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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>History of Yuan</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-s%C3%BA" title="Goân-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCan-%C5%A1%E2%80%99" title="Jüan-š’ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jüan-š’" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanshi_(Geschichtswerk)" title="Yuanshi (Geschichtswerk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yuanshi (Geschichtswerk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86" title="تاریخ یوآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ یوآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shi" title="Yuan Shi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yuan Shi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%82%AC_(%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%84%9C)" title="원사 (역사서) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원사 (역사서)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Yuan" title="Sejarah Yuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Yuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_degli_Yuan" title="Storia degli Yuan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia degli Yuan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Юаньши – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юаньши" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Юань улсын судар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юань улсын судар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Yuan" title="Geschiedenis van de Yuan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Yuan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2" title="元史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shi" title="Yuan Shi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuan Shi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Юань ши – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юань ши" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuanshi" title="Yuanshi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yuanshi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Tarihi" title="Yuan Tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yuan Tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Історія Юань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Юань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Nguyên sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2" title="元史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="元史" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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searchaux" style="display:none">14th-century official history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History of the Yuan dynasty</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><i>History of Yuan</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">元史</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuán Shǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Goân-sú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Guân-sú</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>History of Yuan</b></i> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yuán Shǐ</i></span>), also known as the <i><b>Yuanshi</b></i>, is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Commissioned by the court of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, in accordance to political tradition, the text was composed in 1370 by the official Bureau of History of the Ming dynasty, under direction of <a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> (1310–1381). </p><p>The compilation formalized the official history of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. Under the guidance of Song Lian, the official dynastic history broke with the old <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographical</a> tradition, establishing a new historical framework asserting that the influence of history was equal in influence to the great Confucian classics in determining the course of human affairs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout_and_contents">Layout and contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Layout and contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical work consists of 210 chapters chronicling the history of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (c. 1162–1227) to the flight of the last Yuan emperor, <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a> ("Emperor Huizong", 1333–1370), from <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> in 1368. </p><p>The chapters are, in turn, subdivided into the following: </p> <ul><li>47 Imperial biographies (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">本紀</span></span>), detailing the lives of the Yuan emperors, including the pre-Yuan Mongol khans Genghis, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a></li> <li>58 Treatises (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">志</span></span>), detailing socio-economic history, laws and rituals</li> <li>8 Chronological tables (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">表</span></span>)</li> <li>97 Biographies (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">列傳</span></span>), detailing important non-imperial people of the era</li></ul> <p>The Treatises include the Geography (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">地理</span></span>) section, which spans volumes 58–63. This describes the regional <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a>, organized by province (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">行省</span></span>). The Selection of Officials (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">選舉</span></span>) section spans volumes 81–84, describing the education and examination system. Volume 81 contains an imperial edit issued in 1291 regulating the establishment of schools and academies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELao2014111_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELao2014111-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lao provides a description of some of the key terminology used in this section of the <i>History of Yuan</i> and how it relates the issues of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELao2014107–134_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELao2014107–134-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section Official Posts (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">百官</span></span>), which spans volumes 85–92, describes the agencies and positions within them that made up the Yuan imperial government. Farquhar explains the important terminology and organization of this section.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201425–55_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201425–55-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compilation">Compilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>History of Yuan</i> was first commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> in the second year of his reign (1369), using materials such as the court historical records of the Yuan dynasty, which were stored in Khanbaliq and captured by <a href="/wiki/Xu_Da" title="Xu Da">Xu Da</a>. A team of 16, led by Song Lian with contributions from Wang Yi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">王禕</span></span>) (1321–1372), Zhao Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">趙壎</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Li_Shanchang" title="Li Shanchang">Li Shanchang</a>, and others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compiled the first draft of the history within months. </p><p>However, due to the paucity of court records for the last years of the Yuan, compilation had to be paused while more historical material was sourced. In 1370, after a second commission, the History of Yuan was completed with new materials. Altogether, the 210-chapter history took a mere 331 days to compile. </p><p>The <i>History of Yuan</i> is unique among the official histories in that no commentary or evaluation of any biographical subjects was given by the compilers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilkinson states that the main source of the <i>History of Yuan</i> was the main <i><a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records" title="Veritable Records">Veritable Records</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">實錄</span></span>) compiled over the period 1206-1369 during the 13 reigns from Taizu to Ningzong, which needed translation into Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farquhar mentions that the section of the Treatises on Official Posts was largely based on the <i>Jingshi Dadian</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">經世大典</span></span>), now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201426_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201426-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>History of Yuan</i> was criticised by imperial Chinese scholars for its lack of quality and numerous errors, attributed to the haste with which it was compiled. The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>-era historian and linguist <a href="/wiki/Qian_Daxin" title="Qian Daxin">Qian Daxin</a> commented that of the official histories, none was more quickly completed—or worse in quality—than that of the Yuan dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huizu" title="Wang Huizu">Wang Huizu</a>, another Qing-era scholar, compiled a work on the history pointing out more than 3,700 factual and textual errors in the text, including duplicated biographies for important figures such as <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a>, as well as inconsistent transliterations of the same name - <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">Phagspa</a>, for example, was transliterated in three different ways. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a> to "correct" inconsistent and erroneous Chinese character transcriptions of Mongol names in the <i>History of Yuan</i> in his project: "Imperial compilation of the Three Histories of Liao, Jin, and Yuan explained in the National Language" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">欽定遼金元三史國語解</span></span>). Qianlong's "corrections" ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words in the <i>History of Yuan</i> even worse.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretschneider1876_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretschneider1876-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall Broomhall wrote that "So unscientific was this work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless."<sup id="cite_ref-Broomhall1910_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broomhall1910-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the old and new transliterations were shown in the Qianlong edition.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretschneider2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manchu word for village, <i>farkha</i>, replaced <i>Ha-li-fa</i>, a transliteration of Calif.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretschneider2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bie-shi-ba-li, a transliteration of the Turkish term for the city Bishbalik, was turned into Ba-shi-bo-li, with the explanation that "bashi" and "boli" were translations of "head" and "kidneys" in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretschneider2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gi-lu-rh was created to sound more aesthetic than the transliteration K'ie-lu-lien, the name of the Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">river Kerulun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretschneider2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_history">New history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the many errors in the text, efforts were made during the Qing and subsequent decades to re-compile the history of the Yuan. <a href="/wiki/Qian_Daxin" title="Qian Daxin">Qian Daxin</a> completed some treatises and tables, and <a href="/wiki/Ke_Shaomin" title="Ke Shaomin">Ke Shaomin</a>, a late Qing historian, re-compiled a 257-chapter text over thirty years, completing it in 1920. Ke's recompilation, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_History_of_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New History of Yuan (page does not exist)">New History of Yuan</a></i>, was given official historical status by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> in 1921, and was included as one of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-five_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-five histories">Twenty-five histories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>History of Yuan</i> was translated into <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍‍ᡳ<br />ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ</span> (Wylie: Yuwan gurun i suduri, <a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Möllendorff</a>: Yuwan gurun i suduri). </p><p>Mongolian scholar Dandaa translated the whole history into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classic Mongolian</a> in the early 20th century. The effort was funded by the government of <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>, and it is now kept in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Mongolia" title="National Archives of Mongolia">National Archives of Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schurmann contains an annotated translation of volumes 93 and 94.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchurmann1956_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchurmann1956-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xiao includes a translation of volumes 98 and 99.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiao1978_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELao2014111-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELao2014111_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLao2014">Lao (2014)</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELao2014107–134-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELao2014107–134_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLao2014">Lao (2014)</a>, pp. 107–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201425–55-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201425–55_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarquhar2014">Farquhar (2014)</a>, pp. 25–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015779_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2015">Wilkinson (2015)</a>, p. 779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201426-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar201426_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarquhar2014">Farquhar (2014)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bretschneider1876-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bretschneider1876_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBretschneider1876" class="citation book cs1">Bretschneider, E. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia</i></a>. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notices+of+the+Medi%C3%A6val+Geography+and+History+of+Central+and+Western+Asia&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Bretschneider&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR98-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broomhall1910-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broomhall1910_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroomhall1910" class="citation book cs1">Broomhall, Marshall (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ"><i>Islam in China: A Neglected Problem</i></a>. Morgan & Scott, Limitedb. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ/page/n114">93</a>–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+China%3A+A+Neglected+Problem&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Scott%2C+Limitedb&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Broomhall&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bretschneider2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bretschneider2000_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Bretschneider2000" class="citation book cs1">E. Bretschneider (2000) [1888]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdFYAQAAQBAJ&q=sagacity+savants+original+edition+calif+baghdad+correctly+ha+li+fa+uncorrupted+understood+turkish&pg=PT119"><i>Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415244855" title="Special:BookSources/9780415244855"><bdi>9780415244855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Researches+from+Eastern+Asiatic+Sources%3A+Fragments+Towards+the+Knowledge+of+the+Geography+and+History+of+Central+and+Western+Asia+from+the+13th+to+the+17th+Century&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780415244855&rft.au=E.+Bretschneider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdFYAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsagacity%2Bsavants%2Boriginal%2Bedition%2Bcalif%2Bbaghdad%2Bcorrectly%2Bha%2Bli%2Bfa%2Buncorrupted%2Bunderstood%2Bturkish%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongolinternet.com/mongolnom/MONGOLHELDURSGAL.ppt">"MONGOLHELDURSGAL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PowerPoint presentation)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MONGOLHELDURSGAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mongolinternet.com%2Fmongolnom%2FMONGOLHELDURSGAL.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFarichoiCategory:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn">arichoi</i></span> (12 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003181110/http://mongraphy.blog.banjig.net/post.php?post_id=38894"><bdi lang="mn">Юань улсын судар</bdi></a> (in Mongolian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongraphy.blog.banjig.net/post.php?post_id=38894">the original</a> on 3 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.au=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Mongolian-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22mn%22%3Earichoi%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Mongolian-language+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmongraphy.blog.banjig.net%2Fpost.php%3Fpost_id%3D38894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchurmann1956-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchurmann1956_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchurmann1956">Schurmann (1956)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao1978-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiao1978_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiao1978">Xiao (1978)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Kelly (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-33-8"><bdi>1-884964-33-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historians+and+Historical+Writing&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-884964-33-8&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowski1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abramowski, Waltraut (1976). "Die chinesischen Annalen von Ögödei and Güyük: Übersetzung des 2. Kapitels des Yüan-shih". <i>Zentralasiatische Studien</i> (in German). <b>10</b>: 117–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralasiatische+Studien&rft.atitle=Die+chinesischen+Annalen+von+%C3%96g%C3%B6dei+and+G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%3A+%C3%9Cbersetzung+des+2.+Kapitels+des+Y%C3%BCan-shih&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=117-167&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Abramowski&rft.aufirst=Waltraut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowski1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abramowski, Waltraut (1979). "Die chinesischen Annalen des Möngke: Übersetzung des 3. Kapitels des Yüan-shih". <i>Zentralasiatische Studien</i> (in German). <b>13</b>: 7–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralasiatische+Studien&rft.atitle=Die+chinesischen+Annalen+des+M%C3%B6ngke%3A+%C3%9Cbersetzung+des+3.+Kapitels+des+Y%C3%BCan-shih&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=7-71&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Abramowski&rft.aufirst=Waltraut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar2014" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, David M. (2014). "Structure and Function in the Yuan Imperial Government". In Langlois, John D. (ed.). <i>China Under Mongol Rule</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 25–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+and+Function+in+the+Yuan+Imperial+Government&rft.btitle=China+Under+Mongol+Rule&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=25-55&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambis1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hambis, Louis (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39404846s"><i>Le Chapitre CVIII du Yuan che, les fiefs attribués aux membres de la famille impériale et aux ministres de la cour mongole</i></a> (in French). 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 107–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southern+Chinese+Scholars+and+Educational+Institutions+in+Early+Yuan%3A+Some+Preliminary+Remarks&rft.btitle=China+Under+Mongol+Rule&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=107-134&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lao&rft.aufirst=Yan-Shuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatchnevsky1937" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ratchnevsky, Paul (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/rechercher.do?index=TIT3&numNotice=12008397&typeNotice=t"><i>Un Code des Yuan</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+Code+des+Yuan&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Ratchnevsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Frechercher.do%3Findex%3DTIT3%26numNotice%3D12008397%26typeNotice%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurmann1956" class="citation book cs1">Schurmann, Franz (1956). <i>Economic Structure of the Yüan Dynasty</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Structure+of+the+Y%C3%BCan+Dynasty&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Schurmann&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2015). <i>Chinese History: a New Manual</i>. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Asia Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+a+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiao1978" class="citation book cs1">Xiao, Qiqing (1978). <i>The Military Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty</i>. Cambridge, MA: Council of East Asian Studies, Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Establishment+of+the+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Council+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Qiqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Yuan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Qi" title="Book of Qi">Book of Qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zixian" title="Xiao Zixian">Xiao Zixian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chen" title="Book of Chen">Book of Chen</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Li_Baiyao" title="Li Baiyao">Li Baiyao</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Dynasties" title="History of the Southern Dynasties">History of the Southern Dynasties</a></i> (Li Yanshou)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i> (Li Yanshou)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> (Liu Xu et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_Qi" title="Song Qi">Song Qi</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xue_Juzheng" title="Xue Juzheng">Xue Juzheng</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">History of Song</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Yuan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu" title="Zhang Tingyu">Zhang Tingyu</a> et al.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Nong Shu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">Jin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="History of the Ming dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1435)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Mian_rebellion" title="Wu Mian rebellion">Wu Mian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_War_(1386%E2%80%931388)" title="Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)">Ming–Mong Mao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">Campaign against the Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Kuan_rebellion" title="Lin Kuan rebellion">Lin Kuan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Ganmeng_rebellion" title="Dao Ganmeng rebellion">Dao Ganmeng rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan_campaign" title="Jingnan campaign">Jingnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" title="Ming conquest of Đại Ngu">Ming–Đại Ngu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang_(1407)" title="Battle of Palembang (1407)">Battle of Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">Battle of Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">Campaigns against the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Ren_and_Xuan" title="Reign of Ren and Xuan">Reign of Ren and Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1435–1572)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns" title="Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns">Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Beijing" title="Defense of Beijing">Defense of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cao_Qin" title="Rebellion of Cao Qin">Rebellion of Cao Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_rebellions_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty">Miao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Anhua_rebellion" title="Prince of Anhua rebellion">Prince of Anhua rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Ning_rebellion" title="Prince of Ning rebellion">Prince of Ning rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Capture of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Ming_China" title="Japanese missions to Ming China">Japanese missions to Ming China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_incident" title="Ningbo incident">Ningbo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rites_Controversy" title="Great Rites Controversy">Great Rites Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_plot_of_Renyin_year" title="Palace plot of Renyin year">Renyin plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement" title="Luso-Chinese agreement">Luso-Chinese agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_whip_law" title="Single whip law">Single whip law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1572–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification#Jianzhou_war" title="Jurchen unification">Jianzhou war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou_rebellion" title="Bozhou rebellion">Bozhou rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_campaign_(1592)" title="Ordos campaign (1592)">Ordos campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_movement" title="Donglin movement">Donglin movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB" title="Battle of Sarhū">Sarhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-An_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="She-An Rebellion">She-An Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions" title="Late Ming peasant rebellions">Peasant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiashen_Incident" title="Jiashen Incident">Jiashen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Ming dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(late)#Ming_dynasty_and_Southern_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">House of Zhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Princes of the Ming dynasty">Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vassal_prince_peerages_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of vassal prince peerages of the Ming dynasty">Vassal prince</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou#Ming_dynasty" title="Futou">Fotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military of the Ming dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenjiying" title="Shenjiying">Shenjiying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">Military conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty">Nine Garrisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Frontiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compilations and Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-word_Eulogy" title="The Hundred-word Eulogy">The Hundred-word Eulogy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang-Ming_Zuxun" title="Huang-Ming Zuxun">Huang-Ming Zuxun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces and Mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xiaoling">Ming Xiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Ancestors_Mausoleum" title="Ming Ancestors Mausoleum">Ming Ancestors Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_poetry" title="Ming poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_in_Ming_China" title="Musicians in Ming China">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_presentation_porcelain" title="Ming presentation porcelain">Ming presentation porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_jar_with_carp_design" title="Covered jar with carp design">Covered jar with carp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples#Ming_dynasty_Tai_history" title="Tai peoples">Tai history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&oldid=1233371394">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Yuan&oldid=1233371394</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Category:Twenty-Four 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