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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Marxism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerse_Marxisme" title="Westerse Marxisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Westerse Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الماركسية الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الماركسية الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_marksizm" title="Qərbi marksizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi marksizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme_occidental" title="Marxisme occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marxisme occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlicher_Marxismus" title="Westlicher Marxismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westlicher Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo_occidental" title="Marxismo occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marxismo occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="مارکسیسم غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکسیسم غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme_occidental" title="Marxisme occidental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marxisme occidental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="서구마르크스주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서구마르크스주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme_Barat" title="Marxisme Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marxisme Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo_occidentale" title="Marxismo occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marxismo occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_marxizmus" title="Nyugati marxizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati marxizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81(%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A)_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لویدیځ(غربي) مارکسيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویدیځ(غربي) مارکسيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo_ocidental" title="Marxismo ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marxismo ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Западный марксизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западный марксизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadni_marksizam" title="Zapadni marksizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zapadni marksizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ntinen_marxilaisuus" title="Läntinen marxilaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Läntinen marxilaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_marxism" title="Västerländsk marxism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västerländsk marxism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Marksizmi" title="Batı Marksizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Marksizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Західний марксизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західний марксизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Marx_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%C3%A2y" title="Chủ nghĩa Marx phương Tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa Marx phương Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西方马克思主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q917453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. 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style="display:none">Current of Marxist theory</div> <p> <b>Western Marxism</b> is a current of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a> that arose from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in the aftermath of the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>. The term denotes a loose collection of theorists who advanced an interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> distinct from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marxism">Marxism-Leninism of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less concerned with <a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic analysis">economic analysis</a> than earlier schools of Marxist thought, Western Marxism placed greater emphasis on the study of the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> trends of capitalist society, deploying the more <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> aspects of Marxism, and incorporating non-Marxist approaches to investigating culture and historical development.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important theme was the origins of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s thought in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the recovery of what they called the "<a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">Young Marx</a>" (the more humanistic early works of Marx). </p><p>While some early Western Marxists were prominent political activists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197630_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197630-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Marxism became predominantly the reserve of university-based philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1981109Anderson197649–50_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1981109Anderson197649–50-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1960s, the concept has been closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. Many Western Marxists were adherents of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a>, but the term also encompasses figures and schools of thought that were strongly critical of humanism and the dialectics of Hegel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19843–4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19843–4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a> disparagingly branded certain Marxists of the period as "<a href="/wiki/West_European" class="mw-redirect" title="West European">West European</a>" theorists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerquior19863_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerquior19863-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, one such figure, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>, had begun to refer to himself as a "Western Communist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorsch1970119–120_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorsch1970119–120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> popularized the term <i>Western Marxism</i> with his book <i>Adventures of the Dialectic</i> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19841Merleau-Ponty197330–59_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19841Merleau-Ponty197330–59-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merleau-Ponty delineated a body of Marxist thought starting with <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> that differs from both the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marxism">Soviet interpretation of Marxism</a> and the earlier Marxism of the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19842_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19842-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a> notes that Western Marxism was born from the failure of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> revolutions in various advanced capitalist societies in Western Europe – <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> – in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197615–17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197615–17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the tradition represents a divorce between <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> theory and <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> practice that resulted from the defeat and stagnation of the Western working class after 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197692–93Anderson1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197692–93Anderson1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Marxism traces its origins to 1923, when György Lukács's <i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></i> and Karl Korsch's <i>Marxism and Philosophy</i> were published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these books, Lukács and Korsch proffer a Marxism that underlines the <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> basis of Marx's thought. They argue that Marxism is not simply a theory of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> that improves on its <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> predecessors. Nor is it a scientific <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, akin to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. For them, Marxism is primarily a critique – a self-conscious transformation of society. They stipulate that Marxism does not make philosophy obsolete, as "vulgar" Marxism believes; instead, Marxism preserves the truths of philosophy until their revolutionary transformation into reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their work was met with hostility by the Third International,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKołakowski2005994–995,_1034_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKołakowski2005994–995,_1034-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which saw Marxism as a universal science of history and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, this style of Marxism was taken up by Germany's <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i> of the Italian Communist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, written during this period, but not published until much later, are also classified as belonging to Western Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581Anderson197654_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581Anderson197654-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> is a contemporaneous figure who is likewise sometimes judged to be one of Western Marxism's founding fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19843Merquior19862_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19843Merquior19862-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, a French Western Marxism was constituted by theorists based around the journals <i>Arguments</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_Modernes" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Temps Modernes">Les Temps Modernes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Goldmann" title="Lucien Goldmann">Lucien Goldmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This later generation of Western Marxists were overwhelmingly professional academics and frequently professors of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197649–50_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197649–50-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there have been many schools of Marxist thought that are sharply distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a> or the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a>, theorists who downplay the primacy of economic analysis are considered Western Marxists. Where the <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">base</a> of the capitalist economy is the focus of earlier Marxists, Western Marxists concentrate on the problems of <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">superstructures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197675_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197675-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as their attention centres on <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Marxism often emphasises the importance of the study of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a> for an adequate Marxist understanding of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Marxists have thus tended to heavily use Marx's theories of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-582_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-582-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have expanded on these with new concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583Gottlieb1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583Gottlieb1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engagement with non-Marxist systems of thought is a feature that distinguishes Western Marxism from the schools of Marxism that preceded it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Western Marxists have drawn from <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> to explain the effect of culture on individual consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concepts taken from German <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weberian</a> sociology, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piagetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> have all been assimilated and critiqued by Western Marxists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> principles of Marx's thought are an important theme for Western Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197652–53_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197652–53-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, Western Marxists view the theoretical contributions of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-D%C3%BChring" title="Anti-Dühring">Anti-Dühring</a></i> as a distortion of Marx.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197659–60_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197659–60-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Engels sees <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a> as a universal and scientific law of nature, Western Marxists do not view Marxism as a general science, but as a theory of the cultural and historical structure of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Western Marxists believe the philosophical key to Marxism is found in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">Young Marx</a>, where his encounters with Hegel, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Hegelians" title="Young Hegelians">Young Hegelians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> reveal what they see as the <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanist</a> core of Marxist theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582Anderson197650–52_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582Anderson197650–52-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">structural Marxism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, which attempts to purge Marxism of Hegelianism and humanism, also belongs to Western Marxism, as does the anti-Hegelianism of <a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19843_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19843-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Althusser holds that Marx's primary philosophical antecedent is not Hegel or Feuerbach, but <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197664_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197664-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Della Volpe claims that <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> is a decisive precursor to Marx, while Della Volpe's pupil <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a> holds that the true philosophical predecessor to Marx is <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197663_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197663-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_commitments">Political commitments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political commitments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Western Marxism is often contrasted with the Marxism of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Western Marxists have been divided in their opinion of it and other <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist states</a>. Some have offered qualified support, others have been highly critical, and still others have changed their views over time:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19847–8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19847–8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lukács, Gramsci, and Della Volpe were members of Soviet-aligned parties; Korsch, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> were inimical to Soviet Communism and instead advocated <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a>; Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Althusser, and Lefebvre were, at different periods, supporters of the Soviet-aligned <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of France">Communist Party of France</a>, but all would later become disillusioned with it; Ernst Bloch lived in and supported the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, but lost faith in Soviet Communism towards the end of his life. Nicos Poulantzas, a later Western Marxist, was an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198689_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198689-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Hegelian Marxism">Hegelian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">List of contributors to Marxist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Marxist cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hence, Western Marxism is sometimes referred to as "Hegelian Marxism"; <a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChambreMcLellan" class="citation web cs1">Chambre, Henry; McLellan, David T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy/Western-Marxism">"Western Philosophy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online">Britannica Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Western Marxists were concerned less with the actual political or economic practice of Marxism than with its philosophical interpretation, especially in relation to cultural and historical studies. In order to explain the inarguable success of capitalist society, they felt it necessary to explore and understand non-Marxist approaches and all aspects of bourgeois culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Western+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Chambre&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=McLellan%2C+David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWestern-philosophy%2FWestern-Marxism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197630-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197630_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1981109Anderson197649–50-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1981109Anderson197649–50_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1981">Jacoby 1981</a>, p. 109; <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19843–4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19843–4_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerquior19863-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerquior19863_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerquior1986">Merquior 1986</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorsch1970119–120-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorsch1970119–120_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorsch1970">Korsch 1970</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19841Merleau-Ponty197330–59-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19841Merleau-Ponty197330–59_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFMerleau-Ponty1973">Merleau-Ponty 1973</a>, pp. 30–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19842-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19842_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197615–17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197615–17_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197692–93Anderson1995-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197692–93Anderson1995_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 92–93; <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKołakowski2005994–995,_1034-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKołakowski2005994–995,_1034_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKołakowski2005">Kołakowski 2005</a>, pp. 994–995, 1034.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581Anderson197654-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581Anderson197654_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 581; <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19843Merquior19862-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19843Merquior19862_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFMerquior1986">Merquior 1986</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197649–50-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197649–50_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197675-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197675_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-582-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991581-582_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 581-582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583Gottlieb1989-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583Gottlieb1989_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 583; <a href="#CITEREFGottlieb1989">Gottlieb 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197656–57_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991583_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197652–53-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197652–53_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197659–60-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197659–60_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582Anderson197650–52-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby1991582Anderson197650–52_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1991">Jacoby 1991</a>, p. 582; <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19843-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19843_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197664-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197664_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson197663-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson197663_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1976">Anderson 1976</a>, pp. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay19847–8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay19847–8_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoper198689-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoper198689_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoper1986">Soper 1986</a>, pp. 89.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (1976). <i>Considerations on Western Marxism</i>. Bristol: New Left Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+Western+Marxism&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=New+Left+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Kevin (1995). <i>Lenin, Hegel, and Western Marxism</i>. University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%2C+Hegel%2C+and+Western+Marxism&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb1989" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Roger S. (1989). <i>An Anthology of Western Marxism</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+Western+Marxism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Jacoby, Russell</a> (1981). <i>Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511571442">10.1017/CBO9780511571442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23915-8"><bdi>978-0-521-23915-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectic+of+Defeat%3A+Contours+of+Western+Marxism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511571442&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23915-8&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacoby, Russell (1991). "Western Marxism". In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bottomore" title="Thomas Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a>; Harris, Laurence; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Kiernan" title="Victor Kiernan">Kiernan, V. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband, Ralph</a> (eds.). <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 581–584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16481-4"><bdi>978-0-631-16481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Marxism&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=581-584&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16481-4&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Jay" title="Martin Jay">Jay, Martin</a> (1984). <i>Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukacs to Habermas</i>. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0000-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0000-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-0000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Totality%3A+The+Adventures+of+a+Concept+from+Lukacs+to+Habermas&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0000-0&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a> (2005). <i>Main Currents of Marxism</i>. Translated by Falla, P. S. London: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32943-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32943-8&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorsch1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch, Karl</a> (1970) [1923]. <i>Marxism and Philosophy</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Halliday, Fred</a>. New York: Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-153-2"><bdi>978-0-85345-153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-153-2&rft.aulast=Korsch&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerleau-Ponty1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty, Maurice</a> (1973) [1955]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventuresofdial00merl/page/30"><i>Adventures of the Dialectic</i></a></span>. Translated by Bien, Joseph. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0404-4"><bdi>978-0-8101-0404-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+of+the+Dialectic&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-0404-4&rft.aulast=Merleau-Ponty&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadventuresofdial00merl%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerquior1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" title="José Guilherme Merquior">Merquior, José Guilherme</a> (1986). <i>Western Marxism</i>. London: Paladin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-08454-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-08454-1"><bdi>0-586-08454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paladin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-586-08454-1&rft.aulast=Merquior&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Guilherme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoper1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Soper" title="Kate Soper">Soper, Kate</a> (1986). <i>Humanism and Anti-Humanism</i>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-162-931-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-162-931-4"><bdi>0-09-162-931-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+and+Anti-Humanism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-09-162-931-4&rft.aulast=Soper&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAratoBreines1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Arato" title="Andrew Arato">Arato, Andrew</a>; Breines, Paul (1979). <i>The Young Lukács and the Origins of Western Marxism</i>. New York: The Seabury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8164-9359-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8164-9359-6"><bdi>0-8164-9359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Luk%C3%A1cs+and+the+Origins+of+Western+Marxism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Seabury+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8164-9359-6&rft.aulast=Arato&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Breines%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahr2008" class="citation book cs1">Bahr, Ehrhard (2008). <i>Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25795-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar+on+the+Pacific%3A+German+Exile+Culture+in+Los+Angeles+and+the+Crisis+of+Modernism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25795-5&rft.aulast=Bahr&rft.aufirst=Ehrhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetscher1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iring_Fetscher" title="Iring Fetscher">Fetscher, Iring</a> (1971). <i>Marx and Marxism</i>. New York: Herder and Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+and+Marxism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Fetscher&rft.aufirst=Iring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahlPiccone1973" class="citation book cs1">Grahl, Bart; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Piccone" title="Paul Piccone">Piccone, Paul</a>, eds. (1973). <i>Towards a New Marxism</i>. St. Louis, Missouri: Telos Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+New+Marxism&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Telos+Press&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardKlare1972" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Dick; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Klare" title="Karl Klare">Klare, Karl E.</a>, eds. (1972). <i>The Unknown Dimension: European Marxism Since Lenin</i>. New York: Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Dimension%3A+European+Marxism+Since+Lenin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Stedman_Jones" title="Gareth Stedman Jones">Jones, Gareth Stedman</a> (1983). <i>Western Marxism: a Critical Reader</i>. South Yarra: MacMillan Education Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0902308297" title="Special:BookSources/0902308297"><bdi>0902308297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Marxism%3A+a+Critical+Reader&rft.place=South+Yarra&rft.pub=MacMillan+Education+Australia&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0902308297&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Stedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Kellner, Douglas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/westernmarxismfinal.pdf">"Western Marxism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Marxism&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.gseis.ucla.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fkellner%2Fessays%2Fwesternmarxismfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukács1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács, György</a> (1971) [1923]. <i>History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics</i>. London: Merlin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-850-36197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-850-36197-1"><bdi>978-0-850-36197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Class+Consciousness%3A+Studies+in+Marxist+Dialectics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-850-36197-1&rft.aulast=Luk%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnes1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_McInnes_(1924%E2%80%932017)" title="Neil McInnes (1924–2017)">McInnes, Neil</a> (1972). <i>The Western Marxists</i>. New York: Library Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Marxists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Library+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=McInnes&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Linden2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_van_der_Linden" title="Marcel van der Linden">Van der Linden, Marcel</a> (2007). <i>Western Marxism and the Soviet Union</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004158757.i-380">10.1163/ej.9789004158757.i-380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15875-7"><bdi>978-90-04-15875-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Marxism+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004158757.i-380&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15875-7&rft.aulast=Van+der+Linden&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marx200.org/en/marxism-think-one-two-many-marxes/western-and-heterodox-marxism">"Western and Heterodox Marxism"</a>. <i>Marx200.org</i>. 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marx200.org&rft.atitle=Western+and+Heterodox+Marxism&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarx200.org%2Fen%2Fmarxism-think-one-two-many-marxes%2Fwestern-and-heterodox-marxism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a 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title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a 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