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<span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Food dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_important_dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_important_dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other important dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_important_dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromophoric_dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromophoric_dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chromophoric dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromophoric_dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vital_dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vital dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleurstof" title="Kleurstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kleurstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="صباغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صباغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasumba" title="Kasumba – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kasumba" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD-li%C4%81u" title="Ní-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ní-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Багрила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Багрила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tint" title="Tint – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tint" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukando" title="Mukando – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukando" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliwur" title="Lliwur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lliwur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbstoffe" title="Farbstoffe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farbstoffe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvaine" title="Värvaine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvaine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinte" title="Tinte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tinte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkturo" title="Tinkturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tinkturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindu" title="Tindu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tindu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="رزانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رزانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruaim" title="Ruaim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruaim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EB%A3%8C" title="염료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ներկանյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներկանյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95" title="रंजक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रंजक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojilo" title="Bojilo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bojilo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_pewarna" title="Bahan pewarna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan pewarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litunarefni" title="Litunarefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Litunarefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorante" title="Colorante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colorante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94" title="פיגמנטי צביעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיגמנטי צביעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3(%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%88)" title="ವರ್ಣ(ಡೈ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಣ(ಡೈ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бояғыштар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бояғыштар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%81svielas" title="Krāsvielas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krāsvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%BEiklis" title="Dažiklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dažiklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinjente" title="Tinjente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tinjente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_pewarna" title="Bahan pewarna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan pewarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဆိုးဆေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုးဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleurstof" title="Kleurstof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleurstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99" title="染料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="染料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargestoff" title="Fargestoff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fargestoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancje_barwi%C4%85ce" title="Substancje barwiące – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substancje barwiące" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corante" title="Corante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorant" title="Colorant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colorant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullpuna" title="Tullpuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tullpuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Красители – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красители" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye" title="Dye – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dye" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barvilo" title="Barvilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barvilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4riaine" title="Väriaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väriaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rg%C3%A4mne" title="Färgämne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Färgämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina" title="Tina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சாயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar_madde" title="Boyar madde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boyar madde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Барвники – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барвники" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_nhu%E1%BB%99m" title="Thuốc nhuộm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc nhuộm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91" title="פארב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99" title="染料 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="染料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99" title="染料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="染料" data-language-autonym="中文" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soluble chemical substance or natural material which can impart color to other materials</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dye_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dye (disambiguation)">Dye (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childhood_Joy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Childhood_Joy.jpg/300px-Childhood_Joy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Childhood_Joy.jpg/450px-Childhood_Joy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Childhood_Joy.jpg/600px-Childhood_Joy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Drying colored cloth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigo_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/220px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/330px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/440px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, the blue coloration of blue jeans. Although once extracted from plants, indigo dye is now almost exclusively synthesized industrially.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dye</b> is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colored" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:colored">colored</a> substance that chemically bonds to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/substrate" class="extiw" title="wikt:substrate">substrate</a> to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a> and may require a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a> are derived from non-animal sources such as roots, berries, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to large-scale demand and technological improvements, most dyes used in the modern world are synthetically produced from substances such as petrochemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are extracted from <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synthetic dyes are produced from various chemicals. The great majority of dyes are obtained in this way because of their superior cost, optical properties (color), and resilience (fastness, mordancy).<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. Dyes are usually soluble in some solvent, whereas pigments are insoluble. Some dyes can be <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">rendered insoluble</a> with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> to produce a <a href="/wiki/Lake_pigment" title="Lake pigment">lake pigment</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii,_f._269_1482.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii%2C_f._269_1482.jpg/220px-Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii%2C_f._269_1482.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii%2C_f._269_1482.jpg/330px-Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii%2C_f._269_1482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii%2C_f._269_1482.jpg/440px-Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii%2C_f._269_1482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Dyeing wool cloth, 1482: from a French translation of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomaeus_Anglicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomaeus Anglicus">Bartolomaeus Anglicus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a> dyeing dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> and crimson <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a> were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as <a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">woad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron_(use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffron (use)">saffron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">madder</a> were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using <a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">resist dyeing</a> techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">logwood</a> were brought to Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> treasure fleets,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyed <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> fibers have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a> in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> evidence shows that, particularly in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a> has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> sources, with no to very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the <a href="/wiki/Plant_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant kingdom">plant kingdom</a>, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, only few of which are used on a commercial scale. </p><p>Early industrialization was conducted by <a href="/wiki/J._Pullar_and_Sons" title="J. Pullar and Sons">J. Pullar and Sons</a> in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-reader_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first synthetic dye, <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauve</a>, was discovered <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipitously</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">William Henry Perkin</a> in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murray1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of mauveine started a surge in synthetic dyes and in organic chemistry in general. Other <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> dyes followed, such as <a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">fuchsine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safranine" class="mw-redirect" title="Safranine">safranine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Induline" title="Induline">induline</a>. Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of mauve also led to developments within <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>. In 1863 the forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Bayer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer AG">Bayer AG</a> was formed in what became <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> discovered that certain cells or organisms took up certain dyes selectively. He then reasoned that a sufficiently large dose could be injected to kill pathogenic microorganisms, if the dye did not affect other cells. Ehrlich went on to use a compound to target <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, the first time a chemical was used in order to selectively kill bacteria in the body. He also used <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a> to target the <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">plasmodium</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG/220px-Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG/330px-Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG/440px-Blick_in_Farbstoffsammlung_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Historical collection of over 10,000 dyes at <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University Dresden">Technical University Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The color of a dye is dependent upon the ability of the substance to absorb light within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (380–750 nm). An earlier theory known as Witt theory stated that a colored dye had two components, a <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> which imparts color by absorbing light in the visible region (some examples are <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">nitro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoid" title="Quinoid">quinoid</a> groups) and an <a href="/wiki/Auxochrome" title="Auxochrome">auxochrome</a> which serves to deepen the color. This theory has been superseded by modern electronic structure theory which states that the color in dyes is due to excitation of valence <a href="/wiki/%CE%A0-electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Π-electron">π-electrons</a> by visible light.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RITdye.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RITdye.JPG/220px-RITdye.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RITdye.JPG/330px-RITdye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/RITdye.JPG/440px-RITdye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>RIT brand dye from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg/220px-H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg/330px-H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg/440px-H%C3%A5rf%C3%A4rgning_-_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a> dyeing her <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid dyes</a></b> are <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>-<a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Anionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anionic">anionic</a> dyes that are applied to <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and modified <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic fibers</a> using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and <a href="/wiki/Cationic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cationic">cationic</a> groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulosic</a> fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category. Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, <a href="/wiki/Acid_red_88" title="Acid red 88">Acid red 88</a>, etc. </p><p><b>Basic dyes</b> are water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Cationic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cationic">cationic</a> dyes that are mainly applied to <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic fibers</a>, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. </p><p><b>Direct</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">substantive dyeing</a></b> is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> dye bath, at or near <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, with the addition of either <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl) or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>). Direct dyes are used on <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, paper, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, wool, silk and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>. They are also used as <a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicators</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Staining_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">biological stains</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Organic_dye_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic dye laser">Laser dyes</a> are used in the production of some lasers, optical media (<a href="/wiki/CD-R#ORGANIC_DYE" title="CD-R">CD-R</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Camera_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera sensors">camera sensors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_filter_array" title="Color filter array">color filter array</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mordant_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordant dye">Mordant dyes</a></b> require a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a>, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a> is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat dyes</a></b> are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline liquor">alkaline liquor</a> produces the water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> of the dye. This form is often colorless, in which case it is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Leuco_dye" title="Leuco dye">Leuco dye</a>, and has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, the original vat dye. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive dyes">Reactive dyes</a></b> utilize a <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> attached to a <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituent</a> that is capable of directly <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reacting</a> with the fiber substrate. The <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as <a href="/wiki/Procion_MX" class="mw-redirect" title="Procion MX">Procion MX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibacron_F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibacron F (page does not exist)">Cibacron F</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drimarene_K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drimarene K (page does not exist)">Drimarene K</a>, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fibers at home or in the art studio. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse dyes</a></b> were originally developed for the dyeing of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>, and are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, but they can also be used to dye nylon, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">cellulose triacetate</a>, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding. </p><p><b>Azoic dyeing</b> is a technique in which an insoluble <a href="/wiki/Azo_dye" title="Azo dye">Azo dye</a> is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and coupling <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/component" class="extiw" title="wikt:component">components</a>. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur dyes</a></b> are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a>. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure. </p><p><b>Some dyes commonly used in Staining:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Basic Dyes </th> <th>Acidic Dyes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safranin" title="Safranin">Safranin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">Eosin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">Basic fuchsin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_fuchsin" title="Acid fuchsin">Acid fuchsin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">Crystal violet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Congo_red" title="Congo red">Congo red</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylene blue</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_dyes">Food dyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Food dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One other class that describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use, is the <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food dye</a>. Because food dyes are classed as <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additives</a>, they are manufactured to a higher standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legislation</a>. Many are <a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo</a> dyes, although <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">anthraquinone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethane" title="Triphenylmethane">triphenylmethane</a> compounds are used for colors such as <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>. Some naturally occurring dyes are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_important_dyes">Other important dyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other important dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of other classes have also been established, including: </p> <ul><li>Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_dye" title="Laser dye">Laser dyes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodamine_6G" title="Rhodamine 6G">rhodamine 6G</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a> dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> dyes, for leather</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_brightener" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent brightener">Fluorescent brighteners</a>, for textile fibres and paper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent dyes</a>, for wood staining and producing colored lacquers, solvent inks, coloring oils, waxes.</li> <li>Contrast dyes, injected for magnetic resonance imaging, are essentially the same as clothing dye except they are coupled to an agent that has strong paramagnetic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mayhems dye, used in water cooling for looks, often rebranded RIT dye</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chromophoric_dyes">Chromophoric dyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chromophoric dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the nature of their <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a>, dyes are divided into:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acridine_dyes" title="Category:Acridine dyes">Category:Acridine dyes</a>, derivates of <a href="/wiki/Acridine" title="Acridine">acridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthraquinone_dyes" title="Category:Anthraquinone dyes">Category:Anthraquinone dyes</a>, derivates of <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">anthraquinone</a></li> <li>Arylmethane dyes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diarylmethane_dyes" title="Category:Diarylmethane dyes">Category:Diarylmethane dyes</a>, based on diphenyl methane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Triarylmethane_dyes" title="Category:Triarylmethane dyes">Category:Triarylmethane dyes</a>, derivates of <a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethane" title="Triphenylmethane">triphenylmethane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azo_dyes" title="Category:Azo dyes">Category:Azo dyes</a>, based on -N=N- <a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo</a> structure</li> <li>Phthalocyanine dyes, derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine" title="Phthalocyanine">phthalocyanine</a></li> <li>Quinone-imine dyes, derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azin_dyes" title="Category:Azin dyes">Category:Azin dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Eurhodin_dyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Eurhodin dyes (page does not exist)">Category:Eurhodin dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Safranin_dyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Safranin dyes (page does not exist)">Category:Safranih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Safranin_dyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Safranin dyes (page does not exist)">dyes</a>, derivates of <a href="/wiki/Safranin" title="Safranin">safranin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indamins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indophenol_dyes" title="Category:Indophenol dyes">Category:Indophenol dyes</a>, derivates of indophenol</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Oxazin_dyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Oxazin dyes (page does not exist)">Category:Oxazin dyes</a>, derivates of oxazin</li> <li>Oxazone dyes, derivates of <a href="/wiki/Nile_red" title="Nile red">oxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thiazine_dyes" title="Category:Thiazine dyes">Category:Thiazine dyes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thiazole_dyes" title="Category:Thiazole dyes">Category:Thiazole dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Safranin_dyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Safranin dyes (page does not exist)">Category:Safranin dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthene#Xanthene_dyes" title="Xanthene">Xanthene dyes</a> <ul><li>Fluorene dyes, derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Fluorene" title="Fluorene">fluorene</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyronin (page does not exist)">Pyronin</a> dyes</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluorone_dyes" title="Category:Fluorone dyes">Category:Fluorone dyes</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Fluorone" title="Fluorone">fluorone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhodamine_dyes" title="Category:Rhodamine dyes">Category:Rhodamine dyes</a>, derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Rhodamine" title="Rhodamine">rhodamine</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyes produced by the textile, printing and paper industries are a source of pollution of rivers and waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-Brindley2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brindley2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 700,000 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually (1990 data). The disposal of that material has received much attention, using chemical and biological means.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vital_dyes">Vital dyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vital dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "vital dye" or stain is a dye capable of penetrating living cells or tissues without causing immediate visible degenerative changes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such dyes are useful in medical and pathological fields in order to selectively color certain structures (such as cells) in order to distinguish them from surrounding tissue and thus make them more visible for study (for instance, under a microscope). As the visibility is meant to allow study of the cells or tissues, it is usually important that the dye not have other effects on the structure or function of the tissue that might impair objective observation. </p><p>A distinction is drawn between dyes that are meant to be used on cells that have been removed from the organism prior to study (supravital staining) and dyes that are used within a living body - administered by injection or other means (intravital staining) - as the latter is (for instance) subject to higher safety standards, and must typically be a chemical known to avoid causing adverse effects on any biochemistry (until cleared from the tissue), not just to the tissue being studied, or in the short term. </p><p>The term "vital stain" is occasionally used interchangeably with both intravital and supravital stains, the underlying concept in either case being that the cells examined are still alive. In a stricter sense, the term "vital staining" means the polar opposite of "supravital staining." If living cells absorb the stain during supravital staining, they exclude it during "vital staining"; for example, they color negatively while only dead cells color positively, and thus viability can be determined by counting the percentage of total cells that stain negatively. Because the dye determines whether the staining is supravital or intravital, a combination of supravital and vital dyes can be used to more accurately classify cells into various groups (e.g., viable, dead, dying).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">Biological pigment</a>, any colored substance in organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Wool_Scale" title="Blue Wool Scale">Blue Wool Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_coloring" title="Hair coloring">Hair coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_dye_degradation" title="Industrial dye degradation">Industrial dye degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-aggregate" title="J-aggregate">J-aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_dye" title="Laser dye">Laser dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidant">Oxidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototendering" title="Phototendering">Phototendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">Stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_dyes" title="Category:Natural dyes">Natural dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pigments" title="Category:Pigments">Pigments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inorganic_pigments" title="Category:Inorganic pigments">Inorganic pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_pigments" title="Category:Organic pigments">Organic pigments</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteingruber,_Elmar2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steingruber, Elmar (2004). "Indigo and Indigo Colorants". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a14_149.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a14_149.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indigo+and+Indigo+Colorants&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a14_149.pub2&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.au=Steingruber%2C+Elmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann's_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2000" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Gerald (2000). "Dyes, General Survey". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a09_073">10.1002/14356007.a09_073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyes%2C+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a09_073&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2017" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Rebecca (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CwxW75P_dsC&q=natural+organic+dye+textbook"><i>Harvesting Color: How to Find Plants and Make Natural Dyes</i></a>. Artisan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579654252" title="Special:BookSources/9781579654252"><bdi>9781579654252</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+Color%3A+How+to+Find+Plants+and+Make+Natural+Dyes&rft.pub=Artisan+Books&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.isbn=9781579654252&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CwxW75P_dsC%26q%3Dnatural%2Borganic%2Bdye%2Btextbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/dye/Synthetic-dyes">"dye - Synthetic dyes | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=dye+-+Synthetic+dyes+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fdye%2FSynthetic-dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Kassinger, Ruth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dyesfromseasnail0000kass"><i>Dyes : from sea snails to synthetics</i></a>. Internet Archive. Brookfield, Conn. : Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2112-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2112-5"><bdi>978-0-7613-2112-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dyes+%3A+from+sea+snails+to+synthetics&rft.pub=Brookfield%2C+Conn.+%3A+Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-2112-5&rft.aulast=Kassinger&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyesfromseasnail0000kass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillejoMorenoOujjaRadvan2008" class="citation book cs1">Castillejo, Marta; Moreno, Pablo; Oujja, Mohamed; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+World&rft.atitle=New+solution+for+dye+wastewater+pollution&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Brindley&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-solution-for-dye-wastewater-pollution%2F3002870.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuLiWangGu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Xiang-Rong; Li, Hua-Bin; Wang, Wen-Hua; Gu, Ji-Dong (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/23586">"Degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions by the Fenton process"</a>. <i>Chemosphere</i>. <b>57</b> (7): 595–600. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Chmsp..57..595X">2004Chmsp..57..595X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2004.07.030">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15488921">15488921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Degradation+of+dyes+in+aqueous+solutions+by+the+Fenton+process&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=595-600&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15488921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2004.07.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Chmsp..57..595X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Xiang-Rong&rft.au=Li%2C+Hua-Bin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wen-Hua&rft.au=Gu%2C+Ji-Dong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.rcees.ac.cn%2Fhandle%2F311016%2F23586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/vital%20dye">"Medical Definition of VITAL DYE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Medical+Definition+of+VITAL+DYE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Fvital%2520dye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/78967">https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/78967</a> <i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" title="creativecommons:by/3.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates text available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0</a> license.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dye&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leuco_form" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:leuco form">leuco form</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Abelshauser, Werner. <i>German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company</i> (2004) covers 1865 to 2000</li> <li>Beer, John J. <i>The Emergence of the German Dye Industry</i> (1959)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/synthetic-dye">"Synthetic Dye - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Dye+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fengineering%2Fsynthetic-dye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADye" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dyeing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyeing" title="Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyeing" title="Template talk:Dyeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyeing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/100px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/150px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/200px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189720#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Colorants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119403355">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570741">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284736205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40508">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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