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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Soviet_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 In Soviet literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Soviet_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 U.S. troops </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 British troops 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_and_general_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_and_general_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cited and general sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_and_general_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rape during the occupation of Germany</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الانتهاكات الجنسية أثناء احتلال ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانتهاكات الجنسية أثناء احتلال ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="জার্মানি দখলকালে ধর্ষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি দখলকালে ধর্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violacions_durant_l%27ocupaci%C3%B3_d%27Alemanya" title="Violacions durant l'ocupació d'Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Violacions durant l'ocupació d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaciones_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_Alemania" title="Violaciones durante la ocupación de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violaciones durante la ocupación de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfortoj_dum_okupacio_de_Germanio" title="Perfortoj dum okupacio de Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perfortoj dum okupacio de Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تجاوز به زنان طی اشغال آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجاوز به زنان طی اشغال آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viols_durant_l%27occupation_de_l%27Allemagne" title="Viols durant l'occupation de l'Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viols durant l'occupation de l'Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%90%EB%A0%B9_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B0%84_%EB%8F%99%EC%95%88%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%95%EA%B0%84_%EB%B2%94%EC%A3%84" title="독일의 점령 기간 동안의 강간 범죄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 점령 기간 동안의 강간 범죄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerkosaan_selama_pendudukan_wilayah_Jerman" title="Pemerkosaan selama pendudukan wilayah Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerkosaan selama pendudukan wilayah Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupri_durante_l%27occupazione_della_Germania" title="Stupri durante l'occupazione della Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stupri durante l'occupazione della Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estupros_durante_a_ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Alemanha" title="Estupros durante a ocupação da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estupros durante a ocupação da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Насилие в отношении мирного населения Германии в конце Второй мировой войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Насилие в отношении мирного населения Германии в конце Второй мировой войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolno_nasilje_med_okupacijo_Nem%C4%8Dije" title="Spolno nasilje med okupacijo Nemčije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spolno nasilje med okupacijo Nemčije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5ldt%C3%A4kter_under_ockupationen_av_Tyskland" title="Våldtäkter under ockupationen av Tyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Våldtäkter under ockupationen av Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%88%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таҷовуз ба занон тайи ишғоли Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таҷовуз ба занон тайи ишғоли Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya%27n%C4%B1n_i%C5%9Fgali_s%C4%B1ras%C4%B1nda_tecav%C3%BCz" title="Almanya'nın işgali sırasında tecavüz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya'nın işgali sırasında tecavüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зґвалтування під час окупації Німеччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зґвалтування під час окупації Німеччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A3m_hi%E1%BA%BFp_trong_th%E1%BB%9Di_gian_chi%E1%BA%BFm_%C4%91%C3%B3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Hãm hiếp trong thời gian chiếm đóng Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hãm hiếp trong thời gian chiếm đóng Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_Army_Germany_occupation_zones_1945.jpg/600px-US_Army_Germany_occupation_zones_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Territorial changes and occupational zones of Nazi Germany after its defeat. The map includes the front-line along the Elbe from which U.S. troops withdrew in July 1945.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_LGBT_persons" title="Sexual assault of LGBT persons">LGBT victims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">Drug-facilitated rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">Live streaming rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_chant" title="Rape chant">Rape chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Effects and motivations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors involved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_movement" title="Rape crisis movement">Rape crisis movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinstein_effect" title="Weinstein effect">Weinstein effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Belgium" title="Rape in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Finland" title="Sexual violence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">During conflicts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Italian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Imperial Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation of Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">Congo Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Tigray_war" title="Sexual violence in the Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li>Israeli–Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">By Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">By Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_laws_by_country" title="Marital rape laws by country">Marital rape laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">Rape kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Sexual consent in law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_movement" title="Anti-rape movement">Anti-rape movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Preventive measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">Rape myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge" title="Rape and revenge">Rape and revenge films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_schedule" title="Rape schedule">Rape schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Rape threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_trauma_therapy" title="Sexual trauma therapy">Sexual trauma therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <dl><dt>Portals</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rape_sidebar" title="Template talk:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> As <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> troops entered and occupied German territory during the later stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, mass rapes of women took place both in connection with combat operations and during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Germany">occupation of Germany</a> by soldiers from all advancing Allied armies, although a majority of scholars agree that the records show that a majority of the rapes were committed by <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet occupation troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime rapes</a> were followed by decades of silence.<a href="#cite_note-sander-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Susanne_Beyer-5">[5]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>, whose books were banned in 2015 from some Russian schools and colleges, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> (Soviet secret police) files have revealed that the leadership knew what was happening, but did little to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-Bird-6">[6]</a> It was often <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rear_echelon" class="extiw" title="wikt:rear echelon">rear echelon</a> units who committed the rapes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> According to professor Oleg Rzheshevsky, "4,148 Red Army officers and many privates were punished for committing atrocities".<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million.<a href="#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_troops">Soviet troops</h2></div> Sexual violence was committed by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as their troops fought their way into the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> and during the period of <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Mass rape by Soviet soldiers first began during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania" title="Battle of Romania">Battle of Romania</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest offensive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a> On the territory of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, it began on 21 October 1944 when troops of the Red Army crossed the bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Angrapa" title="Angrapa">Angerapp creek</a> (marking the <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Germany–Poland border">Germany–Poland border</a>) and committed the <a href="/wiki/Nemmersdorf_massacre" title="Nemmersdorf massacre">Nemmersdorf massacre</a> before they were beaten back a few hours later. The details and level of violence committed on this incident have since been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The majority of the assaults were committed in the Soviet occupation zone; estimates of the numbers of German women raped by Soviet soldiers have ranged up to 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-ElizabethHeineman-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schissler2001-17">[17]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/William_Hitchcock" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hitchcock">William Hitchcock</a>, in many cases women were the victims of repeated rapes, some as many as 60 to 70 times.<a href="#cite_note-Struggle_for_Europe-18">[18]</a> At least 100,000 women are believed to have been raped in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, based on surging abortion rates in the following months and contemporary hospital reports,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-16">[16]</a> with an estimated 10,000 women dying in the aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman-19">[19]</a> Female deaths in connection with the rapes in Germany, overall, are estimated at 240,000.<a href="#cite_note-sander-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass rape in history" and concludes that at least 1.4 million women were raped in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> According to the Soviet war correspondent Natalya Gesse, Soviet soldiers raped German females from eight to eighty years old. Soviet and Polish women were not spared either.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> When General Tsygankov, head of the political department of the <a href="/wiki/First_Ukrainian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ukrainian Front">First Ukrainian Front</a>, reported to Moscow the mass rape of Soviet women deported to Germany for forced labour, he recommended that the women be prevented from describing their ordeal on their return to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-ab-25">[25]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisan</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a> complained about rapes in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> reportedly stated that he should "understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> On another occasion, when told that Red Army soldiers sexually maltreated German refugees, he reportedly said: "We lecture our soldiers too much; let them have their initiative."<a href="#cite_note-Jr.2017-27">[27]</a> Nevertheless, there are no surviving records to prove that rape was legally sanctioned.<a href="#cite_note-Jr.2017-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a> issued order <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 006 in an attempt to direct "the feelings of hatred at fighting the enemy on the battlefield", which had little effect.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a> There were also several arbitrary attempts to exert authority. For example, the commander of one rifle division is said to have "personally shot a lieutenant who was lining up a group of his men before a German woman <a href="/wiki/Spreadeagle_(position)" title="Spreadeagle (position)">spread-eagled</a> on the ground".<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3></div> The historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a> writes that after mid-1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians were usually punished to some degree, which ranged from arrest to execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199592-28">[28]</a> The rapes continued until the winter of 1947–48, when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany</a> finally confined <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> troops to guard posts and camps strictly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199579-29">[29]</a> and to separate them from the residential population in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet zone of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[30]</a> In his analysis of the motives behind the extensive Soviet rapes, Norman Naimark singles out "hate propaganda, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">personal experiences of suffering at home</a>, and an allegedly fully demeaning picture of German women in the press, not to mention among the soldiers themselves" as some reasons for the widespread rapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995108–109-31">[31]</a> Naimark also noted the effect that tendency to <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge-drink</a> alcohol (of which much was available in Germany) had on the propensity of Soviet soldiers to commit rape, especially rape-murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995112-32">[32]</a> Naimark also notes the allegedly-patriarchal nature of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Asian societies constituting the Soviet Union</a>, where dishonor had been repaid by raping the women of the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995114–115-33">[33]</a> The fact that the Germans had a much higher <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> visible even when in ruins "may well have contributed allegedly to a national <a href="/wiki/Inferiority_complex" title="Inferiority complex">inferiority complex</a> among Russians". Combining "Russian feelings of inferiority", the resulting need to restore honor, and their desire for revenge may be reasons for why many women were raped in public as well as in front of husbands before both were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995114–115-33">[33]</a> According to Antony Beevor, revenge was not the only reason for the frequent rapes, but the Soviet troops' feeling of entitlement to all types of spoils of war, including women, was an important factor as well. Beevor exemplifies that with his discovery that Soviet troops also raped Soviet and Polish girls and women that were liberated from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> as well as those who were held for forced labour at farms and factories.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The rapes were often perpetrated by rear echelon units.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> The description of the events by Beevor was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">General of the Russian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Makhmut_Gareev" title="Makhmut Gareev">Makhmut Gareev</a>, who said the work by Beevor was "worse than <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>'s propaganda".<a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[30]</a> Russian Professor Oleg Rzheshevsky claimed that 4,148 Red Army officers and "a significant number" of soldiers were convicted of atrocities for crimes committed against German civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a>, a historian from <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, has criticised the viewpoint put forth by the Russians by asserting that they refuse to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a> committed during the war: "Partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors' history."<a href="#cite_note-RedArmy-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Geoffrey Roberts</a> writes that the Red Army raped women in every country they passed through but mostly in Austria and Germany: 70,000–100,000 rapes in Vienna, and "hundreds of thousands" of rapes in Germany. He notes that the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> probably committed tens of thousands of rapes on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> but that murder was the more typical crime for them.<a href="#cite_note-GRoberts-36">[36]</a> In 2015, Beevor's <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">books were banned</a> and censored in some Russian schools and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eyewitnessess_and_anti-Soviet_propaganda">Eyewitnessess and anti-Soviet propaganda</h2></div> A documentary book, War's Unwomanly Face by <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a>, includes memories by Soviet veterans about their experience in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to a former army officer, <blockquote>"We were young, strong, and four years without women. So we tried to catch German women and.... Ten men raped one girl. There were not enough women; the entire population run from the Soviet Army. So we had to take young, twelve or thirteen year-old. If she cried, we put something into her mouth. We thought it was fun. Now I can not understand how I did it. A boy from a good family.... But that was me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexievich198833-40">[40]</a></blockquote> A woman telephone operator from the Soviet Army recalled: <blockquote>"When we occupied every town, we had first three days for looting and ... [rapes]. That was unofficial of course. But after three days one could be court-martialed for doing this.... I remember one raped German woman laying naked, with hand grenade between her legs. Now I feel shame, but I did not feel shame back then.... Do you think it was easy to forgive [the Germans]? We hated to see their clean undamaged white houses. With roses. I wanted them to suffer. I wanted to see their tears. Decades had to pass until I started feeling pity for them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexievich1988386-41">[41]</a></blockquote> While serving as an artillery officer in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> witnessed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">war crimes</a> against local German civilians by Soviet military personnel. Of the atrocities, Solzhenitsyn wrote: "You know very well that we've come to Germany to take our revenge."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The rapists were mainly Red Army soldiers, some of them were from the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> Republics, others were non-soviet European and American soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garraio-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> However stereotype of the "hordes of Mongolian savages," eager to murder, pillage, destroy and rape, had been propagandated by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi authorities</a> to mobilize people for the fight against the Soviet offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Garraio-45">[45]</a> Even the young German-Jewish fugitive Inge Deutschkron, described her first "Russian" as small, with crooked legs and "a typical mongolian face with almond eyes and high cheekbones". Accounts of rape of German women by the Mongolians were also recorded in the letter. For example, a letter from July 24, 1945 by a German female victim stated was raped by two Mongol soldiers and another women from letter in August 20, 1945 also accused Mongol soldier of rape against German women. For example, a letter from July 24, 1945 by a German female victim stated: <blockquote>I hereby certify that at the end of April this year during the Russian march into Berlin I was raped in a loathsome way by two Red Army soldiers of Mongol/Asiatic type.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></blockquote> A letter from another German female victim in August 20, 1945:<blockquote>On the way to work on second Easter holiday I was raped by a Mongol..."</blockquote> Eyewitness testimony from females in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a> also described Soviet soldiers of Mongolian type: <blockquote>The next morning, we women proceeded to make ourselves look as unattractive as possible to the Soviets by smearing our faces with coal dust and covering our heads with old rags, our make-up for the Ivan. We huddled together in the central part of the basement, shaking with fear, while some peeked through the low basement windows to see what was happening on the Soviet-controlled street. We felt paralyzed by the sight of these husky Mongolians, looking wild and frightening.....<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></blockquote> For more than a decade the Germans Nazi's anti-Soviet propaganda had created irrational fears and racial stereotypes of Soviet invaders as " Asiatic Russians" not just a fear of <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, Tadzhiks but of Russians as a mixed of Asian and European stock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMVSjHNKUKoECpgPA110_110]-49">[49]</a> This is despite the Mongols Kalmyks collaborated with the German occupation authorities, though vast majority of Kalmyk male population fought heroically in the ranks of the Soviet Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMVSjHNKUKoECpgPA110_110]-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atina_Grossmann" title="Atina Grossmann">Atina Grossman</a> in her article in "October"<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> describes how until early 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">abortions in Germany</a> were illegal except for medical and eugenic reasons and so doctors opened up and started performing abortions to rape victims for which only an affidavit was requested from a woman. It was also typical that women specified their reasons for abortions as being mostly socio-economic (inability to raise another child), rather than moral or ethical. Many women stated they were raped but their accounts described the rapist as looking Asian or Mongolian. German women uniformly described the rapists as "of Mongolian or Asiatic type".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Despite Nazi propaganda there is some evidence of recorded rapes by Soviet troops of Asian origin. The first Soviet troops to fight in Berlin consisted mostly of Mongolians.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In April 1945, Magda Wieland took shelter in the cellar of her apartment house. She described that the first Soviet soldier to find her was a young 16 year-old Central Asian male, who raped her.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> It was reported that a Soviet commander was greatly embarrassed by wholesale rape of German women by ethnic Kazakh soldiers who were by far the worse offenders and were described as being Mongol Hordes.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Another recorded case involves German director Schmidt, who burst into Villa Franka, and yelled at Russian commander Isayev "Your soldiers are raping German women!". The raped German victim pointed at a Kazakh soldier being the perpetrator, and was arrested at the spot. The Kazakh soldier in return claimed he wanted revenge against the Germans who killed his two brothers in battle.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h3></div> The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but western historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands and possibly as many as two million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995132–133-59">[59]</a> The number of babies, who came to be known as "Russian Children", born as a result is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However, most rapes did not result in pregnancies, and many pregnancies did not result in the victims giving birth. Abortions were the preferred choice of rape victims, and many died as a consequence of internal injuries after being brutally violated, or due to untreated sexually transmitted diseases because of a lack of medicine or badly-performed abortions. Many women committed suicide after rape, mostly due to being unable to cope with their traumatic experience, although some were forced to by their fathers because of their "dishonor", while others were shot and killed by their husbands for "consenting to sexual relations with <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> soldiers". Many German women were verbally abused by German soldiers on the streets or in their homes for being "Allied whores", while a lot of them even received threatening letters from German men.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In addition, many children died in postwar Germany as a result of widespread starvation, scarce supplies and diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>. The infant mortality in Berlin reached up to 90%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonogh2009178–179-62">[62]</a> As for the social effects of the sexual violence, Norman Naimark noted: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In any case, just as each rape survivor carried the effects of the crime with her till the end of her life, so was the collective anguish nearly unbearable. The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation, through the founding of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> in the fall of 1949, until—one could argue—the present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995132–133-59">[59]</a></blockquote> West Berliners and women of the wartime generation refer to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Treptower_Park)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)">Soviet War Memorial in Treptower Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, as the "tomb of the unknown rapist" in response to the mass rapes by Red Army soldiers in 1945 during and after the Battle of Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannelore_Kohl" title="Hannelore Kohl">Hannelore Kohl</a>, the first wife of former West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, had been gang-raped at the age of 12 by Soviet soldiers in May 1945, according to her biographer. As a consequence, she sustained a serious lifelong back injury after she had been thrown out of a first-floor window. She suffered long and serious illnesses, which experts thought to be the consequences of childhood trauma. Hannelore Kohl took her own life in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Soviet_literature">In Soviet literature</h3></div> Initially, <a href="/wiki/East_German_Cold_War_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="East German Cold War Propaganda">East German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet propaganda</a> suggested that most of the rapes were being conducted by Germans disguised as Soviet soldiers, including <a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a> battalions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995104-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> took part in the invasion of Germany and wrote a poem about it, "<a href="/wiki/Prussian_Nights" title="Prussian Nights">Prussian Nights</a>". Parts of the poem read, "Twenty-two Hoeringstrasse. It's not been burned, just looted, rifled. A moaning by the walls, half muffled: the mother's wounded, half alive. The little daughter's on the mattress, dead. How many have been on it? A platoon, a company perhaps? A girl's been turned into a woman, a woman turned into a corpse.... The mother begs, 'Soldier, kill me!'"<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Records of sexual violence were found in works of other Soviet authors, mostly in the form of war memoirs mentioning particular incidents witnessed by the authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kopelev" title="Lev Kopelev">Lev Kopelev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gelfand" title="Vladimir Gelfand">Vladimir Gelfand</a>, Mikhail Koryakov, Eugenii Plimak, David Samoilow, Boris Slutskii, Nikolay Nikulin, <a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Pomerants" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigorii Pomerants">Grigorii Pomerants</a>, Leonid Ryabichev and <a href="/wiki/Vassily_Grossman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassily Grossman">Vassily Grossman</a>. Vera Dubina and Oleg Budnitskii were among those few historians who investigated the subject more systematically.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> As most women recoiled from their experiences and had no desire to recount them, most biographies and depictions of the period, like the 2004 German film <a href="/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a>, alluded to mass rape by the Red Army but stopped shy of mentioning it explicitly. As time has progressed, more works have been produced that have directly addressed the issue, such as the books <a href="/wiki/The_158-Pound_Marriage" title="The 158-Pound Marriage">The 158-Pound Marriage</a> and My Story (1961) by <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia#Nazi_detention_of_sister_and_brother-in-law" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Gemma LaGuardia Gluck</a> [reissued as Fiorello's Sister: Gemma La Guardia Gluck's Story (Religion, Theology, and the Holocaust) (2007, Expanded Edition)],<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> or the 2006 films <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division_(2006_film)" title="Joy Division (2006 film)">Joy Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Good_German" title="The Good German">The Good German</a>. The topic is the subject of much feminist discourse.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The first autobiographical work depicting the events was the groundbreaking 1954 book <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_in_Berlin" title="A Woman in Berlin">A Woman in Berlin</a>, which was made into a 2008 feature film. It was widely rejected in Germany after its initial publication but has seen a new acceptance, and many women have found inspiration to come forward with their own stories.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._troops">U.S. troops</h2></div> In <a href="/wiki/Taken_by_Force_(book)" title="Taken by Force (book)">Taken by Force</a>, J. Robert Lilly estimates the number of rapes committed by U.S. servicemen in Germany to be 11,040.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> However, German historian Miriam Gebhardt suggests a number as high as 190,000 rapes by American soldiers out of an estimated total of 860,000 by all allied soldiers. She made this estimate based on the "assumption that 5 percent of the 'war children'" were "the product of rape". She then "further assumes that on average, there are 100 incidents of rape for each birth. The result she arrives at is thus 190,000 victims." Gebhardt's estimate was criticized by other historians.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal.de-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The historian R.M. Douglas has analyzed the police side of the story, those efforts by the U.S. Army's Military Police to investigate allegations and initiate military courts martial against identified perpetrators. The U.S. Army in Germany received 1301 reports of rape on German women between January and July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas2023404–437-82">[82]</a> Accounts from the time period point to years of sexual violence in both East and West Germany. The violence targeted girls as young as 7 and women as old as 69.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal.de-79">[79]</a> Stories such as Eine Frau in Berlin include firsthand accounts of German women volunteering to coerced relationships with Allied soldiers in exchange for protection from other soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> As in the case of the American occupation of France after the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> invasion, many of the American rapes in Germany in 1945 were gang rapes committed by armed soldiers at gunpoint.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington_2010,_80-81-84">[84]</a> More than a quarter of the reported rapes from January to July 1945 were multiple-victim rapes.<a href="#cite_note-R.M._Douglas_1945-85">[85]</a> Brian Walsh writes that the incidence of rape by American soldiers in Germany was higher than that seen in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh202410-86">[86]</a> Although policies against <a href="/wiki/Fraternization" title="Fraternization">fraternization</a> were instituted for the Americans in Germany, the phrase "copulation without conversation is not fraternization" was used as a motto by United States Army troops.<a href="#cite_note-Schrijvers_1998,_183-87">[87]</a> The journalist <a href="/wiki/Osmar_White" title="Osmar White">Osmar White</a>, a war correspondent from Australia who served with the American troops during the war, wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After the fighting moved on to German soil, there was a good deal of rape by combat troops and those immediately following them. The incidence varied between unit and unit according to the attitude of the commanding officer. In some cases offenders were identified, tried by court martial, and punished. The army legal branch was reticent, but admitted that for brutal or perverted sexual offences against German women, some soldiers had been shot – particularly if they happened to be Negroes. Yet I know for a fact that many women were raped by white Americans. No action was taken against the culprits. In one sector a report went round that a certain very distinguished army commander made the wisecrack, 'Copulation without conversation does not constitute fraternisation.'<a href="#cite_note-White_1996,_97-98-88">[88]</a></blockquote> A typical victimization with sexual assault by drunken American personnel marching through occupied territory involved threatening a German family with weapons, forcing one or more women to engage in sex, and putting the entire family out on the street afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Schrijvers_1998,_183-87">[87]</a> As in the eastern sector of the occupation, the number of rapes peaked in 1945, but a high rate of violence against the German and Austrian populations by the Americans lasted at least into the first half of 1946, with five cases of dead German women found in American barracks in May and June 1946 alone.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington_2010,_80-81-84">[84]</a> Carol Huntington wrote that the American soldiers who raped German women and then left gifts of food for them may have permitted themselves to view the act as prostitution rather than rape. Citing the work of a Japanese historian alongside that suggestion, Huntington writes that Japanese women who begged for food "were raped and soldiers sometimes left food for those they raped."<a href="#cite_note-Harrington_2010,_80-81-84">[84]</a> White American soldiers in Germany were responsible for mass rapes, but the Black soldiers of America's segregated occupation force were both more likely to be charged with rape and severely punished.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington_2010,_80-81-84">[84]</a> At the same time, rape convictions by American military courts in occupied Germany were far less racially skewed than they were in France, with only 26% of them being black.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heide_Fehrenbach" title="Heide Fehrenbach">Heide Fehrenbach</a> also writes that while the American Black soldiers were in fact by no means free from indiscipline,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The point, rather, is that American officials exhibited an explicit interest in a soldier's race, and then only if he were black, when reporting behavior they feared would undermine either the status or the political aims of the U.S. Military Government in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Fehrenbach_2005,_64-90">[90]</a></blockquote> The historian R.M. Douglas, analyzing the victim statements in U.S. Army Military Police files, noted that between January and July 1945, where the victims identified the race of their attacker, 6% of the attacks involving multiple perpetrators involved more than one race being identified, and 41% of the accounts that identified race identified the assailants as white.<a href="#cite_note-R.M._Douglas_1945-85">[85]</a> The first reported rape by American troops in Germany occurred on January 7, 1945. Between then and September 23, 1945, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps">United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps</a> reviewed its last report, the U.S. Army convicted 284 soldiers in 187 cases.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> No American soldiers were executed for raping civilians in occupied Germany, only murder.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_troops">British troops</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Longden" title="Sean Longden">Sean Longden</a> states that while not on the scale of the Red Army in the Soviet Zone, the British Military Police regularly investigated reports of rape. However the numbers were small compared to the number of desertions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The question of how they should respond to the few soldiers who committed serious criminal acts, such as rape and murder, was of little concern to the [British] military authorities. It made good sense to arrest such trouble makers, bring them to trial and dispose of them in military prisons. Such men were easily dispensable and best kept locked away. Dealing with the army's largest group of offenders, the deserters, was rather less simple.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></blockquote> Longden mentions that some rapes were carried out by soldiers either suffering from <a href="/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Post traumatic stress">post traumatic stress</a> or who were drunk, but that these were not considered as serious as the less common premeditated crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141-94">[94]</a> Longden mentions that on 16 April 1945, three women in <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_am_R%C3%BCbenberge" title="Neustadt am Rübenberge">Neustadt am Rübenberge</a> were raped, however he does not make clear if this was one incident or three separate ones. He also does not make clear if they were spontaneous or premeditated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141-94">[94]</a> He gives an example of a premeditated rape: In the village of Oyle, near <a href="/wiki/Nienburg,_Lower_Saxony" title="Nienburg, Lower Saxony">Nienburg</a>, an attempted rape of two local girls at gunpoint by two soldiers ended in the death of one of the girls when, whether intentionally or not, one of the soldiers shot her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141-94">[94]</a> In a third example, Longden highlights that not all British officers were willing to punish their men. When a German woman reported a rape to a British Army medic, two British soldiers were identified by the woman in a line up as the perpetrators, but their commanding officer declined to take any action because "they were going on leave".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141-94">[94]</a> Clive Emsley quotes a senior <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">chaplain</a> as reporting that there was "a good deal of rape going on, those who suffer [rape] have probably deserved it". However, he adds that probably referred to attacks by former slave labourers (displaced persons) seeking revenge.<a href="#cite_note-SO-95">[95]</a> Longden also mentions such incidents and highlights that for a time <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, in the British zone, was in a state of anarchy with displaced persons raping and murdering German civilians. Initially, when German family members approached the overstretched British authorities about murders they were told "we only have time for living people here".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2CmeBAAAQBAJpgPT74_51]-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_troops">French troops</h2></div> French troops took part in the invasion of Germany, and France was assigned an <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">occupation zone in Germany</a>. Perry Biddiscombe quotes the original survey estimates that the French for instance committed "385 rapes in the <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Constance</a> area; 600 in <a href="/wiki/Bruchsal" title="Bruchsal">Bruchsal</a>; and 500 in <a href="/wiki/Freudenstadt" title="Freudenstadt">Freudenstadt</a>."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> soldiers were alleged to have committed widespread rape in the Höfingen District near <a href="/wiki/Leonberg" title="Leonberg">Leonberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stephenson_2006,_289-98">[98]</a> Katz and Kaiser,<a href="#cite_note-Katz_and_Kaiser_(1998)-99">[99]</a> though they mention rape, found no specific occurrences in either <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCfingen" title="Hüfingen">Höfingen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leonberg" title="Leonberg">Leonberg</a> compared to other towns. According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Goumier#Germany.2C_1945" title="Moroccan Goumier">French Moroccan troops</a> matched the behaviour of Soviet troops when it came to rape, in particular in the early occupation of Baden and Württemberg, provided the numbers are correct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995106–107-100">[100]</a> German academic historians at <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> contend that only France supported the children of its occupying armies resulting from the mass rape of German women. In the four occupied zones, however, many children of German mothers were ignored their entire lives. Children of French troops were regarded as French citizens. At least 1,500 children in France and its colonies were given up for adoption. Others never overcame the apparent flaw, while some "occupation children" gradually made their way in the divided society of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discourse">Discourse</h2></div> It has been frequently repeated that the wartime rapes were surrounded by decades of silence<a href="#cite_note-sander-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Susanne_Beyer-5">[5]</a> or, until relatively recently, ignored by academics, with the prevailing attitude being that the Germans were the perpetrators of war crimes, Soviet writings speaking only of Russian liberators and German guilt and Western historians focusing on specific elements of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDack2008-102">[102]</a> In postwar Germany, especially in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the wartime rape stories became an essential part of political discourse<a href="#cite_note-ElizabethHeineman-14">[14]</a> and that the rape of German women, along with the expulsion of Germans from the East and the Allied occupation, had been universalized in an attempt to situate the German population on the whole as victims.<a href="#cite_note-ElizabethHeineman-14">[14]</a> However, it has been argued that it was not a "universal" story of women being raped by men but of German women being abused and violated by an army, which fought Nazi Germany and liberated death camps.<a href="#cite_note-Grossman-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2></div> The sexual violence perpetrated by Soviet troops is depicted in the 1963 Leon Uris novel <a href="/wiki/Armageddon:_A_Novel_of_Berlin" title="Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin">Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Hillers" title="Marta Hillers">Marta Hillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a>—rape after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitutes_in_South_Korea_for_the_U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military">Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" title="Recreation and Amusement Association">Recreation and Amusement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunde_Null" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunde Null">Stunde Null</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht#Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_in_Berlin" title="A Woman in Berlin">A Woman in Berlin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA480">Women and War</a>. 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=They+raped+every+German+female+from+eight+to+80&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Fmay%2F01%2Fnews.features11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Antony Beevor, The Fall of Berlin 1945. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Richard Bessel</a>, Germany 1945. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-ab-25"><a href="#cite_ref-ab_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Beevor2015" class="citation web cs1">Antony Beevor (5 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/05/banning-book-russia-past-holocaust-red-army-antony-beevor">"By banning my book, Russia is deluding itself about its past"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=By+banning+my+book%2C+Russia+is+deluding+itself+about+its+past&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.au=Antony+Beevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Faug%2F05%2Fbanning-book-russia-past-holocaust-red-army-antony-beevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a>, Iron Curtain, The Crushing of Eastern Europe, p.32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.2017-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jr.2017_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jr.2017_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_S._Zapotoczny_Jr.2017" class="citation book cs1">Walter S. Zapotoczny Jr. (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTMqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114">Beyond Duty: The Reason Some Soldiers Commit Atrocities</a>. Fonthill Media. pp. 114–. GGKEY:06UKW0JDEZR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Duty%3A+The+Reason+Some+Soldiers+Commit+Atrocities&rft.pages=114-&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.au=Walter+S.+Zapotoczny+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTMqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199592-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199592_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199579-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199579_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225234422/http://svpressa.ru/war/article/8271/">"Секс-Освобождение: эротические мифы Второй мировой"</a>. 25 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svpressa.ru/war/article/8271/">the original</a> on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%3A+%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvpressa.ru%2Fwar%2Farticle%2F8271%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995108–109-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995108–109_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995112-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995112_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995114–115-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995114–115_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995114–115_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Johnson2002" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Johnson (24 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1382565/Red-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html">"Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Red+Army+troops+raped+even+Russian+women+as+they+freed+them+from+camps&rft.date=2002-01-24&rft.au=Daniel+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F1382565%2FRed-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedArmy-35"><a href="#cite_ref-RedArmy_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2002" class="citation news cs1">Summers, Chris (29 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1939174.stm">"Red Army rapists exposed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Red+Army+rapists+exposed&rft.date=2002-04-29&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1939174.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRoberts-36"><a href="#cite_ref-GRoberts_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2013). Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle That Changed History. Routledge. pp. 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77185-7"><bdi>978-0-582-77185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Stalingrad%3A+The+Battle+That+Changed+History&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-582-77185-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/05/banning-book-russia-past-holocaust-red-army-antony-beevor">"By banning my book, Russia is deluding itself about its past | Antony Beevor"</a>. The Guardian. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=By+banning+my+book%2C+Russia+is+deluding+itself+about+its+past+%7C+Antony+Beevor&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Faug%2F05%2Fbanning-book-russia-past-holocaust-red-army-antony-beevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2015" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Shaun (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/05/russian-region-bans-british-historians-books-from-schools">"Russian region bans British historians' books from schools"</a>. The Guardian. Moscow. Retrieved 6 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian+region+bans+British+historians%27+books+from+schools&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Faug%2F05%2Frussian-region-bans-british-historians-books-from-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Aleksievich" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetlana Aleksievich">Svetlana Aleksievich</a>, War’s Unwomanly Face, Moscow : Progress Publishers. 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexievich198833-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexievich198833_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexievich1988">Alexievich 1988</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexievich1988386-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexievich1988386_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexievich1988">Alexievich 1988</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHARTMANN,_CHRISTIAN.2018" class="citation book cs1">HARTMANN, CHRISTIAN. (2018). OPERATION BARBAROSSA : nazi germany's war in the east, 1941–1945. OXFORD UNIV Press. pp. 127 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870170-5"><bdi>978-0-19-870170-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005849626">1005849626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OPERATION+BARBAROSSA+%3A+nazi+germany%27s+war+in+the+east%2C+1941%E2%80%931945.&rft.pages=127+128&rft.pub=OXFORD+UNIV+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005849626&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870170-5&rft.au=HARTMANN%2C+CHRISTIAN.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Equality of Women and Men: An Unstoppable Evolution of Humanity By Reynaldo Pareja <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpcqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84">https://books.google.com/books?id=xpcqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3c6004gk;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print">"Protecting Motherhood"</a>. publishing.cdlib.org. 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A selection from the Portuguese journal Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frccsar.476">10.4000/rccsar.476</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10316%2F36637">10316/36637</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1647-3175">1647-3175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RCCS+Annual+Review.+A+selection+from+the+Portuguese+journal+Revista+Cr%C3%ADtica+de+Ci%C3%AAncias+Sociais&rft.atitle=Hordes+of+Rapists%3A+The+Instrumentalization+of+Sexual+Violence+in+German+Cold+War+Anti-Communist+Discourses&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10316%2F36637&rft.issn=1647-3175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frccsar.476&rft.aulast=Garraio&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BAlia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Frccsar%2F476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch1997" class="citation book cs1">Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7k9l55-IukC&pg=PA71">After Unity: Reconfiguring German Identities</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-040-3"><bdi>978-1-57181-040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Unity%3A+Reconfiguring+German+Identities&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-040-3&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=Konrad+Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7k9l55-IukC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Grossmann, Atina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mmPklXqPHGwC&pg=PA60">Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14317-0"><bdi>978-0-691-14317-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Germans%2C+and+Allies%3A+Close+Encounters+in+Occupied+Germany&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14317-0&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Atina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmmPklXqPHGwC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/berlin.htm">"The Fall of Berlin, 1945"</a>. www.eyewitnesstohistory.com. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eyewitnesstohistory.com&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Berlin%2C+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Fberlin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMVSjHNKUKoECpgPA110_110]-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMVSjHNKUKoECpgPA110_110]_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMVSjHNKUKoECpgPA110_110]_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVSjHNKUKoEC&pg=PA110">110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann1995" class="citation journal cs1">Grossmann, Atina (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/778926">"A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers"</a>. October. 72: 43–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F778926">10.2307/778926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/778926">778926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=October&rft.atitle=A+Question+of+Silence%3A+The+Rape+of+German+Women+by+Occupation+Soldiers&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=43-63&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F778926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F778926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Atina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F778926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3c6004gk;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print">"Protecting Motherhood"</a>. publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publishing.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=Protecting+Motherhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft3c6004gk%3Bchunk.id%3D0%3Bdoc.view%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Hordes of Rapists: The Instrumentalization of Sexual Violence in German Cold War Anti-Communist Discourses* by Júlia Garraio <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.openedition.org/rccsar/476">https://journals.openedition.org/rccsar/476</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch1997" class="citation book cs1">Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7k9l55-IukC&pg=PA71">After Unity: Reconfiguring German Identities</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-040-3"><bdi>978-1-57181-040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Unity%3A+Reconfiguring+German+Identities&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-040-3&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=Konrad+Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7k9l55-IukC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis2003" class="citation book cs1">Landis, Edith V. 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Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55395-652-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55395-652-5"><bdi>978-1-55395-652-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Horrors+of+World+War+II+to+a+Great+Love+Story&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55395-652-5&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Edith+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNGRfBPjvHfYC%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/09/24/berliners-recall-red-army-atrocities/">"Berliners recall Red Army atrocities"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 24 September 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Berliners+recall+Red+Army+atrocities&rft.date=2002-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2002%2F09%2F24%2Fberliners-recall-red-army-atrocities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> War and the 20th Century. A Study of War and Modern Consciousness. By Christopher Coker · 1994 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI8YAAAAYAAJ&q=wholesale+rape+German">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> War and the 20th Century A Study of War and Modern Consciousness By Christopher Coker · 1994 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI8YAAAAYAAJ&q=Kazakh+Mongol+">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2&pg=PA313">Rockets and People. By Boris Evseevich Chertok, Asif A. Siddiqi · 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995132–133-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995132–133_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995132–133_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepkeWensierski2007" class="citation news cs1">Repke, Irina; Wensierski, Peter (16 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500251,00.html">"The Occupation and its Offspring: Lost Red Army Children Search for Fathers"</a>. Spiegel Online. Hamburg. Retrieved 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=The+Occupation+and+its+Offspring%3A+Lost+Red+Army+Children+Search+for+Fathers&rft.date=2007-08-16&rft.aulast=Repke&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Wensierski%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C500251%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeo1996" class="citation journal cs1">Teo, Hsu-Ming (1 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029600200111">"The continuum of sexual violence in occupied germany, 1945–49"</a>. Women's History Review. 5 (2): 191–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029600200111">10.1080/09612029600200111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025">0961-2025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+continuum+of+sexual+violence+in+occupied+germany%2C+1945%E2%80%9349&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-218&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612029600200111&rft.issn=0961-2025&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Hsu-Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09612029600200111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonogh2009178–179-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonogh2009178–179_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonogh2009">MacDonogh 2009</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Daniel (25 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1382565/Red-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html">"Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 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Retrieved 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Red+Army+troops+raped+even+Russian+women+as+they+freed+them+from+camps&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F1382565%2FRed-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Ksenija Bilbija, Jo Ellen Fair, Cynthia E., The art of truth-telling about authoritarian rule, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2005, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Allan Cochrane, "Making Up Meanings in a Capital City: Power, Memory and Monuments in Berlin", European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1, 5–24 (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> J. 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Robert (2013), Berlière, Jean-Marc; Campion, Jonas; Lacchè, Luigi; Rousseaux, Xavier (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2990">"U.S. Military Justice in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), World War II : Judging crimes, targeting populations and sentencing patterns"</a>, Justices militaires et guerres mondiales : Europe 1914–1950, Histoire, justice, sociétés, Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain, pp. 381–400, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87558-537-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87558-537-0"><bdi>978-2-87558-537-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 18 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Justices+militaires+et+guerres+mondiales+%3A+Europe+1914%E2%80%931950&rft.atitle=U.S.+Military+Justice+in+the+European+Theater+of+Operations+%28ETO%29%2C+World+War+II+%3A+Judging+crimes%2C+targeting+populations+and+sentencing+patterns&rft.pages=381-400&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-87558-537-0&rft.aulast=Lilly&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpucl%2F2990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongden2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Longden" title="Sean Longden">Longden, Sean</a> (25 July 2013). To the Victor the Spoils. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CmeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153">140</a>–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1218-7"><bdi>978-1-4721-1218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Victor+the+Spoils&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4721-1218-7&rft.aulast=Longden&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongden2013140–141_94-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongden2013">Longden 2013</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-SO-95"><a href="#cite_ref-SO_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2013" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, Clive (2013). Soldier, Sailor, Beggarman, Thief: Crime and the British Armed Services since 1914. Oxford University Press. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965371-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965371-3"><bdi>978-0-19-965371-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier%2C+Sailor%2C+Beggarman%2C+Thief%3A+Crime+and+the+British+Armed+Services+since+1914&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965371-3&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongden2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2CmeBAAAQBAJpgPT74_51]-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongden2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2CmeBAAAQBAJpgPT74_51]_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongden2013">Longden 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CmeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddiscombe2001" class="citation journal cs1">Biddiscombe, Perry (2001). "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a>. 34 (3): 635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2001.0002">10.1353/jsh.2001.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789820">3789820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145470893">145470893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Liaisons%3A+The+Anti-Fraternization+Movement+in+the+U.S.+Occupation+Zones+of+Germany+and+Austria%2C+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145470893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3789820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2001.0002&rft.aulast=Biddiscombe&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson_2006,_289-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson_2006,_289_98-0">^</a> Stephenson, Jill (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn6rr3bjG3EC">Hitler's Home Front: Württemberg under the Nazis</a> London: Continuum. p. 289. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-442-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-442-1">1-85285-442-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz_and_Kaiser_(1998)-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Katz_and_Kaiser_(1998)_99-0">^</a> Katz, Kaiser "[Chaos, Angst und leise Hoffnung. Kriegsende und französische Besatzung, in: Cornelia Kaiser, Ingrid Katz, Zwischen Hunger und Hoffnung. Nachkriegsalltag in Leonberg, Leonberg 1998, S. 7–12] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995106–107-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995106–107_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/troops-fathered-400000-children-in-post-war-germany/a-18237282">"Troops fathered 400,000 children in post-war Germany | DW | 06.02.2015"</a>. DW.COM. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Troops+fathered+400%2C000+children+in+post-war+Germany+%7C+DW+%7C+06.02.2015&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ftroops-fathered-400000-children-in-post-war-germany%2Fa-18237282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDack2008-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDack2008_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDack2008">Dack 2008</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_and_general_sources">Cited and general sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexievich1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Alexievich, Svetlana</a> (1988). War's Unwomanly Face. Moscow: Progress publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-01-000494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-01-000494-1"><bdi>978-5-01-000494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%27s+Unwomanly+Face&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-5-01-000494-1&rft.aulast=Alexievich&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"> (Translated from original edition in Russian: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Алексиевич, Светлана (2008). <bdi lang="ru">У войны не женское лицо</bdi> (in Russian). Moscow: Vremya publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9691-0331-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9691-0331-3"><bdi>978-5-9691-0331-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BE&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Vremya+publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-9691-0331-3&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988">) Note: citations in text are given in reference to the Russian edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDack2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dack, Mikkel (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glscott.org/uploads/2/1/3/3/21330938/crimes_committed_by_soviet_soldiers.pdf">"Crimes Committed by Soviet Soldiers Against German Civilians, 1944–1945: A Historiographical Analysis"</a> (PDF). Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. 10 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+and+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Crimes+Committed+by+Soviet+Soldiers+Against+German+Civilians%2C+1944%E2%80%931945%3A+A+Historiographical+Analysis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Dack&rft.aufirst=Mikkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glscott.org%2Fuploads%2F2%2F1%2F3%2F3%2F21330938%2Fcrimes_committed_by_soviet_soldiers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2023" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, R.M. (April 2023). "Neither Apathetic nor Empathetic: Investigating and Prosecuting the Rape of German Civilians by U.S. Servicemen in 1945". Journal of Military History (87): 404–437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Neither+Apathetic+nor+Empathetic%3A+Investigating+and+Prosecuting+the+Rape+of+German+Civilians+by+U.S.+Servicemen+in+1945&rft.issue=87&rft.pages=404-437&rft.date=2023-04&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonogh2009" class="citation book cs1">MacDonogh, Giles (2009). After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00338-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00338-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00338-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Reich%3A+The+Brutal+History+of+the+Allied+Occupation&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00338-9&rft.aulast=MacDonogh&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark1995" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M. (1995). The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Cambridge: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-78405-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-78405-7"><bdi>0-674-78405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+in+Germany%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Zone+of+Occupation%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-674-78405-7&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2024" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Brian (June 2024). The "Rape" of Japan: The Myth of Mass Sexual Violence During the Allied Occupation. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1682479308" title="Special:BookSources/978-1682479308"><bdi>978-1682479308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Rape%22+of+Japan%3A+The+Myth+of+Mass+Sexual+Violence+During+the+Allied+Occupation&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2024-06&rft.isbn=978-1682479308&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+occupation+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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