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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflorescence,_flower,_and_fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflorescence,_flower,_and_fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inflorescence, flower, and fruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflorescence,_flower,_and_fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phytochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Traditional uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Indicator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adulteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Medical research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turmeric</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuny%C3%A8t" title="Kunyèt – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kunyèt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrie" title="Borrie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Borrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="እርድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እርድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85" title="كركم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كركم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="হালধি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হালধি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हर्दी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हर्दी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_sar%C4%B1k%C3%B6k" title="Uzun sarıkök – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uzun sarıkök" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyit" title="Kunyit – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kunyit" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE)" title="হলুদ (মশলা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হলুদ (মশলা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janar" title="Janar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Janar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiu%E2%81%BF-n%CC%82g" title="Kiuⁿ-n̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiuⁿ-n̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawag" title="Kalawag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kalawag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Обикновена куркума – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновена куркума" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BArcuma" title="Cúrcuma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúrcuma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwaw" title="Duwaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Duwaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrmerig" title="Tyrmerig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrmerig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asooma" title="Asooma – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Asooma" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkemeje" title="Gurkemeje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gurkemeje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%8B%DE%AB" title="ރީނދޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރީނދޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_kollajuur" title="Harilik kollajuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik kollajuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Κουρκουμάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουρκουμάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkumo" title="Kurkumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurkumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="زردچوبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زردچوبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Curcuma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuirmiric" title="Tuirmiric – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuirmiric" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Curcuma" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BArcuma" title="Cúrcuma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cúrcuma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0" title="હળદર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હળદર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6" title="हळद – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हळद" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EB%A7%88_%EB%A1%B1%EA%B0%80" title="쿠르쿠마 롱가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르쿠마 롱가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हल्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हल्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaska_kurkuma" title="Jawaska kurkuma – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jawaska kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkumo" title="Kurkumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kurkumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyit" title="Kunyit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kunyit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArmerik" title="Túrmerik – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrmerik" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D" title="כורכום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כורכום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunir" title="Kunir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kunir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅರಿಸಿನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಿಸಿನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange" title="Ange – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ange" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%9A%D8%AF%D9%95%D8%B1" title="لیٚدٕر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لیٚدٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjano" title="Manjano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manjano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safran" title="Safran – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Safran" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerde%C3%A7al" title="Zerdeçal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zerdeçal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%BEin%C4%97_ciber%C5%BEol%C4%97" title="Dažinė ciberžolė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dažinė ciberžolė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Curcuma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Куркума – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Куркума" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamotamo" title="Tamotamo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tamotamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%BE" title="മഞ്ഞൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഞ്ഞൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renga" title="Renga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Renga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6" title="हळद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हळद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85" title="كركم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كركم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyit" title="Kunyit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kunyit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyik" title="Kunyik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kunyik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နနွင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နနွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बेसार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेसार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="ウコン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuuma_(Slach)" title="Kurkuuma (Slach) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kurkuuma (Slach)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkemeie" title="Gurkemeie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gurkemeie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkemeie" title="Gurkemeie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gurkemeie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaune_%C3%AApice" title="Jaune êpice – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jaune êpice" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Curcuma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ହଳଦୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହଳଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarcho%CA%BBva" title="Zarchoʻva – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zarchoʻva" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਹਲਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہلدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہلدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86" title="کورکمن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کورکمن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" title="Curcuma longa – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Curcuma longa" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkelmei" title="Kunkelmei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kunkelmei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostry%C5%BC_d%C5%82ugi" title="Ostryż długi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostryż długi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7afr%C3%A3o-da-terra" title="Açafrão-da-terra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Açafrão-da-terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%E2%80%99a_tahiti" title="Re’a tahiti – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Re’a tahiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerdiceaf" title="Zerdiceaf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zerdiceaf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Куркума длинная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куркума длинная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="हरिद्रा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हरिद्रा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%84" title="කහ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කහ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turmeric" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A" title="ھيڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھيڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma_prav%C3%A1" title="Kurkuma pravá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kurkuma pravá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruud" title="Huruud – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Huruud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="زەردەچەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەردەچەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkuma" title="Kurkuma – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kurkuma" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant used as spice </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the plant and rhizome used as a spice. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turmeric_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turmeric (disambiguation)">Turmeric (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Haridra" redirects here. For the river in India, see <a href="/wiki/Haridra_River" title="Haridra River">Haridra River</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Turmeric </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg/220px-Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg/330px-Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg/440px-Turmeric_inflorescence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="5456" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> of <i>Curcuma longa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of knobby brown rhizome and orange powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg/220px-Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg/330px-Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg/440px-Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Turmeric rhizome and powder </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Curcuma" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma"><i>Curcuma</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. longa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Curcuma longa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Curcuma domestica</i> <small>Valeton</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Turmeric</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tj/: 't' in 'tune'">tj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>-/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a> <i><b>Curcuma longa</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> family <a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizomatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomatous">rhizomatous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plant</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and high <a href="/wiki/Annual_rainfall_in_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual rainfall in india">annual rainfall</a> to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption. </p><p>The rhizomes are used fresh or boiled in water and dried, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring#Natural_food_dyes" title="Food coloring">coloring</a> and flavoring agent in many <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisines</a>, especially for <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a>, as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyeing</a> characteristics imparted by the principal turmeric constituent, <a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">curcumin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>-like flavor and earthy, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brennan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curcumin, a bright yellow chemical produced by the turmeric plant, is approved as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, and United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although long used in <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> medicine, there is no <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">high-quality clinical evidence</a> that consuming turmeric or curcumin is effective for treating any disease.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccih_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg/220px-Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg/330px-Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg/440px-Curcuma_longa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Botanical view of <i>Curcuma longa</i></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_distribution">Origin and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest diversity of <i><a href="/wiki/Curcuma" title="Curcuma">Curcuma</a></i> species by number alone is in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, at around 40 to 45 species. <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> has a comparable 30 to 40 species. Other countries in tropical Asia also have numerous wild species of <i>Curcuma</i>. Recent studies have also shown that the taxonomy of <i>C. longa</i> is problematic, with only the specimens from South India being identifiable as <i>C. longa</i>. The phylogeny, relationships, intraspecific and interspecific variation, and even identity of other species and cultivars in other parts of the world still need to be established and validated. Various species currently utilized and sold as "turmeric" in other parts of Asia have been shown to belong to several physically similar taxa, with overlapping local names.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nair2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nair2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turmeric has been used in Asia for centuries and is a major part of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unani" class="mw-redirect" title="Unani">Unani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the animistic rituals of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KikusawaReid_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McClatchey1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClatchey1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used as a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>, and then later for its supposed properties in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">folk medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccih_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, it spread with Hinduism and Buddhism, as the yellow dye is used to color the robes of monks and priests.<sup id="cite_ref-pickersgill_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, there is linguistic and circumstantial evidence of the ancient use of turmeric among the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> soon after dispersal from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (starting <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BCE</span>), before contact with India. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, turmeric was used for food, dyeing textiles, medicine, as well as body painting. It was commonly an important ingredient in various animistic rituals. Kikusawa and Reid (2007) have concluded that *kunij, the oldest reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> form for "turmeric" in the Austronesian languages, is primarily associated with the importance of its use as a dye. Other members of the genus <i>Curcuma</i> native to Southeast Asia (like <i><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a></i>) were also used for food and spice, but not as dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-KikusawaReid_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric (along with <i><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a></i>) was also spread with the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita people">Lapita people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> into <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. Turmeric can only be propagated with rhizomes, thus its pre-contact distribution into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> can only be via human introduction. The populations in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> (including as far as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>) use turmeric widely for both food and dye before European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-pickersgill_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KikusawaReid_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McClatchey1993_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClatchey1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, it was an important trade item in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sawei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawei">sawei</a></i> maritime exchange between <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> and further <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a>, where it couldn't grow. In some smaller islands, the dye was extracted from the leaves, since the rhizomes remained too small in sandy soils. It was also carried by the Austronesian migrations to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KikusawaReid_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric was found in <a href="/wiki/Farmana" title="Farmana">Farmana</a>, dating to between 2600 and 2200 BCE, and in a merchant's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Megiddo,_Israel" title="Megiddo, Israel">Megiddo, Israel</a>, dating from the second millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was noted as a dye plant in the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>' Cuneiform medical texts from <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>’s library at Nineveh from 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-pickersgill_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>, turmeric was called "Indian <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-pickersgill_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name possibly derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> or Early Modern English as <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">turmeryte</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">tarmaret</i></span></i>. It may be of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> origin, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">terra merita</i></span></i> ("meritorious earth").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin specific epithet <i>longa</i> means long.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turmeric" title="Special:EditPage/Turmeric">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Turmeric is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plant</a> that reaches up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaves are <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis#Leaf_arrangement" title="Phyllotaxis">alternate</a> and arranged in two rows. They are divided into leaf sheath, <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>, and leaf blade.<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the leaf sheaths, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm (20–45 in) long. The simple leaf blades are usually 76 to 115 cm (30–45 in) long and rarely up to 230 cm (7 ft 7 in). They have a width of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>38 to 45 cm (15 to <span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) and are oblong to elliptical, narrowing at the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-Kew_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflorescence,_flower,_and_fruit"><span id="Inflorescence.2C_flower.2C_and_fruit"></span>Inflorescence, flower, and fruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inflorescence, flower, and fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the top of the inflorescence, stem bracts are present on which no flowers occur; these are white to green and sometimes tinged reddish-purple, and the upper ends are tapered.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphrodite (botany)">hermaphrodite</a> flowers are <a href="/wiki/Zygomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomorphic">zygomorphic</a> and threefold. The three <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">0.8 to 1.2 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long, fused, and white, and have fluffy hairs; the three <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a> teeth are unequal. The three bright-yellow <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> are fused into a <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> tube up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long. The three corolla lobes have a length of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.0 to 1.5 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) and are triangular with soft-spiny upper ends. While the average corolla lobe is larger than the two lateral, only the median <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamen</a> of the inner circle is fertile. The dust bag is spurred at its base. All other stamens are converted to <a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">staminodes</a>. The outer staminodes are shorter than the <a href="/wiki/Labellum_(botany)" title="Labellum (botany)">labellum</a>. The labellum is yellowish, with a yellow ribbon in its center and it is <a href="/wiki/Obovate" class="mw-redirect" title="Obovate">obovate</a>, with a length from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.2 to 2.0 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in). Three <a href="/wiki/Carpels" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpels">carpels</a> are under a constant, trilobed ovary adherent, which is sparsely hairy. The fruit capsule opens with three compartments.<sup id="cite_ref-Siewek_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siewek-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HKRS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKRS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the flowering time is usually in August. Terminally on the false stem is an <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> stem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12 to 20 cm (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 8 in) long, containing many flowers. The <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> are light green and ovate to oblong with a blunt upper end with a length of 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker,_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curcuma domestica Valeton, a drawing by A. Bernecker around 1860"><img alt="Curcuma domestica Valeton, a drawing by A. Bernecker around 1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker%2C_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg/138px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker%2C_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker%2C_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg/208px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker%2C_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker%2C_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg/277px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_L.0939330_-_Bernecker%2C_A._-_Curcuma_domestica_Valeton_-_Artwork.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1815" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curcuma domestica</i> Valeton, a drawing by A. Bernecker around 1860</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turmeric_farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turmeric farm on Deccan Plateau"><img alt="Turmeric farm on Deccan Plateau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turmeric_farm.jpg/180px-Turmeric_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turmeric_farm.jpg/270px-Turmeric_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turmeric_farm.jpg/360px-Turmeric_farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turmeric farm on <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turmeric flower"><img alt="Turmeric flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg/180px-Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg/270px-Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg/360px-Turmeric_Flower_Maharashtra_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2087" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turmeric flower</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phytochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:CurcuminKeto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CurcuminKeto.svg/256px-CurcuminKeto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CurcuminKeto.svg/384px-CurcuminKeto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CurcuminKeto.svg/512px-CurcuminKeto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="75" /></a><figcaption>Curcumin <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">keto</a> form</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Curcumin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Curcumin.svg/256px-Curcumin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Curcumin.svg/384px-Curcumin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Curcumin.svg/512px-Curcumin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="75" /></a><figcaption>Curcumin <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enol</a> form</figcaption></figure> <p>Turmeric powder is about 60–70% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, 6–13% water, 6–8% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, 5–10% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, 3–7% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>, 3–7% <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>, 2–7% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, and 1–6% <a href="/wiki/Curcuminoid" title="Curcuminoid">curcuminoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The golden yellow color of turmeric is due to curcumin.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemical</a> components of turmeric include <a href="/wiki/Diarylheptanoid" title="Diarylheptanoid">diarylheptanoids</a>, a class including numerous curcuminoids, such as <a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">curcumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demethoxycurcumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Demethoxycurcumin">demethoxycurcumin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bisdemethoxycurcumin" title="Bisdemethoxycurcumin">bisdemethoxycurcumin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curcumin constitutes up to 3.14% of assayed commercial samples of turmeric powder (the average was 1.51%); curry powder contains much less (an average of 0.29%).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 34 essential oils are present in turmeric, among which <a href="/wiki/Turmerone" title="Turmerone">turmerone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germacrone" title="Germacrone">germacrone</a>, atlantone, and <a href="/wiki/Zingiberene" title="Zingiberene">zingiberene</a> are major constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turmeric" title="Special:EditPage/Turmeric">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turmeric%22">"Turmeric"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turmeric%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turmeric%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turmeric%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turmeric%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turmeric%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes, imparting a mustard-like, earthy aroma and pungent, slightly bitter flavor to foods.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brennan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used mostly in savory dishes, but also is used in some sweet dishes, such as the cake <i><a href="/wiki/Sfouf" title="Sfouf">sfouf</a></i>. In India, turmeric leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, <i><a href="/wiki/Patoleo" title="Patoleo">patoleo</a></i>, by layering rice flour and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> mixture on the leaf, then closing and steaming it in a special utensil (<i>chondrõ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-tradition_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradition-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most turmeric is used in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> powder to impart a golden yellow color.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brennan_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in many products such as canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn, cereals and sauces. It is a principal ingredient in curry powders.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E100_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric also is used fresh, like ginger.<sup id="cite_ref-E100_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric is used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Various <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">khoresh</a></i> recipes begin with onions <a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">caramelized</a> in oil and turmeric. The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a> spice mix <a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">ras el hanout</a> typically includes turmeric. In South Africa, turmeric is used to give boiled white rice a golden color, known as <i>geelrys</i> (yellow rice) traditionally served with <a href="/wiki/Bobotie" title="Bobotie">bobotie</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a>, turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavors of certain dishes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o" title="Bánh xèo">bánh xèo</a></i>, <i>bánh khọt</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%AC_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Mì Quảng">mì Quảng</a></i>. The staple <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a> curry paste, <i><a href="/wiki/Kroeung" title="Kroeung">kroeung</a></i>, used in many dishes, including <a href="/wiki/Fish_amok" title="Fish amok">fish amok</a>, typically contains fresh turmeric. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, turmeric leaves are used for <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Padang</a> curry base of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sate_padang" title="Sate padang">sate padang</a></i>, and many other varieties. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, turmeric is used in the preparation and cooking of <i><a href="/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning">kuning</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay"><i>satti</i></a>, and some variants of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo"><i>adobo</i></a>. In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, fresh turmeric rhizomes are used widely in many dishes, in particular in the southern <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a>, such as yellow curry and turmeric soup. Turmeric is used in a hot drink called "turmeric <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">latte</a>" or "golden milk" that is made with milk, frequently <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turmeric milk drink known as <i>haldī dūdh</i> (<i>haldī</i> [<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हलदी</span></span>] means turmeric in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>) is a traditional Indian recipe. Sold in the US and UK, the drink known as "golden milk" uses nondairy milk and sweetener, and sometimes black pepper after the traditional recipe (which may also use ghee).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric is approved for use as a <a href="/wiki/Food_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Food color">food color</a>, assigned the code <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E100_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oleoresin" title="Oleoresin">oleoresin</a> is used for oil-containing products.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In combination with <a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">annatto</a> (E160b), turmeric has been used to color numerous food products.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E100_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turmeric is used to give a yellow color to some prepared <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustards</a>, canned chicken <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broths</a>, and other foods—often as a much cheaper replacement for <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-E100_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TurmericMyanmar2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleaning turmeric rhizomes with boiling water"><img alt="Cleaning turmeric rhizomes with boiling water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TurmericMyanmar2.jpg/137px-TurmericMyanmar2.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TurmericMyanmar2.jpg/206px-TurmericMyanmar2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TurmericMyanmar2.jpg/275px-TurmericMyanmar2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="4520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cleaning turmeric <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> with boiling water</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TurmericMyanmar3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drying turmeric rhizomes"><img alt="Drying turmeric rhizomes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TurmericMyanmar3.jpg/180px-TurmericMyanmar3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TurmericMyanmar3.jpg/270px-TurmericMyanmar3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TurmericMyanmar3.jpg/360px-TurmericMyanmar3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drying turmeric rhizomes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turmeric-powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turmeric powder"><img alt="Turmeric powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Turmeric-powder.jpg/180px-Turmeric-powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Turmeric-powder.jpg/270px-Turmeric-powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Turmeric-powder.jpg/360px-Turmeric-powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turmeric powder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cooked vegetables with turmeric as one of its key ingredients, referred to as Sabzi, a dish from India"><img alt="Cooked vegetables with turmeric as one of its key ingredients, referred to as Sabzi, a dish from India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg/180px-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg/270px-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg/360px-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cooked vegetables with turmeric as one of its key ingredients, referred to as <i>Sabzi</i>, a dish from India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganghwang-bap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganghwang-bap (turmeric rice)"><img alt="Ganghwang-bap (turmeric rice)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ganghwang-bap.jpg/180px-Ganghwang-bap.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ganghwang-bap.jpg/270px-Ganghwang-bap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ganghwang-bap.jpg/360px-Ganghwang-bap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ganghwang-<a href="/wiki/Bap_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bap (food)">bap</a></i> (turmeric rice)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patoleo – sweet rice cakes steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut and coconut palm sugar prepared in Goan Catholic style"><img alt="Patoleo – sweet rice cakes steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut and coconut palm sugar prepared in Goan Catholic style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg/180px-Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg/270px-Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg/360px-Steamed_Goan_rice_and_jaggery_cakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="3017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Patoleo" title="Patoleo">Patoleo</a></i> – sweet <a href="/wiki/Rice_cake" title="Rice cake">rice cakes</a> steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut and coconut palm sugar prepared in <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Catholic">Goan Catholic</a> style</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_uses">Traditional uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditional uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/220px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/330px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/440px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a>'s newer temple in <a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a>, where devotees shower turmeric powder (<i>bhandara</i>) on each other</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> concluded that turmeric herbal teas, or other forms taken by mouth, on the basis of their long-standing traditional use, could be used to relieve mild digestive problems, such as feelings of fullness and <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia, where it is collected for use in classical Indian medicine (Siddha or Ayurveda).<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Eastern India, the plant is used as one of the nine components of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">nabapatrika</i></span> along with young <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a> or banana plant, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">jayanti</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">wood apple</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bilva</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">darimba</i></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Saraca_indica" title="Saraca indica">Saraca indica</a></i>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">manaka</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Arum" title="Arum">Arum</a></i>), or <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">manakochu</i></span>, and rice paddy. The Haldi ceremony called <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gaye_holud" title="Gaye holud">gaye holud</a></i></span> in Bengal (literally "yellow on the body") is a ceremony observed during wedding celebrations of people of Indian culture all throughout the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg/220px-Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg/330px-Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg/440px-Dry_Turmeric_at_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Dry Turmeric at temple for marriage ritual, South India</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, as a part of the Tamil–Telugu marriage ritual, dried turmeric tuber tied with string is used to create a <a href="/wiki/Thali_necklace" class="mw-redirect" title="Thali necklace">Thali necklace</a>. In western and coastal India, during weddings of the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannada</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, turmeric tubers are tied with strings by the couple to their wrists during a ceremony, <i>Kankana Bandhana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maha_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Hindu communities, turmeric paste is applied to the bride and groom as part of pre-wedding festivities known as the haldi ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turmeric makes a poor fabric <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>, as it is not <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">light fast</a>, but is commonly used in Indian clothing, such as <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">saris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Buddhist monks' robes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brennan_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867), turmeric was used to dilute or substitute more expensive <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a> dyestuff in the production of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shibori#Beni_itajime" title="Shibori">beni itajime shibori</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beni_itajime_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beni_itajime-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> reported in <i>The History of Mankind</i> during 1896, that in Micronesia, turmeric powder was applied for embellishment of body, clothing, utensils, and ceremonial uses.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> who introduced it to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <i lang="haw">ʻōlena</i>) make a bright yellow dye out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicator">Indicator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indicator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TurmericAcidBase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/TurmericAcidBase.jpg/220px-TurmericAcidBase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/TurmericAcidBase.jpg/330px-TurmericAcidBase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/TurmericAcidBase.jpg/440px-TurmericAcidBase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Turmeric dispersed in water is yellow under acid and red under alkaline conditions</figcaption></figure> <p>Turmeric paper, also called curcuma paper or in German literature, <i>Curcumapapier</i>, is paper steeped in a <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tincture</a> of turmeric and allowed to dry. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">chemical analysis</a> as an <a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">indicator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper is yellow in acidic and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral solution">neutral solutions</a> and turns brown to reddish-brown in alkaline solutions, with transition between pH of 7.4 and 9.2.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adulteration">Adulteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adulteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As turmeric and other spices are commonly sold by weight, the potential exists for powders of toxic, cheaper agents with a similar color to be added, such as <a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">lead(II,IV) oxide</a> ("red lead"). These additives give turmeric an orange-red color instead of its native gold-yellow, and such conditions led the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) to issue import alerts from 2013 to 2019 on turmeric originating in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cowell_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imported into the United States in 2014 were approximately 5.4 million kilograms (12 million pounds) of turmeric, some of which was used for <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food coloring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cowell_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead detection in turmeric products led to <a href="/wiki/Product_recall" title="Product recall">recalls</a> across the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and the United Kingdom through 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-cowell_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lead_chromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead chromate">Lead chromate</a>, a bright yellow chemical compound, was found as an adulterant of turmeric in Bangladesh, where turmeric is used commonly in foods and the contamination levels were up to 500 times higher than the national limit.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers identified a chain of sources adulterating the turmeric with lead chromate: from farmers to merchants selling low-grade turmeric roots to "polishers" who added lead chromate for yellow color enhancement, to <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesalers</a> for market distribution, all unaware of the potential consequences of lead toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common adulterant in turmeric, <a href="/wiki/Metanil_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Metanil yellow">metanil yellow</a> (also known as acid yellow 36), is considered by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> as an illegal <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> for use in foods.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_research">Medical research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medical research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a></div> <p>Turmeric and curcumin have been studied in numerous <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> for various human diseases and conditions, with no high-quality evidence of any anti-disease effect or health benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccih_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no scientific evidence that curcumin reduces <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccih_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is weak evidence that turmeric extracts may be beneficial for relieving symptoms of knee <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as for reducing pain and muscle damage following physical exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is good evidence that turmeric is an allergen.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26705440_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26705440-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_zerumbet" title="Alpinia zerumbet">Alpinia zerumbet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_xanthorrhiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Curcuma xanthorrhiza">Curcuma xanthorrhiza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etlingera_elatior" title="Etlingera elatior">Etlingera elatior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Kaempferia galanga</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kew-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kew_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/796451-1">"<i>Curcuma longa</i> L."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Curcuma+longa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F796451-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurmeric" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/turmeric">"turmeric"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=turmeric&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fturmeric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurmeric" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/turmeric">"turmeric"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=turmeric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fturmeric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurmeric" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/curcuma">"curcuma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=curcuma&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcurcuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurmeric" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/longa">"longa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26705440-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26705440_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhariTamBarr2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chaudhari SP, Tam AY, Barr JA (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689497">"Curcumin: A Contact Allergen"</a>. <i>J Clin Aesthet Dermatol</i>. <b>8</b> (11): 43–8. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689497">4689497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26705440">26705440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Aesthet+Dermatol&rft.atitle=Curcumin%3A+A+Contact+Allergen&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=43-8&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4689497%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26705440&rft.aulast=Chaudhari&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Tam%2C+AY&rft.au=Barr%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4689497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurmeric" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmeric&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/turmeric" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/turmeric"><i>turmeric</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">4,5-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5',6'-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Curcuma longa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42562" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q42562">Q42562</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Curcuma_longa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Curcuma longa">Curcuma longa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/20253">20253</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/90687">90687</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Curcuma_longa.htm">Curcuma_longa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=439721">439721</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/32K27">32K27</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=828">828</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1122309">1122309</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CURLO">CURLO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200028370">200028370</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Curcuma%20longa">Curcuma longa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028370">200028370</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2757624">2757624</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=12676">12676</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/119386">119386</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/796451-1">796451-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10208096">10208096</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42394">42394</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/88308047">88308047</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287580">287580</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.157230/">2.157230</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=136217">136217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/27228f32-20ff-4b9c-843c-25118c9d837e">27228f32-20ff-4b9c-843c-25118c9d837e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/373974/">373974</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=168258">168258</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-235249">kew-235249</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CULO">CULO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A796451-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:796451-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/5091/wd/Details">5091</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/34500029">34500029</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000365771">wfo-0000365771</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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