CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of slavery in Florida - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"624f7514-53ce-4e61-bb41-64619b3e4c88","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_slavery_in_Florida","wgTitle":"History of slavery in Florida","wgCurRevisionId":1253491002,"wgRevisionId":1253491002,"wgArticleId":48315504,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from January 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010", "Commons category link from Wikidata","African-American history of Florida","Native American history of Florida","Pre-statehood history of Florida","History of slavery in Florida","Anti-black racism in Florida","Slavery in the United States by state or territory","Agriculture in Florida"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_slavery_in_Florida","wgRelevantArticleId":48315504,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q27957474","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1348"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="899"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="719"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of slavery in Florida - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_slavery_in_Florida rootpage-History_of_slavery_in_Florida skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+slavery+in+Florida" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+slavery+in+Florida" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+slavery+in+Florida" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+slavery+in+Florida" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_before_arrival_of_the_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_before_arrival_of_the_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Slavery before arrival of the Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_before_arrival_of_the_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spanish era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploration_era_(1513–1526)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_era_(1513–1526)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exploration era (1513–1526)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_era_(1513–1526)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Spanish_occupation_(1536–1763)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Spanish_occupation_(1536–1763)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First Spanish occupation (1536–1763)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Spanish_occupation_(1536–1763)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Florida_(1763–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Florida_(1763–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British Florida (1763–1783)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Florida_(1763–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Spanish_occupation_(1783–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Spanish_occupation_(1783–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Second Spanish occupation (1783–1821)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Spanish_occupation_(1783–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_Blacks_under_Spanish_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_Blacks_under_Spanish_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Treatment of Blacks under Spanish rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_Blacks_under_Spanish_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zephaniah_Kingsley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zephaniah_Kingsley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Zephaniah Kingsley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zephaniah_Kingsley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_Florida,_under_American_rule_(1821–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_Florida,_under_American_rule_(1821–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Territorial Florida, under American rule (1821–1845)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territorial_Florida,_under_American_rule_(1821–1845)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territorial Florida, under American rule (1821–1845) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territorial_Florida,_under_American_rule_(1821–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_People_of_Color_and_Their_Perceived_Danger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_People_of_Color_and_Their_Perceived_Danger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Free People of Color and Their Perceived Danger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_People_of_Color_and_Their_Perceived_Danger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida_a_slave_state_(1845–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida_a_slave_state_(1845–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Florida a slave state (1845–1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_a_slave_state_(1845–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida_secedes_and_becomes_Confederate_state_(1861–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida_secedes_and_becomes_Confederate_state_(1861–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Florida secedes and becomes Confederate state (1861–1865)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_secedes_and_becomes_Confederate_state_(1861–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_trafficking_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_trafficking_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human trafficking in the 20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_trafficking_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of slavery in Florida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="История рабства во Флориде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История рабства во Флориде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27957474#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_slavery_in_Florida" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&oldid=1253491002" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&id=1253491002&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_slavery_in_Florida"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_slavery_in_Florida"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_Florida" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27957474" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave,_Nimrod-_Tampa,_Florida_(5803931389).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg/220px-Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg/330px-Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg/440px-Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>1860 <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a> newspaper ad offered reward for returning an enslaved teenager, Nimrod, escaped from a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_River_(Florida)" title="Hillsborough River (Florida)">Hillsborough River</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Slavery in Florida</b> occurred among indigenous tribes and during Spanish rule. Florida's purchase by the United States from Spain in 1819 (effective 1821) was primarily a measure to strengthen the system of slavery on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Southern plantations</a>, by denying potential runaways the formerly safe haven of Florida. Florida became a slave state, seceded, and passed laws to exile or enslave free blacks. Even after abolition, forced labor continued. </p><p>Few enslaved Africans were imported into Florida from Cuba in the period of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish colonial rule</a>, as there was little for them to do—no mines, no plantations. Starting in 1687, slaves escaping from English colonies to the north were freed when they reached Florida and accepted <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. Black slavery in the region was widely established after Florida came under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> then <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> control. Slavery in Florida was theoretically abolished by the 1863 <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>, though as the state was then part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> this had little immediate effect. </p><p>Slavery in Florida did not end abruptly on one specific day. As news arrived of the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and the collapse of the Confederacy in the spring of 1865, slavery unofficially ended, as there were no more <a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">slave catchers</a> or other authority to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">peculiar institution</a>. Newly emancipated African Americans departed their <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a>, often in search of relatives who were separated from their family. The end of slavery was made formal by the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> in December 1865. Some of the characteristics of slavery, such as inability to leave an abusive situation, continued under <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">convict leasing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy laws">vagrancy laws</a>. In the 20th and 21st centuries, conditions approximating slavery are found among marginal immigrant populations, especially <a href="/wiki/Migrant_farm_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant farm workers">migrant farm workers</a> and trafficked <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Slavery_Memorial" title="Florida Slavery Memorial">Florida Slavery Memorial</a> is planned. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_before_arrival_of_the_Europeans">Slavery before arrival of the Europeans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Slavery before arrival of the Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enslavement predates the period of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> and was practiced by various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laubchap1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laubchap1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida had some of the first African slaves in what is now the United States in 1526,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the first emancipation of escaping slaves in 1687 and the first settlement of free blacks in 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-borrego_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrego-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_era">Spanish era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_era_(1513–1526)"><span id="Exploration_era_.281513.E2.80.931526.29"></span>Exploration era (1513–1526)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exploration era (1513–1526)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European</a> known to have explored the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> explorer and governor of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a>, who likely ventured in 1513 as far north as the vicinity of the future <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, naming the peninsula he believed to be an island "<i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></i>" and claiming it for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigman2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigman2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawson2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawson2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that slaves were included in the voyage, but they were not recorded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Spanish_occupation_(1536–1763)"><span id="First_Spanish_occupation_.281536.E2.80.931763.29"></span>First Spanish occupation (1536–1763)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Spanish occupation (1536–1763)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Slave_Market,_St._Augustine,_Florida-_(6892781474)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Old_Slave_Market%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida-_%286892781474%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Old_Slave_Market%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida-_%286892781474%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Old_Slave_Market%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida-_%286892781474%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Old_Slave_Market%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida-_%286892781474%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/The_Old_Slave_Market%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida-_%286892781474%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>The old Spanish slave market that was constructed in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Phillip II's</a> Spanish Royal Ordinance of 1573.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1886)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1528, a slave named <a href="/wiki/Estevanico" title="Estevanico">Estevanico</a> ("Little Steven") was brought to the area as part of the <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a>, which then continued on to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More African slaves arrived in Florida in 1539 with <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tampa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tampa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpost_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Spanish founded the colonial settlement of <i><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">San Agustín</a></i> in 1565, the site already had enslaved Native Americans, whose ancestors had migrated from <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laubchap1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laubchap1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards did not bring many slaves to Florida as there was no work for them to do—no mines and no plantations. For the same reason very few Spaniards came to Florida; there were only three towns in the colony, supporting military/naval outposts: <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a>, and what is today <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a>. Under Spanish colonial rule, the enslaved in Florida had rights. They could marry, own property, and purchase their own freedom. Free blacks, as long as they were Catholic, were not subject to legal discrimination. No one was born into slavery. Mixed "race" marriages were not illegal, and mixed "race" children could inherit property.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>In October 1687, eleven enslaved Africans made their way from Carolina to Florida in a stolen canoe, and were emancipated by the Spanish authorities. A year later, <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> William Dunlop, an officer in the Carolina militia, arrived in Florida to ask for compensation for Spanish attacks on Carolina and the return of the Africans to their enslaver, Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morton_(governor)" title="Joseph Morton (governor)">Joseph Morton</a>. The Spanish chose to compensate Morton instead, submitting a report to King Charles II on the event. On November 7, 1693, Charles II issued a decree freeing all slaves escaping from <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">English North America</a> who accepted Catholicism, similar to the May 29, 1680 Spanish decree for slaves escaping from the Lesser Antilles and the September 3, 1680, and June 1, 1685, decrees for escaping French slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-borrego_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrego-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville,_St._Augustine,_Florida.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida.JPG/220px-Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida.JPG/330px-Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida.JPG/440px-Last_Slave_House_in_Historic_Lincolnville%2C_St._Augustine%2C_Florida.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The "last slave house" located in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnville_Historic_District" title="Lincolnville Historic District">Lincolnville</a> and historically part of the Spanish "Buena Esperanza" plantation that operated from 1700 to 1763</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1700s, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> was a hotbed for the raiding Native Americans from the northern Carolina and Georgia areas. Though they were left alone for the most part by one of the original raiding groups, the <a href="/wiki/Westo" title="Westo">Westos</a>, Spanish Florida was heavily targeted by the later raiding groups, the <a href="/wiki/Yamasee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamasee people">Yamasee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a>. These raids, in which villages were destroyed and local Native Americans were either killed or captured to be later sold as slaves to English colonists, drove the local Native Americans to the hands of the Spanish, who attempted to protect them as best they could from the raids. However, the strength of the Spanish dwindled and as the raids continued the Spanish and Spanish-allied natives were forced to retreat farther and farther back into the peninsula. The raids were so frequent that there were few natives left to capture, and so the Yamasee and the Creek began bringing fewer and fewer slaves to the Carolina colonies and were unable to effectively continue the trade. The retreat of the Spanish was only ended when the Yamasee and Creek entered what would later be known as the <a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> with the Carolina colony.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg/220px-St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg/330px-St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg/440px-St_Aug_Fort_Mose_VC_tiles01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> A plaque dedicated to symbols found at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Fort Mose historic site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1688, Spanish Florida had attracted numerous <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves</a> who escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">British North American colonies</a>. Once the slaves reached Florida, the Spanish freed them if they converted to Roman Catholicism; males of age had to complete a military obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many settled in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose</a>, the first settlement of free blacks in North America, near St. Augustine. The church started recording baptisms and deaths there in 1735, and a fort was built in 1738, part of the perimeter defenses of San Agustin. The freed slaves knew the border areas well and led military raids, under their own black officers, against the Carolinas, and against Georgia, founded in 1731.<sup id="cite_ref-borrego_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrego-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another smaller group settled along the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a> in remote <a href="/wiki/Florida_panhandle" title="Florida panhandle">northwest Florida</a>, centered on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gadsden_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Gadsden Historic Site">Prospect Bluff</a>, future site of the famous <a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Florida_(1763–1783)"><span id="British_Florida_.281763.E2.80.931783.29"></span>British Florida (1763–1783)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British Florida (1763–1783)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="British Florida">British Florida</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Spanish_occupation_(1783–1821)"><span id="Second_Spanish_occupation_.281783.E2.80.931821.29"></span>Second Spanish occupation (1783–1821)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Spanish occupation (1783–1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former slaves also found refuge among the <a href="/wiki/Creek_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Indians">Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>, Native Americans who had established settlements in Florida at the invitation of the Spanish government. In 1771, Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Moultrie_(politician)" title="John Moultrie (politician)">John Moultrie</a> wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> that "It has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back."<sup id="cite_ref-miller_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When British colonial officials in Florida pressured the Native Americans to return the fugitive slaves, they replied that they had "merely given hungry people food, and invited the slaveholders to catch the runaways themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-miller_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, slaves from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Georgia">State of Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Low_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Low Country">South Carolina Low Country</a> continued to escape to Florida. By 1814, the black population, both free and enslaved, of Florida had risen to 57%, compared to 27% in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivers20006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivers20006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> that became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>. The United States afterwards effectively controlled <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>. According to Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, the US had to take action there because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Spain requested British intervention, but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations. Some of President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>'s cabinet demanded Jackson's immediate dismissal, but Adams realized that it put the U.S. in a favorable diplomatic position, allowing him to negotiate very favorable terms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Spanish had established outposts in Florida to prevent others from having safe ports to attack Spanish treasure fleets in the Caribbean and in the strait between Florida and the Bahamas.<sup id="cite_ref-borrego_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrego-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida did not produce anything the Spaniards wanted. The three garrisons were a financial drain, and it was not felt desirable to send settlers or additional garrisons. The Crown decided to cede the territory to the United States. It accomplished this through the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819, which took effect in 1821. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_Blacks_under_Spanish_rule">Treatment of Blacks under Spanish rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment of Blacks under Spanish rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Spanish, enslaved workers had rights: to marry, to own property, to buy their own freedom. They were not <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel</a>. Free Blacks, as long as they accepted Catholicism, were not subject to legal discrimination. No one was born into slavery. Mixed "race" marriages were not illegal, and mixed "race" children could inherit property, as later <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a>'s inheritors had to fight successfully for. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zephaniah_Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zephaniah Kingsley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Plantation" title="Kingsley Plantation">Kingsley Plantation</a></div> <p>During the second Spanish period, when slaves continued to escape from their British, then American owners and take refuge in Florida, the North American slave trade was to a large extent centered on Florida.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Besides those seeking to recover escaped slaves, the newly enslaved could be freely imported to Florida from Africa, and planters and their representatives went to Florida to buy them and then smuggle them into the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the center of Florida's slave trade was the colorful trader and slavery defender, Quaker <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a>, owner of slaving vessels (boats). He treated his enslaved well, allowed them to save for and buy their freedom (at a 50% discount), and taught them crafts like carpentry, for which reason his highly-trained, well-behaved slaves sold for a premium.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After Florida became American, Kingsley, after trying unsuccessfully to prevent Florida from treating free Blacks as unwelcome (see below), left for what at the time was Haiti (today the Dominican Republic).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_Florida,_under_American_rule_(1821–1845)"><span id="Territorial_Florida.2C_under_American_rule_.281821.E2.80.931845.29"></span>Territorial Florida, under American rule (1821–1845)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Territorial Florida, under American rule (1821–1845)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello,_Florida_(5815098424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello%2C_Florida_%285815098424%29.jpg/220px-Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello%2C_Florida_%285815098424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello%2C_Florida_%285815098424%29.jpg/330px-Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello%2C_Florida_%285815098424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello%2C_Florida_%285815098424%29.jpg/440px-Selling_a_freedman_to_pay_his_fine-_Monticello%2C_Florida_%285815098424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Selling a freedman to pay his fine: <a href="/wiki/Monticello,_Florida" title="Monticello, Florida">Monticello, Florida</a> (1860)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> became an <a href="/wiki/Organized_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized territory">organized territory</a> of the United States on February 22, 1821. (See <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>.) Slavery continued to be permitted; however, Spanish racial policies were replaced with a rigid set of laws that assumed that all Black persons, slave or free, were uncivilized and inferior to whites, and suitable only for slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaferplantation2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaferplantation2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>The free Blacks and Indian slaves, <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, living near St. Augustine, fled to Havana, Cuba, to avoid coming under US control. Some Seminole also abandoned their settlements and moved further south.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of Black Seminoles and fugitive slaves escaped in the early nineteenth century from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Florida">Cape Florida</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, where they settled on <a href="/wiki/Andros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros Island">Andros Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founding <a href="/wiki/Nicholls_Town" title="Nicholls Town">Nicholls Town</a>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], named for the Anglo-Irish commander and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist</a> who fostered their escape, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>].<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_People_of_Color_and_Their_Perceived_Danger">Free People of Color and Their Perceived Danger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Free People of Color and Their Perceived Danger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1827 <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free negros</a> were prohibited from entering Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-Stowell_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> and in 1828 those already there were prohibited from assembling in public.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192–193">: 192–193 </span></sup> In 1829 a statute required a fine of $200 (equivalent to $5,723 in 2023) for every person <a href="/wiki/Manumit" class="mw-redirect" title="Manumit">manumitted</a> (set free), and required the person freed to leave the Territory within 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowell_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum</a> Florida, "Southerners came to believe that the only successful means of removing the threat of free Negroes was to expel them from the southern states or to change their status from free persons to... slaves."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Free Negroes were perceived as "an evil of no ordinary magnitude,"<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> undermining the system of slavery. Slaves had to be shown that there was no advantage in being free; thus, free negroes became victims of the slaveholders' fears. Legislation became more forceful; the free negro had to accept his new role or leave the state, as in fact half the black population of Pensacola and St. Augustine immediately did (they left the country).<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsley_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsley-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup> Some citizens of <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations of Leon County">Leon County, Florida</a>, Florida's most populous<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wealthiest<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> county, which wealth was because Leon County had more slaves than any other county in Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> petitioned the General Assembly to have all free negroes removed from the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> Legislation passed in 1847 required all free Negroes to have a white person as legal guardian;<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> in 1855, an act was passed which prevented free Negroes from entering the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup><sup> Above it says 1827.</sup> "In 1861, an act was passed requiring all free Negroes in Florida to register with the judge of probate in whose county they resided. The Negro, when registering, had to give his name, age, color, sex, and occupation, and had to pay one dollar to register.... All Negroes over twelve years of age had to have a guardian approved by the probate judge.... The guardian could be sued for any crime committed by the Negro; the Negro could not be sued. Under the new law, any free Negro or mulatto who did not register with the nearest probate judge was classified as a slave and became the lawful property of any white person who claimed possession."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1830, free Blacks were 5.2% of Florida's African-American population; by 1860 they had declined to 1.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowell_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Florida_a_slave_state_(1845–1861)"><span id="Florida_a_slave_state_.281845.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Florida a slave state (1845–1861)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Florida a slave state (1845–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdura_plantation_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Verdura_plantation_house.jpg/220px-Verdura_plantation_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Verdura_plantation_house.jpg/330px-Verdura_plantation_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Verdura_plantation_house.jpg/440px-Verdura_plantation_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Plantation house on <a href="/wiki/Verdura_Plantation" title="Verdura Plantation">Verdura plantation</a> in Leon County, Florida, built in 1832, burned in 1885. Drawing produced in about 1870.</figcaption></figure> <p>American settlers began to establish <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Florida" title="North Florida">northern Florida</a>, which required numerous laborers, which they supplied by buying <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> in the domestic market. On March 3, 1845, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Almost half the state's population were enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> working on large <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_River" title="Suwannee River">Suwannee</a> Rivers in the north-central part of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_p._158_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_p._158-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the people who owned them, many slaves had come from the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">The Carolinas</a>; they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah-Geechee</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">South Carolina Lowcountry</a>. Others were enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>, who had been sold to traders taking slaves to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1860, Florida had 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved, and fewer than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Free_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Free black">free people of color</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau_p._157_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau_p._157-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their labor accounted for 85% of the state's <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> production. The <i>1860 Census</i> also indicated that in <a href="/wiki/Leon_County,_Florida" title="Leon County, Florida">Leon County</a>, which was the center both of the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> slave trade and of their plantation industry (see <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations of Leon County">Plantations of Leon County</a>), slaves constituted 73% of the population. As elsewhere, their value was greater than all the land of the county put together. (References in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">History of Tallahassee, Florida#Black history</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Florida_secedes_and_becomes_Confederate_state_(1861–1865)"><span id="Florida_secedes_and_becomes_Confederate_state_.281861.E2.80.931865.29"></span>Florida secedes and becomes Confederate state (1861–1865)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Florida secedes and becomes Confederate state (1861–1865)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_(6174670915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_%286174670915%29.jpg/220px-Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_%286174670915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_%286174670915%29.jpg/330px-Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_%286174670915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_%286174670915%29.jpg/440px-Drawing_of_a_landing_of_a_cargo_of_slaves_%286174670915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of slaves being departed off the ship Williams in <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a> (originally being captured by the U.S. Wyandotte)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1861, nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession, declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation"—an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a "Free and Independent State." Protecting slavery was the reason for Florida's secession and for the creation of the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confederate authorities used slaves as teamsters to transport supplies and as laborers in <a href="/wiki/Salt_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt works">salt works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a>. Many Florida slaves working in these coastal industries escaped to the relative safety of Union-controlled enclaves during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Beginning in 1862, Union military activity in East and West Florida encouraged slaves in plantation areas to flee their owners in search of freedom. Some worked on Union ships and, beginning in 1863, with the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, more than a thousand enlisted as soldiers and sailors in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escaped and freed slaves provided Union commanders with valuable <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence in the American Civil War">intelligence about Confederate troop movements</a>. They also passed back news of Union advances to the men and women who remained enslaved in Confederate-controlled Florida. Planter fears of slave uprisings increased as the war went on.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphree_2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphree_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1865, Federal control was re-established, and slavery abolished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_trafficking_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries">Human trafficking in the 20th and 21st centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human trafficking in the 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Florida" title="Human trafficking in Florida">Human trafficking in Florida</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, Florida has the most human trafficking cases in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-WFSU_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFSU-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida has had cases of sex trafficking, domestic servitude, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coonan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coonan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Florida has a large agricultural economy and a large immigrant population, which has made it a prime environment for forced labor,<sup id="cite_ref-Coonan_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coonan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the tomato industry. Concerted efforts have led to the freeing of thousands of slaves in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Trafficking_Resource_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Human Trafficking Resource Center">National Human Trafficking Resource Center</a> reported receiving 1,518 calls and emails in 2015 about human trafficking in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-NHTRC_2015_Report_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHTRC_2015_Report-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_Florida" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavery in Florida">Slavery in Florida</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_massacre" title="Ocoee massacre">Ocoee massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_massacre" title="Perry massacre">Perry massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_massacre" title="Rosewood massacre">Rosewood massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Plantations of Leon County, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulee_Sugar_Mill_Ruins_Historic_State_Park" title="Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park">Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="History of slavery in the United States by state">History of slavery in the United States by state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-laubchap1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laubchap1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laubchap1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLauber1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lauber, Almon Wheeler (1913). "Enslavement by the Indians Themselves". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianslavery00laubrich"><i>Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States</i></a>. Studies in history, economics and public law. Vol. 53 No. 3. Columbia University. pp. 25–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enslavement+by+the+Indians+Themselves&rft.btitle=Indian+Slavery+in+Colonial+Times+Within+the+Present+Limits+of+the+United+States&rft.series=Studies+in+history%2C+economics+and+public+law&rft.pages=25-48&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Lauber&rft.aufirst=Almon+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianslavery00laubrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers2000" class="citation book cs1">Rivers, Larry E. (2000). <i>Slavery in Florida : territorial days to emancipation</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813018133" title="Special:BookSources/9780813018133"><bdi>9780813018133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Florida+%3A+territorial+days+to+emancipation&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780813018133&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Larry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-borrego-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borrego_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-borrego_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-borrego_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-borrego_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrego2019" class="citation journal cs1">Borrego, Pedro Damián Cano (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7454266">"La libertad de los esclavos fugitivos y la milicia negra en la Florida española en el siglo XVIII"</a>. <i>Revista de la Inquisición: ( intolerancia y derechos humanos )</i> (23): 223–234. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1131-5571">1131-5571</a> – via dialnet.unirioja.es.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+la+Inquisici%C3%B3n%3A+%28+intolerancia+y+derechos+humanos+%29&rft.atitle=La+libertad+de+los+esclavos+fugitivos+y+la+milicia+negra+en+la+Florida+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+siglo+XVIII&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=223-234&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1131-5571&rft.aulast=Borrego&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Dami%C3%A1n+Cano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D7454266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steigman2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steigman2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigman2005" class="citation book cs1">Steigman, Jonathan D. (25 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTjoOz7WMiIC&pg=PA33"><i>La Florida Del Inca and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5257-8"><bdi>978-0-8173-5257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Florida+Del+Inca+and+the+Struggle+for+Social+Equality+in+Colonial+Spanish+America&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2005-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5257-8&rft.aulast=Steigman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTjoOz7WMiIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawson2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawson2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2008" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Edward W. (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU7JNwAACAAJ"><i>The Discovery of Florida and Its Discoverer Juan Ponce de Leon</i></a> (Reprint of 1946 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. pp. 29–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4367-0883-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4367-0883-8"><bdi>978-1-4367-0883-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Florida+and+Its+Discoverer+Juan+Ponce+de+Leon&rft.pages=29-32&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1946&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4367-0883-8&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU7JNwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southernspaces.org/2012/st-augustines-slave-market-visual-history/">"St. Augustine's "Slave Market": A Visual History"</a>. <i>Southern Spaces</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Spaces&rft.atitle=St.+Augustine%27s+%22Slave+Market%22%3A+A+Visual+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthernspaces.org%2F2012%2Fst-augustines-slave-market-visual-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish1974" class="citation book cs1">Parish, Helen Rand (1974). <i><span></span></i>Estebanico<i><span></span></i>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067029814X" title="Special:BookSources/067029814X"><bdi>067029814X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estebanico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=067029814X&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Helen+Rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick2018" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, Dennis (2018). <i><span></span></i>Esteban: The African Slave Who Explored America<i><span></span></i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826359827" title="Special:BookSources/9780826359827"><bdi>9780826359827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esteban%3A+The+African+Slave+Who+Explored+America&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780826359827&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougald2018" class="citation book cs1">MacDougald, James (2018). <i><span></span></i>The Pánfilo de Narváez Expedition of 1528: Highlights of the Expedition and Determination of the Landing Place<i><span></span></i>. St. Petersburg: Marsden House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4834-8671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4834-8671-0"><bdi>978-1-4834-8671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+P%C3%A1nfilo+de+Narv%C3%A1ez+Expedition+of+1528%3A+Highlights+of+the+Expedition+and+Determination+of+the+Landing+Place&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=Marsden+House&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4834-8671-0&rft.aulast=MacDougald&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tampa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tampa_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2019" class="citation news cs1">Francis, J. Michael, Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson (2019-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/2019/08/29/before-1619-africans-and-the-early-history-of-spanish-colonial-florida-and-america-column/">"Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Slavery+took+hold+in+Florida+under+the+Spanish+in+the+%27forgotten+century%27+of+1492-1619&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael%2C+Gary+Mormino+and+Rachel+Sanderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fopinion%2F2019%2F08%2F29%2Fbefore-1619-africans-and-the-early-history-of-spanish-colonial-florida-and-america-column%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpost-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpost_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres-Spelliscy2019" class="citation news cs1">Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (2019-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/08/23/everyone-is-talking-about-thats-not-actually-when-slavery-america-started/">"Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Everyone+is+talking+about+1619.+But+that%27s+not+actually+when+slavery+in+America+started.&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Torres-Spelliscy&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F08%2F23%2Feveryone-is-talking-about-thats-not-actually-when-slavery-america-started%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavin2019" class="citation book cs1">Clavin, Matthew J. (2019). <i>The Battle of Negro Fort: The Rise and Fall of a Fugitive Slave Community</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479837335" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479837335"><bdi>978-1479837335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Negro+Fort%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Fugitive+Slave+Community&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1479837335&rft.aulast=Clavin&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn, and Sheri Marie Shuck-Hall. 2009. Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South. U of Nebraska Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuño2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nuño, John Paul (Fall 2015). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' República de Bandidos': The Prospect Bluff Fort's Challenge to the Spanish Slave System". <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historical Quarterly">Florida Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>94</b> (2): 192–221, at p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Bandidos%27%3A+The+Prospect+Bluff+Fort%27s+Challenge+to+the+Spanish+Slave+System&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192-221%2C+at+p.+195&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, E: "St. Augustine's British Years," <i>The Journal of the St. Augustine Historical Society,</i> 2001, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivers20006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivers20006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivers2000">Rivers 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Deconde, <i>A History of American Foreign Policy</i> (1963) p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaferplantation2000-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaferplantation2000_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer2000" class="citation cs2">Schafer, Daniel L. (2000), "Zephaniah Kingsley's Laurel Grove Plantation, 1803–1813", in Landers, Jane G. (ed.), <i>Colonial Plantations and Economy in Florida</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>, pp. 98–120, at p. 113, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813017726" title="Special:BookSources/0813017726"><bdi>0813017726</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zephaniah+Kingsley%27s+Laurel+Grove+Plantation%2C+1803%E2%80%931813&rft.btitle=Colonial+Plantations+and+Economy+in+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=98-120%2C+at+p.+113&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0813017726&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wu_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Kathleen Gibbs Johnson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8657835">"Manumission of Anna: Another Interpretation"</a>. <i>El Escribano. St. Augustine Journal of History</i>: 51–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Escribano.+St.+Augustine+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Manumission+of+Anna%3A+Another+Interpretation&rft.pages=51-68&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Gibbs+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8657835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/noticesofeastflo00simm#page/42/mode/2up/search/%22Indian+slaves%22">"<i>Notices of East Florida: with an account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, 1822</i>, Open Archive, text available online, p. 42"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notices+of+East+Florida%3A+with+an+account+of+the+Seminole+Nation+of+Indians%2C+1822%2C+Open+Archive%2C+text+available+online%2C+p.+42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnoticesofeastflo00simm%23page%2F42%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2F%2522Indian%2Bslaves%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulroy, Kevin. The Seminole Freedmen: A History (Race and Culture in the American West), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoldRough_Guides_(Firm)2003" class="citation book cs1">Dold, Gaylord; Rough Guides (Firm) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahamas00dold"><i>The Bahamas</i></a>. Internet Archive. London; New York : Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-828-4"><bdi>978-1-85828-828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bahamas&rft.pub=London%3B+New+York+%3A+Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-828-4&rft.aulast=Dold&rft.aufirst=Gaylord&rft.au=Rough+Guides+%28Firm%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahamas00dold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stowell-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stowell_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowell_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowell_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell2000" class="citation book cs1">Stowell, Daniel, ed. (2000). <i>Balancing Evils Judiciously: The Proslavery Writings of Zephaniah Kingsley</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2400-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2400-5"><bdi>0-8130-2400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balancing+Evils+Judiciously%3A+The+Proslavery+Writings+of+Zephaniah+Kingsley&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8130-2400-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._D._Allman" title="T. D. Allman">Allman, T.D.</a> (2013). <i>Finding Florida The True History of the Sunshine State</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-2076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-2076-2"><bdi>978-0-8021-2076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Florida+The+True+History+of+the+Sunshine+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-2076-2&rft.aulast=Allman&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation cs2">Smith, Julia Floyd (1973), <i>Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida 1821-1860</i>, Gainesville: University of Florida Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Plantation+Growth+in+Antebellum+Florida+1821-1860&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julia+Floyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsley-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingsley_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer2013" class="citation book cs1">Schafer, Daniel L. (2013). <i>Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. and the Atlantic World. Slave Trader, Plantation Owner, Emancipator</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813044620" title="Special:BookSources/9780813044620"><bdi>9780813044620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zephaniah+Kingsley+Jr.+and+the+Atlantic+World.+Slave+Trader%2C+Plantation+Owner%2C+Emancipator&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780813044620&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/c/census/Florida_counties.htm">"Florida Population 1840-2000 by County"</a>. Exploring Florida (University of South Florida)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+Population+1840-2000+by+County&rft.pub=Exploring+Florida+%28University+of+South+Florida%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2Fflorida%2Fdocs%2Fc%2Fcensus%2FFlorida_counties.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers1981" class="citation cs2">Rivers, Larry E. (1981), "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860", <i>Journal of Negro History</i>, <b>66</b> (3): 235–245, at p. 237, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716918">10.2307/2716918</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716918">2716918</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149519589">149519589</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Microcosm%3A+Leon+County%2C+Florida%2C+1824+to+1860&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-245%2C+at+p.+237&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149519589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2716918%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2716918&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Larry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tebeau_p._158-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_p._158_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebeauMarina1999" class="citation book cs1">Tebeau, Charlton W.; Marina, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofflorida0003tebe"><i>A History of Florida</i></a> (Third ed.). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87024-338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87024-338-7"><bdi>978-0-87024-338-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Florida&rft.place=Coral+Gables%2C+Florida&rft.pages=158&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87024-338-7&rft.aulast=Tebeau&rft.aufirst=Charlton+W.&rft.au=Marina%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofflorida0003tebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tebeau_p._157-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tebeau_p._157_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTebeauMarina1999">Tebeau & Marina 1999</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/153659">"Key West slave ship depiction"</a>. <i>Florida Memory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Memory&rft.atitle=Key+West+slave+ship+depiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridamemory.com%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F153659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a> (2002). "Men but Not Brothers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSd0SkDXtJQC&q=negro"><i>Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 130–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743227711" title="Special:BookSources/9780743227711"><bdi>9780743227711</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Men+but+Not+Brothers&rft.btitle=Look+Away%21%3A+A+History+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America&rft.pages=130-135&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780743227711&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSd0SkDXtJQC%26q%3Dnegro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphree, R. Boyd. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/civilwarguide/history.cfm">Florida and the Civil War: A Short History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171916/http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/civilwarguide/history.cfm">Archived</a> 2010-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, State Archives of Florida. Retrieved on June 5, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphree_2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphree_2008_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphree (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFSU-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WFSU_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordner2014" class="citation news cs1">Cordner, Sascha (August 22, 2014). "What Might Future Florida Human Trafficking Legislation Look Like For 2015?". Florida State University. WFSU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Might+Future+Florida+Human+Trafficking+Legislation+Look+Like+For+2015%3F&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.aulast=Cordner&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coonan-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coonan_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coonan_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Coonan, Terry S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140909061045/http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/fsulr/vol31/iss2/3">"Human Rights in the Sunshine State: A Proposed Florida Law on Human Trafficking"</a>. <i>Fla. St. U. L. Rev</i>. <b>31</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/fsulr/vol31/iss2/3">the original</a> on 2014-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fla.+St.+U.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+the+Sunshine+State%3A+A+Proposed+Florida+Law+on+Human+Trafficking&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.aufirst=Terry+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiginole.lib.fsu.edu%2Ffsulr%2Fvol31%2Fiss2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/08/26/139972669/the-unsavory-story-of-industrially-grown-tomatoes">"The Unsavory Story Of Industrially-Grown Tomatoes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710143603/https://www.npr.org/2011/08/26/139972669/the-unsavory-story-of-industrially-grown-tomatoes">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Unsavory+Story+Of+Industrially-Grown+Tomatoes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F08%2F26%2F139972669%2Fthe-unsavory-story-of-industrially-grown-tomatoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHTRC_2015_Report-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHTRC_2015_Report_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traffickingresourcecenter.org/sites/default/files/NHTRC%202015%20United%20States%20Report%20-%20USA%20-%2001.01.15%20-%2012.31.pdf">"United States Report: 1/1/2015 – 12/31/2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Human Trafficking Resource Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Human+Trafficking+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=United+States+Report%3A+1%2F1%2F2015+%E2%80%93+12%2F31%2F2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraffickingresourcecenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNHTRC%25202015%2520United%2520States%2520Report%2520-%2520USA%2520-%252001.01.15%2520-%252012.31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1936–1938" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1936–1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.usf.edu/fl-slavenarratives">"Florida Slave Narratives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida_Tampa_Library" title="University of South Florida Tampa Library">University of South Florida Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+Slave+Narratives&rft.pub=University+of+South+Florida+Libraries&rft.date=1936%2F1938&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.usf.edu%2Ffl-slavenarratives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresser1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dresser" title="Amos Dresser">Dresser, Amos</a> (1836). "Slavery in Florida. Letters dated May 11 and June 6, 1835, from the <i>Ohio Atlas</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0005247100"><i>The narrative of Amos Dresser : with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves</i></a>. The letters are unsigned.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Florida.+Letters+dated+May+11+and+June+6%2C+1835%2C+from+the+Ohio+Atlas&rft.btitle=The+narrative+of+Amos+Dresser+%3A+with+Stone%27s+letters+from+Natchez%2C+an+obituary+notice+of+the+writer%2C+and+two+letters+from+Tallahassee%2C+relating+to+the+treatment+of+slaves&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0005247100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1927" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, Thelma (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol6/iss3/7">"The Legal Status of the Negro in Florida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historical Quarterly">Florida Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Status+of+the+Negro+in+Florida&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Thelma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Ffhq%2Fvol6%2Fiss3%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1949" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Edwin L. Jr. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol28/iss2/3">"Negro Slavery in Florida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historical Quarterly">Florida Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>28</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Negro+Slavery+in+Florida&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Ffhq%2Fvol28%2Fiss2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1949" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Edwin L. Jr. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol28/iss3/4">"Negro Slavery in Florida, Part II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historical Quarterly">Florida Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>28</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Negro+Slavery+in+Florida%2C+Part+II&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Ffhq%2Fvol28%2Fiss3%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvin1967" class="citation journal cs1">Garvin, Russell (July 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30140212">"The Free Negro in Florida before the Civil War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historical Quarterly">Florida Historical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>46</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30140212">30140212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Free+Negro+in+Florida+before+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1967-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30140212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garvin&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30140212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Schafer, Daniel L. (Spring 1993). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Class of People Neither Freemen nor Slaves': From Spanish to American Race Relations in Florida, 1821-1861". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 587–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F26.3.587">10.1353/jsh/26.3.587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=%27A+Class+of+People+Neither+Freemen+nor+Slaves%27%3A+From+Spanish+to+American+Race+Relations+in+Florida%2C+1821-1861&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=587-609&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F26.3.587&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavery_in_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Template:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of slavery in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alabama" title="History of slavery in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alaska" title="History of slavery in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Arkansas" title="History of slavery in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Colorado" title="History of slavery in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Connecticut" title="History of slavery in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Delaware" title="History of slavery in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Illinois" title="History of slavery in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Iowa" title="History of slavery in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kansas" title="History of slavery in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Maine (page does not exist)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="History of slavery in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Michigan" title="History of slavery in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Minnesota" title="History of slavery in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Mississippi" title="History of slavery in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Montana" title="History of slavery in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey" title="History of slavery in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico" title="History of slavery in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Oregon (page does not exist)">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina" title="History of slavery in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Dakota" title="History of slavery in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Tennessee" title="History of slavery in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah" title="History of slavery in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Vermont" title="History of slavery in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Washington (state) (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in Wyoming (page does not exist)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands#Danish_period" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery among Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_Spain" title="Slavery in New Spain">Slavery in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Slave trade in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States" title="Slave markets and slave jails in the United States">Slave markets and slave jails in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_into_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Kidnapping into slavery in the United States">Kidnapping into slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_labor_on_United_States_military_installations_1799%E2%80%931863" title="Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863">Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_American_colleges_and_universities" title="Slavery at American colleges and universities">Slavery at American colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_slavery" title="Glossary of American slavery">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of slavery in the United States">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />social history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_proslavery_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American proslavery movement">American proslavery movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Slavery as a positive good in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the slaves in the United States (page does not exist)">Treatment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_health_on_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="Slave health on plantations in the United States">Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-literacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-literacy laws in the United States">Mandatory illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_quarters_in_the_United_States" title="Slave quarters in the United States">Slave quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">Domestic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American slave traders">List of American slave traders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_slave_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway slave ad">Runaway slave ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedmen%27s_towns" title="List of freedmen's towns">Freedmen's towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">List of abolitionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_system" title="Gang system">Gang system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_system" title="Task system">Task system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">List of plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Amerindian slave ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_slave_owners" title="African-American slave owners">African-American slave owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Slavery and the United States Constitution">Slavery and the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_slave_court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="American slave court cases">American slave court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_suits_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Freedom suits in the United States">Freedom suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">Slave and free states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="History of slavery in the United States by state">History of slavery by U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule (1836–1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_to_reopen_the_transatlantic_slave_trade" title="Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade">Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Presidents and slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Thomas Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_and_slavery" title="John Tyler and slavery">John Tyler and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_and_slavery" title="Zachary Taylor and slavery">Zachary Taylor and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Members of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_who_owned_slaves" title="List of United States Supreme Court Justices who owned slaves">Supreme Court Justices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage,<br />sexual slavery<br />and procreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">Female slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States#Sexual_relations_and_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Sexual relations and rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_family" title="Shadow family">Shadow family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War and after</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery during the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">End of slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation_in_the_United_States" title="Compensated emancipation in the United States">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">Contraband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">Colored Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_reunification_ads_after_emancipation" title="Family reunification ads after emancipation">Family reunification ads after emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_town" title="Freedmen's town">Freedmen's town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedmen%27s_towns" title="List of freedmen's towns">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Florida" title="Template:Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000033">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Florida" title="Template talk:Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000033">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000033">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_history" title="Timeline of Florida history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missions_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Missions in Spanish Florida">missions</a></li></ul></li> <li>British Rule <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Plantations of Leon County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_County,_Florida" title="Mosquito County, Florida">Mosquito County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Occupation_Act" title="Armed Occupation Act">Armed Occupation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_ranchos" title="Fishing ranchos">Fishing ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades" title="Draining and development of the Everglades">Draining and development of the Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">Florida land boom of the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Disney World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beaches_of_Florida" title="Category:Beaches of Florida">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Florida" title="List of bays of Florida">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of caves in the United States">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida" title="List of counties in Florida">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Florida" title="Category:Lakes of Florida">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Florida" title="List of metropolitan areas of Florida">Metro areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Florida" title="List of municipalities in Florida">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Florida" title="List of rivers of Florida">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_springs_in_Florida" title="List of major springs in Florida">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_state_forests" title="Florida state forests">State forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_swamps" title="Florida swamps">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes" title="List of Florida hurricanes">Major<br /> hurricanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Florida_Keys_hurricane" title="1919 Florida Keys hurricane">Florida Keys (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Tampa_Bay_hurricane" title="1921 Tampa Bay hurricane">Tampa Bay (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Miami_hurricane" title="1926 Miami hurricane">Miami (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane" title="1928 Okeechobee hurricane">Okeechobee (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Bahamas_hurricane" title="1929 Bahamas hurricane">Florida Keys (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Treasure_Coast_hurricane" title="1933 Treasure Coast hurricane">Treasure Coast (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane" title="1935 Labor Day hurricane">Labor Day (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Cuba%E2%80%93Florida_hurricane" title="1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane">Dry Tortugas (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Homestead_hurricane" title="1945 Homestead hurricane">Homestead (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Fort_Lauderdale_hurricane" title="1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane">Fort Lauderdale (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1948_Florida_hurricane" title="September 1948 Florida hurricane">South Florida (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Florida_hurricane" title="1949 Florida hurricane">1949 Florida hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Easy_(1950)" title="Hurricane Easy (1950)">Easy (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_King" title="Hurricane King">King (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Donna" title="Hurricane Donna">Donna (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Betsy (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise" title="Hurricane Eloise">Eloise (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Elena" title="Hurricane Elena">Elena (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Opal (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley" title="Hurricane Charley">Charley (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Frances (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Jeanne (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Dennis (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Michael (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Dorian (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia" title="Hurricane Idalia">Idalia (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Helene (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Milton (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:African-American history of Florida">African-American</a></li> <li>Brazilian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans#Brazilian_American_communities" title="Brazilian Americans">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida#Demographics" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Florida" title="Crime in Florida">Crime</a></li> <li>Cuban-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuban-American_culture_in_Tampa,_Florida" title="Category:Cuban-American culture in Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida" title="Demographics of Florida">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Florida" title="Economy of Florida">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_tourism_industry" title="Florida tourism industry">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Florida" title="Education in Florida">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_cracker" title="Florida cracker">Florida cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Florida" title="List of people from Florida">Floridians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Florida" title="Government of Florida">Government</a></li> <li>Haitian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Delray_Beach" title="Haitian diaspora">Delray Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Miami" title="Haitian diaspora">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida" title="Homelessness in Florida">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Florida" title="Human trafficking in Florida">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Everglades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Florida">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures" title="List of Florida ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_congressional_districts" title="Florida's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puerto Rican culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans#Orlando" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida#Demographics" title="Kissimmee, Florida">Kissimmee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Florida" title="List of casinos in Florida">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry_in_Florida" title="Film industry in Florida">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Man" title="Florida Man">Florida Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Heritage_Trails" title="Florida Heritage Trails">Florida Heritage Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridiana" title="Floridiana">Floridiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_literature" title="Florida literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florida" title="Music of Florida">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Florida" title="Category:Mass media in Florida">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Florida" title="List of newspapers in Florida">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Florida" title="List of radio stations in Florida">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Florida" title="List of television stations in Florida">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_symbols" title="List of Florida state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunk_ape" title="Skunk ape">Skunk ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-Toed_Tom" title="Two-Toed Tom">Two-Toed Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Florida" title="Visit Florida">Visit Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Florida" title="Environment of Florida">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Florida" title="Environmental issues in Florida">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Florida" title="Fauna of Florida">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Florida" title="Category:Flora of Florida">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Reef" title="Florida Reef">Florida Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Florida" title="Geology of Florida">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Florida" title="Climate of Florida">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Florida" title="Climate change in Florida">climate change</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Florida-related_articles" title="Index of Florida-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Florida" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Florida">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Florida" title="Transportation in Florida">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/32px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/48px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/64px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Florida" title="Portal:Florida">Florida portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27957474#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007569520105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&oldid=1253491002">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&oldid=1253491002</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:African-American history of Florida">African-American history of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:Native American history of Florida">Native American history of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Florida" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Florida">Pre-statehood history of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="Category:History of slavery in Florida">History of slavery in Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-black_racism_in_Florida" title="Category:Anti-black racism in Florida">Anti-black racism in Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Slavery in the United States by state or territory">Slavery in the United States by state or territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Category:Agriculture in Florida">Agriculture in Florida</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from January 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 07:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-rfcdn","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.935","walltime":"1.216","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8686,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158876,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18706,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":151808,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 969.406 1 -total"," 29.97% 290.561 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.18% 166.499 15 Template:Cite_book"," 10.48% 101.592 14 Template:Rp"," 10.40% 100.786 1 Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States"," 10.00% 96.958 1 Template:United_States_topic"," 9.67% 93.780 14 Template:R/superscript"," 7.99% 77.420 7 Template:Fix"," 7.71% 74.732 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.37% 61.740 1 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.530","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9238819,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorrego2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClavin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoonan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoldRough_Guides_(Firm)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDresser1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Writers\u0026#039;_Project1936–1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvin1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauber1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDougald2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuño2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivers1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteigman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebeauMarina1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres-Spelliscy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1949\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWu2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of Slavery In Florida\"] = 1,\n [\"Florida\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of slavery in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 14,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-b9kq8","timestamp":"20241125140135","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of slavery in Florida","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_slavery_in_Florida","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q27957474","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q27957474","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-10-21T18:15:38Z","dateModified":"2024-10-26T07:48:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Tampa_Newspaper_ad_offering_a_reward_for_the_return_of_Dr._Edmund_Jones%27_slave%2C_Nimrod-_Tampa%2C_Florida_%285803931389%29.jpg","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>