajhrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doubravn%C3%ADk" title="Doubravník">Doubravník</a> and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunt%C3%A1l" title="Bruntál">Bruntál</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn%C3%AD_Bene%C5%A1ov" title="Horní Benešov">Benešov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litovel" title="Litovel">Litovel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jev%C3%AD%C4%8Dko" title="Jevíčko">Jevíčko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uni%C4%8Dov" title="Uničov">Uničov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018247-39">[36]</a> Jackson was taken in by these forgeries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018247-39">[36]</a> and mentions the sacks of Litovel, Bruntál and Jevíčko and the sieges of Brno, Olomouc and Uničov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200568-38">[35]</a> Chambers, too, refers to the depopulation of Moravian towns that were resettled by German immigrants and received economic privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979100-41">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> In fact, his soldiers had gone beyond these and besieged Pressburg, which was defended by a count named Cosmos, and after his captured by another named Achilles. They also occupied <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, but the inhabitants burnt the Austrian camp and forced them to retire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The Weltchronik records that the assembly ordered a levy of troops: "All free men who could afford it should be summoned to arms. Those who could not afford it, should at least support their fellows." It was decreed that four free man must equip a fifth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252-16">[16]</a> The Annales report the taking of the cross as in a crusade: "The Tatars, against whom the princes at Merseberg are signed with the cross, destroyed the greater part of Hungary, Poland, Moravia and adjacent lands" (Tartari ... Hungariam Poloniam Moraviam et terras adiacentes in maxima parte destruxerunt, contra quos principes de Merseburg cruce signantur).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996130-64">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Henry Raspe, Margrave <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Henry III, Margrave of Meissen">Henry III of Meissen</a> and Margraves <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="John I, Margrave of Brandenburg">John I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg">Otto III of Brandenburg</a> may have been among them. Vercamer refers to the "well-known fretting of the eastern lords (like the dukes of Meißen, Thuringia and Brandenburg)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> In 1245, Pope Innocent IV released Béla IV from his submission on the grounds that Frederick had not fulfilled its terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021239_n44_and_251-74">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Sodders sees "the response to the preaching, and to the example set by Conrad, [as] widespread", with "numbers of fighting men from a huge swath of Germany [taking] crusading vows."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996131-79">[71]</a> Vercamer agrees that surviving private "charters from that time, from different issuers, show without a doubt that these royal orders were taken seriously."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253-80">[72]</a> Jackson, on the other hand, sees "recruitment for the crusade among the nobility and knights of Germany and other regions further west" as "remarkably unimpressive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005359-83">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "In 1241 they penetrated only to the eastern borders of Germany and Bohemia, perhaps because their principal objective on that occasion was to chastise the Hungarian king."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005358-88">[79]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200573-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200573_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200573_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200573_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201641-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201641_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2016">Wilson 2016</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021238-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021238_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200561-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200561_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021236-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021236_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021236_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia1988267-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia1988267_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia1988">Abulafia 1988</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199721-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199721_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiessauf1997">Giessauf 1997</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1971223_n47-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1971223_n47_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders1971">Saunders 1971</a>, p. 223 n47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979105-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979105_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979105_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChambers1979">Chambers 1979</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELower2023128–129-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower2023128–129_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLower2023">Lower 2023</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199710–12-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199710–12_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiessauf1997">Giessauf 1997</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200565–66_12-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979104_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFChambers1979">Chambers 1979</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021238–239-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021238–239_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 238–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERachetta2020254–255-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachetta2020254–255_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRachetta2020">Rachetta 2020</a>, pp. 254–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996129-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996129_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021233,_254-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021233,_254_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 233, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197185-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders197185_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders197185_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders197185_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders1971">Saunders 1971</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200563-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200563_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200563_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200563_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200563_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200563_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200563_22-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021249–250_23-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1991">Jackson 1991</a>, p. 3: fines Missinensis diocesis attigit. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1991">Jackson 1991</a>, p. 3, and <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 68: fines Boemie et Saxonie aggrediuntur. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers197999-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers197999_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers197999_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChambers1979">Chambers 1979</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2021119–120-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2021119–120_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2021119–120_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomer2021">Somer 2021</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200571-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200571_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200571_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200571_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018239–241_29-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomer2018">Somer 2018</a>, pp. 239–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018238-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018238_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomer2018">Somer 2018</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBretschneider1888322-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBretschneider1888322_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBretschneider1888">Bretschneider 1888</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1971222_n40_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders1971">Saunders 1971</a>, p. 222 n40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996178-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996178_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19913-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19913_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19913_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1991">Jackson 1991</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021250-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021250_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200568-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200568_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200568_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200568_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomer2018247-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018247_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018247_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomer2018247_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomer2018">Somer 2018</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021250n-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021250n_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 250n. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979100-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979100_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979100_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChambers1979">Chambers 1979</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders197186-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders197186_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders197186_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders1971">Saunders 1971</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199718_45-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiessauf1997">Giessauf 1997</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1979107–108_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChambers1979">Chambers 1979</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200567-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200567_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200567_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200567_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200567_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200567_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200567_47-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200568,_78-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200568,_78_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, pp. 68, 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199719–21_49-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiessauf1997">Giessauf 1997</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulter2022516-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulter2022516_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulter2022">Coulter 2022</a>, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254–255-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021254–255_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 254–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200578-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200578_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199722-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiessauf199722_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiessauf1997">Giessauf 1997</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulter2022">Coulter 2022</a>, pp. 516–517, citing <a href="#CITEREFPow2020">Pow 2020</a>, pp. 204–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrea-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrea_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrea_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrea2020">Andrea 2020</a>, pp. 338–339 (quoted on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apholt.com/2020/06/08/accounts-of-the-mongols-in-the-medieval-record/">Andrew Holt's blog</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETattersall1988244-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattersall1988244_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTattersall1988">Tattersall 1988</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulter2022499-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulter2022499_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulter2022">Coulter 2022</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19912-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19912_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1991">Jackson 1991</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996107-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996107_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantorowicz1931620-60"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996130_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996130_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996130_64-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021251–252-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021251–252_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021251-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021251_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996179-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996179_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996179_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996179_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia1988355-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia1988355_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbulafia1988">Abulafia 1988</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantorowicz1931554-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantorowicz1931554_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKantorowicz1931">Kantorowicz 1931</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScales2012356n-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScales2012356n_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScales2012">Scales 2012</a>, p. 356n. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005137-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005137_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021239_n44_and_251-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021239_n44_and_251_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 239 n44 and 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulter2022512-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulter2022512_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulter2022">Coulter 2022</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower2023142–143_77-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLower2023">Lower 2023</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 250: multi fratres Predicatores et Minores ... signo crucis per totam fere Teuthoniam clericos et laicos adversus predictos barbaros armaverunt. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996131-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996131_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996131_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996131_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021252–253_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, pp. 252–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosi2018112-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosi2018112_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosi2018112_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKosi2018">Kosi 2018</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercamer2021253_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVercamer2021">Vercamer 2021</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005359-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005359_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996133-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996133_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996133_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSodders1996">Sodders 1996</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodders1996134-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodders1996134_86-0">a</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005104_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005213–214_94-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005206-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005206_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005227-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005227_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005215-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005215_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005232-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005232_98-0">^</a> <a 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.refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte Schlesiens. 66: 34–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Vereins+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Schlesiens&rft.atitle=Zum+Mongoleneinfall+von+1241&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=34-57&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+incursions+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuter1956" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Huter" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Huter">Huter, Franz</a> [in German] (1956). "Die Mongolengefahr von 1241 und Tirol". Carinthia I. 146: 528–535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carinthia+I&rft.atitle=Die+Mongolengefahr+von+1241+und+Tirol&rft.volume=146&rft.pages=528-535&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Huter&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+incursions+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenache1996" class="citation journal cs1">Menache, Sophia (1996). "Tartars, Jews, Saracens and the Jewish–Mongol 'Plot' of 1241". History. 81 (263): 319–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.00014">10.1111/1468-229X.00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24423265">24423265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Tartars%2C+Jews%2C+Saracens+and+the+Jewish%E2%80%93Mongol+%27Plot%27+of+1241&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=263&rft.pages=319-342&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.00014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24423265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Menache&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+incursions+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPow2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Pow, Lindsey Stephen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/11023/232">Deep Ditches and Well-Built Walls: A Reappraisal of the Mongol Withdrawal from Europe in 1242</a> (Master's thesis). University of Calgary. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11575%2FPRISM%2F25533">10.11575/PRISM/25533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Deep+Ditches+and+Well-Built+Walls%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Mongol+Withdrawal+from+Europe+in+1242&rft.inst=University+of+Calgary&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11575%2FPRISM%2F25533&rft.aulast=Pow&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprism.ucalgary.ca%2Fhandle%2F11023%2F232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+incursions+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPow2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Pow, Lindsey Stephen (2020). Conquest and Withdrawal: The Mongol Invasions of Europe in the Thirteenth Century (PhD dissertation). Central European University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Conquest+and+Withdrawal%3A+The+Mongol+Invasions+of+Europe+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.inst=Central+European+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Pow&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+incursions+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia (1207-1308)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin (1264–1308)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai (1216–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia (1219–1256)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China (1211–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea (1231–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China (1235–79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan (1253–56)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan (1274 / 1281)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java (1293)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma (1300–02)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India (1221–1327)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia (1237–1300s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya (1237–1300s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria (1229–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania" title="Mongol invasion of Alania">Alania (1238–1239)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia (1240–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary (1241–42)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Roman Empire (1241–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria (1242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire (1242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania (1258–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland (1259–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace (1264–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary (1285–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland (1287–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia (1291)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia (1241–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut (1253–1256)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad (1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria (1260–1323)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine (1260 / 1301)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War (1260–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war (1262)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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