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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="محلول مائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محلول مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluci%C3%B3_aquosa" title="Solució aquosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solució aquosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandig_opl%C3%B8sning" title="Vandig opløsning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandig opløsning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4ssrige_L%C3%B6sung" title="Wässrige Lösung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wässrige Lösung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesilahus" title="Vesilahus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesilahus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_acuosa" title="Disolución acuosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolución acuosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akva_solva%C4%B5o" title="Akva solvaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akva solvaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="محلول آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محلول آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_aqueuse" title="Solution aqueuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solution aqueuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_acuosa" title="Disolución acuosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución acuosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%A1" title="수용액 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수용액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Ջրային լուծույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրային լուծույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="जलीय विलयन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलीय विलयन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan_berair" title="Larutan berair – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Larutan berair" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnslausn" title="Vatnslausn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatnslausn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluzione_acquosa" title="Soluzione acquosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soluzione acquosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תמיסה מימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמיסה מימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solisyon_akez" title="Solisyon akez – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solisyon akez" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Воден раствор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воден раствор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="അക്വേയസ് സൊല്യൂഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്വേയസ് സൊല്യൂഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larutan_akueus" title="Larutan akueus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Larutan akueus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шингэн уусмал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шингэн уусмал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterige_oplossing" title="Waterige oplossing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterige oplossing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水溶液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandig_l%C3%B8sning" title="Vandig løsning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vandig løsning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roztw%C3%B3r_wodny" title="Roztwór wodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roztwór wodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_aquosa" title="Solução aquosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solução aquosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_apoas%C4%83" title="Soluție apoasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soluție apoasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Водный раствор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водный раствор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aqueous solution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%BD_roztok" title="Vodný roztok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodný roztok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="گیراوەی ئاوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیراوەی ئاوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodeni_rastvor" title="Vodeni rastvor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vodeni rastvor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்க்கரைசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்க்கரைசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="สารละลายในน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารละลายในน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_%C3%A7%C3%B6zelti" title="Sulu çözelti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sulu çözelti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Водний розчин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водний розчин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="آبی محلول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبی محلول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%E1%BB%8Bch_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Dung dịch nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung dịch nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="水溶液" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水溶液" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水溶液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q906356#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aqueous" redirects here. For the fluid in the eye, see <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na%2BH2O.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Na%2BH2O.svg/220px-Na%2BH2O.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Na%2BH2O.svg/330px-Na%2BH2O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Na%2BH2O.svg/440px-Na%2BH2O.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Solvation_shell" title="Solvation shell">solvation shell</a> of a sodium ion dissolved in water</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>aqueous solution</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> is <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. It is mostly shown in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equation" title="Chemical equation">chemical equations</a> by appending (aq) to the relevant <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a>. For example, a solution of <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl), in water would be represented as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq) + Cl<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>(aq)</span>. The word <i>aqueous</i> (which comes from <i>aqua</i>) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolved</a> in, water.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. Since water is frequently used as the solvent in experiments, the word solution refers to an aqueous solution, unless the solvent is specified.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="non-aqueous_solution"></span>A <i>non-aqueous solution</i> is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is not water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_solution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substances that are <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a></i> ('water-fearing') do not dissolve well in water, whereas those that are <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a></i> ('water-friendly') do. An example of a hydrophilic substance is sodium chloride. In an aqueous solution the hydrogen ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>) and hydroxide ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>) are in <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction#Arrhenius_theory" title="Acid–base reaction">Arrhenius</a> balance (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>] [OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>]</span> = <i><a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">K<sub>w</sub></a></i> = 1 x 10<sup>−14</sup> at 298 K). <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> are aqueous solutions, as part of their <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction#Arrhenius_definition" title="Acid–base reaction">Arrhenius definitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of an Arrhenius acid is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> (HCl) because of its dissociation of the hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a> (NaOH) is an Arrhenius base because it dissociates the hydroxide ion when it is dissolved in water.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aqueous solutions may contain, especially in the alkaline zone or subjected to radiolysis, hydrated atomic hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Hydrated_electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrated electron">hydrated electrons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrolytes">Electrolytes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_solution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electrolytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aqueous solutions that conduct <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> efficiently contain strong <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, while ones that conduct poorly are considered to have weak electrolytes. Those strong electrolytes are substances that are completely <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a> in water, whereas the weak electrolytes exhibit only a small degree of ionization in water.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability for ions to move freely through the solvent is a characteristic of an aqueous strong electrolyte solution. The solutes in a weak electrolyte solution are present as ions, but only in a small amount.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonelectrolytes are substances that dissolve in water yet maintain their molecular integrity (do not dissociate into ions). Examples include <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane" title="Methylsulfonylmethane">methylsulfonylmethane</a> (MSM).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_solution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reactions in aqueous solutions are usually <a href="/wiki/Salt_metathesis_reaction" title="Salt metathesis reaction">metathesis</a> reactions. Metathesis reactions are another term for <a href="/wiki/Double-displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-displacement">double-displacement</a>; that is, when a cation displaces to form an ionic bond with the other anion. The cation bonded with the latter anion will dissociate and bond with the other anion.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common metathesis reaction in aqueous solutions is a <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> reaction. This reaction occurs when two aqueous strong electrolyte solutions mix and produce an insoluble solid, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a>. The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether the substance can match or exceed the strong <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force#Dipole-dipole_interactions" title="Intermolecular force">attractive forces</a> that water molecules generate between themselves. If the substance lacks the ability to dissolve in water, the molecules form a <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When writing the equations of precipitation reactions, it is essential to determine the precipitate. To determine the precipitate, one must consult a <a href="/wiki/Solubility_chart" title="Solubility chart">chart of solubility</a>. Soluble compounds are aqueous, while insoluble compounds are the precipitate. There may not always be a precipitate. Complete <a href="/wiki/Ionic_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic equation">ionic equations</a> and net ionic equations are used to show dissociated ions in metathesis reactions. When performing calculations regarding the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reacting</a> of one or more aqueous solutions, in general one must know the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Molarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarity">molarity</a>, of the aqueous solutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_solution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/aqueous_solution" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">Acid–base reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidity_function" title="Acidity function">Acidity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">Dissociation (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_permeability" title="Drug permeability">Drug permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent" title="Inorganic nonaqueous solvent">Inorganic nonaqueous solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ions_in_pure_water_(aqueous_chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ions in pure water (aqueous chemistry)">List of ions in pure water (aqueous chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution" title="Metal ions in aqueous solution">Metal ions in aqueous solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">Solvated electron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_solution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZumdahl1997" class="citation book cs1">Zumdahl, Steven (1997). <i>Chemistry (4th ed.)</i>. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 133–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780669417944" title="Special:BookSources/9780669417944"><bdi>9780669417944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+%284th+ed.%29&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=133-145&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780669417944&rft.aulast=Zumdahl&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAqueous+solution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrentiIllaOrtuño2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sorrenti, A.; Illa, O.; Ortuño, R. M. (2013-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/cs/c3cs60151j">"Amphiphiles in aqueous solution: well beyond a soap bubble"</a>. <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>42</b> (21): 8200–8219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC3CS60151J">10.1039/C3CS60151J</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-4744">1460-4744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23884241">23884241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=Amphiphiles+in+aqueous+solution%3A+well+beyond+a+soap+bubble&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=8200-8219&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.issn=1460-4744&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23884241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC3CS60151J&rft.aulast=Sorrenti&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Illa%2C+O.&rft.au=Ortu%C3%B1o%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2013%2Fcs%2Fc3cs60151j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAqueous+solution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Peter (19 March 2004). <i>Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (3rd ed.)</i>. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. F61–F64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-5701-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-5701-X"><bdi>0-7167-5701-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles%3A+The+Quest+for+Insight+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=F61-F64&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft.isbn=0-7167-5701-X&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAqueous+solution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-aqueous-solution-604370">"What Is an Aqueous Solution? Chemistry Definition and Example"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Is+an+Aqueous+Solution%3F+Chemistry+Definition+and+Example&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fdefinition-of-aqueous-solution-604370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAqueous+solution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Solutions.htm">"Solutions"</a>. <i>Washington University Chemistry Department</i>. Washington University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425105000/http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Solutions.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Chemistry+Department&rft.atitle=Solutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistry.wustl.edu%2F~coursedev%2FOnline%2520tutorials%2FSolutions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAqueous+solution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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solution theory">Flory–Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">Mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_separation" title="Phase separation">Phase separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation concentration">Saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_dilution" title="Serial dilution">Serial dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution (equation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_molar_property" title="Apparent molar property">Apparent molar property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a><br />and related quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">Molar concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)" title="Mass concentration (chemistry)">Mass concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_density" title="Number density">Number concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_fraction" title="Volume fraction">Volume concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_concentration" title="Equivalent concentration">Normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molality" title="Molality">Molality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">Mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Isotopic abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_ratio" title="Mixing ratio">Mixing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_plot" title="Ternary plot">Ternary plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium" title="Solubility equilibrium">Solubility equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation_shell" title="Solvation shell">Solvation shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_change_of_solution" title="Enthalpy change of solution">Enthalpy of solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">Lattice energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_table" title="Solubility table">Solubility table (data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_chart" title="Solubility chart">Solubility chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">Miscibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Solvents" title="Category:Solvents">Category</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acid dissociation constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protic_solvent" title="Protic solvent">Protic solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_aprotic_solvent" title="Polar aprotic solvent">Polar aprotic solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent" title="Inorganic nonaqueous solvent">Inorganic nonaqueous solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boiling_and_freezing_information_of_solvents" title="List of boiling and freezing information of solvents">List of boiling and freezing information of solvents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">Partition coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">Hydrophobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">Hydrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">Lipophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">Amphiphile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonium_ion" title="Lyonium ion">Lyonium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyate_ion" title="Lyate ion">Lyate ion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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