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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communist_resistance_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-communist resistance organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communist_resistance_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Прокълнати войници – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прокълнати войници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklet%C3%AD_voj%C3%A1ci" title="Prokletí vojáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prokletí vojáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versto%C3%9Fene_Soldaten" title="Verstoßene Soldaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verstoßene Soldaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Καταραμένοι στρατιώτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταραμένοι στρατιώτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldados_malditos" title="Soldados malditos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soldados malditos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatemitaj_Soldatoj" title="Anatemitaj Soldatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anatemitaj Soldatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldats_maudits" title="Soldats maudits – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soldats maudits" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkijos_antikomunistinis_pogrindis_(1944-1953)" title="Lenkijos antikomunistinis pogrindis (1944-1953) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkijos antikomunistinis pogrindis (1944-1953)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A1tkozott_katon%C3%A1k" title="Elátkozott katonák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elátkozott katonák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBo%C5%82nierze_wykl%C4%99ci" title="Żołnierze wyklęci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żołnierze wyklęci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldados_Amaldi%C3%A7oados" title="Soldados Amaldiçoados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soldados Amaldiçoados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Проклятые солдаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проклятые солдаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прокляті солдати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прокляті солдати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%AFng_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_l%C3%ADnh_b%E1%BB%8B_nguy%E1%BB%81n_r%E1%BB%A7a" title="Những người lính bị nguyền rủa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Những người lính bị nguyền rủa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term applied to a variety of anti-Soviet and anti-communist Polish resistance movements</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><i>Cursed soldiers</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i><b>Żołnierze wyklęci</b></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_(VI-1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_%28VI-1947%29.jpg/320px-Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_%28VI-1947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_%28VI-1947%29.jpg/480px-Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_%28VI-1947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_%28VI-1947%29.jpg/640px-Tarzan_Zelazny_Sokol_Krzewina_%28VI-1947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Cursed soldiers" of anti-communist underground, June 1947. From left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Henryk Wybranowski - <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Tarzan" (killed Nov. 1948)</li> <li>Edward Taraszkiewicz - "Żelazny" (killed Oct. 1951)</li> <li>Mieczysław Małecki - "Sokół" (killed Nov. 1947)</li> <li>Stanisław Pakuła - "Krzewina"</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1944–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Varied, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150,000-200,000 at peak.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />After <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947" title="Amnesty of 1947">amnesty of 1947</a>, 200-400 people remained in active, armed conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The "<b>cursed soldiers</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as "<b>doomed soldiers</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<b>accursed soldiers</b>", or "<b>damned soldiers</b>"; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">żołnierze wyklęci</i>) or "<b>indomitable soldiers</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">żołnierze niezłomni</i>) were a heterogeneous array of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a>-<a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movements</a> formed in the later stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">its aftermath</a> by members of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>. The above terms, introduced in the early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflect the stance of many of the <b>diehard soldiers</b>. </p><p>These clandestine organisations continued their armed struggle against <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland's communist government</a> waged <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> well into the 1950s, including attacks against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">prisons</a> and state <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">security offices</a>, detention facilities for political prisoners, and the concentration camps that had been set up across the country. Most Polish anti-communist groups ceased to exist in the late 1950s, as they were hunted down by agents of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a> and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known "cursed soldier", <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a>, was killed in a 1963 ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-muzeum.krosno_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muzeum.krosno-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best-known Polish anti-communist resistance organisations operating in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Stalinist_era_(1948–1956)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Stalinist-era Poland</a> included <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom and Independence">Freedom and Independence</a> (<i>Wolność i Niezawisłość</i>, <i>WIN</i>), the <a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a> (<i>Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</i>, <i>NSZ</i>), the <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Union" title="National Military Union">National Military Union</a> (<i>Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe</i>, <i>NZW</i>), the Underground Polish Army (<i><a href="/wiki/Konspiracyjne_Wojsko_Polskie" title="Konspiracyjne Wojsko Polskie">Konspiracyjne Wojsko Polskie</a></i>, <i>KWP</i>), the Home Army Resistance (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruch_Oporu_Armii_Krajowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruch Oporu Armii Krajowej">Ruch Oporu Armii Krajowej</a></i>, <i>ROAK</i>), the Citizens' Home Army (<i><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa_Obywatelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa Obywatelska">Armia Krajowa Obywatelska</a></i>, <i>AKO</i>), NO (<i><a href="/wiki/NIE_(resistance)" title="NIE (resistance)">NIE</a></i>, short for <i>Niepodległość</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Armed Forces Delegation for Poland">Armed Forces Delegation for Poland</a> (<i>Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj</i>), and Freedom and Justice (<i><a href="/wiki/Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_i_Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolność i Sprawiedliwość">Wolność i Sprawiedliwość</a></i>, <i>WiS</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar anti-communist insurgencies occurred in other <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> countries. The "cursed soldiers" have prompted controversy over the degree to which individual fighters or their units were involved in <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against Jews or other ethnic minorities on Polish soil or against civilians generally. Common responses to such accusations have included that the accusations were partly or completely fabricated as communist propaganda to discredit the soldiers, or that any genuine victims were killed because of their involvement in, or cooperation with, communist authorities and that their ethnicity had little if any bearing on their demise.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg/170px-Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg/255px-Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg/340px-Sopot_Pomnik_AK_k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the <i><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1944, as Soviet forces advanced into Poland, the USSR set up a provisional <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>. The new government was aware that the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish Resistance</a> (whose chief component was the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a> or Home Army) and Underground State loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> would have to be destroyed before they could gain complete control over Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Chod_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chod-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">General Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a>, said that "Soldiers of the Armia Krajowa (AK) are a hostile element which must be removed without mercy". Another prominent communist, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Zambrowski" title="Roman Zambrowski">Roman Zambrowski</a>, said that the AK had to be "exterminated".<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armia Krajowa officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to prevent a slide into armed conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and the increasing threat of civil war over Poland's sovereignty. However, many resistance cells decided to continue their struggle for Polish independence, and regarded Soviet forces as merely the new occupiers. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">Soviet partisans in Poland</a> had already been ordered by Moscow on 22 June 1943 to engage Polish partisans in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz</a>'s review of <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Musial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan Musial">Bogdan Musial</a>'s book <i>Sowjetische Partisanen</i>, "Musial's study suggests that the Soviets seldom attacked German military and police targets. They preferred to assault the poorly-armed and poorly-trained Belarusan and Polish self-defense forces. Soviet guerrillas torched and leveled Polish landed estates much more frequently than they blew up military transports and assaulted other hard targets."<sup id="cite_ref-Chod_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chod-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main forces of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces" title="Northern Group of Forces">Northern Group of Forces</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> began conducting operations against the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> (<i>Armia Krajowa</i>, <i>A.K.</i>) during and directly after the launch of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>, the Polish resistance's effort to seize control of cities and areas occupied by the Germans while the latter were preparing their defenses against the advancing Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> planned to ensure that an independent Poland would never reemerge in the <a href="/wiki/Postwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar">postwar</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-JOG_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOG-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_anti-communist_underground">Formation of the anti-communist underground</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG/170px-Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG/255px-Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG/340px-Polish_anticommunist_partisan_1947.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Uniform of a Polish anti-communist fighter, with breast badge displaying image of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first AK structure designed primarily to deal with the Soviet threat was <a href="/wiki/NIE_(resistance)" title="NIE (resistance)">NIE</a> (short for <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:niepodległość">niepodległość</a></i> "independence", and also meaning "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nie#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nie">no</a>"), formed in mid-1943. NIE's goal was to observe and spy while the Polish government-in-exile decided how to deal with the Soviets, rather than to engage in combat. At that time, the exiled government still believed that negotiations could result in a solution leading to Poland's post-war independence. </p><p>On 7 May 1945, NIE was disbanded and transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Delegatura_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych_na_Kraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj">Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj</a> ("Armed Forces Delegation for Homeland"). This organization lasted only until August 8, 1945, when the decision was made<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to disband it and cease <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">partisan</a> resistance on Polish territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1945 a <a href="/wiki/Staged_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Staged trial">staged trial</a> of 16 leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>, captured and imprisoned by the Soviet Union, took place in Moscow (<a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malcher_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcher-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegate%27s_Office_at_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Delegate's Office at Home">Government Delegate</a>, together with most members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity" title="Council of National Unity">Council of National Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>, were invited by Soviet general <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a>, with the agreement of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, to a conference on their eventual entry into the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They were presented with a warrant of safety, but the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> arrested them in <a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a> on 27 and 28 March.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82aw_Jankowski" title="Jan Stanisław Jankowski">Jan Stanisław Jankowski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%BCak" title="Kazimierz Pużak">Kazimierz Pużak</a> were arrested on 27 March, and 12 more the following day. Alexander Zwierzynski had already been detained earlier. They were all taken to the <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka prison</a> in Moscow for interrogation before trial.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several months of brutal interrogation and torture,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were falsely charged with "<a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>" and "planning a military alliance with Nazi Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a> declined jurisdiction over former AK soldiers. Consequently, for more than a year, Soviet agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> dealt with the AK. By the end of the war, approximately 60,000 AK soldiers had been arrested, and 50,000 of them were deported to the Soviet Union's prisons and prison camps. Most had been captured by the Soviets during or in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> when many AK units tried to cooperate with the Red Army during their nationwide uprising against the Germans. </p><p>Other veterans were arrested when they approached the communist authorities after being promised <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>. In 1947, the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947" title="Amnesty of 1947">amnesty</a> for most wartime resistance fighters. The authorities expected around 12,000 people to give up their arms, but the total number of partisans to come out of the forests eventually reached 53,000. Many of them were arrested despite the promises. After repeated broken promises in the first few years of communist rule, former AK members refused to trust the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Delegatura_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych_na_Kraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj">Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj</a> ("Armed Forces Delegation for Homeland") was disbanded, another post-AK resistance organisation was formed, called <a href="/wiki/Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_i_Niezawis%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolność i Niezawisłość">Wolność i Niezawisłość</a> ("Freedom and Sovereignty"). Wolność i Niezawisłość (WiN) was most concerned with helping former AK soldiers transition from life as partisans to that of civilians. Continued secrecy and conspiracy were necessary in light of the increasing persecution of AK veterans by the communist government. WiN was, however, much in need of funds to pay for false documents and to provide resources for the partisans, many of whom had lost their homes and entire life-savings in the war. Viewed as enemies of the state, starved of resources, and with a vocal faction advocating armed resistance against the Soviets and their Polish proxies, WiN was far from efficient. A significant victory for the NKVD and the newly created Polish secret police, <a href="/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urząd Bezpieczeństwa">Urząd Bezpieczeństwa</a> (UB), came in the second half of 1945 when they convinced several leaders of WiN that they truly wanted to offer amnesty to AK members. Within a few months, intelligence gathered by the authorities led to thousands more arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary period of WiN activity lasted until 1947. The organisation finally disbanded in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Piecuch1996_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piecuch1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution">Persecution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zapluty_karzel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Zapluty_karzel.jpg/170px-Zapluty_karzel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Zapluty_karzel.jpg/255px-Zapluty_karzel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Zapluty_karzel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>"The Giant and the Reactionary Spittle-Covered Dwarf". A postwar Polish <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">communist propaganda</a> poster showing a soldier of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a> striding over a partisan of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Home_Army_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Army (Poland)">Home Army</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The NKVD and UB used brute force and deception to eliminate the underground opposition. In the autumn of 1946, a group of 100–200 "cursed soldiers" of the <a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a> (National Armed Forces, NSZ) were lured into a trap and massacred. In 1947, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Julia_Brystiger" title="Julia Brystiger">Julia ("Bloody Luna") Brystiger</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Polish Ministry of Public Security</a> proclaimed at a security briefing that: "<span style="color:gray">[</span>t<span style="color:gray">]</span>he terrorist and political underground" had ceased to be a threatening force for the UB, although the "class enemy" at universities, offices and factories still had to be "found out and neutralised."<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The persecution of AK members was only one aspect of the reign of Stalinist terror in postwar Poland. In the period from 1944 to 1956, at least 300,000 Polish civilians were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim that up to two million were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 6,000 death sentences were issued, and the majority of them were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probable that more than 20,000 people died in communist prisons. including those executed "in the majesty of the law", such as <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, a hero of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further six million Polish citizens (i.e., one out of every three adult Poles) were classified as suspected members of a 'reactionary or criminal element' and subjected to investigation by state agencies. During the <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> of 1956, a political amnesty freed 35,000 former AK soldiers from prisons. But some partisans remained in service, unwilling or simply unable to rejoin the civilian community. The <i>cursed soldier</i> Stanisław Marchewka "Ryba" ("The Fish") was killed in 1957, and the last AK partisan, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a> "Lalek" ("Doller"), was killed in 1963 — almost two decades after the Second World War ended. In 1967, long after the abolition of Stalinist terror, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Boryczka" title="Adam Boryczka">Adam Boryczka</a>, the last member of the elite British-trained <a href="/wiki/Cichociemny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemny">Cichociemny</a> ("The Silent and Hidden") intelligence and support group, was finally released from prison. Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>. Former AK soldiers were under constant investigation by the secret police. It was only in 1989, after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a>, that the convictions of AK soldiers were finally declared invalid and annulled by Polish law.<sup id="cite_ref-Rzecz_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_operations_and_actions">Largest operations and actions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></div> <p>The biggest battle in the history of the <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Union" title="National Military Union">National Military Union</a> (<i>Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe</i>, NZW) took place on 6–7 May 1945, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka" title="Kuryłówka">Kuryłówka</a> in southeastern Poland. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kuryłówka">Battle of Kuryłówka</a>, the partisans fought against the Soviet <i>2nd Border Regiment</i> of the NKVD, gaining a victory for the underground forces commanded by Major <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Przysi%C4%99%C5%BCniak" title="Franciszek Przysiężniak">Franciszek Przysiężniak</a> ("Marek"). The anti-communist fighters killed up to 70 Soviet agents. The NKVD troops retreated in haste, only to later return to the village and burn it to the ground in retaliation, destroying over 730 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-epodkarpacie_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epodkarpacie-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies-1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 May 1945, a heavily armed AK unit led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wasilewski" title="Edward Wasilewski">Edward Wasilewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_NKVD_Camp_in_Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów">attacked and destroyed the NKVD camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Rembertów">Rembertów</a> on the eastern outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. The Soviets had incarcerated hundreds of Polish citizens there,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including members of the Armia Krajowa.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacification">Pacification</h3></div> <p>One of the biggest anti-partisan operations by the communist authorities took place from 10 to 25 June 1945, in and around the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a> and <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w" title="Augustów">Augustów</a> regions of Poland. The "<a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Obława augustowska</i>) was a joint operation of the Red Army, the Soviet NKVD, and <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> battalions, with assistance from Polish <a href="/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urząd Bezpieczeństwa">UB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludowe Wojsko Polskie">LWP</a> units, against Armia Krajowa resistance fighters. The operation extended into the territory of occupied <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. More than 2,000 suspected anti-communist Polish fighters were captured and detained in Soviet <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> camps. About 600 of the "Augustów Missing" are presumed to have died in Soviet custody, their bodies buried in unknown mass graves on the present territory of Russia. The Polish <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> has declared the 1945 Augustów roundup to be "the largest crime committed by the Soviets on Polish lands after World War II."<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-communist_resistance_organizations">Anti-communist resistance organizations</h2></div> <p>Among the best-known Polish underground organizations,<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engaged in guerrilla warfare were: </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_i_Niezawis%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolność i Niezawisłość">Wolność i Niezawisłość</a></i> ("Freedom and Independence", WIN) founded on September 2, 1945, active to 1952.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></i> ("National Armed Forces", NSZ) created on September 20, 1942, split in March 1944.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Zjednoczenie_Wojskowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe">Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe</a></i> ("National Military Union", NZW) established in the mid-to-late 1940s, active until the mid-1950s.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konspiracyjne_Wojsko_Polskie" title="Konspiracyjne Wojsko Polskie">Konspiracyjne Wojsko Polskie</a></i> ("Underground Polish Army", KWP) which existed from April 1945 to as late as 1954.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruch_Oporu_Armii_Krajowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruch Oporu Armii Krajowej">Ruch Oporu Armii Krajowej</a></i> ("Resistance of the Home Army", ROAK) formed in 1944 against <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">UB collaborators</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa_Obywatelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa Obywatelska">Armia Krajowa Obywatelska</a></i> ("Citizens' Home Army", AKO) founded in February 1945, incorporated into Wolność i Niezawisłość in 1945.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NIE_(resistance)" title="NIE (resistance)">NIE</a></i> ("NO") formed in 1943, active till 7 May 1945.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delegatura_Si%C5%82_Zbrojnych_na_Kraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj">Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj</a></i> ("Delegature of the Polish Forces at Home") formed on May 7, 1945, dissolved on August 8, 1945.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_i_Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolność i Sprawiedliwość">Wolność i Sprawiedliwość</a></i> ("Freedom and Justice", WIS) founded in the early 1950s.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kuryłówka">Battle of Kuryłówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Obława augustowska</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_NKVD_Camp_in_Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów">Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Mokotow_Prison_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Mokotow Prison execution">1951 Mokotow Prison executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Kielce_Prison" title="Raid on Kielce Prison">Raid on Kielce Prison</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2></div> <p>The following list (in most part), was taken from the book <i>Not Only Katyń</i> (<i>Nie tylko Katyń</i>) by Ireneusz Sewastianowicz and Stanisław Kulikowski (<i>Białostockie Wydawn. Prasowe</i>, 1990); Part 10: "The Augustow Missing," compiled by the Citizen Committee for Search of <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Suwałki Region</a> Inhabitants who Disappeared in July 1945 (<i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obywatelski_Komitet_Poszukiwa%C5%84_Mieszka%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Suwalszczyzny_Zaginionych_w_Lipcu_1945_r." class="extiw" title="pl:Obywatelski Komitet Poszukiwań Mieszkańców Suwalszczyzny Zaginionych w Lipcu 1945 r.">Obywatelski Komitet Poszukiwań Mieszkańców Suwalszczyzny Zaginionych w Lipcu 1945 r., in Polish</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Not_Only_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Not_Only-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Batory" title="Józef Batory">Józef Batory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nickname#Noms_de_guerre" title="Nickname">noms de guerre</a></i>, <i>"Argus"</i> and <i>"Wojtek"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bembi%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Bembiński">Stefan Bembiński</a> (<i>"Harnaś"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. <a href="/wiki/Marian_Bernaciak" title="Marian Bernaciak">Marian Bernaciak</a> (<i>"Orlik"</i> and <i>"Dymek"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Ksawery_B%C5%82asiak" title="Ksawery Błasiak">Ksawery Błasiak</a> (<i>"Albert"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_B%C5%82a%C5%BCej" title="Franciszek Błażej">Franciszek Błażej</a> (<i>"Roman"</i>, <i>"Bogusław"</i>, and <i>"Tadeusz"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Stanisław Bogdanowicz (<i>"Tom"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Bokszczanin" title="Janusz Bokszczanin">Janusz Bokszczanin</a> (<i>"Sęk"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Stefan Bronowski (<i>"Roman"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Bro%C5%84ski" title="Zdzisław Broński">Zdzisław Broński</a> (<i>"Uskok"</i>)</li> <li>Cpl Izydor Bukowski (<i>"Burza"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Karol_Chmiel" title="Karol Chmiel">Karol Chmiel</a> (<i>"Grom"</i> and <i>"Zygmunt"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Kazimierz Chmielowski (<i>"Rekin"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski" title="Łukasz Ciepliński">Łukasz Ciepliński</a> (<i>"Pług"</i> and <i>"Ostrowski"</i>)</li> <li>Maj./Lt. Col. of <a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">NSZ</a> Tadeusz Danilewicz (<i>"Kuba"</i>, <i>"Doman"</i>, <i>"Kossak"</i>, and <i>"Łoziński"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Dekutowski" title="Hieronim Dekutowski">Hieronim Dekutowski</a> (<i>"Zapora"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. Jan Karol Dubaniowski (<i>"Salwa"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Władysław Dubielak (<i>"Myśliwy"</i>)</li> <li>Brig. Gen.<a href="/wiki/Emil_August_Fieldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil August Fieldorf">Emil August Fieldorf</a> (<i>"Nil"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Flame" title="Henryk Flame">Henryk Flame</a> (<i>"Bartek"</i> and <i>"Grot"</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a> (<i>"Lalek"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Henryk Glapiński (<i>"Klinga"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Eugeniusz Godlewski (<i>"Topór"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Heda" title="Antoni Heda">Antoni Heda</a> (<i>"Szary"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. Tadeusz Jachimek (<i>"Ninka"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Jerzy_Jaskulski" title="Franciszek Jerzy Jaskulski">Franciszek Jerzy Jaskulski</a> (<i>"Zagończyk"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Henryk Jóźwiak (<i>"Groźny"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kamie%C5%84ski" title="Kazimierz Kamieński">Kazimierz Kamieński</a> (<i>"Huzar"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt./Lt. Col of NSZ <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kasznica" title="Stanisław Kasznica">Stanisław Kasznica</a> (<i>"Wąsowski"</i>, <i>"Przepona"</i>, and <i>"Wąsal"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Kawalec" title="Mieczysław Kawalec">Mieczysław Kawalec</a> (<i>"Iza"</i>, <i>"Psarski"</i>, and <i>"Bronek"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Jan Kempiński (<i>"Błysk"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Stefan Kobos (<i>"Wrzos"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. Jan Kosowski (<i>"Ciborski"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Karol Kazimierz Kostecki (<i>"Kostek"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Jan Kłyś (<i>"Kłyś"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Michał Krupa (<i>"Wierzba"</i> and <i>"Pulkownik"</i>)</li> <li>Col./Brig. Gen. (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous recognition">posthumous recognition</a>) <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Aleksander Krzyżanowski">Aleksander Krzyżanowski</a> (<i>"Wilk"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. Ludwik Kubik (<i>"Alfred"</i>, <i>"Julian"</i>, and <i>"Lucjan"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kura%C5%9B" title="Józef Kuraś">Józef Kuraś</a> (<i>"Ogień"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Adam Kusz (<i>"Garbaty"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Władysław Kuśmierczyk (<i>"Longinus"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. Wincenty Kwieciński (<i>"Głóg"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lazarowicz" title="Adam Lazarowicz">Adam Lazarowicz</a> (<i>"Klamra"</i>, <i>"Pomorski"</i>, <i>"Kleszcz"</i>, and <i>"Zygmunt"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Lewczuk" title="Henryk Lewczuk">Henryk Lewczuk</a> (<i>"Młot"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. Władysław Liniarski (<i>"Mścisław"</i>, <i>"Wuj"</i>, and <i>"Jan"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Stanisław Łukasik (<i>"Ryś"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk" title="Władysław Łukasiuk">Władysław Łukasiuk</a> (<i>"Młot"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. Józef Maciołek (<i>"Żuraw"</i>, <i>"Kazimierz"</i>, <i>"Marian"</i>, and <i>"Roch"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. Jan Marawca (<i>"Remiusz"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Stanisław Marchewka (<i>"Ryba"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Józef Marcinkowski (<i>"Łysy"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Lucjan Minkiewicz (<i>"Wiktor"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. Kazimierz Mirecki (<i>"Zmuda"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. Lech Neyman (<i>"Domarat"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Mieczysław Niedzielski (<i>"Men"</i> and <i>"Grot"</i>)</li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Niepok%C3%B3lczycki" title="Franciszek Niepokólczycki">Franciszek Niepokólczycki</a> (<i>"Szubert"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Wiktor Zacheusz Nowowiejski (<i>"Jeż"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Olechnowicz" title="Antoni Olechnowicz">Antoni Olechnowicz</a> (<i>"Lawicz"</i>, <i>"Pohorecki"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. Mieczysław Pazderski (<i>"Szary"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Stanisław Pelczer (<i>"Majka"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> (<i>"Witold"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Przysi%C4%99%C5%BCniak" title="Franciszek Przysiężniak">Franciszek Przysiężniak</a> (<i>"Ojciec Jan"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Romuald_Rajs" title="Romuald Rajs">Romuald Rajs</a> (<i>"Bury"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. Albin Rak (<i>"Lesiński"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Józef Ramatowski (<i>"Rawicz"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. Wacław Rejmak (<i>"Ostoja"</i>)</li> <li>Maj. Zygmunt Rogalski (<i>"Kacper"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Jan Rogólka (<i>"Grot"</i>)</li> <li>Col. Kazimierz Rolewicz ("Kama", "Ira", "Oko", "Mila", "Olgierd", "Zbyszek", and "Solski")</li> <li>Lt. Lechosław Roszkowski ("Tomasz")</li> <li>Lt. Col. Józef Rybicki ("Mestwin")</li> <li>Maj. Aleksander Rybnik ("Jerzy" and "Dziki")</li> <li>Maj. Józef Rządzki ("Boryna")</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Rzepka" title="Józef Rzepka">Józef Rzepka</a> ("Krzysztof" and "Znicz")</li> <li>Col. Antoni Sanojca ("Kortum")</li> <li>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_S%C4%99dziak" title="Stanisław Sędziak">Stanisław Sędziak</a> ("Wiatr" and "Warta")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuta_Siedzik%C3%B3wna" title="Danuta Siedzikówna">Danuta Siedzikówna</a> ("Inka")</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sojczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Sojczyński">Stanisław Sojczyński</a> ("Warszyc")</li> <li>Sgt. Władysław Stefanowski ("Grom")</li> <li>Maj. Stanisław Szacoń ("Szacun")</li> <li>Lt. Col. Jan Szczurek-Cergowski ("Sławbor")</li> <li>Maj. <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz">Zygmunt Szendzielarz</a> ("Łupaszko")</li> <li>2nd Lt. Teodor Śmiałowski ("Szumny", "Grom", and "Cichy")</li> <li>Franciszek Andrulewicz,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his sister Janina and cousin Witold were also murdered;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the family had already lost at least one relative at the hands of the Nazis.</li> <li>Maj. Jan Tabortowski (<i>"Bruzda"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Edward Taraszkiewicz (<i>"Żelazny"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Leon Taraszkiewicz (<i>"Jastrząb"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Col. Walerian Tumanowicz (<i>"Jagodziński"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Tudruj" class="extiw" title="pl:Edmund Tudruj">Edmund Tudruj</a> (<i>"Mundek"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. Eugeniusz Walewski (<i>"Zemsta"</i>)</li> <li>Cpt. <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zadzierski" class="extiw" title="pl:Józef Zadzierski">Józef Zadzierski</a> (<i>"Wołyniak"</i>)</li> <li>2nd Lt. <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Zakulski" title="Jerzy Zakulski">Jerzy Zakulski</a> (<i>"Czarny Mecenas"</i>)</li> <li>Lt. Wacław Grabowski (<i>"Puszczyk"</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemieszkiewicz" title="Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz">Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz</a> (<i>"Rój"</i>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Witold Pilecki ("Witold")"><img alt="Witold Pilecki ("Witold")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/76px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/114px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/152px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> ("Witold")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="August Emil Fieldorf ("Nil")"><img alt="August Emil Fieldorf ("Nil")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg/80px-Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg/120px-Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg/160px-Genera%C5%82_August_Emil_Fieldorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/August_Emil_Fieldorf" title="August Emil Fieldorf">August Emil Fieldorf</a> ("Nil")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleksander Krzyzanowski ("Wilk")"><img alt="Aleksander Krzyzanowski ("Wilk")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg/89px-Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg/133px-Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg/178px-Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Krzyzanowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Krzyzanowski">Aleksander Krzyzanowski</a> ("Wilk")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_(%C5%81upaszka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz ("Łupaszko")"><img alt="Zygmunt Szendzielarz ("Łupaszko")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg/86px-Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg/130px-Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg/173px-Zygmunt_Szendzielarz_%28%C5%81upaszka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz">Zygmunt Szendzielarz</a> ("Łupaszko")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marian Bernaciak ("Orlik")"><img alt="Marian Bernaciak ("Orlik")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg/76px-Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg/114px-Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg/152px-Marian_Bernaciak-Orlik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Bernaciak" title="Marian Bernaciak">Marian Bernaciak</a> ("Orlik")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. Józef Kuraś ("Ogień": "Fire")"><img alt="Lt. Józef Kuraś ("Ogień": "Fire")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg/99px-J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg/149px-J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg/198px-J%C3%B3zef_Kuras_Ogie%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lt. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kura%C5%9B" title="Józef Kuraś">Józef Kuraś</a> ("Ogień": "Fire")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Col. Franciszek Niepokólczycki ("Teodor")"><img alt="Col. Franciszek Niepokólczycki ("Teodor")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg/105px-Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg/157px-Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg/209px-Niepokolczycki_Franciszek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Col. <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Niepok%C3%B3lczycki" title="Franciszek Niepokólczycki">Franciszek Niepokólczycki</a> ("Teodor")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Danuta Siedzikówna ("Inka")"><img alt="Danuta Siedzikówna ("Inka")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg/92px-Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg/139px-Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg/185px-Danuta_Siedzikowna_Sopot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Danuta_Siedzik%C3%B3wna" title="Danuta Siedzikówna">Danuta Siedzikówna</a> ("Inka")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HenrykFlame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henryk Flame ("Bartek")"><img alt="Henryk Flame ("Bartek")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HenrykFlame.jpg/92px-HenrykFlame.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HenrykFlame.jpg/138px-HenrykFlame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HenrykFlame.jpg/184px-HenrykFlame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Flame" title="Henryk Flame">Henryk Flame</a> ("Bartek")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Władysław Łukasiuk ("Młot": "Hammer")"><img alt="Władysław Łukasiuk ("Młot": "Hammer")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG/95px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG/142px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG/190px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukasiuk" title="Władysław Łukasiuk">Władysław Łukasiuk</a> ("Młot": "Hammer")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Józef Franczak ("Lalek")"><img alt="Józef Franczak ("Lalek")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg/96px-J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg/144px-J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg/192px-J%C3%B3zef_Franczak_Lalek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a> ("Lalek")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Łukasz Ciepliński ("Ludwik")"><img alt="Łukasz Ciepliński ("Ludwik")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg/85px-%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg/128px-%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg/170px-%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="414" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski" title="Łukasz Ciepliński">Łukasz Ciepliński</a> ("Ludwik")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wacław Lipiński ("Aleksander")"><img alt="Wacław Lipiński ("Aleksander")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png/80px-Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png/120px-Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png/160px-Waclaw_Lipinski_1937.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Wacław Lipiński">Wacław Lipiński</a> ("Aleksander")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz ("Rój")"><img alt="Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz ("Rój")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg/85px-Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg/127px-Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg/170px-Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemiszkiewicz_R%C3%B3j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemieszkiewicz" title="Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz">Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz</a> ("Rój")</div> </li> </ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2></div> <p>The "cursed soldiers" served as an inspiration for numerous films, documentaries, books, stage plays, and songs and, in Poland, they have become the ultimate symbol of patriotism and heroic fight for fatherland against all odds. Notable examples include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg/250px-Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg/375px-Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg/500px-Odzie%C5%BC_tzw._patriotyczna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>The "cursed soldiers" graphic design on patriotic apparel</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> directed the film <i><a href="/wiki/Ashes_and_Diamonds_(film)" title="Ashes and Diamonds (film)">Ashes and Diamonds</a></i> whose main protagonist, Maciek Chełmicki, is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> underground in Poland.</li> <li>In 1990, Tadeusz Pawlicki directed a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> entitled <i>Witold</i>, which is dedicated to the life of <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a>, the first comprehensive intelligence report on the atrocities committed at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>. The film features interviews with Pilecki's wife and his children Zofia and Andrzej. It was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/TVP2" title="TVP2">TVP2</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVP_Historia" title="TVP Historia">TVP Historia</a> television channels.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1995, Alina Czerniakowska directed a documentary in collaboration with historian Leszek Żebrowski on the Polish anti-communist underground after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> entitled <i>Zwycięstwo</i> ("Victory").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1996, Tadeusz Pawlicki, directed the film <i>My, ogniowe dzieci</i>, telling the story of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kura%C5%9B" title="Józef Kuraś">Józef Kuraś</a> alias <i>Ogień</i> ("Fire").<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2000, Mariusz Pietrowski, directed <i>Łupaszko</i>, a documentary film on the life of major <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz">Zygmunt Szendzielarz</a> (known as <i>Łupaszko</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Kr%C3%B3likiewicz" title="Grzegorz Królikiewicz">Grzegorz Królikiewicz</a> directed a documentary film devoted to the life of Józef Kuraś entitled <i>A potem nazwali go bandytą</i> ("And Then They Called Him a Bandit...").</li> <li>In 2004, a documentary <i>Against the Odds: Resistance in Nazi Concentration Camps</i> was produced. It features the story of Witold Pilecki.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2007, Jerzy Zalewski's film <i>Elegia na śmierć Roja</i> is dedicated to portraying the history of <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemieszkiewicz" title="Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz">Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz</a>.</li> <li>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Historia" title="Discovery Historia">Discovery Historia</a> channel broadcast a two-part documentary entitled <i>In the Name of the Polish People's Republic</i>.</li> <li>In 2009, a documentary series <i>Cursed Soldiers</i> was produced by Discovery Historia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, Dariusz Walusiak's film <i>Escape from Hell. Tracing the Steps of Witold Pilecki</i> is dedicated to the escape of <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, Jan Redzeja and Edward Ciesielski from the notorious <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.</li> <li>In 2014, <i>Heroes of War: Poland</i> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Sky_Vision" title="Sky Vision">Sky Vision</a> for the <a href="/wiki/History_Channel_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="History Channel UK">History Channel UK</a> and features the life of Witold Pilecki.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a> channel produced a documentary film <i>Inka. Zachowałam się jak trzeba</i> directed by Arkadiusz Gołebiewski and portraying the life of <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Siedzik%C3%B3wna" title="Danuta Siedzikówna">Danuta Siedzikówna</a>, a Polish <a href="/wiki/Medical_orderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical orderly">medical orderly</a> in the 4th Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Wile%C5%84ska_Cavalry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Wileńska Cavalry Brigade">5th Wilno Brigade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> who was captured, tortured and sentenced to death at the age of 17 by the <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">communist authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 saw the premiere of Jerzy Zalewski's film <i>Historia Roja</i> starring <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Zalewski" title="Krzysztof Zalewski">Krzysztof Zalewski</a> as the main character.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, Konrad Łęcki directed <i>Wyklęty</i> ("The Cursed"), a film based on the life of anti-communist resistance member <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li>In 1996, Leszek Czajkowski's album <i>Śpiewnik oszołoma</i> was published which includes a number of songs dedicated to the memory of the "cursed soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, a Polish-Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/De_Press" title="De Press">De Press</a> released an album <i>Myśmy rebelianci</i> ("We Are Rebels") honouring the legacy of the "cursed soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, Polish <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> artist Tadek released a <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a> "<i>Żołnierze wyklęci</i>" to pay tribute to the members of the anti-communist underground operating after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, a hip hop band Hemp Gru, released an album <i>Loyalty</i>, which features a single "Forgotten Heroes".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2012, Obłęd band released an album entitled <i>100% Obłęd</i> featuring a single dedicated to the Cursed Soldiers.</li> <li>In 2013, Polish <a href="/wiki/Rapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapper">rapper</a> Ptaku released an album <i>NaRa</i> featuring a single "<i>Żołnierze Wyklęci</i>" with references to the lives of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kura%C5%9B" title="Józef Kuraś">Józef Kuraś</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kukli%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kukliński">Ryszard Kukliński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Gan-Ganowicz" title="Rafał Gan-Ganowicz">Rafał Gan-Ganowicz</a>.</li> <li>2013 saw the release of an album <i>Panny wyklęte</i>, a music project by Dariusz Malejonek in collaboration with Polish singers including <a href="/wiki/Marika_(singer)" title="Marika (singer)">Marika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Przybysz" title="Natalia Przybysz">Natalia Przybysz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halina_Mlynkova" title="Halina Mlynkova">Halina Mlynkova</a> devoted to the contribution of female members of the anti-communist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, rapper Evtis released three singles inspired by the history of the Cursed Soldiers: "The Volunteer" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>), "Indomitable Heroes" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sojczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Sojczyński">Stanisław Sojczyński</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski" title="Łukasz Ciepliński">Łukasz Ciepliński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Dekutowski" title="Hieronim Dekutowski">Hieronim Dekutowski</a>), and "You Acted Right" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Danuta_Siedzik%C3%B3wna" title="Danuta Siedzikówna">Danuta Siedzikówna</a>).</li> <li>In 2013, Forteca band released an album <i>Kto dziś upomni się o pamięć</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2014, Joined band released a single "<i>Zabrali mi ciebie Tato</i>" ("They Took You Away From Me, Dad") devoted to the murdered soldiers of the anti-communist underground.</li> <li>In 2014, Swedish <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Sabaton_(band)" title="Sabaton (band)">Sabaton</a> paid tribute to Witold Pilecki in the single "Inmate 4859".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, Horytnica band released a single "<i>Rój</i>", referring to <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Dziemieszkiewicz" title="Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz">Mieczysław Dziemieszkiewicz</a>, one of the Cursed Soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <ul><li>On 15 May 2006, a stage production <i>Śmierć rotmistrza Pileckiego</i> ("The Death of Captain Pilecki") directed by <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Bugajski" title="Ryszard Bugajski">Ryszard Bugajski</a> and starring Marek Probosz had its premiere.</li> <li>On 22 January 2007, a play <i>Inka. 1946</i> produced by Teatr Telewizji and diredcted by Natalia Koryncka-Gruz had its premiere in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li>In 2016, Polish historian Lech Kowalski published a monumental 1,100 page book <i>Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego a Żołnierze Wyklęci</i> (English: "<a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Corps" title="Internal Security Corps">Internal Security Corps</a> and the Cursed Soldiers"), which focuses on the fight undertaken by the communist state authorities against Poland's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> underground in the years 1944–1956.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fairweather_(writer)" title="Jack Fairweather (writer)">Jack Fairweather</a> published a book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volunteer_(book)" title="The Volunteer (book)">The Volunteer: One Man's Mission to Lead an Underground Army Inside Auschwitz and Stop the Holocaust</a></i> whose subject is Witold Pilecki.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book won the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Book_Awards" title="Costa Book Awards">Costa Book Awards</a> – Book of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></li> <li>Leśni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlorn_hope" title="Forlorn hope">Forlorn hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atlas polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego 1944–1956, Warszawa–Lublin 2007, s. XXXIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sławomir Poleszak, Rafał Wnuk: Zarys dziejów polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego 1944–1956. W: Atlas polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego 1944–1956. Wyd. 1. Warszawa – Lublin: IPN, 2007, s. XXII–XXXVIII. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-45-8">978-83-60464-45-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostov2015" class="citation book cs1">Kostov, Chris (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvM_CgAAQBAJ"><i>The Communist Century: From Revolution To Decay: 1917 to 2000</i></a>. Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785382178" title="Special:BookSources/9781785382178"><bdi>9781785382178</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Century%3A+From+Revolution+To+Decay%3A+1917+to+2000&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.isbn=9781785382178&rft.aulast=Kostov&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvM_CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-poland/polish-group-sues-argentine-paper-under-new-holocaust-law-idUSKCN1GF0RF">"Polish group sues Argentine paper under new Holocaust law"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 4 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Polish+group+sues+Argentine+paper+under+new+Holocaust+law&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-poland%2Fpolish-group-sues-argentine-paper-under-new-holocaust-law-idUSKCN1GF0RF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/p/nairobi_ke_a_en/news/1st_of__march____indomitable__soldiers_national_remembrance_day?channel=www">"1st of March - "Indomitable" Soldiers National Remembrance Day"</a>. <i>www.msz.gov.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msz.gov.pl&rft.atitle=1st+of+March+-+%22Indomitable%22+Soldiers+National+Remembrance+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msz.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fp%2Fnairobi_ke_a_en%2Fnews%2F1st_of__march____indomitable__soldiers_national_remembrance_day%3Fchannel%3Dwww&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/od-wykletych-do-smolenska-jak-i-po-co-pis-przepisuje-najnowsza-historie-polski,a,61546">"Od wyklętych do Smoleńska: jak - i po co - PiS przepisuje najnowszą historię Polski?"</a>, and interview with professor <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Wnuk" title="Rafał Wnuk">Rafał Wnuk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bagley_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent_H._Bagley2007" class="citation book cs1">Tennent H. Bagley (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spywarsmolesmyst00bagl"><i>Spy wars: moles, mysteries, and deadly games</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spywarsmolesmyst00bagl/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12198-8"><bdi>978-0-300-12198-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>puppet government they had set up formally disbanded the AK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spy+wars%3A+moles%2C+mysteries%2C+and+deadly+games&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12198-8&rft.au=Tennent+H.+Bagley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspywarsmolesmyst00bagl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muzeum.krosno-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muzeum.krosno_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503203703/http://www.muzeum.krosno.pl/archiwum/zolnierze_wykleci/zolnierze.htm">"Żołnierze wyklęci: Antykomunistyczne podziemie po 1945 roku"</a>. Muzeum Podkarpackie, <a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeum.krosno.pl/archiwum/zolnierze_wykleci/zolnierze.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>w 50 lat po zamordowaniu członków IV Zarządu Głównego Zrzeszenia <i>Wolność i Niezawisłość</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BBo%C5%82nierze+wykl%C4%99ci%3A+Antykomunistyczne+podziemie+po+1945+roku&rft.pub=Muzeum+Podkarpackie%2C+Krosno&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeum.krosno.pl%2Farchiwum%2Fzolnierze_wykleci%2Fzolnierze.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span>  <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnieszka_Adamiak,_Oddziałowe_Biuro_Edukacji_Publicznej2001" class="citation web cs1">Agnieszka Adamiak, Oddziałowe Biuro Edukacji Publicznej (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207124559/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/359/925/">"Żołnierze wyklęci. Antykomunistyczne podziemie na Rzeszowszczyźnie po1944 roku"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/359/925/">the original</a> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BBo%C5%82nierze+wykl%C4%99ci.+Antykomunistyczne+podziemie+na+Rzeszowszczy%C5%BAnie+po1944+roku&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Agnieszka+Adamiak%2C+Oddzia%C5%82owe+Biuro+Edukacji+Publicznej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal%2Fpl%2F359%2F925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span>  <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelkingLeociakLibionka2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Engelking, Barbara; Leociak, Jacek; Libionka, Dariusz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwlnAAAAMAAJ"><i>[Zagłada Żydów. Pamięć narodowa a pisanie historii w Polsce i we Francji</i></a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788322724323" title="Special:BookSources/9788322724323"><bdi>9788322724323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BZag%C5%82ada+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w.+Pami%C4%99%C4%87+narodowa+a+pisanie+historii+w+Polsce+i+we+Francji&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Maria+Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788322724323&rft.aulast=Engelking&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Leociak%2C+Jacek&rft.au=Libionka%2C+Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwlnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegieńSiegień2020" class="citation web cs1">Siegień, Paulina; Siegień, Wojciech (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/02/24/an-unwanted-march-polish-nationalists-honour-anti-communist-partisans-accused-of-war-crimes/">"An unwanted march: Polish nationalists honour anti-communist partisans accused of war crimes"</a>. Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I very much appreciate the actions of Romuald 'Bury' Rajs," one participant in the march, Wiesław Bielawski, tells us. [...] "Bury was one of the greatest Polish heroes of the postwar period. He and his troops fought communists, managed to eliminate communist party cells, fought people collaborating with communists, executed traitors to the Polish nation." Asked if civilians killed in 1946 were traitors to the Polish nation, Bielawski and his friends argue that civilians died only because they did not obey the orders of Bury's soldiers. Why did Bury burn one of the villages? Because this property served traitors to the Polish nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+unwanted+march%3A+Polish+nationalists+honour+anti-communist+partisans+accused+of+war+crimes&rft.pub=Notes+from+Poland&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.aulast=Siegie%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft.au=Siegie%C5%84%2C+Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2020%2F02%2F24%2Fan-unwanted-march-polish-nationalists-honour-anti-communist-partisans-accused-of-war-crimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoschalka2020" class="citation web cs1">Koschalka, Ben (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/03/02/poles-should-be-willing-to-die-for-their-country-like-the-cursed-soldiers-says-pm/">"Poles should be willing to die for their country like the "cursed soldiers", says PM"</a>. Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>But commemoration of the cursed soldiers also often stirs controversy, given that among the undisputed heroes, such as [Witold] Pilecki, are some figures who have been found responsible for the killing of civilians, including from ethnic minorities such as Jews and Belarusians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poles+should+be+willing+to+die+for+their+country+like+the+%22cursed+soldiers%22%2C+says+PM&rft.pub=Notes+from+Poland&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Koschalka&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2020%2F03%2F02%2Fpoles-should-be-willing-to-die-for-their-country-like-the-cursed-soldiers-says-pm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilles2021" class="citation web cs1">Tilles, Daniel (3 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/03/03/controversy-over-state-commemoration-of-polish-anti-communist-partisan-accused-of-war-crimes/">"Controversy over state commemoration of Polish anti-communist partisan accused of war crimes"</a>. Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>But many in Poland – particularly on the political right – regard [Zygmunt] Szendzielarz as a hero for his role in fighting the wartime German occupiers and postwar communist authorities, who executed him in 1951. They often argue that the reputation of the cursed soldiers was deliberately and falsely tarnished by the communists. "The communists considered Szendzielarz one of their greatest opponents," said Piotr Niwiński, a historian at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a>, quoted by the Polish Press Agency (PAP). "[So] they tried to annihilate him not only physically but also through propaganda, blaming him for many crimes."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversy+over+state+commemoration+of+Polish+anti-communist+partisan+accused+of+war+crimes&rft.pub=Notes+from+Poland&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft.aulast=Tilles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2021%2F03%2F03%2Fcontroversy-over-state-commemoration-of-polish-anti-communist-partisan-accused-of-war-crimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilles2022" class="citation web cs1">Tilles, Daniel (9 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/02/09/opposition-mps-walk-out-as-polish-parliament-honours-resistance-fighter-accused-of-war-crime/">"Opposition MPs walk out as Polish parliament honours resistance fighter accused of war crime"</a>. Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opposition+MPs+walk+out+as+Polish+parliament+honours+resistance+fighter+accused+of+war+crime&rft.pub=Notes+from+Poland&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.aulast=Tilles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2022%2F02%2F09%2Fopposition-mps-walk-out-as-polish-parliament-honours-resistance-fighter-accused-of-war-crime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilles2023" class="citation web cs1">Tilles, Daniel (22 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/03/22/jewish-leaders-condemn-polish-coin-honouring-wwii-partisan-accused-of-murdering-jews/">"Jewish leaders condemn Polish coin honouring WWII partisan accused of murdering Jews"</a>. Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>On its website, the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) [...] defends [Józef] Kuraś's legacy. It argues he has been unfairly portrayed as a murderous antisemite due to the lasting effect of communist propaganda, which sought to sully the name of the cursed soldiers. The IPN admits that "Jews died at the hands of the [Polish] underground". However, this was not because they were Jews, but because "of their service in the [communist] organs of repression, Polish Workers' Party or cooperation with the Department of Security".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+leaders+condemn+Polish+coin+honouring+WWII+partisan+accused+of+murdering+Jews&rft.pub=Notes+from+Poland&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft.aulast=Tilles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2023%2F03%2F22%2Fjewish-leaders-condemn-polish-coin-honouring-wwii-partisan-accused-of-murdering-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Chod-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/%7Esarmatia/406/262choda.html">Review of <i>Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a></i>, April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rzecz-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrzej Kaczyński (2 October 2004), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219051422/http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_041002/specjal_a_6.html">Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej</a></i> <span style="color:gray">[</span>Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland<span style="color:gray">]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a>, Nr 232, last accessed 21 March 2016 via Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a>, <i>Poland's Holocaust</i>, McFarland & Company, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3">0-7864-0371-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/88">Google Print, pp. 88</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/88">89</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/90">90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JOG-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JOG_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Olsak-Glass, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/199/glass.html">Review of Piotrowski's <i>Poland's Holocaust</i></a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a></i>, January 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, A. (2004) <i>Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948</i>, Palgrave <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-98212-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-98212-6">0-333-98212-6</a> Page 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcher-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcher_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Malcher" title="George Malcher">Malcher, G.C.</a> (1993) <i>Blank Pages</i>, Pyrford Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897984-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-897984-00-6">1-897984-00-6</a>, Page 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) <i>The pattern of Soviet domination</i>, Sampson Low, Marston & Co, Page 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J.(1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2">0-333-39258-2</a> Page 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Prazmowska, A. (2004) <i>Civil war in Poland, 1942-1948</i> Palgrave <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-98212-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-98212-6">0-333-98212-6</a> Page 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michta, A. (1990) <i>Red Eagle</i> Stanford University <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-8862-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-8862-9">0-8179-8862-9</a> Page 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J.(1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2">0-333-39258-2</a> Page 325-326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umiastowski, R. (1946) <i>Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945</i> Hollis & Carter Pages 462-464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piesakowski, T. (1990) <i>The fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989</i> Gryf Pages 198-199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J.(1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2">0-333-39258-2</a> Page 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J.(1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-39258-2">0-333-39258-2</a> Page 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umiastowski, R. (1946) <i>Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941-1945</i> Hollis & Carter Pages 467-468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piecuch1996-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piecuch1996_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryk_Piecuch1996" class="citation book cs1">Henryk Piecuch (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbC1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Akcje specjalne: od Bieruta do Ochaba</i></a>. Wydawn. "69". p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-86244-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-86244-05-8"><bdi>978-83-86244-05-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akcje+specjalne%3A+od+Bieruta+do+Ochaba&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Wydawn.+%2269%22&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-83-86244-05-8&rft.au=Henryk+Piecuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbC1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930192920/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html">"Otwarcie wystawy "Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa 1944–1956" – Kraków, 2 lutego 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instytut_Pami%C4%99ci_Narodowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Instytut Pamięci Narodowej">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otwarcie+wystawy+%22Zbrodnie+w+majestacie+prawa+1944%E2%80%931956%22+%E2%80%93+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+2+lutego+2006&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal%2Fpl%2F2%2F1002%2FOtwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epodkarpacie-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epodkarpacie_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrząd_Gminy_Kuryłówka" class="citation web cs1">Urząd Gminy Kuryłówka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143657/http://epodkarpacie.com/index.php?page=guide&main_guide_id=60&usection_id=275&poll_id=1">"Kuryłówka village. Calendarium"</a>. Portal Podkarpacki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epodkarpacie.com/index.php?page=guide&main_guide_id=60&usection_id=275&poll_id=1">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka+village.+Calendarium&rft.pub=Portal+Podkarpacki&rft.au=Urz%C4%85d+Gminy+Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepodkarpacie.com%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dguide%26main_guide_id%3D60%26usection_id%3D275%26poll_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies-1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>No Simple Victory</i>, Viking Penguin, 2006. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_%2744" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a></i>, 2004, Viking Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0">0-670-03284-0</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_%2744" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a></i>, 2003, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-90568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-90568-7">0-333-90568-7</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_%2744" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a></i>, 2004, Pan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-48863-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-48863-5">0-330-48863-5</a>, p. 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadeusz Piotrowski, <i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947</i>, McFarland & Company, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3">0-7864-0371-3</a>, p.131 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/131">Google Print</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPN-1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPN-1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722001109/http://www1.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=pl&dzial=177&id=816">"Konferencja IPN: "60. rocznica obławy augustowskiej." (IPN Conference on the 60th Anniversary of the Augustów roundup)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instytut_Pami%C4%99ci_Narodowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Instytut Pamięci Narodowej">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</a>. 20 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=pl&dzial=177&id=816">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konferencja+IPN%3A+%2260.+rocznica+ob%C5%82awy+augustowskiej.%22+%28IPN+Conference+on+the+60th+Anniversary+of+the+August%C3%B3w+roundup%29&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal.php%3Fserwis%3Dpl%26dzial%3D177%26id%3D816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span>  <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Not_Only-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Not_Only_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreneusz_SewastianowiczStanisław_Kulikowski1990" class="citation book cs1">Ireneusz Sewastianowicz; Stanisław Kulikowski (1990). "Part 10: "The Augustow Missing"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/not-only-katyn-the-augustow-missing.html"><i>Not Only Katyn</i></a>. Białostockie Wydawn. Prasowe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+10%3A+%22The+Augustow+Missing%22&rft.btitle=Not+Only+Katyn&rft.pub=Bia%C5%82ostockie+Wydawn.+Prasowe&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Ireneusz+Sewastianowicz&rft.au=Stanis%C5%82aw+Kulikowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doomedsoldiers.com%2Fnot-only-katyn-the-augustow-missing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/not-only-katyn-the-roundup-begins.html">Photograph of Franciszek Andrulewicz</a> at DoomedSoldiers.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/not-only-katyn-the-augustow-missing.html">List of the Augustow Missing</a> at DoomedSoldiers.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankiewicz" class="citation web cs1">Stankiewicz, Janusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stankiewicze.com/index.php/index.php?kat=32&sub=1015">"Janusz Stankiewicz. Genealogia, przodkowie, badania genealogiczne, forum dyskusyjne"</a>. <i>www.stankiewicze.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stankiewicze.com&rft.atitle=Janusz+Stankiewicz.+Genealogia%2C+przodkowie%2C+badania+genealogiczne%2C+forum+dyskusyjne&rft.aulast=Stankiewicz&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stankiewicze.com%2Findex.php%2Findex.php%3Fkat%3D32%26sub%3D1015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Witold-1990-710362">"Witold"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Witold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmweb.pl%2Ffilm%2FWitold-1990-710362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Zwyci%C4%99stwo-1995-665087">"Zwycięstwo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zwyci%C4%99stwo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmweb.pl%2Ffilm%2FZwyci%25C4%2599stwo-1995-665087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmweb.pl/film/My%2C+ogniowe+dzieci-1996-680289">"My, ogniowe dzieci"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=My%2C+ogniowe+dzieci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmweb.pl%2Ffilm%2FMy%252C%2Bogniowe%2Bdzieci-1996-680289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/historia-w-kinie/kino-kresowe-w-dsh-projekcja-filmu-dokumentalnego-lupaszko">"Kino Kresowe w DSH - projekcja filmu dokumentalnego "Łupaszko"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kino+Kresowe+w+DSH+-+projekcja+filmu+dokumentalnego+%22%C5%81upaszko%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fhistoria-w-kinie%2Fkino-kresowe-w-dsh-projekcja-filmu-dokumentalnego-lupaszko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0446268/">"Against the Odds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Against+the+Odds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0446268%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media2.pl/media/58310-Zolnierze-wykleci-nowy-cykl-w-Discovery-Historia.html.">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Żołnierze wyklęci" - nowy cykl w Discovery Historia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%C5%BBo%C5%82nierze+wykl%C4%99ci%22+-+nowy+cykl+w+Discovery+Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia2.pl%2Fmedia%2F58310-Zolnierze-wykleci-nowy-cykl-w-Discovery-Historia.html.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursed+soldiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realscreen.com/2013/04/25/history-uk-orders-heroes-of-war-from-sky-vision/">History UK orders "Heroes of War" from Sky Vision</a>. Realscreen (25 April 2013). Retrieved 4 March 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?film=1237128">"INKA. ZACHOWAŁAM SIĘ JAK TRZEBA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(Wrocław: Zarząd Główny WiN, 1997–2001)</li> <li>Zygmunt Woźniczka, <i>Zrzeszenie “Wolność i Niezawisłość”</i> 1945-1952 (Warszawa: Instytut Prasy i Wydawnictw “Novum” – “Semex”, 1992)</li> <li>Marek Latyński, <i>Nie paść na kolana: Szkice o opozycji lat czterdziestych</i> (London: Polonia Book Fund Ltd., 1985)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125162454/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_edu_exib_lupaszko.html">Short description</a> of an exhibition on <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%81upaszko" class="mw-redirect" title="Łupaszko">Łupaszko</a></i></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/">The Doomed soldiers - Polish Underground Soldiers 1944-1963 - The Untold Story</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomandindependence.com">WiN | Freedom and Independence - Historical Brief.</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarmedforces.com/">NSZ | National Armed Forces - Historical Brief.</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430030610/http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/zw_win.htm">Broader description</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwow.home.pl/spotkania/przeciw.html">ŻOŁNIERZE WYKLĘCI NA KRESACH POŁUDNIOWO-WSCHODNICH PO 1944 R.</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podziemiezbrojne.blox.pl/html">Antykomunistyczne Podziemie Zbrojne po 1944 roku</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424021531/http://podziemiezbrojne.blox.pl/html">Archived</a> 2019-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspektpolski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=684&Itemid=30">Żołnierze wyklęci</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_uprisings" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_uprisings" title="Template:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_uprisings" title="Template talk:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_uprisings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish uprisings"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_uprisings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Polish uprisings</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">1038 Peasant Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_Union_(medieval)" title="Lizard Union (medieval)">Lizard Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_War" title="Chicken War">Chicken War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="January Uprising of 1863"><img alt="January Uprising of 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_January_Uprising.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="612" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Uprising of 1944"><img alt="Warsaw Uprising of 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/70px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/105px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/140px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="17th-century" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_uprising" title="Kostka-Napierski uprising">Kostka-Napierski</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyszowce_Confederation" title="Tyszowce Confederation">Tyszowce Confederation</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubomirski%27s_rebellion" title="Lubomirski's rebellion">Lubomirski</a> (1665–1666)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82uck_Confederation" title="Słuck Confederation">Słuck Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Confederation" title="Radom Confederation">Radom Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_(1794)" title="Warsaw Uprising (1794)">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1794)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1794)">1794 Greater Poland uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisko_uprising" title="Denisko uprising">Denisko uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">1806 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1846)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1846)">1846 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_uprising" title="Kraków uprising">Kraków uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician slaughter">Galician slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">1848 Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Polish_political_exiles_in_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia">Baikal insurrection 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection" title="Łódź insurrection">Łódź insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemberg_(1918)" title="Battle of Lemberg (1918)">Battle of Lemberg (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejny_Uprising" title="Sejny Uprising">Sejny Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_uprising" title="Czortków uprising">Czortków uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_uprising" title="Zamość uprising">Zamość uprising</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ghetto_uprisings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising_(1944)" title="Kraków Uprising (1944)">Kraków Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Polish_People&#039;s_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Template:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Template talk:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Polish_People&#039;s_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–48 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Consolidation_of_communist_power" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Early post-war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum" title="1946 Polish people's referendum">1946 Polish people's referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Constitution_of_1947" title="Small Constitution of 1947">Small Constitution of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947" title="Amnesty of 1947">Amnesty of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_trade" title="Battle for trade">Battle for trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Year_Plan" title="Three-Year Plan">Three-Year Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–56 <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a>'s rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Year_Plan" title="Six-Year Plan">Six-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Poland" title="Socialist realism in Poland">Socialist realism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison_executions_of_1951" title="Mokotów Prison executions of 1951">Mokotów Prison executions of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Polish People's Republic">1952 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_show_trial_of_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia">Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Generals" title="Trial of the Generals">Trial of the Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_protests_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań protests of 1956">Poznań protests of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1956–70 <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Gomułka</a>'s<br />autarchic communism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1957_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Polish legislative election">1957 Polish legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_the_Polish_State" title="Millennium of the Polish State">Millennium of the Polish State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Reconciliation_of_the_Polish_Bishops_to_the_German_Bishops" title="Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops">Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau" title="Kniefall von Warschau">Kniefall von Warschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_protests_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish protests of 1970">Polish protests of 1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–81 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Gierek</a>'s <br />international opening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_strikes" title="1971 Łódź strikes">1971 Łódź strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_59" title="Letter of 59">Letter of 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Workers' Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_University" title="Flying University">Flying University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Lublin_strikes" title="1980 Lublin strikes">1980 Lublin strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes">Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Students%27_Association" title="Independent Students' Association">Independent Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Solidarity" title="Rural Solidarity">Rural Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events" title="Bydgoszcz events">Bydgoszcz events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland" title="1981 warning strike in Poland">1981 warning strike in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Polish_hunger_demonstrations" title="1981 Polish hunger demonstrations">1981 Polish hunger demonstrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–89 <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a>'s<br />autocratic rule and demise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Militsiya hour">Militsiya hour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek" title="Pacification of Wujek">Pacification of Wujek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" title="1982 demonstrations in Poland">1982 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Fighting_Youth" title="Federation of Fighting Youth">Federation of Fighting Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Polish_political_and_economic_reforms_referendum" title="1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum">1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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