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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_aseity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Divine aseity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_aseity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atonement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atonement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Atonement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atonement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Adam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Adam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Historical Adam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Adam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Other views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Selected publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">William Lane Craig</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="وليام لين كرايغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليام لين كرايغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="ویلیام لین کریگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام لین کریگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8_%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EA%B7%B8" title="윌리엄 레인 크레이그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 레인 크레이그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92" title="ויליאם ליין קרייג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם ליין קרייג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="وليام لين كرايج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليام لين كرايج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Крейг, Уильям Лейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крейг, Уильям Лейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Lane Craig" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliam_Le%C3%BDn_Kre%C3%BDg" title="Wiliam Leýn Kreýg – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wiliam Leýn Kreýg" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%91" title="Вільям Крейґ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Крейґ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1233528#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Lane Craig</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1730" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Craig in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1949-08-23) August 23, 1949 (age 75) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/ThD" class="mw-redirect" title="ThD">ThD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_Faith_(book)" title="Reasonable Faith (book)">Reasonable Faith</a> (1994)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jan Craig</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1972)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollinarianism">Neo-Apollinarianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biola_University" title="Biola University">Biola University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Westmont_College" title="Westmont College">Westmont College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">University of Louvain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>The Kalam Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God (1977)</li> <li>The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">John Hick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of time">Philosophy of time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Metaphysical libertarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigCarroll2016102-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org">www.reasonablefaith.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologist</a>, author, and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theologian</a> who upholds the view of <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollinarism#Neo-Apollinarianism" title="Apollinarism">neo-Apollinarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He is a professor of philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Talbot_School_of_Theology" title="Talbot School of Theology">Talbot School of Theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biola_University" title="Biola University">Biola University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-christianpost-murashko-5">[5]</a> Craig has updated and defended the <a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ct-sun-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-horn-catholic-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBaggett2016212-10">[10]</a> He has also published work where he argues in favor of the historical plausibility of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas1988-11">[11]</a> His study of <a href="/wiki/Divine_aseity" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine aseity">divine aseity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> culminated with his book God Over All.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2016-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-McNabb-goa-review-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg/220px-WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg/330px-WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg/440px-WLC_President_of_High_School_Math_Club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Craig as furthest back to the left with fellow members of the East Peoria High School Math Club</figcaption></figure> Craig was born August 23, 1949, in <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, to Mallory and Doris Craig.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/East_Peoria_Community_High_School" title="East Peoria Community High School">East Peoria Community High School</a> from 1963 to 1967,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> where he competed in debate and won the state championship in oratory.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> In September 1965, his junior year, he became a Christian.<a href="#cite_note-Faculty_Profile-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After graduating from high school, Craig attended <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a>, majoring in communications.<a href="#cite_note-Wheaton_College-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> He graduated in 1971 and married his wife, Jan, whom he met on the staff of <a href="/wiki/Campus_Crusade_for_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus Crusade for Christ">Campus Crusade for Christ</a>, the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Wheaton_College-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-buddha7habits-22">[22]</a> They have two grown children and reside in suburban Atlanta, Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-buddha7habits-22">[22]</a> In 1973, Craig entered the program in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rf-double-doctorates-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-tai-alumni-of-the-year-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> In 1975, Craig began doctoral studies in philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> in England,<a href="#cite_note-calvin-edu-25">[25]</a> writing on the cosmological argument under the direction of <a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">John Hick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iep-cramer-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> He was awarded a doctorate in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-birmingham-cadbury-lectures-27">[27]</a> Out of this study came his first book, The Kalam Cosmological Argument (1979), a defense of the argument he first encountered in theologian Stuart Hackett's work on the same topic.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> Craig was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral fellowship">postdoctoral fellowship</a> in 1978 from the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation" title="Alexander von Humboldt Foundation">Alexander von Humboldt Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-humboldtfoundation-28">[28]</a> to pursue research on the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_resurrection_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the resurrection of Jesus">historicity of the resurrection of Jesus</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-calvin-edu-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-humboldtfoundation-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-rf-double-doctorates-23">[23]</a> His studies in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> under Pannenberg's supervision led to a second doctorate, this one in theology,<a href="#cite_note-Wheaton_College-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> awarded in 1984 with the publication of his doctoral thesis, The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy (1985).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> Craig joined the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deerfield,_Illinois" title="Deerfield, Illinois">Deerfield, Illinois</a> in 1980, where he taught philosophy of religion until 1986.<a href="#cite_note-teds-aoy-31">[31]</a> After a one-year stint at <a href="/wiki/Westmont_College" title="Westmont College">Westmont College</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>, Craig moved in 1987 with his wife and two young children back to Europe,<a href="#cite_note-owg-author-bio-32">[32]</a> where he was a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louvain,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvain, Belgium">Louvain</a>) in Belgium until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-owg-author-bio-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> At that time, Craig joined the Department of Philosophy and Ethics at <a href="/wiki/Talbot_School_of_Theology" title="Talbot School of Theology">Talbot School of Theology</a> in suburban <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Research_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Research professor">research professor</a> of philosophy, a position he currently holds,<a href="#cite_note-Faculty_Profile-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-christianpost-murashko-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-kristof-34">[34]</a> and he went on to become a professor of philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-christianpost-murashko-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-kristof-34">[34]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Biola_University" title="Biola University">Biola University</a> created a permanent faculty position and endowed chair, the William Lane Craig Endowed Chair in Philosophy, in honor of Craig's academic contributions.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Craig served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Time_Society" title="Philosophy of Time Society">Philosophy of Time Society</a> from 1999 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBaggett2016213-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He helped revitalize the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Philosophical_Society" title="Evangelical Philosophical Society">Evangelical Philosophical Society</a> and served as its president from 1996 to 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> In the mid-2000s,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Craig established the online Christian <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a> ministry ReasonableFaith.org.<a href="#cite_note-christianpost-murashko-5">[5]</a> Craig has authored or edited over forty books and over two hundred articles published in professional philosophy and theology journals,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> including: <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Philosophy" title="The Journal of Philosophy">The Journal of Philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science" title="British Journal for the Philosophy of Science">British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Studies" title="Philosophical Studies">Philosophical Studies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Journal_of_Philosophy" title="Australasian Journal of Philosophy">Australasian Journal of Philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Philosophy" title="Faith and Philosophy">Faith and Philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erkenntnis" title="Erkenntnis">Erkenntnis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Quarterly" title="American Philosophical Quarterly">American Philosophical Quarterly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_and_theological_views">Philosophical and theological views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophical and theological views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalam_cosmological_argument">Kalam cosmological argument</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kalam cosmological argument">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infinite_regress_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Infinite_regress_en.svg/220px-Infinite_regress_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Infinite_regress_en.svg/330px-Infinite_regress_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Infinite_regress_en.svg/440px-Infinite_regress_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of infinite regress</figcaption></figure> Craig has written and spoken in defense of a version of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">cosmological argument</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowanSpiegel2009268–269Jackson201419PetersonHaskerReichenbachBasinger201386–89Reichenbach2017Williams201389-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> While the Kalam originated in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> philosophy, Craig added appeals to scientific and philosophical ideas in the argument's defense.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> Craig's work has resulted in contemporary interest in the argument, and in cosmological arguments in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007183-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppy2006137-61">[60]</a> Craig formulates his version of the argument as follows: <ol><li>Everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence.</li> <li>The universe began to exist.</li> <li>Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017-59">[58]</a></li></ol> Craig's defense of the argument mainly focuses on the second premise,<a href="#cite_note-Copan|Craig|2017-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> which he offers several arguments for. For example, Craig appeals to <a href="/wiki/Hilbert%27s_paradox_of_the_Grand_Hotel" title="Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel">Hilbert's example of an infinite hotel</a> to argue that <a href="/wiki/Actual_infinite" class="mw-redirect" title="Actual infinite">actually infinite</a> collections are impossible, and thus the past is finite and has a beginning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982329-64">[63]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelandCraig2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigSinclair2009103-66">[65]</a> In another argument, Craig says that the series of events in time is formed by a process in which each moment is added to history in succession. According to Craig, this process can never produce an actually infinite collection of events, but at best a potentially infinite one. On this basis, he argues that the past is finite and has a beginning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982333-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigSinclair2009117-68">[67]</a> Craig also appeals to various <a href="/wiki/Physical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical theory">physical theories</a> to support the argument's second premise, such as the standard <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> model of cosmic origins and certain implications of the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982329-64">[63]</a> The Kalam argument concludes that the universe had a cause, but Craig further argues that the cause must be a person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328-55">[55]</a> First, Craig argues that the best way to explain the origin of a temporal effect with a beginning from an eternally existing cause is if that cause is a personal agent endowed with free will. Second, the only candidates for a timeless, spaceless, immaterial being are abstract objects like numbers or unembodied minds; but abstract objects are causally effete. Third, Craig uses <a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a>'s separation of causal explanation; causal explanation can be given in terms either of initial conditions and laws of nature or of a personal agent and its volitions; but a first physical state of the universe cannot be explained in terms of initial conditions and natural laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2000-69">[68]</a> Craig's arguments to support the Kalam argument have been discussed and debated by a variety of commentators,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-sar-71">[70]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Adolf Grünbaum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Smith" title="Quentin Smith">Quentin Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007192–194-73">[72]</a> Wes Morriston,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2013-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2018-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Oppy" title="Graham Oppy">Graham Oppy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppy2006137–153-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Loke" title="Andrew Loke">Andrew Loke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2017-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Koons" title="Robert C. Koons">Robert C. Koons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoons2014-78">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruss2018-79">[78]</a> Many of these papers are contained in the two-volume anthology The Kalām Cosmological Argument (2017), volume 1 covering philosophical arguments for the finitude of the past and volume 2 the scientific evidence for the beginning of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2017a-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2017b-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_omniscience">Divine omniscience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Divine omniscience">edit</a>]</div> Craig is a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>, an idea first formulated by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> according to which God possesses foreknowledge of which free actions each person would perform under every possible circumstance, a kind of knowledge that is sometimes termed "middle knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013755-82">[81]</a> Protestant-Molinism, such as Craig's, first entered Protestant theology through two anti-Calvinist thinkers: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Vorstius" title="Conrad Vorstius">Conrad Vorstius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Molinists such as Craig appeal to this idea to reconcile the perceived conflict between God's providence and foreknowledge with human free will. The idea is that, by relying on middle knowledge, God does not interfere with anyone's free will, instead choosing which circumstances to actualize given a complete understanding of how people would freely choose to act in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013755-756-84">[83]</a> Craig also appeals to Molinism in his discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration of scripture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism#Christian_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Christian exclusivism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseverance of the Saints">perseverance of the Saints</a>, and missionary <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013765-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurrection_of_Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resurrection of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> Craig has written two volumes arguing for the historicity of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus (1985)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas1988-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1985b-86">[85]</a> and Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus (3rd ed., 2002).<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1989-88">[87]</a> In the former volume, Craig describes the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of the discussion, including <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>'s arguments against the identification of <a href="/wiki/Miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles">miracles</a>. The latter volume is an <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> study of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> material pertinent to the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>. Craig structures his arguments for the historicity of the resurrection under 3 headings:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2008360-89">[88]</a> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">tomb of Jesus</a> was found empty by a group of <a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">his female followers</a> on the Sunday after his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2001b-90">[89]</a></li> <li>Various individuals and groups experienced appearances of Jesus alive after his death.</li> <li>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">disciples</a> came to believe that God had raised <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> from the dead despite strong predispositions to the contrary.</li></ol> Craig argues that the best explanation of these three events is a literal resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> He applies an evaluative framework developed by philosopher of history C. Behan McCullagh<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> to examine various theoretical explanations proposed for these events. From that framework, he rejects alternative theories such as <a href="/wiki/Gerd_L%C3%BCdemann" title="Gerd Lüdemann">Gerd Lüdemann</a>'s hallucination hypothesis, the conspiracy hypothesis, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Paulus" title="Heinrich Paulus">Heinrich Paulus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher's</a> apparent death hypothesis as lacking explanatory scope, explanatory power, and sufficient historical plausibility.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrewMcGrew2009617-94">[93]</a> In 1996 Craig participated in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Summit" title="Resurrection Summit">Resurrection Summit</a>, a meeting held at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Dunwoodie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie)">St. Joseph's Seminary</a>, New York, in order to discuss the resurrection of Jesus. Papers from the summit were later compiled and published in the book The Resurrection. An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus, edited by S.T Davis, D. Kendall and G. O'Collins.<a href="#cite_note-Davis,_Kendall,_O'_Collins_1998-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_time">Philosophy of time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy of time">edit</a>]</div> Craig defends a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">presentist</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a>. According to this theory, the present exists, but the past and future do not. Additionally, he holds that there are tensed facts, such as it is now lunchtime, which cannot be reduced to or identified with tenseless facts of the form it is lunchtime at noon on February 10, 2020. According to this theory, presentness is a real aspect of time, and not merely a projection of our thought and talk about time. He raises several defenses of this theory, two of which are especially notable. First, he criticizes <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a>'s argument that the A-theory is incoherent, suggesting that McTaggart's argument begs the question by covertly presupposing the <a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory</a>. Second, he defends the A-theory from empirical challenges arising from the standard interpretation of Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special Theory of Relativity</a> (SR). He responds to this challenge by advocating a neo-Lorentzian interpretation of SR which is empirically equivalent to the standard interpretation, and which is consistent with the A-theory and with absolute simultaneity. Craig criticizes the standard interpretation of SR on the grounds that it is based on a discredited positivist epistemology. Moreover, he claims that the assumption of positivism invalidates the appeal to SR made by opponents of the A-theory.<a href="#cite_note-Helm_2002-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasker_2003-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-quarum-tat-review-98">[97]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_Seminar_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Craig_Seminar_3.jpg/200px-Craig_Seminar_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Craig_Seminar_3.jpg/300px-Craig_Seminar_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Craig_Seminar_3.jpg/400px-Craig_Seminar_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Craig in 2015</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_eternity">Divine eternity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Divine eternity">edit</a>]</div> Craig argues that God existed in a timeless state causally prior to creation,<a href="#cite_note-quarum-tat-review-98">[97]</a> but has existed in a temporal state beginning with creation, by virtue of his knowledge of tensed facts and his interactions with events.<a href="#cite_note-helm-stanford-eternity-99">[98]</a> He gives two arguments in support of that view. First, he says that, given his tensed view of time, God cannot be timeless once he has created a temporal universe, since, after that point, he is related to time through his interactions and through causing events in time.<a href="#cite_note-helm-stanford-eternity-99">[98]</a> Second, Craig says that as a feature of his omniscience, God must know the truth related to tensed facts about the world, such as whether the statement "Today is January 15th" is true or not or what is happening right now.<a href="#cite_note-Hasker_2003-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swinburne_2002-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helm_2014-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deng_2018-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_aseity">Divine aseity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divine aseity">edit</a>]</div> Craig has published on the challenge posed by <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">platonism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Divine_aseity" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine aseity">divine aseity</a> or self-existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2014-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2016-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2017-106">[104]</a> Craig rejects both the view that God creates <a href="/wiki/Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">abstract objects</a> and that they exist independently of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelandCraig2003506–507-107">[105]</a> Rather, he defends a <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalistic</a> perspective that abstract objects are not ontologically real objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2012a-108">[106]</a> Stating that the <a href="/wiki/Quine%E2%80%93Putnam_indispensability_argument" title="Quine–Putnam indispensability argument">Quine–Putnam indispensability argument</a> is the chief support of platonism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiggins2008-109">[107]</a> Craig criticizes the neo-Quinean criterion of ontological commitment, according to which the existential quantifier of first order logic and singular terms are devices of ontological commitment.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Craig favors a neutral interpretation of the quantifiers of <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>, so that a statement can be true, even if there isn't an object being quantified over. Moreover, he defends a deflationary theory of reference based on the intentionality of agents, so that a person can successfully refer to something even in the absence of some extra-mental thing. Craig gives the example of the statement “the price of the ticket is ten dollars” which he argues can still be a true statement even if there isn't an actual object called a “price.”<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2012b-112">[110]</a> He defines these references as a <a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">speech act</a> rather than a word-world relation, so that singular terms may be used in true sentences without commitment to corresponding objects in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBåve2009-113">[111]</a> Craig has additionally argued that even if one were to grant that these references were being used as in a word-world relation, that <a href="/wiki/Fictionalism" title="Fictionalism">fictionalism</a> is a viable explanation of their use; in particular pretense theory, according to which statements about abstract objects are expressions of make-believe, imagined to be true, even if literally false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsStich1999-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atonement">Atonement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atonement">edit</a>]</div> In preparation for writing a systematic philosophical theology, Craig undertook a study of the doctrine of the atonement which resulted in two books, The Atonement (2019) and Atonement and the Death of Christ (2020).<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Adam">Historical Adam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical Adam">edit</a>]</div> Also as a preliminary study for his systematic philosophical theology Craig explored the biblical commitment to and scientific credibility of an original human pair who were the universal progenitors of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Following the Assyriologist Thorkild Jacobsen, Craig argues on the basis of various family resemblances that Genesis 1-11 plausibly belongs to the genre of mytho-history, which aims to recount historical persons and events in the figurative and often fantastic language of myth. Most recently Craig has begun writing a projected multi-volume systematic philosophical theology.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_views">Other views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other views">edit</a>]</div> Craig is a critic of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">metaphysical naturalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigMoreland2000-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2009-119">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">prosperity theology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] as well as a defender of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> He also states that a confessing Christian should not engage in homosexual acts.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Craig maintains that the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> is compatible with Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2007-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] He is a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and was a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Complexity,_Information,_and_Design" title="International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design">International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In his debate with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Helm" title="Paul Helm">Paul Helm</a>, Craig explains that he would call himself an "<a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a>" "in the proper sense."<a href="#cite_note-Helm_2014-101">[100]</a> Elsewhere, he has described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Arminianism">Wesleyan-Arminian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] As a non-voluntaristic <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">divine command theorist</a>, Craig believes God had the moral right to command the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jericho" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jericho">killing of the Canaanites</a> if they refused to leave their land, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopanFlannagan201481–82Howson201111-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> This has led to some controversy, as seen in a critique by Wes Morriston.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2012-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2009-132">[130]</a> Craig has also proposed a <a href="/wiki/Apollinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollinarianism">neo-Apollinarian</a> Christology in which the divine logos stands in for the human soul of Christ and completes his human nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelandCraig2003608-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Schneider" title="Nathan Schneider">Nathan Schneider</a>, "[many] professional philosophers know about him only vaguely, but in the field of philosophy of religion, [Craig's] books and articles are among the most cited".<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a> Fellow philosopher <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Smith" title="Quentin Smith">Quentin Smith</a> writes that "William Lane Craig is one [of] the leading philosophers of religion and one of the leading philosophers of time."<a href="#cite_note-iep-god-and-time-134">[132]</a> In 2021, Academic Influence ranked Craig the nineteenth most influential philosopher in the world over the previous three decades (1990-2020) and the world's fourth most influential theologian over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/New_Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="New Atheist">New Atheist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> had an interview before his debate with Craig in that same year. During that interview, Hitchens said: "I can tell you that my brothers and sisters and co-thinkers in the unbelieving community take him [Craig] very seriously. He's [Craig] thought of as a very tough guy. Very rigorous, very scholarly, very formidable. And I would...I say that without reserve. I don't say it because I'm here. Normally I don't get people saying: 'Good luck tonight' and 'don't let us down,' you know. But with him [Craig] I do."<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In 2011, with respect and compliment to his debating skills, <a href="/wiki/New_Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="New Atheist">New Atheist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a> once described Craig as "the one Christian apologist who seems to have put the fear of God into many of my fellow atheists".<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Following a 2011 debate with Craig, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Krauss" title="Lawrence Krauss">Lawrence Krauss</a> stated that Craig had a "simplistic view of the world" and that in the debate Craig had said "disingenuous distortions, simplifications, and outright lies".<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In 2014, he was named alumnus of the year by Wheaton College.<a href="#cite_note-Wheaton_College-21">[21]</a> In 2016, Craig was named Alumnus of the Year by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected publications">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">Craig, William Lane (1979), <a href="/wiki/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument" title="The Kalām Cosmological Argument">The Kalām Cosmological Argument</a>, London: MacMillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-438-2"><bdi>978-1-57910-438-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kal%C4%81m+Cosmological+Argument&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-438-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Craig, William Lane (1980), The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz, London: MacMillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-787-1"><bdi>978-1-57910-787-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmological+Argument+from+Plato+to+Leibniz&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-787-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Craig, William Lane (1981), The Son Rises: Historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus, Chicago: Moody Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-464-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-464-1"><bdi>978-1-57910-464-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Son+Rises%3A+Historical+evidence+for+the+resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-464-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Apologetics: An Introduction. Chicago: Moody Press. 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-0405-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-0405-7">0-8024-0405-7</a></li> <li>Reasonable Faith. Wheaton: <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News Publishers">Crossway</a>. 1984 (1st ed), 1994 (2nd ed), 2008 (3rd ed). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107-764-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89107-764-2">0-89107-764-2</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89107-764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89107-764-0">978-0-89107-764-0</a></li> <li>The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-811-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-811-7">0-88946-811-7</a></li> <li>The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57910-316-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57910-316-2">1-57910-316-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-316-3">978-1-57910-316-3</a></li> <li>The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08516-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08516-5">90-04-08516-5</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08516-9">978-90-04-08516-9</a></li> <li>Knowing the Truth About the Resurrection. Ann Arbor: Servant. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89283-384-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89283-384-X">0-89283-384-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89283-384-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89283-384-9">978-0-89283-384-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Craig, William Lane (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_nYAAAAMAAJ">Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus</a>, Studies in the Bible and early Christianity, vol. 16, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-616-6"><bdi>978-0-88946-616-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+New+Testament+Evidence+for+the+Historicity+of+the+Resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Bible+and+early+Christianity&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-616-6&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_nYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism I: Omniscience. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09250-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09250-1">90-04-09250-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09250-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09250-1">978-90-04-09250-1</a></li> <li>No Easy Answers: Finding Hope in Doubt, Failure, and Unanswered Prayer. Chicago: Moody Press. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-2283-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-2283-7">0-8024-2283-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-2283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-2283-5">978-0-8024-2283-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane (1991). Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism: Omniscience. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09250-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09250-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09250-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Foreknowledge+and+Human+Freedom%3A+The+Coherence+of+Theism%3A+Omniscience&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09250-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">——— (1991), Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom: The Coherence of Theism: Omniscience, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09250-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09250-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09250-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Foreknowledge+and+Human+Freedom%3A+The+Coherence+of+Theism%3A+Omniscience&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09250-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology (with Quentin Smith). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826383-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826383-8">978-0-19-826383-8</a></li> <li>The Tensed Theory of Time: A Critical Examination. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-6634-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-6634-4">0-7923-6634-4</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6634-8">978-0-7923-6634-8</a></li> <li>Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and <a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a>. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. 1998.</li> <li>God, Are You There?. Atlanta: RZIM. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930107-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-930107-00-5">1-930107-00-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930107-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930107-00-7">978-1-930107-00-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane; Lüdemann, Gerd (2000). Copan, Paul; Tacelli, Ronald Keith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPhL1w9-JbEC">Jesus' Resurrection: Fact Or Figment? a Debate Between William Lane Craig & Gerd Lüdemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/InterVarsity_Press" title="InterVarsity Press">InterVarsity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1569-2"><bdi>978-0-8308-1569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%27+Resurrection%3A+Fact+Or+Figment%3F+a+Debate+Between+William+Lane+Craig+%26+Gerd+L%C3%BCdemann&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1569-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=L%C3%BCdemann%2C+Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPhL1w9-JbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XAlUKtSUQ4C">The tensed theory of time: a critical examination</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6634-8"><bdi>978-0-7923-6634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tensed+theory+of+time%3A+a+critical+examination&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-6634-8&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XAlUKtSUQ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">——— (2000), The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination, Dordrecht: Kluwer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6635-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-6635-5"><bdi>978-0-7923-6635-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenseless+Theory+of+Time%3A+A+Critical+Examination&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-6635-5&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>God, Time and Eternity. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3">978-1-58134-241-3</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3">978-1-58134-241-3</a></li> <li>Time and The Metaphysics of Relativity. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-6668-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-6668-9">0-7923-6668-9</a></li> <li>Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time. Wheaton: Crossway. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3">978-1-58134-241-3</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3">978-1-58134-241-3</a></li> <li>What Does God Know? Atlanta: RZIM. 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930107-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930107-05-2">978-1-930107-05-2</a></li> <li>Hard Questions, Real Answers. Wheaton: <a href="/wiki/Crossway_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossway Books">Crossway Books</a>. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-487-5">978-1-58134-487-5</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-487-5">978-1-58134-487-5</a></li> <li>Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview (with J.P. Moreland). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Craig, William Lane; Flew, Antony; Wallace, Stan W. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2r1nT1CRggC">Does God Exist?: The Craig-Flew Debate</a>, Ashgate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3190-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3190-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-3190-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+God+Exist%3F%3A+The+Craig-Flew+Debate&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3190-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=Flew%2C+Antony&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Stan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx2r1nT1CRggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">———; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSqGcLUM280C">God?: A Debate Between a Christian and an Atheist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516599-9"><bdi>978-0-19-516599-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%3F%3A+A+Debate+Between+a+Christian+and+an+Atheist&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516599-9&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=Sinnott-Armstrong%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSqGcLUM280C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">———; Copan, Paul (2004). Creation out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration. Grand Rapids: Baker Bookhouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-2733-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-2733-0"><bdi>0-8010-2733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+out+of+Nothing%3A+A+Biblical%2C+Philosophical%2C+and+Scientific+Exploration&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Baker+Bookhouse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8010-2733-0&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=Copan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2008). Smith, Quentin (ed.). Einstein, relativity and absolute simultaneity. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415591669" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415591669"><bdi>978-0415591669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%2C+relativity+and+absolute+simultaneity&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415591669&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">——— (July 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/july/13.22.html">"God is Not Dead Yet: How current philosophers argue for his existence"</a>. Christianity Today. Retrieved 2014-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=God+is+Not+Dead+Yet%3A+How+current+philosophers+argue+for+his+existence.&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2008%2Fjuly%2F13.22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li>On Guard: Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4347-6488-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4347-6488-5">1-4347-6488-5</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4347-6488-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4347-6488-1">978-1-4347-6488-1</a></li> <li>A Reasonable Response: Answers to Tough Questions on God, Christianity, and the Bible (with Joseph E. Gorra). Chicago: Moody Publishers. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802405991" title="Special:BookSources/0802405991">0802405991</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802405999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802405999">978-0802405999</a></li> <li>Learning Logic. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1502713764" title="Special:BookSources/1502713764">1502713764</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1502713766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1502713766">978-1502713766</a></li> <li>On Guard for Students: A Thinker's Guide to the Christian Faith. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook. 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0781412994" title="Special:BookSources/0781412994">0781412994</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781412995" title="Special:BookSources/978-0781412995">978-0781412995</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2016). God Over All: Divine Aseity and the Challenge of Platonism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878688-7"><bdi>978-0-19-878688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Over+All%3A+Divine+Aseity+and+the+Challenge+of+Platonism&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878688-7&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2017). God and Abstract Objects: The Coherence of Theism III: Aseity. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55383-2"><bdi>978-3-319-55383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Abstract+Objects%3A+The+Coherence+of+Theism+III%3A+Aseity&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-55383-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2020). Atonement and the Death of Christ: An Exegetical, Historical, and Philosophical Exploration. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4813-1204-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4813-1204-2"><bdi>978-1-4813-1204-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atonement+and+the+Death+of+Christ%3A+An+Exegetical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Philosophical+Exploration&rft.place=Waco%2C+TX&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4813-1204-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">——— (2021). In Quest of the Historical Adam: A Biblical and Scientific Exploration. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7911-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7911-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-7911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Quest+of+the+Historical+Adam%3A+A+Biblical+and+Scientific+Exploration&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7911-0&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Craig's own version of the Kalām argument is succinct: 1. 'Everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence.' 2. 'The universe began to exist,' i.e., the temporal regress of events is finite. 3. 'Therefore the universe has a cause of its existence' Following Ghazali, Craig argues that this cause must be a personal will. Nothing but the arbitrary choice of a free agent could explain why the world was created at one time rather than another, or (if time comes into being with the first event) why the first event did not have a predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328-55">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> When Craig says that God is timeless "prior to" the creation of time, the relevant notion of priority is not supposed to be temporal, as there is no time temporally prior to the first moment of time. Rather, Craig means to suggest that God is prior to time in some non-temporal sense that is difficult to specify, and which involves the idea that God was the cause of the universe. Several philosophers have argued that Craig's notion of non-temporal priority is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-Swinburne_2002-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helm_2002-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deng_2018-102">[101]</a> Craig has attempted to clarify his view in response.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigCarroll2016102-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraigCarroll2016102_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraigCarroll2016">Craig & Carroll 2016</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftin2020" class="citation book cs1">Loftin, R. Keith (2020). "William Lane Craig. Philosopher as Apologist". In Forrest, Benjamin K.; Chatraw, Josh; McGrath, Alister E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1133205260">The History of Apologetics: A Biographical and Methodological Introduction</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Academic. pp. 750–766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-55941-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-55941-2"><bdi>978-0-310-55941-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1133205260">1133205260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig.+Philosopher+as+Apologist&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Apologetics%3A+A+Biographical+and+Methodological+Introduction&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=750-766&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1133205260&rft.isbn=978-0-310-55941-2&rft.aulast=Loftin&rft.aufirst=R.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1133205260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/the-mechanics-of-neoapollinari.php">"The Mechanics of Neo-Apollinarian Christology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mechanics+of+Neo-Apollinarian+Christology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformation21.org%2Fblogs%2Fthe-mechanics-of-neoapollinari.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biola.edu/blogs/good-book-blog/2019/neo-apollinarianism-and-mind-body-dualism">"Neo-Apollinarianism and Mind/Body Dualism"</a>. April 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neo-Apollinarianism+and+Mind%2FBody+Dualism&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biola.edu%2Fblogs%2Fgood-book-blog%2F2019%2Fneo-apollinarianism-and-mind-body-dualism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-christianpost-murashko-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christianpost-murashko_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-christianpost-murashko_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-christianpost-murashko_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-christianpost-murashko_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurashko2014" class="citation web cs1">Murashko, Alex (February 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianpost.com/news/leading-apologist-william-lane-craig-to-join-houston-baptist-us-school-of-christian-thought-faculty.html">"Leading Apologist William Lane Craig to Join Houston Baptist U's School of Christian Thought Faculty"</a>. The Christian Post. Retrieved 2019-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Leading+Apologist+William+Lane+Craig+to+Join+Houston+Baptist+U%27s+School+of+Christian+Thought+Faculty&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft.aulast=Murashko&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fleading-apologist-william-lane-craig-to-join-houston-baptist-us-school-of-christian-thought-faculty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider_2013-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2013_6-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Schneider" title="Nathan Schneider">Schneider, Nathan</a> (July 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-New-Theist/140019">"The New Theist: How William Lane Craig Became Christian Philosophy's Boldest Apostle"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington. Retrieved 2018-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+New+Theist%3A+How+William+Lane+Craig+Became+Christian+Philosophy%27s+Boldest+Apostle&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-New-Theist%2F140019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReichenbach2017">Reichenbach (2017)</a>. "In his widely discussed writings William Lane Craig marshals multidisciplinary evidence for the truth of the premises found in the kalām argument.... [much more discussion follows]" </li> <li id="cite_note-ct-sun-8"><a href="#cite_ref-ct-sun_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2011" class="citation web cs1">Sun, Eryn (September 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/dawkins.defends.decision.not.to.debate.apologist.william.lane.craig/28709.htm">"Dawkins defends decision not to debate apologist William Lane Craig"</a>. Christianity Today. Retrieved 2019-06-12. <q>...[Craig is] the leading Christian apologist, famous for his revival of the Kalam cosmological argument which asserts that God caused the universe to first exist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Dawkins+defends+decision+not+to+debate+apologist+William+Lane+Craig&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Eryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fdawkins.defends.decision.not.to.debate.apologist.william.lane.craig%2F28709.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horn-catholic-9"><a href="#cite_ref-horn-catholic_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2013" class="citation web cs1">Horn, Trent (July 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/new-support-for-the-cosmological-argument">"New Support for the Cosmological Argument"</a>. catholic.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12. <q>Although the argument fell into relatively obscurity after it was promoted in the Middle Ages, it received new life through William Lane Craig's 1979 book The Kalam Cosmological Argument. Craig has become the argument's leading proponent, and thanks to his famous debates with atheists that end up on YouTube, the kalam argument has become well-known and is vigorously dissected by critics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic.com&rft.atitle=New+Support+for+the+Cosmological+Argument&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Trent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fonline-edition%2Fnew-support-for-the-cosmological-argument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBaggett2016212-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonBaggett2016212_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonBaggett2016">Robinson & Baggett 2016</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas1988-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas1988_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas1988_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabermas1988">Habermas 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2016-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2016_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2016_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig2016">Craig 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McNabb-goa-review-13"><a href="#cite_ref-McNabb-goa-review_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNabb" class="citation journal cs1">McNabb, Tyler Dalton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbtsonline.org/review-of-god-over-all-divine-aseity-and-the-challenge-of-platonism-by-william-lane-craig/">"Review of God Over All: Divine Aseity and the Challenge of Platonism by William Lane Craig"</a>. Journal of Biblical and Theological Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2572-2832">2572-2832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+and+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+God+Over+All%3A+Divine+Aseity+and+the+Challenge+of+Platonism+by+William+Lane+Craig&rft.issn=2572-2832&rft.aulast=McNabb&rft.aufirst=Tyler+Dalton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbtsonline.org%2Freview-of-god-over-all-divine-aseity-and-the-challenge-of-platonism-by-william-lane-craig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/scholarly-writings/christian-doctrines/does-the-problem-of-material-constitution-illuminate-the-doctrine-of-the-tr/">"Does the Problem of Material Constitution Illuminate the Doctrine of the Trinity?"</a>. Retrieved 2019-07-10. <q>I am the second child of Mallory and Doris Craig...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+the+Problem+of+Material+Constitution+Illuminate+the+Doctrine+of+the+Trinity%3F&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fwritings%2Fscholarly-writings%2Fchristian-doctrines%2Fdoes-the-problem-of-material-constitution-illuminate-the-doctrine-of-the-tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2018" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane (February 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/media/reasonable-faith-podcast/questions-on-certainty-and-debate/">"Questions on Certainty and Debate"</a>. Retrieved 2019-07-22. <q>But that doesn't undermine my knowledge that I was born in Peoria, Illinois and raised in Keokuk, Iowa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+on+Certainty+and+Debate&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fmedia%2Freasonable-faith-podcast%2Fquestions-on-certainty-and-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214855/https://www.reasonablefaith.org/debating">"Debating"</a>. Reasonable Faith. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonablefaith.org/debating">the original</a> on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasonable+Faith&rft.atitle=Debating&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fdebating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihsa.org/SportsActivities/IndividualEvents/RecordsHistory.aspx?url=/data/ie/records/index.htm">"Records and History – Original Oratory"</a>. Illinois High School Association. Retrieved 2015-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+and+History+%E2%80%93+Original+Oratory&rft.pub=Illinois+High+School+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihsa.org%2FSportsActivities%2FIndividualEvents%2FRecordsHistory.aspx%3Furl%3D%2Fdata%2Fie%2Frecords%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faculty_Profile-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faculty_Profile_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faculty_Profile_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814023848/http://www.talbot.edu/faculty/profile/william_craig/">"William Lane Craig"</a>. La Mirada, California: Biola University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talbot.edu/faculty/profile/william_craig/">the original</a> on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2014-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Lane+Craig&rft.place=La+Mirada%2C+California&rft.pub=Biola+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talbot.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprofile%2Fwilliam_craig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fervr.net/author/37132/">"William Lane Craig and Sean McDowell"</a>. Fervr. Retrieved 2014-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fervr&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig+and+Sean+McDowell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffervr.net%2Fauthor%2F37132%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2007" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane (November 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/faith-and-doubt">"Faith and Doubt"</a>. Retrieved 2019-07-10. <q>To speak personally, I myself was not raised in an evangelical home, but I became a Christian my third year of high school.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Doubt&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fwritings%2Fquestion-answer%2Ffaith-and-doubt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheaton_College-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton_College_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton_College_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton_College_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton_College_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213253/https://www.wheaton.edu/Media-Center/News/2014/05/Dr-William-Lane-Craig-Named-Alumnus-of-the-Year">"Dr. William Lane Craig Named Alumnus of the Year"</a>. Wheaton, Illinois: Wheaton College. May 7, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheaton.edu/Media-Center/News/2014/05/Dr-William-Lane-Craig-Named-Alumnus-of-the-Year">the original</a> on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+William+Lane+Craig+Named+Alumnus+of+the+Year&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Wheaton+College&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheaton.edu%2FMedia-Center%2FNews%2F2014%2F05%2FDr-William-Lane-Craig-Named-Alumnus-of-the-Year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddha7habits-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buddha7habits_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buddha7habits_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Schneider" title="Nathan Schneider">Schneider, Nathan</a> (July 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://killingthebuddha.com/mag/witness/7-habits-of-a-highly-effective-philosopher/">"7 Habits of a Highly Effective Philosopher"</a>. Killing the Buddha. Retrieved 2014-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Killing+the+Buddha&rft.atitle=7+Habits+of+a+Highly+Effective+Philosopher&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkillingthebuddha.com%2Fmag%2Fwitness%2F7-habits-of-a-highly-effective-philosopher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rf-double-doctorates-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rf-double-doctorates_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rf-double-doctorates_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231322/http://www.reasonablefaith.org/double-doctorates">"Double Doctorates"</a>. Reasonable Faith. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reasonablefaith.org/double-doctorates">the original</a> on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasonable+Faith&rft.atitle=Double+Doctorates&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fdouble-doctorates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tai-alumni-of-the-year-24"><a href="#cite_ref-tai-alumni-of-the-year_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828215846/http://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/">"William Lane Craig Named TEDS Alumnus of the Year"</a>. Trinity International University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/">the original</a> on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2019-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinity+International+University&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig+Named+TEDS+Alumnus+of+the+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tiu.edu%2F2016%2F07%2F23%2Fwilliam-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calvin-edu-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calvin-edu_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calvin-edu_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calvin.edu/directory/series/william-lane-craig">"William Lane Craig"</a>. calvin.edu. Calvin College. Retrieved 2019-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calvin.edu&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalvin.edu%2Fdirectory%2Fseries%2Fwilliam-lane-craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iep-cramer-26"><a href="#cite_ref-iep-cramer_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer" class="citation journal cs1">Cramer, David C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/hick/">"John Hick (1922—2012)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. Retrieved 2019-06-12. <q>Many of [Hick's] former students are now established Christian philosophers in their own right, including ... William Lane Craig...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=John+Hick+%281922%E2%80%942012%29&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fhick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birmingham-cadbury-lectures-27"><a href="#cite_ref-birmingham-cadbury-lectures_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/ptr/departments/theologyandreligion/events/cadburylectures/2015/index.aspx">"The Cadbury Lectures 2015: God Over All Back to 'The Cadbury lectures' 16 March - 20 March 2015"</a>. University of Birmingham. Retrieved 2019-07-22. <q>Hosted by the John Hick Centre for Philosophy of Religion. Our theme for 2015 is 'God Over All', and will consist of a series of lectures given by Professor William Lane Craig (Talbot School of Theology and Houston Baptist University; PhD University of Birmingham 1977).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Birmingham&rft.atitle=The+Cadbury+Lectures+2015%3A+God+Over+All+Back+to+%27The+Cadbury+lectures%27+16+March+-+20+March+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fschools%2Fptr%2Fdepartments%2Ftheologyandreligion%2Fevents%2Fcadburylectures%2F2015%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-humboldtfoundation-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humboldtfoundation_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-humboldtfoundation_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716181252/https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/pls/web/pub_hn_query.humboldtianer_details?p_externe_id=7000110651&p_lang=en">"Humboldt Network: Prof. Dr. William L. Craig"</a>. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/pls/web/pub_hn_query.humboldtianer_details?p_externe_id=7000110651&p_lang=en">the original</a> on 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2019-07-16. <q>Host(s) and host institute(s) during Humboldt sponsorship: Prof. Dr. Wolfhart Pannenberg, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Start of first sponsorship: 01.01.1978</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexander+von+Humboldt+Foundation&rft.atitle=Humboldt+Network%3A+Prof.+Dr.+William+L.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humboldt-foundation.de%2Fpls%2Fweb%2Fpub_hn_query.humboldtianer_details%3Fp_externe_id%3D7000110651%26p_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1985" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane (1985). The historical argument for the Resurrection of Jesus during the Deist controversy. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889468115" title="Special:BookSources/9780889468115"><bdi>9780889468115</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925034139">925034139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+argument+for+the+Resurrection+of+Jesus+during+the+Deist+controversy&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925034139&rft.isbn=9780889468115&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Samuel C. (October 1988). "Book Review: The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus during the Deist Controversy. William L. Craig". The Journal of Religion. 68 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F487941">10.1086/487941</a>. <q>In this large study, which apparently grew out of a dissertation prepared under the supervision of Wolfhart Pannenberg...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+the+Resurrection+of+Jesus+during+the+Deist+Controversy.+William+L.+Craig&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F487941&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teds-aoy-31"><a href="#cite_ref-teds-aoy_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828215846/http://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/">"William Lane Craig Named TEDS Alumnus of the Year"</a>. Trinity International University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.tiu.edu/2016/07/23/william-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year/">the original</a> on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2019-06-12. <q>Craig earned master's degrees from TEDS in philosophy of religion, as well as in church history and the history of Christian thought. He taught philosophy of religion at TEDS from 1980–1986.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinity+International+University&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig+Named+TEDS+Alumnus+of+the+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tiu.edu%2F2016%2F07%2F23%2Fwilliam-lane-craig-named-teds-alumnus-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-owg-author-bio-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-owg-author-bio_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-owg-author-bio_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane (2000). "Author Bio". The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge & Human Freedom (Reprint edition (January 2000) ed.). Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579103163" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579103163"><bdi>978-1579103163</bdi></a>. <q>From 1980 to 1986 he taught philosophy of religion at Trinity, during which time he and Jan started their family. In 1987 they moved to Brussels, Belgium, where Dr. Craig pursued research at the University of Louvain until 1994.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Author+Bio&rft.btitle=The+Only+Wise+God%3A+The+Compatibility+of+Divine+Foreknowledge+%26+Human+Freedom&rft.edition=Reprint+edition+%28January+2000%29&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1579103163&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U1C6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22louvain%22+%22william+lane+craig%22">"Contributors"</a>. International Philosophical Quarterly. 33. Fordham University Press: 142. 1993. <q>William Lane Craig is a visiting scholar at the Inst. Supérieur de Philosophie at the Catholic Univ. of Louvain (B-3000 Leuven, Belgium), PhD from Univ. of Birmingham (Eng.) and DTh from the Univ. of Munich, he taught at Westmont College and is a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Siftung. Interested in Philosophy of Religion and of Space and Time, he includes in his publications the books The Kalam Cosmological Argument and Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Contributors&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=142&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU1C6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522louvain%2522%2B%2522william%2Blane%2Bcraig%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-kristof-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-kristof_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-kristof_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2018" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas (December 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/opinion/sunday/christmas-christian-craig.html">"Professor, Was Jesus Really Born to a Virgin?"</a>. The New York Times. p. SR23. Retrieved 2019-06-12. <q>Here's my interview of William Lane Craig, professor of philosophy at Talbot School of Theology and Houston Baptist University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Professor%2C+Was+Jesus+Really+Born+to+a+Virgin%3F&rft.pages=SR23&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fchristmas-christian-craig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Wu, Joanna (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.biola.edu/article/17-spring/william-lane-craig-named-in-biolas-first-endowed-c/">"William Lane Craig Named in Biola's First Endowed Chair"</a>. Biola Magazine. La Mirada, California: Biola University. p. 15. Retrieved 2018-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biola+Magazine&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig+Named+in+Biola%27s+First+Endowed+Chair&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.biola.edu%2Farticle%2F17-spring%2Fwilliam-lane-craig-named-in-biolas-first-endowed-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBaggett2016213-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonBaggett2016213_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinsonBaggett2016">Robinson & Baggett 2016</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 74:2. November 2000. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+and+Addresses+of+the+American+Philosophical+Association+74%3A2&rft.pages=162&rft.date=2000-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/203021684">"Reasonable Faith Inc"</a>. Nonprofit Explorer. ProPublica. May 9, 2013. Retrieved 2019-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nonprofit+Explorer&rft.atitle=Reasonable+Faith+Inc.&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F203021684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigHarris2019" class="citation web cs1">Craig, William Lane; Harris, Kevin (March 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/media/reasonable-faith-podcast/dr-craigs-interview-in-the-new-york-times/">"Dr Craig's Interview in the New York Times"</a>. Reasonable Faith. Retrieved 2019-08-05. <q>That's one of the reasons we founded Reasonable Faith over ten years ago</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasonable+Faith&rft.atitle=Dr+Craig%27s+Interview+in+the+New+York+Times&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=Harris%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fmedia%2Freasonable-faith-podcast%2Fdr-craigs-interview-in-the-new-york-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org/documents/CV.pdf">"Dr. William Lane Craig Curriculum Vitae"</a> (PDF). Reasonable Faith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasonable+Faith&rft.atitle=Dr.+William+Lane+Craig+Curriculum+Vitae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reasonablefaith.org%2Fdocuments%2FCV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moodypublishers.com/authors/c/william-lane-craig">"William Lane Craig"</a>. moodypublishers.com. September 17, 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moodypublishers.com&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moodypublishers.com%2Fauthors%2Fc%2Fwilliam-lane-craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1988" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (1988). "Tachyons, Time Travel, and Divine Omniscience". The Journal of Philosophy. 85 (3): 135–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2027068">10.2307/2027068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2027068">2027068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Tachyons%2C+Time+Travel%2C+and+Divine+Omniscience&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=135-150&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2027068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2027068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/bjps/current">"Search: 'William Lane Graig'"</a>. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. Retrieved 2021-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Search%3A+%27William+Lane+Graig%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Ftoc%2Fbjps%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1994" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (1994). "Robert Adams's New Anti-Molinist Argument". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 54 (4): 857–861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2108416">10.2307/2108416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8205">0031-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108416">2108416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Robert+Adams%27s+New+Anti-Molinist+Argument&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-861&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0031-8205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2108416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2108416&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2001" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (2001). "Wishing It Were Now Some Other Time". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 62 (1): 159–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2653594">10.2307/2653594</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8205">0031-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2653594">2653594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Wishing+It+Were+Now+Some+Other+Time&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-166&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0031-8205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2653594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2653594&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1992" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (August 1, 1992). "Hasker on divine knowledge". Philosophical Studies. 67 (2): 89–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00373692">10.1007/BF00373692</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0883">1573-0883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170646419">170646419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Studies&rft.atitle=Hasker+on+divine+knowledge&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-110&rft.date=1992-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170646419%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00373692&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1991" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (December 1, 1991). "Theism and Big Bang cosmology". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 69 (4): 492–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048409112344901">10.1080/00048409112344901</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8402">0004-8402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Theism+and+Big+Bang+cosmology&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=492-503&rft.date=1991-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048409112344901&rft.issn=0004-8402&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1996" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William L. (December 1, 1996). "Timelessness and creation". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 74 (4): 646–656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048409612347581">10.1080/00048409612347581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8402">0004-8402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Timelessness+and+creation&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=646-656&rft.date=1996-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048409612347581&rft.issn=0004-8402&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1979" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William L. (June 1, 1979). "Wallace matson and the crude cosmological argument". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 57 (2): 163–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048407912341171">10.1080/00048407912341171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8402">0004-8402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Wallace+matson+and+the+crude+cosmological+argument&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-170&rft.date=1979-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048407912341171&rft.issn=0004-8402&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2001" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, W. Lane (March 1, 2001). "McTaggart's Paradox and Temporal Solipsism". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 79 (1): 32–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713659176">10.1080/713659176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8402">0004-8402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170081930">170081930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=McTaggart%27s+Paradox+and+Temporal+Solipsism&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-44&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170081930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-8402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713659176&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=W.+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://place.asburyseminary.edu/do/search/?q=author:(%20William%20Lane%20Craig%20)&start=0&context=13513065&sort=score&facet=">"Search"</a>. place.asburyseminary.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=place.asburyseminary.edu&rft.atitle=Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplace.asburyseminary.edu%2Fdo%2Fsearch%2F%3Fq%3Dauthor%3A%28%2520William%2520Lane%2520Craig%2520%29%26start%3D0%26context%3D13513065%26sort%3Dscore%26facet%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1994" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, W. L. (May 1, 1994). "Prof. Grünbaum on creation". Erkenntnis. 40 (3): 325–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01128902">10.1007/BF01128902</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8420">1572-8420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55902279">55902279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erkenntnis&rft.atitle=Prof.+Gr%C3%BCnbaum+on+creation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-341&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55902279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01128902&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William L. (January 1, 1998). "Theism and the Origin of the Universe". Erkenntnis. 48 (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005360931186">10.1023/A:1005360931186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8420">1572-8420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170022778">170022778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erkenntnis&rft.atitle=Theism+and+the+Origin+of+the+Universe&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170022778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005360931186&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1997" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (1997). "Is Presentness a Property?". American Philosophical Quarterly. 34 (1): 27–40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0481">0003-0481</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009884">20009884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Is+Presentness+a+Property%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-40&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20009884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-0481&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982328_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWainwright1982">Wainwright 1982</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowanSpiegel2009268–269Jackson201419PetersonHaskerReichenbachBasinger201386–89Reichenbach2017Williams201389-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowanSpiegel2009268–269Jackson201419PetersonHaskerReichenbachBasinger201386–89Reichenbach2017Williams201389_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCowanSpiegel2009">Cowan & Spiegel 2009</a>, pp. 268–269; <a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHaskerReichenbachBasinger2013">Peterson et al. 2013</a>, pp. 86–89; <a href="#CITEREFReichenbach2017">Reichenbach 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2013">Williams 2013</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/whos-who/modern-authors/william-lane-craig/">"Who's Who: Modern Authors: William Lane Craig (Entry 2)"</a>. Philosophy of Religion.info. Retrieved 2016-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Religion.info&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Who%3A+Modern+Authors%3A+William+Lane+Craig+%28Entry+2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophyofreligion.info%2Fwhos-who%2Fmodern-authors%2Fwilliam-lane-craig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichenbach2017_59-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFReichenbach2017">Reichenbach 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007183-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2007183_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppy2006137-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppy2006137_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppy2006">Oppy 2006</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-Copan|Craig|2017-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Copan|Craig|2017_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanCraig2017" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; Craig, William Lane (November 16, 2017). The Kalam Cosmological Argument, Volume 1. Bloomsberry Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501330803" title="Special:BookSources/9781501330803"><bdi>9781501330803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalam+Cosmological+Argument%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsberry+Publishing&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.isbn=9781501330803&rft.aulast=Copan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Craig%2C+William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Poidevin2003" class="citation book cs1">Le Poidevin, Robin (2003). Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134871117" title="Special:BookSources/9781134871117"><bdi>9781134871117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+for+Atheism%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134871117&rft.aulast=Le+Poidevin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982329-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982329_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982329_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWainwright1982">Wainwright 1982</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorelandCraig2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorelandCraig2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorelandCraig2003">Moreland & Craig 2003</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigSinclair2009103-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraigSinclair2009103_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraigSinclair2009">Craig & Sinclair 2009</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982333-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright1982333_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWainwright1982">Wainwright 1982</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigSinclair2009117-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraigSinclair2009117_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraigSinclair2009">Craig & Sinclair 2009</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2000-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriston2000_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorriston2000">Morriston 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2003" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Philip I. (2003). "God, Existence Of". In van Huyssteen, J Wentzel Vrede (ed.). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. Thomson-Gale. pp. 381–382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028657042" title="Special:BookSources/9780028657042"><bdi>9780028657042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God%2C+Existence+Of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Religion&rft.pages=381-382&rft.pub=Thomson-Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780028657042&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Philip+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-sar-71"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath-sar_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2009" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (2009). Science and Religion: A New Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405187909" title="Special:BookSources/9781405187909"><bdi>9781405187909</bdi></a>. <q>This form of the kalam argument has been widely debated in recent years. One of its most significant defenders has been William Lane Craig...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion%3A+A+New+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405187909&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünbaum1994" class="citation journal cs1">Grünbaum, Adolf (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/modern/adolf_grunbaum/comments.html">"Some Comments on William Craig's "Creation and Big Bang Cosmology""</a>. Philosophia Naturalis. 31 (2): 225–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia+Naturalis&rft.atitle=Some+Comments+on+William+Craig%27s+%22Creation+and+Big+Bang+Cosmology%22&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnbaum&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fadolf_grunbaum%2Fcomments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007192–194-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2007192–194_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, pp. 192–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2013-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriston2013_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorriston2013">Morriston 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriston2018-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriston2018_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorriston2018">Morriston 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppy2006137–153-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppy2006137–153_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppy2006">Oppy 2006</a>, pp. 137–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2017-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2017_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoke2017">Loke 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoons2014-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoons2014_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoons2014">Koons 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruss2018-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPruss2018_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPruss2018">Pruss 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2017a-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2017a_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopanCraig2017a">Copan & Craig 2017a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2017b-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopanCraig2017b_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopanCraig2017b">Copan & Craig 2017b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013755-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013755_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerszyk2013">Perszyk 2013</a>, p. 755. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Beyond Dordt and 'De Auxiliis' : the dynamics of Protestant and Catholic soteriology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Ballor, Jordan J. (Jordan Joseph), Gaetano, Matthew T., Sytsma, David S. Leiden: Brill. 2019. pp. 103–26, 148–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37711-0"><bdi>978-90-04-37711-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107692846">1107692846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Dordt+and+%27De+Auxiliis%27+%3A+the+dynamics+of+Protestant+and+Catholic+soteriology+in+the+sixteenth+and+seventeenth+centuries&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=103-26%2C+148-68&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107692846&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37711-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013755-756-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013755-756_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerszyk2013">Perszyk 2013</a>, p. 755-756. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013765-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerszyk2013765_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerszyk2013">Perszyk 2013</a>, p. 765. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1985b-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1985b_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraig1985b">Craig 1985b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Habermas, Gary R. 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Retrieved 2024-04-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Review+of+God+and+Time%3A+Four+Views+ed.%2C+Gregory+E.+Ganssle+and+God%2C+Time+and+Eternity+by+William+Lane+Craig&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1023399210367&rft.aulast=Hasker&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FPIEGEG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quarum-tat-review-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quarum-tat-review_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quarum-tat-review_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuarum2003" class="citation journal cs1">Quarum, Merrit (2003). "Review: Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time". 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Theology and Science. 11 (3): 224–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14746700.2013.809950">10.1080/14746700.2013.809950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-6719">1474-6719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144855607">144855607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+and+Science&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+Wolfhart+Pannenberg%27s+Scientific+Theology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=224-250&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144855607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-6719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14746700.2013.809950&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBåve2009" class="citation journal cs1">Båve, Arvid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31825">"A Deflationary Theory of Reference"</a>. Synthese. 169 (1): 51–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-008-9336-4">10.1007/s11229-008-9336-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964">1573-0964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18267942">18267942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=A+Deflationary+Theory+of+Reference&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-73&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18267942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-0964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-008-9336-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%A5ve&rft.aufirst=Arvid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Asu%3Adiva-31825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanCraig2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Copan" title="Paul Copan">Copan, Paul</a>; Craig, William Lane, eds. (2009). Contending with Christianity's Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4936-5"><bdi>978-0-8054-4936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contending+with+Christianity%27s+Critics%3A+Answering+New+Atheists+%26+Other+Objectors&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=B%26H+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4936-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanCraig2017a" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; Craig, William Lane, eds. (2017a). The Kalām Cosmological Argument: Philosophical Arguments for the Finitude of the Past. Bloomsbury Studies in Philosophy of Religion. London: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501352539" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501352539"><bdi>978-1501352539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kal%C4%81m+Cosmological+Argument%3A+Philosophical+Arguments+for+the+Finitude+of+the+Past.&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bloomsbury+Studies+in+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1501352539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanCraig2017b" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; Craig, William Lane, eds. (2017b). The Kalām Cosmological Argument: Scientific Evidence for the Beginning of the Universe. Bloomsbury Studies in Philosophy of Religion. London: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501352584" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501352584"><bdi>978-1501352584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kal%C4%81m+Cosmological+Argument%3A+Scientific+Evidence+for+the+Beginning+of+the+Universe.&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bloomsbury+Studies+in+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1501352584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopanFlannagan2014" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; Flannagan, Matthew (2014). Did God Really Command Genocide?: Coming to Terms with the Justice of God. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801016226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801016226"><bdi>978-0801016226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+God+Really+Command+Genocide%3F%3A+Coming+to+Terms+with+the+Justice+of+God&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0801016226&rft.aulast=Copan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Flannagan%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowanSpiegel2009" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Steven B.; Spiegel, James S. (2009). The Love of Wisdom: A Christian Introduction to Philosophy. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4770-5"><bdi>978-0-8054-4770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Love+of+Wisdom%3A+A+Christian+Introduction+to+Philosophy&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=B%26H+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4770-5&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Steven+B.&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1979" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (1979). "Wallace Matson and the Crude Cosmological Argument". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 57 (2): 163–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048407912341171">10.1080/00048407912341171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6828">1471-6828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Wallace+Matson+and+the+Crude+Cosmological+Argument&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-170&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048407912341171&rft.issn=1471-6828&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1985a" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1985a). "The Historicity of the Empty Tomb of Jesus". New Testament Studies. 31 (1): 39–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500012911">10.1017/S0028688500012911</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8145">1469-8145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170350351">170350351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Historicity+of+the+Empty+Tomb+of+Jesus&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-67&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170350351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-8145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500012911&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1985b" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1985b). The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889468117" title="Special:BookSources/0889468117"><bdi>0889468117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Argument+for+the+Resurrection+of+Jesus+During+the+Deist+Controversy&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0889468117&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1986" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1986). "The Problem of Miracles: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective". In <a href="/wiki/David_Wenham_(theologian)" title="David Wenham (theologian)">Wenham, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" title="Craig Blomberg">Blomberg, Craig</a> (eds.). Gospel Perspectives. Vol. 6. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press. pp. 9–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Miracles%3A+A+Historical+and+Philosophical+Perspective&rft.btitle=Gospel+Perspectives&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pages=9-40&rft.pub=JSOT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1987" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1987). "Divine Foreknowledge and Newcomb's Paradox". Philosophia. 17 (3): 331–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02455055">10.1007/bf02455055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-9274">1574-9274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143485859">143485859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia&rft.atitle=Divine+Foreknowledge+and+Newcomb%27s+Paradox&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-350&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143485859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1574-9274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02455055&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1988" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1988). "Tachyons, Time Travel, and Divine Omniscience". The Journal of Philosophy. 85 (3): 135–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2027068">10.2307/2027068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2027068">2027068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Tachyons%2C+Time+Travel%2C+and+Divine+Omniscience&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=135-150&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2027068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2027068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1989" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_nYAAAAMAAJ">Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus</a>. Studies in the Bible and early Christianity. Vol. 16. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-616-6"><bdi>978-0-88946-616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+New+Testament+Evidence+for+the+Historicity+of+the+Resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Bible+and+early+Christianity&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-616-6&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_nYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1990" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol7/iss2/7">"Purtill on Fatalism and Truth"</a>. Faith and Philosophy. 7 (2): 229–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ffaithphil19907219">10.5840/faithphil19907219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-3393">2153-3393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Purtill+on+Fatalism+and+Truth&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-234&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Ffaithphil19907219&rft.issn=2153-3393&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplace.asburyseminary.edu%2Ffaithandphilosophy%2Fvol7%2Fiss2%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1991" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1991). "'Lest Anyone Should Fall': A Middle Knowledge Perspective on Perseverance and Apostolic Warnings". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 29 (2): 65–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00133805">10.1007/bf00133805</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8684">1572-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159974214">159974214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=%27Lest+Anyone+Should+Fall%27%3A+A+Middle+Knowledge+Perspective+on+Perseverance+and+Apostolic+Warnings&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159974214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00133805&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1992" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ffaithphil19929217">"God and the Initial Cosmological Singularity: A Reply to Quentin Smith"</a>. Faith and Philosophy. 9 (2): 238–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ffaithphil19929217">10.5840/faithphil19929217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-3393">2153-3393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58926504">58926504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=God+and+the+Initial+Cosmological+Singularity%3A+A+Reply+to+Quentin+Smith&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=238-248&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58926504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2153-3393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Ffaithphil19929217&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5840%252Ffaithphil19929217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1996" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1996). "A Critique of Grudem's Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of Eternity". Philosophia Christi. 1 (19): 33–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia+Christi&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+Grudem%27s+Formulation+and+Defense+of+the+Doctrine+of+Eternity&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998a" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1998a). "Divine Timelessness and Personhood". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 43 (2): 109–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1003137728724">10.1023/A:1003137728724</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8684">1572-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169307785">169307785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Divine+Timelessness+and+Personhood&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-124&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169307785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1003137728724&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998b" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (1998b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/rediscover2.html">"Rediscovering the Historical Jesus: The Evidence for Jesus"</a>. Faith and Mission. 15 (2): 16–26. Retrieved 2018-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+and+Mission&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+The+Evidence+for+Jesus&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=16-26&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderu.com%2Foffices%2Fbillcraig%2Fdocs%2Frediscover2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000a" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1796&context=faithandphilosophy">"Omniscience, Tensed Facts, and Divine Eternity"</a>. Faith and Philosophy. 17 (2): 225–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ffaithphil200017216">10.5840/faithphil200017216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-3393">2153-3393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Omniscience%2C+Tensed+Facts%2C+and+Divine+Eternity&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-241&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Ffaithphil200017216&rft.issn=2153-3393&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplace.asburyseminary.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1796%26context%3Dfaithandphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000b" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2000b) [1987]. The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-316-3"><bdi>978-1-57910-316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Only+Wise+God%3A+The+Compatibility+of+Divine+Foreknowledge+and+Human+Freedom&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-316-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000c" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (2000c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/omnitemporality.html">"Timelessness and Omnitemporality"</a>. Philosophia Christi. 2. 2 (1): 29–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fpc2000215">10.5840/pc2000215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1634">1529-1634</a>. Retrieved 2018-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia+Christi&rft.atitle=Timelessness+and+Omnitemporality&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-33&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fpc2000215&rft.issn=1529-1634&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderu.com%2Foffices%2Fbillcraig%2Fdocs%2Fomnitemporality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2001a" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (2001a). "God and the Beginning of Time". International Philosophical Quarterly. 41 (1): 17–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq200141159">10.5840/ipq200141159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-8077">2153-8077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=God+and+the+Beginning+of+Time&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-31&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq200141159&rft.issn=2153-8077&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2001b" class="citation journal cs1"> ———  (2001b). "Reply to Evan Fales: On the Empty Tomb of Jesus". Philosophia Christi. 2. 3 (1): 67–76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-1634">1529-1634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia+Christi&rft.atitle=Reply+to+Evan+Fales%3A+On+the+Empty+Tomb+of+Jesus&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-76&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1529-1634&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2001c" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2001c). Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-241-3"><bdi>978-1-58134-241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Eternity%3A+Exploring+God%27s+Relationship+to+Time&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58134-241-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2003" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2003). Hard Questions, Real Answers. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1684-9"><bdi>978-1-4335-1684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Questions%2C+Real+Answers&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-1684-9&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2008" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics (3rd ed.). Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0115-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0115-9"><bdi>978-1-4335-0115-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reasonable+Faith%3A+Christian+Truth+and+Apologetics&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-0115-9&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2009" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2009). "Divine Eternity". In Flint, Thomas P.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Rea" title="Michael C. Rea">Rea, Michael C.</a> (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 145–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199596539.013.0008">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596539.013.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959653-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959653-9"><bdi>978-0-19-959653-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divine+Eternity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Philosophical+Theology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145-166&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199596539.013.0008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959653-9&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2012a" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2012a). "God and Abstract Objects". In Stump, J. B.; Padgett, Alan G. (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 441–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118241455.ch38">10.1002/9781118241455.ch38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3571-2"><bdi>978-1-4443-3571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+and+Abstract+Objects&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Science+and+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=441-452&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118241455.ch38&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3571-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2012b" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2012b). "Nominalism and Divine Aseity". In <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kvanvig" title="Jonathan Kvanvig">Kvanvig, Jonathan</a> (ed.). Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199656417.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656417.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965641-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965641-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nominalism+and+Divine+Aseity&rft.btitle=Oxford+Studies+in+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=44-65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199656417.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965641-7&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2014" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2014). "Anti-Platonism". In Gould, Paul M. (ed.). Beyond the Control of God? Six Views on the Problem of God and Abstract. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 113–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-365-3"><bdi>978-1-62356-365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Platonism&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Control+of+God%3F+Six+Views+on+the+Problem+of+God+and+Abstract&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113-126&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62356-365-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2016" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2016). God Over All: Divine Aseity and the Challenge of Platonism. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878688-7"><bdi>978-0-19-878688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Over+All%3A+Divine+Aseity+and+the+Challenge+of+Platonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878688-7&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigCarroll2016" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane; <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll" title="Sean M. Carroll">Carroll, Sean</a> (2016). God and Cosmology: William Lane Craig and Sean Carroll in Dialogue. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-0676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-0676-3"><bdi>978-1-5064-0676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Cosmology%3A+William+Lane+Craig+and+Sean+Carroll+in+Dialogue&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-0676-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2017" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane (2017). God and Abstract Objects: The Coherence of Theism III: Aseity. Berlin: Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55383-2"><bdi>978-3-319-55383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Abstract+Objects%3A+The+Coherence+of+Theism+III%3A+Aseity.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-55383-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigMoreland2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane; <a href="/wiki/J._P._Moreland" title="J. P. Moreland">Moreland, J. P.</a>, eds. (2000). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Routledge Studies in Twentieth Century Philosophy. Vol. 6. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23524-2"><bdi>978-0-415-23524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalism%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Twentieth+Century+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23524-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigSinclair2009" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane; Sinclair, James D. (2009). "The Kalam Cosmological Argument". In Craig, William Lane; <a href="/wiki/J._P._Moreland" title="J. P. Moreland">Moreland, J. P.</a> (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 101–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444308334.ch3">10.1002/9781444308334.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7657-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-7657-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170323577">170323577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kalam+Cosmological+Argument&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Natural+Theology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pages=101-201&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170323577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444308334.ch3&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7657-6&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2020" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane (2020). Atonement and the Death of Christ: An Exegetical, Historical, and Philosophical Exploration. Waco, TX.: Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4813-1204-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4813-1204-2"><bdi>978-1-4813-1204-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atonement+and+the+Death+of+Christ%3A+An+Exegetical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Philosophical+Exploration.&rft.place=Waco%2C+TX.&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4813-1204-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2021" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William Lane (2021). In Quest of the Historical Adam: A Biblical and Scientific Investigation. Grand Rapids, MI.: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802879110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802879110"><bdi>978-0802879110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Quest+of+the+Historical+Adam%3A+A+Biblical+and+Scientific+Investigation.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI.&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0802879110&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreel2014" class="citation book cs1">Creel, Richard E. (2014). Philosophy of Religion: The Basics. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61945-2"><bdi>978-1-118-61945-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Religion%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-61945-2&rft.aulast=Creel&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Habermas, Gary</a> (1988). "Review of The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy by William Lane Craig". Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 31 (2): 240–242. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-8808">0360-8808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Historical+Argument+for+the+Resurrection+of+Jesus+During+the+Deist+Controversy+by+William+Lane+Craig&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-242&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0360-8808&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Helm" title="Paul Helm">Helm, Paul</a> (2011). 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Objecting to God. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76835-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76835-1"><bdi>978-0-521-76835-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objecting+to+God&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76835-1&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2014). The God of Philosophy: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-501-4"><bdi>978-1-84465-501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+of+Philosophy%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-501-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJantzen2014" class="citation book cs1">Jantzen, Benjamin C. (2014). An Introduction to Design Arguments. 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Noûs. 48 (2): 256–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0068.2012.00858.x">10.1111/j.1468-0068.2012.00858.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=No%C3%BBs&rft.atitle=A+New+Kalam+Argument%3A+Revenge+of+the+Grim+Reaper.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-267&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0068.2012.00858.x&rft.aulast=Koons&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Law" title="Stephen Law">Law, Stephen</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol28/iss2/1">"Evidence, Miracles, and the Existence of Jesus"</a>. 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Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994657-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994657-0"><bdi>978-0-19-994657-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Religious+Belief%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994657-0&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hasker%2C+William&rft.au=Reichenbach%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Basinger%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruss2018" class="citation book cs1">Pruss, Alexander R. (2018). Infinity, Causation, and Paradox. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881033-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881033-9"><bdi>978-0-19-881033-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinity%2C+Causation%2C+and+Paradox.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881033-9&rft.aulast=Pruss&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichenbach2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reichenbach, Bruce (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/cosmological-argument/">"Cosmological Argument"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. Retrieved 2018-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmological+Argument&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Reichenbach&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2013%2Fentries%2Fcosmological-argument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichenbach2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reichenbach, Bruce (Winter 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/cosmological-argument/">"Cosmological Argument"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. Retrieved 2018-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmological+Argument&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Reichenbach&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2017%2Fentries%2Fcosmological-argument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonBaggett2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robinson, Jeff; Baggett, David (2016). "Craig, William Lane (1949–)". In Shook, John R. (ed.). The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Philosophers in America: From 1600 to the Present. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 211–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7056-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-7056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Craig%2C+William+Lane+%281949%E2%80%93%29&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophers+in+America%3A+From+1600+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211-214&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7056-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Baggett%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Quentin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/SMIKCA">"Kalam Cosmological Arguments for Atheism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Martin, Michael</a> (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521842700.012">10.1017/CCOL0521842700.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00118-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00118-2"><bdi>978-1-139-00118-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kalam+Cosmological+Arguments+for+Atheism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182-198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL0521842700.012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00118-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSMIKCA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Robert B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski and Michael Ruse in Dialogue (rev. ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6218-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6218-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-6218-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Design%3A+William+A.+Dembski+and+Michael+Ruse+in+Dialogue&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-6218-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViney1989" class="citation journal cs1">Viney, Donald Wayne (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119204633/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2771">"Does Omniscience Imply Foreknowledge? Craig on Hartshorneby"</a>. Process Studies. 18 (1): 30–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fprocess198918130">10.5840/process198918130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2154-3682">2154-3682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170638788">170638788</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2771">the original</a> on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2011-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Process+Studies&rft.atitle=Does+Omniscience+Imply+Foreknowledge%3F+Craig+on+Hartshorneby&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-37&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170638788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2154-3682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fprocess198918130&rft.aulast=Viney&rft.aufirst=Donald+Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowarticle.asp%3Ftitle%3D2771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wainwright, William J. (May 1982). "Reviewed Work: The Kalām Cosmological Argument. by William Lane Craig". Noûs. 16 (2): 328–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2215379">10.2307/2215379</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2215379">2215379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=No%C3%BBs&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+The+Kal%C4%81m+Cosmological+Argument.+by+William+Lane+Craig&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-334&rft.date=1982-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2215379&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2215379%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"William_Lane_Craig"2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"William Lane Craig". Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit, Michigan: Gale. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Lane+Craig&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Authors+Online&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter S. (2013). A Faithful Guide to Philosophy: A Christian Introduction to the Love of Wisdom. Milton Keynes, England: Paternoster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-811-6"><bdi>978-1-84227-811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Faithful+Guide+to+Philosophy%3A+A+Christian+Introduction+to+the+Love+of+Wisdom&rft.place=Milton+Keynes%2C+England&rft.pub=Paternoster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84227-811-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagzebski2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Trinkaus_Zagzebski" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski">Zagzebski, Linda</a> (Fall 2011) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/">"Foreknowledge and Free Will"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. Retrieved 2018-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreknowledge+and+Free+Will&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Zagzebski&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2011%2Fentries%2Ffree-will-foreknowledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reasonablefaith.org">Official Reasonable Faith website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meister, Chad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/religion/">"Philosophy of Religion"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. Retrieved 2015-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Freligion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lane+Craig" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Talbot_School_of_Theology" title="Template:Talbot School of Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Talbot_School_of_Theology" title="Template talk:Talbot School of Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Talbot_School_of_Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Talbot School of Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Talbot_School_of_Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Talbot_School_of_Theology" title="Talbot School of Theology">Talbot School of Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Talbot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Talbot (page does not exist)">Louis T. Talbot</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_H._Corey" title="Barry H. Corey">Barry H. Corey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Feinberg" title="Charles L. Feinberg">Charles L. Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Arnold" title="Clinton E. Arnold">Clinton E. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_H._Dirks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis H. Dirks (page does not exist)">Dennis H. Dirks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_T._Anderson" title="Neil T. Anderson">Neil T. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. MacArthur">John F. MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Saucy" title="Robert L. Saucy">Robert L. Saucy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Moreland" title="J. P. Moreland">J. P. Moreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_B._Rae" title="Scott B. Rae">Scott B. Rae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biola_University" title="Biola University">Biola University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">William Lane Craig at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Lane_Craig" class="extiw" title="c:Category:William Lane Craig">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" class="extiw" title="q:William Lane Craig">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233528#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233528#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123518385">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n77011430">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12091380v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12091380v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602454&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1060375">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06816078X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90198332">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000117528&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200811068">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810551430105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280583605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14833674">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:craig.william-lane">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4d783867-6f25-411b-8df8-b2ed4ce80ab8">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123518385">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02924689X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pd0nfv">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&oldid=1259044973">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lane_Craig&oldid=1259044973</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1949_births" title="Category:1949 births">1949 births</a></li><li><a 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393.417 54 Template:Sfn"," 8.77% 272.700 41 Template:Cite_web"," 5.61% 174.507 2 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 5.58% 173.488 30 Template:ISBN"," 5.36% 166.729 9 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.198","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11377863,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;William_Lane_Craig\u0026quot;2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBåve2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopanCraig2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopanCraig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopanCraig2017a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopanCraig2017b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopanFlannagan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowanSpiegel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1985a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1985b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2000c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2001c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigCarroll2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigHarris2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigMoreland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigSinclair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanssle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrünbaum1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermas1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelm2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelm2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJantzen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Poidevin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiggins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoftin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullagh1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrewMcGrew2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNabb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorelandCraig2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriston2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriston2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriston2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurashko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholsStich1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOaklander2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerszyk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonHaskerReichenbachBasinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatzer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuarum2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichenbach2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichenbach2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonBaggett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinburne2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrinity_International_University2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViney1989\"] = 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1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","22.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","13.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","7.1"],["recursiveClone 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-09T08:50:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T01:56:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Filosof_og_teolog_William_Lane_Craig%2C_2014.jpg","headline":"American Christian apologist and theologian"}</script> </body> </html>