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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_polysaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_polysaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storage polysaccharides</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storage_polysaccharides-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Storage polysaccharides subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storage_polysaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Starch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glycogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glycogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Glycogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glycogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Galactogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inulin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inulin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Inulin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inulin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_polysaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_polysaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structural polysaccharides</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structural_polysaccharides-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structural polysaccharides subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structural_polysaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabinoxylans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabinoxylans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arabinoxylans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabinoxylans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cellulose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellulose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cellulose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellulose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chitin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chitin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chitin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chitin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pectins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pectins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pectins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pectins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acidic_polysaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidic_polysaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acidic polysaccharides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidic_polysaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacterial_polysaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_polysaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bacterial polysaccharides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_polysaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_identification_tests_for_polysaccharides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_identification_tests_for_polysaccharides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_identification_tests_for_polysaccharides-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_identification_tests_for_polysaccharides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain_(PAS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain_(PAS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain_(PAS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polysaccharide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="متعدد السكاريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متعدد السكاريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisac%C3%A1ridu" title="Polisacáridu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polisacáridu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteropolisaxaridl%C9%99r" title="Heteropolisaxaridlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heteropolisaxaridlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پولی ساکارید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پولی ساکارید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="পলিস্যাকারাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পলিস্যাকারাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To-thn%CC%82g" title="To-thn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To-thn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Поліцукрыды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поліцукрыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Поліцукрыды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Поліцукрыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Полизахарид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полизахарид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisaharidi" title="Polisaharidi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polisaharidi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisac%C3%A0rid" title="Polisacàrid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polisacàrid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysacharidy" title="Polysacharidy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polysacharidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysacarid" title="Polysacarid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Polysacarid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysakkarid" title="Polysakkarid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polysakkarid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polysaccharide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCsahhariidid" title="Polüsahhariidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüsahhariidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πολυσακχαρίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυσακχαρίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisac%C3%A1rido" title="Polisacárido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polisacárido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisa%C4%A5arido" title="Polisaĥarido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polisaĥarido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarido" title="Polisakarido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polisakarido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="پلی‌ساکارید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌ساکارید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polysaccharide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaisi%C3%BAicr%C3%ADd" title="Polaisiúicríd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaisiúicríd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poilisacaraid" title="Poilisacaraid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poilisacaraid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisac%C3%A1rido" title="Polisacárido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polisacárido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다당류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պոլիսախարիդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլիսախարիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बहुशर्करा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुशर्करा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisaharidi" title="Polisaharidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polisaharidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarido" title="Polisakarido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polisakarido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarida" title="Polisakarida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polisakarida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lsykra" title="Fjölsykra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölsykra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisaccaridi" title="Polisaccaridi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polisaccaridi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="רב-סוכר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-סוכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarida" title="Polisakarida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polisakarida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პოლისაქარიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლისაქარიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Полисахаридтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полисахаридтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Полисахариддер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полисахариддер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisahar%C4%ABdi" title="Polisaharīdi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polisaharīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisacharidai" title="Polisacharidai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polisacharidai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysacharide" title="Polysacharide – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polysacharide" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliszacharid" title="Poliszacharid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Poliszacharid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Полисахарид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полисахарид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarida" title="Polisakarida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polisakarida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysacharide" title="Polysacharide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polysacharide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多糖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysakkarid" title="Polysakkarid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polysakkarid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysakkarid" title="Polysakkarid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polysakkarid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisacarid" title="Polisacarid – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polisacarid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisaxaridlar" title="Polisaxaridlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polisaxaridlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisacharydy" title="Polisacharydy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polisacharydy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polissacar%C3%ADdeo" title="Polissacarídeo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polissacarídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizaharid%C4%83" title="Polizaharidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polizaharidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Полисахариды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полисахариды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakaridet" title="Polisakaridet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polisakaridet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polysaccharide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysacharid" title="Polysacharid – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polysacharid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisaharid" title="Polisaharid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polisaharid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Полисахарид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полисахарид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisaharidi" title="Polisaharidi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polisaharidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakarida" title="Polisakarida – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polisakarida" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysakkaridit" title="Polysakkaridit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polysakkaridit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysackarid" title="Polysackarid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polysackarid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="கூட்டுச்சர்க்கரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டுச்சர்க்கரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పాలీశాకరైడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాలీశాకరైడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พอลิแซ็กคาไรด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอลิแซ็กคาไรด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisakkarit" title="Polisakkarit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polisakkarit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Полісахариди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полісахариди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Polysaccharide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polysaccharide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多糖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%86%A3" title="多醣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多醣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多糖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134219#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homopolysaccharide" title="Homopolysaccharide">Homopolysaccharide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/330px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/495px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/660px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>3D structure of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucan</a> polysaccharide</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amylose_3Dprojection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/330px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/495px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/660px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a> is a linear <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> mainly linked with α(1→4) bonds. It can be made of several thousands of glucose units. It is one of the two components of <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Polysaccharides</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>), or <b>polycarbohydrates</b>, are the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>. They are long-chain <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polymeric</a> carbohydrates composed of <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharide</a> units bound together by <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosidic linkage">glycosidic linkages</a>. This carbohydrate can react with water (<a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>) using <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> enzymes as catalyst, which produces constituent sugars (monosaccharides or <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>). They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactogen" title="Galactogen">galactogen</a> and structural polysaccharides such as <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>. </p><p>Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> in water.<sup id="cite_ref-Varki_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varki_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Homopolysaccharide"></span><span class="anchor" id="Heteropolysaccharide"></span> When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a <a href="/wiki/Homopolysaccharide" title="Homopolysaccharide">homopolysaccharide</a> or homoglycan, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present, it is called a <b>heteropolysaccharide</b> or <b>heteroglycan</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural saccharides are generally composed of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub> where <i>n</i> is three or more. Examples of monosaccharides are <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polysaccharides, meanwhile, have a general formula of C<sub><i>x</i></sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>y</i></sub> where <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> are usually large numbers between 200 and 2500. When the repeating units in the polymer backbone are <a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">six-carbon monosaccharides</a>, as is often the case, the general formula simplifies to (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)<sub><i>n</i></sub>, where typically <span class="nowrap">40 ≤ <i>n</i> ≤ 3000</span>. </p><p>As a rule of thumb, polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units, whereas <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> contain three to ten monosaccharide units, but the precise cutoff varies somewhat according to the convention. Polysaccharides are an important class of <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biological polymers</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">function</a> in living organisms is usually either structure- or storage-related. <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> (a polymer of glucose) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants, being found in the form of both <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> and the branched <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>. In animals, the structurally similar glucose polymer is the more densely branched <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, sometimes called "animal starch". Glycogen's properties allow it to be metabolized more quickly, which suits the active lives of moving animals. In <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, they play an important role in bacterial multicellularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Modulation_of_bacterial_multicellul_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modulation_of_bacterial_multicellul-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of plants and other organisms and is said to be the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecule</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has many uses such as a significant role in the paper and textile industries and is used as a feedstock for the production of rayon (via the <a href="/wiki/Viscose" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscose">viscose</a> process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose. Chitin has a similar structure but has <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>-containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a> and in the cell walls of some <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. It also has multiple uses, including <a href="/wiki/Surgical_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical thread">surgical threads</a>. Polysaccharides also include <a href="/wiki/Callose" title="Callose">callose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laminarin" title="Laminarin">laminarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysolaminarin" title="Chrysolaminarin">chrysolaminarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylan" title="Xylan">xylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabinoxylan" title="Arabinoxylan">arabinoxylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannan_(polysaccharide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannan (polysaccharide)">mannan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fucoidan" title="Fucoidan">fucoidan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galactomannan" title="Galactomannan">galactomannan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nutrition polysaccharides are common sources of energy. Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose; however, most organisms cannot metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabinoxylan" title="Arabinoxylan">arabinoxylans</a>. Some bacteria and protists can metabolize these carbohydrate types. <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, for example, use microorganisms to process cellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though these complex polysaccharides are not very digestible, they provide important dietary elements for humans. Called <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, these carbohydrates enhance digestion. The main action of dietary fiber is to change the nature of the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastwood_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastwood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soluble fiber binds to <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acids</a> in the small intestine, making them less likely to enter the body; this, in turn, lowers <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soluble fiber also attenuates the absorption of sugar, reduces sugar response after eating, normalizes blood lipid levels and, once fermented in the colon, produces <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">short-chain fatty acids</a> as byproducts with wide-ranging physiological activities (discussion below). Although insoluble fiber is associated with reduced diabetes risk, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not yet formally proposed as an essential macronutrient (as of 2005), dietary fiber is nevertheless regarded as important for the diet, with regulatory authorities in many developed countries recommending increases in fiber intake.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastwood_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastwood-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFSA,_2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA,_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_polysaccharides">Storage polysaccharides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Storage polysaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starch">Starch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Starch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> polymer in which <a href="/wiki/Glucopyranose" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucopyranose">glucopyranose</a> units are bonded by <i>alpha</i>-linkages. It is made up of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> (15–20%) and <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a> (80–85%). Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules, and Amylopectin is a branched molecule made of several thousand glucose units (every chain of 24–30 glucose units is one unit of Amylopectin). Starches are <a href="/wiki/Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. They can be digested by breaking the <i>alpha</i>-linkages (glycosidic bonds). Both humans and other animals have amylases so that they can digest starches. <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> are major sources of starch in the human diet. The formations of starches are the ways that plants store <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glycogen">Glycogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glycogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></div> <p>Glycogen serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungal</a> cells, with the primary energy stores being held in <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>. Glycogen is made primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, but can also be made by <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">glycogenesis</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glycogen is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, a glucose polymer in <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and is sometimes referred to as <i>animal starch</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having a similar structure to <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a> but more extensively branched and compact than starch. Glycogen is a polymer of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds linked with α(1→6)-linked branches. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>/cytoplasm in many <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> types and plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Glucose_cycle" title="Glucose cycle">glucose cycle</a>. Glycogen forms an <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact and more immediately available as an energy reserve than <a href="/wiki/Triglycerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Triglycerides">triglycerides</a> (lipids).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the liver <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a>, glycogen can compose up to 8 percent (100–120 grams in an adult) of the fresh weight soon after a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs. In the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, glycogen is found in a low <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of one to two percent of the muscle mass. The amount of glycogen stored in the body—especially within the <a href="/wiki/Muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscles">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INGERMANN_&_VIRGIN,_1987_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INGERMANN_&_VIRGIN,_1987-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—varies with physical activity, <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a>, and eating habits such as <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">intermittent fasting</a>. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and even smaller amounts in certain <a href="/wiki/Glial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glial">glial</a> cells in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">white blood cells</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2006_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glycogen is composed of a branched chain of glucose residues. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It is an energy reserve for animals.</li> <li>It is the chief form of carbohydrate stored in animal organisms.</li> <li>It is insoluble in water. It turns brown-red when mixed with iodine.</li> <li>It also yields glucose on <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycogen_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic 2-D cross-sectional view of glycogen. A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of glucose units. The entire globular granule may contain approximately 30,000 glucose units.[22]"><img alt="Schematic 2-D cross-sectional view of glycogen. A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of glucose units. The entire globular granule may contain approximately 30,000 glucose units.[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glycogen_structure.svg/303px-Glycogen_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glycogen_structure.svg/455px-Glycogen_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glycogen_structure.svg/607px-Glycogen_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1887" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic 2-D cross-sectional view of glycogen. A core protein of <a href="/wiki/Glycogenin" title="Glycogenin">glycogenin</a> is surrounded by branches of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> units. The entire globular granule may contain approximately 30,000 glucose units.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the atomic structure of a single branched strand of glucose units in a glycogen molecule."><img alt="A view of the atomic structure of a single branched strand of glucose units in a glycogen molecule." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg/400px-Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg/600px-Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg/800px-Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> structure of a single branched strand of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> units in a glycogen <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galactogen">Galactogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Galactogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Galactogen</b> is a polysaccharide of <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> that functions as energy storage in <a href="/wiki/Pulmonata" title="Pulmonata">pulmonate</a> snails and some <a href="/wiki/Caenogastropoda" title="Caenogastropoda">Caenogastropoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This polysaccharide is exclusive of the reproduction and is only found in the albumen gland from the female snail reproductive system and in the <a href="/wiki/Perivitelline_fluid" title="Perivitelline fluid">perivitelline fluid</a> of eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, galactogen serves as an energy reserve for developing embryos and hatchlings, which is later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> in juveniles and adults.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formed by crosslinking polysaccharide-based <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> and functional polymers, galactogens have applications within hydrogel structures. These hydrogel structures can be designed to release particular nanoparticle pharmaceuticals and/or encapsulated therapeutics over time or in response to environmental stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galactogens are polysaccharides with binding affinity for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioanalytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioanalytes (page does not exist)">bioanalytes</a>. With this, by end-point attaching galactogens to other polysaccharides constituting the surface of medical devices, galactogens have use as a method of capturing bioanalytes (e.g., CTC's), a method for releasing the captured bioanalytes and an analysis method.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inulin">Inulin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inulin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a> is a naturally occurring polysaccharide <a href="/wiki/Complex_carbohydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex carbohydrate">complex carbohydrate</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, a plant-derived food that human digestive enzymes cannot completely break down. The inulins belong to a class of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fibers</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructans</a>. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>. Most plants that synthesize and store inulin do not store other forms of carbohydrates such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. In the United States in 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved inulin as a dietary fiber ingredient used to improve the <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> value of manufactured food products.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_polysaccharides">Structural polysaccharides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structural polysaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural_polysaccharides.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Structural_polysaccharides.png/280px-Structural_polysaccharides.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="504" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Structural_polysaccharides.png/420px-Structural_polysaccharides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Structural_polysaccharides.png/560px-Structural_polysaccharides.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Some important natural structural polysaccharides</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabinoxylans">Arabinoxylans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arabinoxylans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arabinoxylan" title="Arabinoxylan">Arabinoxylans</a> are found in both the primary and secondary cell walls of plants and are the copolymers of two sugars: <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a>. They may also have beneficial effects on human health.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellulose">Cellulose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cellulose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></div> <p>The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> made with repeated glucose units bonded together by <i>beta</i>-linkages. Humans and many animals lack an enzyme to break the <i>beta</i>-linkages, so they do not digest cellulose. Certain animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. Cellulose is insoluble in water. It does not change color when mixed with iodine. On hydrolysis, it yields glucose. It is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chitin">Chitin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chitin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></div> <p>Chitin is one of many naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>. It forms a structural component of many animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a>. Over time it is <a href="/wiki/Bio-degradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-degradable">bio-degradable</a> in the natural environment. Its breakdown may be catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Chitinase" title="Chitinase">chitinases</a>, secreted by microorganisms such as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and produced by some plants. Some of these microorganisms have <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">receptors</a> to simple <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> from the decomposition of chitin. If chitin is detected, they then produce <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> to digest it by cleaving the <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bonds</a> in order to convert it to simple sugars and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemically, chitin is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">chitosan</a> (a more water-soluble derivative of chitin). It is also closely related to cellulose in that it is a long unbranched chain of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> derivatives. Both materials contribute structure and strength, protecting the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pectins">Pectins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pectins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectins</a> are a family of complex polysaccharides that contain 1,4-linked α-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-galactosyl uronic acid residues. They are present in most primary cell walls and in the nonwoody parts of terrestrial plants.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acidic_polysaccharides">Acidic polysaccharides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acidic polysaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acidic polysaccharides are polysaccharides that contain <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl groups</a>, phosphate groups and/or <a href="/wiki/Organosulfate" title="Organosulfate">sulfuric ester</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polysaccharides containing sulfate groups can be isolated from <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or obtained by chemical modification.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. These complex bio-macromolecules functions as an important source of energy in <b>animal cell</b> and form a structural component of a plant cell. It can be a homopolysaccharide or a heteropolysaccharide depending upon the type of the monosaccharides. </p><p>Polysaccharides can be a straight chain of monosaccharides known as linear polysaccharides, or it can be branched known as a branched polysaccharide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacterial_polysaccharides">Bacterial polysaccharides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bacterial polysaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polysaccharide" title="Special:EditPage/Polysaccharide">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Pathogenic bacteria</a> commonly produce a <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_capsule" title="Bacterial capsule">bacterial capsule</a>, a thick, mucus-like layer of polysaccharide. The capsule cloaks <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> on the bacterial surface that would otherwise provoke an immune response and thereby lead to the destruction of the bacteria. Capsular polysaccharides are water-soluble, commonly acidic, and have <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weights</a> on the order of 100,000 to 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">daltons</a>. They are linear and consist of regularly repeating subunits of one to six <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a>. There is enormous structural diversity; nearly two hundred different polysaccharides are produced by <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i> alone. Mixtures of capsular polysaccharides, either <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">conjugated</a> or native, are used as <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacteria and many other microbes, including <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, often secrete polysaccharides to help them adhere to surfaces and to prevent them from drying out.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans have developed some of these polysaccharides into useful products, including <a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">xanthan gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">dextran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welan_gum" title="Welan gum">welan gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gellan_gum" title="Gellan gum">gellan gum</a>, diutan gum and <a href="/wiki/Pullulan" title="Pullulan">pullulan</a>. </p><p>Most of these polysaccharides exhibit useful <a href="/wiki/Visco-elastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Visco-elastic">visco-elastic</a> properties when dissolved in water at very low levels.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes various liquids used in everyday life, such as some foods, lotions, cleaners, and paints, viscous when stationary, but much more free-flowing when even slight shear is applied by stirring or shaking, pouring, wiping, or brushing. This property is named pseudoplasticity or <a href="/wiki/Shear_thinning" title="Shear thinning">shear thinning</a>; the study of such matters is called <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133252/http://www.xydatasource.com/xy-showdatasetpage.php?datasetcode=45615&dsid=76&searchtext=polysaccharide">Viscosity of Welan gum</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Shear rate (rpm) </th> <th>Viscosity (<a href="/wiki/Centipoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipoise">cP</a> or mPa⋅s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.3 </td> <td>23330 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.5 </td> <td>16000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>11000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>5500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>3250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>2900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>1700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>310 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Aqueous solutions of the polysaccharide alone have a curious behavior when stirred: after stirring ceases, the solution initially continues to swirl due to momentum, then slows to a standstill due to viscosity and reverses direction briefly before stopping. This recoil is due to the elastic effect of the polysaccharide chains, previously stretched in solution, returning to their relaxed state. </p><p>Cell-surface polysaccharides play diverse roles in bacterial <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>. They serve as a barrier between the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> and the environment, mediate host-pathogen interactions. Polysaccharides also play an important role in formation of <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> and the structuring of complex life forms in bacteria like <i><a href="/wiki/Myxococcus_xanthus" title="Myxococcus xanthus">Myxococcus xanthus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Modulation_of_bacterial_multicellul_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modulation_of_bacterial_multicellul-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> </p><p>These polysaccharides are synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a>-activated precursors (called <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sugar" title="Nucleotide sugar">nucleotide sugars</a>) and, in most cases, all the enzymes necessary for biosynthesis, assembly and transport of the completed polymer are encoded by genes organized in dedicated clusters within the genome of the <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a> is one of the most important cell-surface polysaccharides, as it plays a key structural role in outer membrane integrity, as well as being an important mediator of host-pathogen interactions. </p><p>The enzymes that make the <i>A-band</i> (homopolymeric) and <i>B-band</i> (heteropolymeric) O-antigens have been identified and the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> defined.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exopolysaccharide alginate is a linear copolymer of β-1,4-linked <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-mannuronic acid and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-guluronic acid residues, and is responsible for the mucoid phenotype of late-stage cystic fibrosis disease. The <i>pel</i> and <i>psl</i> loci are two recently discovered gene clusters that also encode <a href="/wiki/Exopolysaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Exopolysaccharide">exopolysaccharides</a> found to be important for biofilm formation. <a href="/wiki/Rhamnolipid" title="Rhamnolipid">Rhamnolipid</a> is a biosurfactant whose production is tightly regulated at the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcriptional</a> level, but the precise role that it plays in disease is not well understood at present. Protein <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a>, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Pilin" title="Pilin">pilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagellin" title="Flagellin">flagellin</a>, became a focus of research by several groups from about 2007, and has been shown to be important for adhesion and invasion during bacterial infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornelis_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornelis-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_identification_tests_for_polysaccharides">Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain_(PAS)"><span id="Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain_.28PAS.29"></span>Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polysaccharides with unprotected <a href="/wiki/Diol#Vicinal_diols" title="Diol">vicinal diols</a> or amino sugars (where some <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups are replaced with <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>) give a positive <a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic acid-Schiff stain">periodic acid-Schiff stain</a> (PAS). The list of polysaccharides that stain with PAS is long. Although <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucins</a> of epithelial origins stain with PAS, mucins of connective tissue origin have so many acidic substitutions that they do not have enough glycol or amino-alcohol groups left to react with PAS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By chemical modifications certain properties of polysaccharides can be improved. Various ligands can be covalently attached to their hydroxyl groups. Due to the covalent attachment of methyl-, hydroxyethyl- or carboxymethyl- groups on <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, for instance, high swelling properties in aqueous media can be introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example is thiolated polysaccharides.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiolated_polymers:_Bioinspired_pol_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiolated_polymers:_Bioinspired_pol-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Thiomer" title="Thiomer">thiomers</a>.) Thiol groups are covalently attached to polysaccharides such as <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluronic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">chitosan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As thiolated polysaccharides can crosslink via disulfide bond formation, they form stable three-dimensional networks. Furthermore, they can bind to cysteine subunits of proteins via disulfide bonds. Because of these bonds, polysaccharides can be covalently attached to endogenous proteins such as mucins or keratins.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiolated_polymers:_Bioinspired_pol_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiolated_polymers:_Bioinspired_pol-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">Glycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide_nomenclature" title="Oligosaccharide nomenclature">Oligosaccharide nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide_encapsulated_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria">Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Varki_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varki_2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVarkiCummingsEskoFreeze1999" class="citation book cs1">Varki A, Cummings R, Esko J, Freeze H, Stanley P, Bertozzi C, Hart G, Etzler M (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20709/?depth=2"><i>Essentials of Glycobiology</i></a>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-560-6"><bdi>978-0-87969-560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Glycobiology&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-560-6&rft.aulast=Varki&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Cummings%2C+R&rft.au=Esko%2C+J&rft.au=Freeze%2C+H&rft.au=Stanley%2C+P&rft.au=Bertozzi%2C+C&rft.au=Hart%2C+G&rft.au=Etzler%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK20709%2F%3Fdepth%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolysaccharide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/H02856.html">homopolysaccharide (homoglycan)</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.H02856">10.1351/goldbook.H02856</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/H02812.html">heteropolysaccharide (heteroglycan)</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.H02812">10.1351/goldbook.H02812</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsVan_HoldeAhern1999" class="citation book cs1">Matthews CE, Van Holde KE, Ahern KG (1999). <i>Biochemistry</i> (3rd ed.). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adv+Drug+Deliv+Rev&rft.atitle=Thiolated+polymers%3A+Bioinspired+polymers+utilizing+one+of+the+most+important+bridging+structures+in+nature&rft.volume=151%E2%80%93152&rft.pages=191-221&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135464452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31028759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.addr.2019.04.007&rft.aulast=Leichner&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Jelkmann%2C+M&rft.au=Bernkop-Schn%C3%BCrch%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolysaccharide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriesserHetényiBernkop-Schnürch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Griesser, J; Hetényi, G; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6414859">"Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities?"</a>. <i>Polymers</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym10030243">10.3390/polym10030243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6414859">6414859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30966278">30966278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.atitle=Thiolated+Hyaluronic+Acid+as+Versatile+Mucoadhesive+Polymer%3A+From+the+Chemistry+Behind+to+Product+Developments-What+Are+the+Capabilities%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6414859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30966278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpolym10030243&rft.aulast=Griesser&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Het%C3%A9nyi%2C+G&rft.au=Bernkop-Schn%C3%BCrch%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6414859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolysaccharide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedererKurpiersBernkop-Schnürch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7805012">"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications"</a>. <i>Biomacromolecules</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 24–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.biomac.0c00663">10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7805012">7805012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32567846">32567846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomacromolecules&rft.atitle=Thiolated+Chitosans%3A+A+Multi-talented+Class+of+Polymers+for+Various+Applications&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-56&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7805012%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32567846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.biomac.0c00663&rft.aulast=Federer&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kurpiers%2C+M&rft.au=Bernkop-Schn%C3%BCrch%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7805012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolysaccharide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&action=edit&section=20" 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style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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