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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakdown_(cellulolysis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdown_(cellulolysis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Breakdown (cellulolysis)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakdown_(cellulolysis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakdown_(thermolysis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdown_(thermolysis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Breakdown (thermolysis)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakdown_(thermolysis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hemicellulose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemicellulose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hemicellulose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemicellulose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regenerated_cellulose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regenerated_cellulose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regenerated cellulose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regenerated_cellulose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cellulose_esters_and_ethers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellulose_esters_and_ethers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cellulose esters and ethers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellulose_esters_and_ethers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commercial applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspirational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Aspirational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspirational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cellulose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellulose" title="Sellulose – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sellulose" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellulose" title="Zellulose – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zellulose" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سليولوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سليولوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulosa" title="Celulosa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Celulosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell%C3%BCloza" title="Sellüloza – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sellüloza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="سلولز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سلولز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="সেলুলোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেলুলোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целлюлоза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Целлюлоза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цэлюлоза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэлюлоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цэлюлёза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэлюлёза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целулоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Целулоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Celuloza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluloz" title="Keluloz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Keluloz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C2%B7lulosa" title="Cel·lulosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cel·lulosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C3%B3za" title="Celulóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Celulóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seliwlos" title="Seliwlos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seliwlos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tselluloos" title="Tselluloos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tselluloos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Κυτταρίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυτταρίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulosa" title="Celulosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Celulosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulozo" title="Celulozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Celulozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zelulosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="سلولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceallal%C3%B3s" title="Ceallalós – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceallalós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulosa" title="Celulosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Celulosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셀룰로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Բջջանյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջջանյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सेलुलोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेलुलोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Celuloza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloso" title="Celuloso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Celuloso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selulosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellul%C3%B3si" title="Sellulósi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sellulósi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosa" title="Cellulosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cellulosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೆಲ್ಯುಲೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೆಲ್ಯುಲೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ცელულოზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცელულოზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целлюлоза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Целлюлоза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosi" title="Selulosi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Selulosi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seliloz" title="Seliloz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Seliloz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluloz" title="Seluloz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Seluloz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целлюлоза – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Целлюлоза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloze" title="Celuloze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Celuloze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiulioz%C4%97" title="Celiuliozė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Celiuliozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellul%C3%B3z" title="Cellulóz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cellulóz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целулоза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Целулоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സെല്ലുലോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെല്ലുലോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" title="सेल्युलोज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेल्युलोज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ცელულოზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცელულოზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Selulosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Целлойз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Целлойз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဆဲလျူလို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆဲလျူလို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="セルロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルロース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellul%C3%B2sa" title="Cellulòsa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cellulòsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellyuloza" title="Sellyuloza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sellyuloza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸੈਲੂਲੋਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਲੂਲੋਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Celuloza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulose" title="Celulose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Celulose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloz%C4%83" title="Celuloză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celuloză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silulusa" title="Silulusa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Silulusa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целлюлоза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Целлюлоза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Celuloza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C3%B3za_(organick%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka)" title="Celulóza (organická látka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Celulóza (organická látka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celuloza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целулоза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Целулоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Celuloza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Selulosa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selluloosa" title="Selluloosa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selluloosa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosa" title="Cellulosa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cellulosa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாவியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாவியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsell%C3%BCloza" title="Tsellüloza – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tsellüloza" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="సెల్యులోజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెల్యులోజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA" title="เซลลูโลส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซลลูโลส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%BCloz" title="Selüloz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Selüloz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Целюлоза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Целюлоза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سیلولوز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیلولوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cellulose" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulusa" title="Selulusa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Selulusa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纤维素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="纖維素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="纖維素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纤维素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Cellulose<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose_Sessel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cellulose, a linear polymer of D-glucose units (two are shown) linked by β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds"><img alt="Cellulose, a linear polymer of D-glucose units (two are shown) linked by β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/260px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/390px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/520px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-dimensional structure of cellulose"><img alt="Three-dimensional structure of cellulose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/260px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/390px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/520px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="748" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9004-34-6">9004-34-6</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL2109009">ChEMBL2109009</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>None</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.029.692">100.029.692</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>232-674-9</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number"><span title="E number (food additive code)">E number</span></a> </td> <td>E460 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E400–E499" title="E number">(thickeners, ...)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00760">C00760</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14055602">14055602</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/SMD1X3XO9M">SMD1X3XO9M</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3050492">DTXSID3050492</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>(<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>162.1406 g/mol per glucose unit    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>white powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>260–270 °C; 500–518 °F; 533–543 K (decomposes)<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−963 kJ/mol<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This huge number is surely not per unit. Providing the source would be nice too. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion">Std enthalpy of<br />combustion</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>c</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−2828 kJ/mol<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This huge number is surely not per unit. Providing the source would be nice too. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_811dcee2cbfc5fb2" /></span><map name="ImageMap_811dcee2cbfc5fb2"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>N.D.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=457117700&page2=Cellulose">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Cellulose</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">β(1→4) linked</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose"><small>D</small>-glucose</a> units.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford-1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Updegraff-1969_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Updegraff-1969-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Green_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Green plants">green plants</a>, many forms of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycetes</a>. Some species of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> secrete it to form <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose is the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">organic polymer</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cellulose content of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> fibre is 90%, that of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> is 40–50%, and that of dried <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> is approximately 57%.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cellulose is mainly used to produce <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>. Conversion of cellulose from <a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">energy crops</a> into <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic ethanol</a> is under development as a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable fuel">renewable fuel</a> source. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose is also greatly affected by direct interaction with several organic liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some animals, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, can <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digest</a> cellulose with the help of <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Trichonympha" title="Trichonympha">Trichonympha</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">human nutrition</a>, cellulose is a non-digestible constituent of <a href="/wiki/Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulking_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulking agent">bulking agent</a> for <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a> and potentially aiding in <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Anselme_Payen" title="Anselme Payen">Anselme Payen</a>, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford-1981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Young-1986_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-1986-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose was used to produce the first successful <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic polymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870. Production of <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> ("artificial <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>") from cellulose began in the 1890s and <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> was invented in 1912. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a> determined the polymer structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was first chemically synthesized (without the use of any biologically derived <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>) in 1992, by Kobayashi and Shoda.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/290px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/435px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg/580px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>The arrangement of cellulose and other <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> in a plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_properties">Structure and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9141" data-file-height="6094" /></a><figcaption>Cellulose under a microscope.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cellulose has no taste, is odorless, is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Contact_angle" title="Contact angle">contact angle</a> of 20–30 degrees,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and most organic <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a>. It was shown to melt at 467 °C in pulse tests made by Dauenhauer <i>et al.</i> (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-Dauenhauer-2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dauenhauer-2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be broken down chemically into its glucose units by treating it with concentrated mineral acids at high temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cellulose is derived from <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose"><small>D</small>-glucose</a> units, which <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condense</a> through β(1→4)-<a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a>. This linkage motif contrasts with that for α(1→4)-glycosidic bonds present in <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>. Cellulose is a straight chain polymer. Unlike starch, no coiling or branching occurs and the molecule adopts an extended and rather stiff rod-like conformation, aided by the equatorial conformation of the glucose residues. The multiple <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl groups</a> on the glucose from one chain form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> with oxygen atoms on the same or on a neighbour chain, holding the chains firmly together side-by-side and forming <i>microfibrils</i> with high <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>. This confers tensile strength in <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> where cellulose microfibrils are meshed into a polysaccharide <i>matrix</i>. The high tensile strength of plant stems and of the tree wood also arises from the arrangement of cellulose fibers intimately distributed into the <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> matrix. The mechanical role of cellulose fibers in the wood matrix responsible for its strong structural resistance, can somewhat be compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforcement bar">reinforcement bars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> playing here the role of the <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">hardened cement paste</a> acting as the "glue" in between the cellulose fibres. Mechanical properties of cellulose in primary plant cell wall are correlated with growth and expansion of plant cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidhendi-2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidhendi-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Live fluorescence microscopy techniques are promising in investigation of the role of cellulose in growing plant cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidhendi-2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidhendi-2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg/220px-Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg/330px-Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg/440px-Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A triple strand of cellulose showing the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> (cyan lines) between glucose strands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cotton.JPG/220px-Cotton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cotton.JPG/330px-Cotton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Cotton.JPG/440px-Cotton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> fibres represent the purest natural form of cellulose, containing more than 90% of this <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to starch, cellulose is also much more <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a>. Whereas starch undergoes a crystalline to <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a> transition when heated beyond 60–70 °C in water (as in cooking), cellulose requires a temperature of 320 °C and pressure of 25 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a> to become amorphous in water.<sup id="cite_ref-Deguchi-2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deguchi-2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several types of cellulose are known. These forms are distinguished according to the location of hydrogen bonds between and within strands. Natural cellulose is cellulose I, with structures I<sub>α</sub> and I<sub>β</sub>. Cellulose produced by bacteria and algae is enriched in I<sub>α</sub> while cellulose of higher plants consists mainly of I<sub>β</sub>. Cellulose in <a href="/wiki/Regenerated_cellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated cellulose">regenerated cellulose</a> fibers is cellulose II. The conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II is irreversible, suggesting that cellulose I is <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">metastable</a> and cellulose II is stable. With various chemical treatments it is possible to produce the structures cellulose III and cellulose IV.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many properties of cellulose depend on its chain length or <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_polymerization" title="Degree of polymerization">degree of polymerization</a>, the number of glucose units that make up one polymer molecule. Cellulose from wood pulp has typical chain lengths between 300 and 1700 units; cotton and other plant fibers as well as bacterial cellulose have chain lengths ranging from 800 to 10,000 units.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecules with very small chain length resulting from the breakdown of cellulose are known as <a href="/wiki/Cellodextrin" title="Cellodextrin">cellodextrins</a>; in contrast to long-chain cellulose, cellodextrins are typically soluble in water and organic solvents. </p><p>The chemical formula of cellulose is (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)<sub>n</sub> where n is the degree of polymerization and represents the number of glucose groups.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plant-derived cellulose is usually found in a mixture with <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> and other substances, while <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose" title="Bacterial cellulose">bacterial cellulose</a> is quite pure, has a much higher water content and higher tensile strength due to higher chain lengths.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3384">: 3384 </span></sup> </p><p>Cellulose consists of fibrils with <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a> regions. These cellulose fibrils may be individualized by mechanical treatment of cellulose pulp, often assisted by chemical <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymatic</a> treatment, yielding semi-flexible <a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">cellulose nanofibrils</a> generally 200 nm to 1 μm in length depending on the treatment intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose pulp may also be treated with strong acid to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolization">hydrolyze</a> the amorphous fibril regions, thereby producing short rigid <a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">cellulose nanocrystals</a> a few 100 nm in length.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nanocelluloses</a> are of high technological interest due to their <a href="/wiki/Self-assembly" title="Self-assembly">self-assembly</a> into <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">cholesteric liquid crystals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">hydrogels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">aerogels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use in <a href="/wiki/Nanocomposite" title="Nanocomposite">nanocomposites</a> with superior thermal and mechanical properties,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and use as <a href="/wiki/Pickering_emulsion" title="Pickering emulsion">Pickering</a> stabilizers for <a href="/wiki/Emulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsions">emulsions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">plants</a> cellulose is synthesized at the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> by rosette terminal complexes (RTCs). The RTCs are <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">hexameric</a> protein structures, approximately 25 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> in diameter, that contain the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_synthase_(UDP-forming)" title="Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming)">cellulose synthase</a> enzymes that synthesise the individual cellulose chains.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each RTC floats in the cell's plasma membrane and "spins" a microfibril into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>. </p><p>RTCs contain at least three different <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose synthase">cellulose synthases</a>, encoded by <i>CesA</i> (<i>Ces</i> is short for "cellulose synthase") genes, in an unknown <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separate sets of <i>CesA</i> genes are involved in primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. There are known to be about seven subfamilies in the plant <i>CesA</i> superfamily, some of which include the more cryptic, tentatively-named <i>Csl</i> (cellulose synthase-like) enzymes. These cellulose syntheses use UDP-glucose to form the β(1→4)-linked cellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-Richmond-2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond-2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose" title="Bacterial cellulose">Bacterial cellulose</a> is produced using the same family of proteins, although the gene is called <i>BcsA</i> for "bacterial cellulose synthase" or <i>CelA</i> for "cellulose" in many instances.<sup id="cite_ref-Omadjela-2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omadjela-2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, plants acquired <i>CesA</i> from the endosymbiosis event that produced the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Popper-2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popper-2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All cellulose synthases known belongs to <a href="/wiki/Glucosyltransferase" title="Glucosyltransferase">glucosyltransferase</a> family 2 (GT2).<sup id="cite_ref-Omadjela-2013_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omadjela-2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cellulose synthesis requires chain initiation and elongation, and the two processes are separate. Cellulose synthase (<i>CesA</i>) initiates cellulose polymerization using a <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid</a> primer, <a href="/wiki/Beta-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sitosterol">sitosterol</a>-beta-<a href="/wiki/Glucoside" title="Glucoside">glucoside</a>, and UDP-glucose. It then utilises <a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a>-D-glucose precursors to elongate the growing cellulose chain. A <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulase</a> may function to cleave the primer from the mature chain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cellulose is also synthesised by <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicate</a> animals, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Test_(biology)" title="Test (biology)">tests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ascidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascidian">ascidians</a> (where the cellulose was historically termed "tunicine" (tunicin)).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdown_(cellulolysis)"><span id="Breakdown_.28cellulolysis.29"></span>Breakdown (cellulolysis)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breakdown (cellulolysis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cellulolysis is the process of breaking down cellulose into smaller polysaccharides called <a href="/wiki/Cellodextrin" title="Cellodextrin">cellodextrins</a> or completely into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> units; this is a <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> reaction. Because cellulose molecules bind strongly to each other, cellulolysis is relatively difficult compared to the breakdown of other <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this process can be significantly intensified in a proper <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>, e.g. in an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_liquid" title="Ionic liquid">ionic liquid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ignatyev-2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignatyev-2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most mammals have limited ability to digest dietary fibre such as cellulose. Some <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> like cows and sheep contain certain <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> bacteria (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cellulomonas" title="Cellulomonas">Cellulomonas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ruminococcus" title="Ruminococcus">Ruminococcus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">spp.</a>) in the flora of the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, and these bacteria produce <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulases</a> that hydrolyze cellulose. The breakdown products are then used by the bacteria for proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Reau-2018_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Reau-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacterial mass is later digested by the ruminant in its <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>). <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a> use cellulose in their diet by <a href="/wiki/Hindgut_fermentation" title="Hindgut fermentation">fermentation in their hindgut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> contain in their <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindguts</a> certain <a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">flagellate</a> <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> producing such enzymes, whereas others contain bacteria or may produce cellulase.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enzymes used to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleave" class="extiw" title="wikt:cleave">cleave</a> the <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosidic linkage">glycosidic linkage</a> in cellulose are <a href="/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase" title="Glycoside hydrolase">glycoside hydrolases</a> including endo-acting <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulases</a> and exo-acting <a href="/wiki/Glucosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosidase">glucosidases</a>. Such enzymes are usually secreted as part of multienzyme complexes that may include <a href="/wiki/Dockerin" title="Dockerin">dockerins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate-binding_module" title="Carbohydrate-binding module">carbohydrate-binding modules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdown_(thermolysis)"><span id="Breakdown_.28thermolysis.29"></span>Breakdown (thermolysis)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breakdown (thermolysis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash#Composition" title="Wood ash">Wood ash § Composition</a></div> <p>At temperatures above 350 °C, cellulose undergoes <a href="/wiki/Thermolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermolysis">thermolysis</a> (also called '<a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>'), decomposing into solid <a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">char</a>, vapors, <a href="/wiki/Aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosols">aerosols</a>, and gases such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum yield of vapors which condense to a liquid called <i><a href="/wiki/Bio-oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-oil">bio-oil</a></i> is obtained at 500 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semi-crystalline cellulose polymers react at pyrolysis temperatures (350–600 °C) in a few seconds; this transformation has been shown to occur via a solid-to-liquid-to-vapor transition, with the liquid (called <i>intermediate liquid cellulose</i> or <i>molten cellulose</i>) existing for only a fraction of a second.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glycosidic bond cleavage produces short cellulose chains of two-to-seven <a href="/wiki/Monomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomers">monomers</a> comprising the melt. Vapor bubbling of intermediate liquid cellulose produces <a href="/wiki/Aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosols">aerosols</a>, which consist of short chain anhydro-oligomers derived from the melt.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuing decomposition of molten cellulose produces volatile compounds including <a href="/wiki/Levoglucosan" title="Levoglucosan">levoglucosan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyran" title="Pyran">pyrans</a>, light oxygenates, and gases via primary reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within thick cellulose samples, volatile compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Levoglucosan" title="Levoglucosan">levoglucosan</a> undergo 'secondary reactions' to volatile products including pyrans and light oxygenates such as <a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">glycolaldehyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hemicellulose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicelluloses</a> are <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> related to cellulose that comprises about 20% of the biomass of <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a>. In contrast to cellulose, hemicelluloses are derived from several sugars in addition to <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> but also including <a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">mannose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">rhamnose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a>. Hemicelluloses consist of shorter chains – between 500 and 3000 sugar units.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson-2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, hemicelluloses are branched, whereas cellulose is unbranched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regenerated_cellulose">Regenerated cellulose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regenerated cellulose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cellulose is soluble in several kinds of media, several of which are the basis of commercial technologies. These dissolution processes are reversible and are used in the production of <b>regenerated celluloses</b> (such as <a href="/wiki/Viscose" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscose">viscose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Dissolving_pulp" title="Dissolving pulp">dissolving pulp</a>. </p><p>The most important solubilizing agent is carbon disulfide in the presence of alkali. Other agents include <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">Schweizer's reagent</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine_N-oxide" title="N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide"><i>N</i>-methylmorpholine <i>N</i>-oxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dimethylacetamide" title="Dimethylacetamide">dimethylacetamide</a>. In general, these agents modify the cellulose, rendering it soluble. The agents are then removed concomitant with the formation of fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose is also soluble in many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic liquids">ionic liquids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of regenerated cellulose is often cited as beginning with George Audemars, who first manufactured regenerated <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> fibers in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-Abetz-2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abetz-2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these fibers were soft and strong -resembling silk- they had the drawback of being highly flammable. <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet" title="Hilaire de Chardonnet">Hilaire de Chardonnet</a> perfected production of nitrocellulose fibers, but manufacturing of these fibers by his process was relatively uneconomical.<sup id="cite_ref-Abetz-2005_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abetz-2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, L.H. Despeissis invented the <a href="/wiki/Cuprammonium_rayon" title="Cuprammonium rayon">cuprammonium process</a> – which uses a cuprammonium solution to solubilize cellulose – a method still used today for production of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">artificial silk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, it was discovered that treatment of cellulose with alkali and carbon disulfide generated a soluble cellulose derivative known as <a href="/wiki/Viscose" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscose">viscose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abetz-2005_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abetz-2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process, patented by the founders of the Viscose Development Company, is the most widely used method for manufacturing regenerated cellulose products. <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a> purchased the patents for this process in 1904, leading to significant growth of viscose fiber production.<sup id="cite_ref-Borbély-2008_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borbély-2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1931, expiration of patents for the viscose process led to its adoption worldwide. Global production of regenerated cellulose fiber peaked in 1973 at 3,856,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Abetz-2005_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abetz-2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regenerated cellulose can be used to manufacture a wide variety of products. While the first application of regenerated cellulose was as a clothing <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, this class of materials is also used in the production of disposable medical devices as well as fabrication of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_membrane" title="Synthetic membrane">artificial membranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borbély-2008_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borbély-2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellulose_esters_and_ethers">Cellulose esters and ethers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cellulose esters and ethers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups (−OH) of cellulose can be partially or fully reacted with various <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> to afford derivatives with useful properties like mainly cellulose <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> and cellulose <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a> (−OR). In principle, although not always in current industrial practice, cellulosic polymers are renewable resources. </p><p>Ester derivatives include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cellulose ester</th> <th>Reagent</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Reagent</th> <th>Group R </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Organic esters </td> <td rowspan="5">Organic acids </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Cellulose acetate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a></td> <td>H or −(C=O)CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Cellulose triacetate</a></td> <td>Acetic acid and acetic anhydride</td> <td>−(C=O)CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cellulose propionate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">Propionic acid</a></td> <td>H or −(C=O)CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP)</td> <td>Acetic acid and propanoic acid</td> <td>H or −(C=O)CH<sub>3</sub> or −(C=O)CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)</td> <td>Acetic acid and <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric acid</a></td> <td>H or −(C=O)CH<sub>3</sub> or −(C=O)CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Inorganic esters </td> <td rowspan="2">Inorganic acids </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">Nitrocellulose</a> (cellulose nitrate)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">Nitric acid</a> or another powerful nitrating agent</td> <td>H or −NO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose sulfate">Cellulose sulfate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">Sulfuric acid</a> or another powerful sulfating agent</td> <td>H or −SO<sub>3</sub>H </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate are film- and fiber-forming materials that find a variety of uses. Nitrocellulose was initially used as an explosive and was an early film forming material. When plasticized with <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, nitrocellulose gives <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>. </p><p>Cellulose Ether<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derivatives include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cellulose ethers</th> <th>Reagent</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Reagent</th> <th>Group R = H or</th> <th>Water solubility</th> <th>Application</th> <th><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Alkyl </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Halogenoalkane" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenoalkane">Halogenoalkanes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylcellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylcellulose">Methylcellulose</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloromethane" title="Chloromethane">Chloromethane</a></td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>Cold/Hot water-soluble<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>E461 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylcellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylcellulose">Ethylcellulose</a> (EC)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloroethane" title="Chloroethane">Chloroethane</a></td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>Water-insoluble</td> <td>A commercial thermoplastic used in coatings, inks, binders, and controlled-release drug tablets,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also employed in the production of oleogels and bioplastics<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>E462 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethyl methyl cellulose</td> <td>Chloromethane and chloroethane</td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> or −CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>E465 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Hydroxyalkyl </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">Epoxides</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethyl_cellulose" title="Hydroxyethyl cellulose">Hydroxyethyl cellulose</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</td> <td>Cold/hot water-soluble</td> <td>Gelling and thickening agent <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxypropyl_cellulose" title="Hydroxypropyl cellulose">Hydroxypropyl cellulose</a> (HPC)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propylene_oxide" title="Propylene oxide">Propylene oxide</a></td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH(OH)CH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>Cold water-soluble</td> <td>filming properties, coating properties, pharmaceuticals, cultural heritage restoration, electronic applications, cosmetic sector <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>E463 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethyl_methyl_cellulose" title="Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose">Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose</a></td> <td>Chloromethane and ethylene oxide</td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> or −CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</td> <td>Cold water-soluble</td> <td>Production of cellulose films</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxypropyl_methyl_cellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose">Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose</a> (HPMC)</td> <td>Chloromethane and propylene oxide</td> <td>−CH<sub>3</sub> or −CH<sub>2</sub>CH(OH)CH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>Cold water-soluble</td> <td>Viscosity modifier, gelling, foaming and binding agent</td> <td>E464 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_hydroxyethyl_cellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose">Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose</a></td> <td>Chloroethane and ethylene oxide</td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> or −CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>E467 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carboxyalkyl</td> <td>Halogenated carboxylic acids</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">Carboxymethyl cellulose</a> (CMC)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetic_acid" title="Chloroacetic acid">Chloroacetic acid</a></td> <td>−CH<sub>2</sub>COOH</td> <td>Cold/Hot water-soluble</td> <td>Often used as its <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a>, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)</td> <td>E466 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose can be <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-linked">cross-linked</a> to give the <a href="/wiki/Croscarmellose_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Croscarmellose sodium">croscarmellose sodium</a> (E468) for use as a <a href="/wiki/Excipient" title="Excipient">disintegrant</a> in pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, by the covalent attachment of thiol groups to cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose <a href="/wiki/Mucoadhesion" title="Mucoadhesion">mucoadhesive</a> and permeation enhancing properties can be introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thiolated cellulose derivatives (see <a href="/wiki/Thiomer" title="Thiomer">thiomers</a>) exhibit also high binding properties for metal ions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_applications">Commercial applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commercial applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose_strand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cellulose_strand.svg/220px-Cellulose_strand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cellulose_strand.svg/330px-Cellulose_strand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cellulose_strand.svg/440px-Cellulose_strand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>A strand of cellulose (conformation I<sub>α</sub>), showing the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> (dashed) within and between cellulose molecules.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dissolving_pulp" title="Dissolving pulp">dissolving pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp (paper)</a></div> <p>Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemm-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Paper products: Cellulose is the major constituent of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">card stock</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation paper</a>: Cellulose is used in diverse forms as insulation in transformers, cables, and other electrical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fibres: Cellulose is the main ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> and synthetics (nylons) each have about 40% market by volume. Other <a href="/wiki/Plant_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant fibre">plant fibres</a> (jute, sisal, hemp) represent about 20% of the market. <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> and other "regenerated <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose fibre">cellulose fibres</a>" are a small portion (5%).</li> <li>Consumables: <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_cellulose" title="Microcrystalline cellulose">Microcrystalline cellulose</a> (<a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E460i</a>) and powdered cellulose (E460ii) are used as inactive <a href="/wiki/Excipient#Fillers_and_diluents" title="Excipient">fillers</a> in drug tablets<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a wide range of soluble cellulose derivatives, E numbers E461 to E469, are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose powder is, for example, used in processed cheese to prevent caking inside the package. Cellulose occurs naturally in some foods and is an additive in manufactured foods, contributing an indigestible component used for texture and bulk, potentially aiding in <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Building material: Hydroxyl bonding of cellulose in water produces a sprayable, moldable material as an alternative to the use of plastics and resins. The recyclable material can be made water- and fire-resistant. It provides sufficient strength for use as a building material.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_insulation" title="Cellulose insulation">Cellulose insulation</a> made from recycled paper is becoming popular as an environmentally preferable material for <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">building insulation</a>. It can be treated with <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a>.</li> <li>Miscellaneous: Cellulose can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a>, a thin transparent film. It is the base material for the <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a> that was used for photographic and movie films until the mid-1930s. Cellulose is used to make water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Methyl_cellulose" title="Methyl cellulose">methyl cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">carboxymethyl cellulose</a> which are used in <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_paste" title="Wallpaper paste">wallpaper paste</a>. Cellulose is further used to make <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> and highly absorbent <a href="/wiki/Sponge_(tool)" title="Sponge (tool)">sponges</a>. Cellulose is the raw material in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> (cellulose nitrate) which is used in <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless gunpowder</a>.</li> <li>Pharmaceuticals: Cellulose derivatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_cellulose" title="Microcrystalline cellulose">microcrystalline cellulose</a> (MCC), have the advantages of retaining water, being a <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thickening agent</a>, and in reinforcement of drug tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspirational">Aspirational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aspirational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Energy crops: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></div><p> The major <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustible</a> component of non-food <a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">energy crops</a> is cellulose, with <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> second. Non-food energy crops produce more usable energy than edible energy crops (which have a large <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> component), but still compete with food crops for agricultural land and water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical non-food energy crops include <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">industrial hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">switchgrass</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus" title="Miscanthus">Miscanthus</a></i>, <i>Salix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>), and <i>Populus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>) species. A strain of <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i> bacteria found in zebra dung, can convert nearly any form of cellulose into <a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">butanol fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible application is as <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">Insect repellents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluconic_acid" title="Gluconic acid">Gluconic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosaccharinic_acid" title="Isosaccharinic acid">Isosaccharinic acid</a>, a degradation product of cellulose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeoform" title="Zeoform">Zeoform</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNishiyamaLanganChanzy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002). "Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction". <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc</i>. <b>124</b> (31): 9074–9082. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0257319">10.1021/ja0257319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12149011">12149011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Crystal+Structure+and+Hydrogen-Bonding+System+in+Cellulose+I%CE%B2+from+Synchrotron+X-ray+and+Neutron+Fiber+Diffraction&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=9074-9082&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja0257319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12149011&rft.aulast=Nishiyama&rft.aufirst=Yoshiharu&rft.au=Langan%2C+Paul&rft.au=Chanzy%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIOSH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0110.html">"#0110"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230110&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford-1981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford-1981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_R._L.1981" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, R. L. (1981). <i>Lignin biodegradation and transformation</i>. New York: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-05743-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-05743-7"><bdi>978-0-471-05743-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lignin+biodegradation+and+transformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-471-05743-7&rft.au=Crawford%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Updegraff-1969-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Updegraff-1969_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdegraff_D._M.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Updegraff D. M. (1969). 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Berlin: Springer. pp. 258–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-75418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-75418-3"><bdi>978-3-540-75418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacterial+biofilms&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=258-263&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-75418-3&rft.aulast=Romeo&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klemm-2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemm-2005_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemmHeublein,_BrigitteFink,_Hans-PeterBohn,_Andreas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Klemm D, Heublein, Brigitte, Fink, Hans-Peter, Bohn, Andreas (2005). "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material". <i>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed</i>. <b>44</b> (22): 3358–3393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200460587">10.1002/anie.200460587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15861454">15861454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Cellulose%3A+Fascinating+Biopolymer+and+Sustainable+Raw+Material&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3358-3393&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200460587&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15861454&rft.aulast=Klemm&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Heublein%2C+Brigitte&rft.au=Fink%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=Bohn%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cellulose. (2008). In <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipst.gatech.edu/faculty/ragauskas_art/technical_reviews/Chemical%20Overview%20of%20Wood.pdf">Chemical Composition of Wood</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013004234/http://www.ipst.gatech.edu/faculty/ragauskas_art/technical_reviews/Chemical%20Overview%20of%20Wood.pdf">Archived</a> October 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ipst.gatech.edu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotrowski, Stephan and Carus, Michael (May 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biocore-europe.org/file/BIOCORE%20Multi-criteria%20evaluation%20of%20niche%20crops.pdf">Multi-criteria evaluation of lignocellulosic niche crops for use in biorefinery processes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403200802/http://www.biocore-europe.org/file/BIOCORE%20Multi-criteria%20evaluation%20of%20niche%20crops.pdf">Archived</a> April 3, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantanisYoungRowell1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mantanis" title="George Mantanis">Mantanis GI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Young" title="Raymond A. Young">Young RA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_M._Rowell" title="Roger M. Rowell">Rowell RM</a> (1995). "Swelling of compressed cellulose fiber webs in organic liquids". <i>Cellulose</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00812768">10.1007/BF00812768</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0969-0239">0969-0239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellulose&rft.atitle=Swelling+of+compressed+cellulose+fiber+webs+in+organic+liquids&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00812768&rft.issn=0969-0239&rft.aulast=Mantanis&rft.aufirst=G.+I.&rft.au=Young%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Rowell%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payen, A. (1838) "Mémoire sur la composition du tissu propre des plantes et du ligneux" (Memoir on the composition of the tissue of plants and of woody [material]), <i>Comptes rendus</i>, vol. 7, pp. 1052–1056. Payen added appendices to this paper on December 24, 1838 (see: <i>Comptes rendus</i>, vol. 8, p. 169 (1839)) and on February 4, 1839 (see: <i>Comptes rendus</i>, vol. 9, p. 149 (1839)). A committee of the French Academy of Sciences reviewed Payen's findings in : Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1839) "Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Payen, reltes rendus<i>, vol. 8, pp. 51–53. In this report, the word "cellulose" is coined and author points out the similarity between the empirical formula of cellulose and that of "dextrine" (starch). The above articles are reprinted in: Brongniart and Guillemin, eds., </i>Annales des sciences naturelles<i> ..., 2nd series, vol. 11 (Paris, France: Crochard et Cie., 1839), [ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDRsFWwgUo4C&pg=PA21">https://books.google.com/books?id=VDRsFWwgUo4C&pg=PA21</a></i> pp. 21–31].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-1986-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young-1986_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1986" class="citation book cs1">Young R (1986). <i>Cellulose structure modification and hydrolysis</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-82761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-82761-0"><bdi>978-0-471-82761-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cellulose+structure+modification+and+hydrolysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-471-82761-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiKashiwa,_KeitaShimada,_JunjiKawasaki,_Tatsuya1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kobayashi S, Kashiwa, Keita, Shimada, Junji, Kawasaki, Tatsuya, Shoda, Shin-ichiro (1992). 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Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cellulose&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426122947/http://www.cermav.cnrs.fr/glyco3d/lessons/cellulose/index.html">Structure and morphology of cellulose</a> by Serge Pérez and William Mackie, CERMAV-<a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001072830/http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hycel.html">Cellulose</a>, by Martin Chaplin, <a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426105859/http://msa.ars.usda.gov/la/srrc/fb/ca.html">Clear description of a cellulose assay method</a> at the Cotton Fiber Biosciences unit of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?ch=infotech&sc=&id=17127&pg=1">Cellulose films could provide flapping wings and cheap artificial muscles for robots</a> – TechnologyReview.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/42px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/17px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/26px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/35px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> 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