CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Haitian diaspora - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"92c0d76b-2b36-4d5c-986e-c786eb597fe1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Haitian_diaspora","wgTitle":"Haitian diaspora","wgCurRevisionId":1271789355,"wgRevisionId":1271789355,"wgArticleId":10737985,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018","All articles with vague or ambiguous time", "Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","All articles with minor POV problems","Articles with minor POV problems from September 2023","Articles needing additional references from July 2011","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011","Haitian diaspora","Haitian diaspora in the United States","Haitian diaspora in Canada","Foreign relations of Haiti"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Haitian_diaspora","wgRelevantArticleId":10737985,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2989344","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Haitian diaspora - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_diaspora"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_diaspora"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Haitian_diaspora rootpage-Haitian_diaspora skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Haitian+diaspora" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Haitian+diaspora" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Haitian+diaspora" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Haitian+diaspora" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Particulars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particulars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Particulars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particulars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_status_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_status_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Present status in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_status_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Boston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>New Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philadelphia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philadelphia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Philadelphia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detroit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detroit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Detroit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detroit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Chicago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington,_D.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington,_D.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Washington, D.C.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington,_D.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Atlanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>Miami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Montreal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Montreal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montreal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Ottawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Latin America and the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin America and the Caribbean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Bahamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrant_Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrant_Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migrant Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrant_Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haitian diaspora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitianische_Diaspora" title="Haitianische Diaspora – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haitianische Diaspora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyaspora_ayisyen" title="Dyaspora ayisyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dyaspora ayisyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1spora_haitiana" title="Diáspora haitiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diáspora haitiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2989344#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Haitian_diaspora" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Haitian_diaspora" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Haitian_diaspora" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&oldid=1271789355" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Haitian_diaspora&id=1271789355&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaitian_diaspora"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaitian_diaspora"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Haitian_diaspora&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haitian_diaspora" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2989344" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Haitan emigrants and their descendants</div> <p>The <b>Haitian diaspora</b> consists of <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitian people</a> and their descendants living outside of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. Countries with significant numbers of Haitians include the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (including <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a> territories and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-In_and_Out_of_Suriname2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_and_Out_of_Suriname2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are roughly 3.5 million people of Haitian ancestry living outside Haiti, mainly due to chronic economic issues,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">gang wars</a>, violence and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">political crises</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particulars">Particulars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Particulars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Migration between people from Haiti in various forms to the United States is deeply rooted. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a>, an immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (present-day Haiti), founded in 1833 the first nonindigenous settlement in what is now <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, the third largest city in the United States. The State of Illinois and City of Chicago declared du Sable the Founder of Chicago on October 26, 1968 - du Sable is perceived to be from Saint-Domingue. What is known is that his father was a European Frenchmen who had a child with an enslaved African woman. There is also evidence that he could have possibly came from Canada as well as possible other locations. </p><p>In January 2010, Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> will consider fast-tracking <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigration</a> to help Haitian earthquake refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US Homeland Security Secretary <a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> announced that the estimated 100,000 to 200,000 Haitians "not legally in the United States" as of January 12, 2010, would be granted a form of asylum called <a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">temporary protected status</a> (TPS).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Haiti earthquake survivors, including Haitian children left orphaned in the aftermath of earthquake, could be relocated to the US.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> is offering parcels of land – even an entire region if they come en masse – to people affected by the earthquake in Haiti.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a significant Haitian population in <a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">South Florida</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> enclave of <a href="/wiki/Little_Haiti" title="Little Haiti">Little Haiti</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> has historic ties to Haiti that date back to the Haitian Revolution. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn" title="East Flatbush, Brooklyn">East Flatbush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Gardens,_Queens" title="Springfield Gardens, Queens">Springfield Gardens</a>, has a émigré community with the second largest population of Haitians of any state in the nation. There are large Haitian communities in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spring_Valley,_New_York" title="Spring Valley, New York">Spring Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. There are also large Haitian communities in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada; <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France; <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba; and <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a> was a 19th-century Haitian <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>, perhaps the first black anthropologist and an early writer of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a>, who influenced 20th century American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Melville_J._Herskovits" title="Melville J. Herskovits">Melville J. Herskovits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> and now Secretary-General of the <i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></i>, was a refugee from Haiti who came to Canada in 1968 at age 11. </p><p>Haitian immigrants have constituted a visible segment of American and Canadian society, dating back to before <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">the independence of Haiti from France</a> in 1804. Haiti's proximity to the United States, and its status as a free black republic in the years before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, have contributed to this relationship. Many influential early American settlers and black freemen, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, were of Haitian origin. </p><p>In modern times, large-scale emigration from Haiti is mostly because they have been steadily migrating in significant numbers to the United States since the late 1950s–early 1960s, soon after <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> ("Papa Doc") became the strongman of Haiti. The political repression that characterized Duvalier's regime forced large numbers of Haitians to seek safer harbor in the United States. Sustained political oppression, economic hardship, and lack of opportunity continued to drive contingents of Haitian immigrants out of their homeland throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haitian migration peaked in 1981 in conjunction with the Mariel Boatlift from Cuba. While President Carter conducted backdoor negotiations with Fidel Castro to re-seal the Port of Mariel and stem Cuban migration, the same approach did not work with Haiti and in response the newly elected Ronald Regan began the policy of extraterritorial maritime interdiction conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy continues in force today with the current Secretary of Homeland Security noting, "The Coast Guard maintains a continual presence in the Florida straits and the Caribbean Sea, particularly around Puerto Rico and our maritime approaches, patrolling with air and sea military assets. Any migrant intercepted at sea, regardless of their nationality, will not be permitted to enter the United States. Migrants who do attempt to enter the United States by sea put their lives at incredible risk."<sup id="cite_ref-dhs.gov_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhs.gov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 article in the Journal of International Migration also considers Haitians "environmental refugees", noting that "the history of colonialization, repressive regimes and longstanding political turmoil in both countries [Haiti and the Dominican Republic] are major contributors to the current problems of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. Major environmental problems on the island are deforestation, soil erosion and insufficient supplies of potable water."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_status_in_the_United_States">Present status in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present status in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haitian immigration persists to the present day, as evidenced in the numerous reports of major news networks, such as those of <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> or the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, about the boat people disembarking on the Florida shores as recently as October 2002. The combination of push and pull factors led Haitians to cross the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, by plane or by boat, legally or illegally, in order to reach the shores of America, the perceived land of opportunity, to begin new lives. An examination of the records of the Census Bureau as well as those of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) allows for reasonable inferences about the size of the legal Haitian population currently residing in the United States. However, estimates provided by community leaders who offer assistance to the illegal population as well suggest that the actual number of the Haitian diaspora is higher than that recorded in government documents. In short, there is good reason to believe that the Haitian diaspora in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> exceeds 850,000 and according to community leaders may be close to 1 million. </p><p>That the Haitian community in the U.S. is one of the fastest-growing ethnic groups is reflected in its political gains. Florida boasts two Haitian-American state lawmakers, and another recently served as secretary of health under former Gov. Jeb Bush, who actively courted the community's votes. In Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a>, the son of Haitian émigrés, now fills Sen. Barack Obama's former state Senate seat. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Richard_Prosper" title="Pierre-Richard Prosper">Pierre-Richard Prosper</a>, the son of Haitian doctors, served as U.S. ambassador-at-large for war crimes after he was nominated by President Bush in January 2001. He ended his term in 2005. Under heavy lobbying by the U.S. Congressional Black Caucus and some Republicans, Congress enacted the HOPE Act, and President Bush signed it. The act provides duty-free imports for some Haitian textiles. The Bush administration also spared Haiti some of the deep aid cuts that hit other Latin American nations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> has urged more economic aid for Haiti and criticized the lack of U.S. support for former Haitian President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>, ousted in 2004 amid a violent uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boston">Boston</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boston has attracted significant numbers of immigrants from Haiti for over 40 years. This arrival over time of Haitians in Boston corresponded to several waves of migration that have come to the United States from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> country since the 1950s. The largest of these migratory waves in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s flowed into the metropolitan New York area. Since the late 1970s, the largest destination has expanded to include South Florida. </p><p>Haitians have settled in sections within the Boston city limits and its surrounding area. The location and diffusion of the population has mirrored the growth of the community. Highly concentrated in the city at first, Boston's Haitians slowly expanded to neighboring municipalities and, most recently, to far-flung suburbs. There are, for example, significant numbers of the population in <a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a>. The area of greatest Haitian concentration in Boston proper is in Mattapan, followed by <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a>. </p><p>Blue Hill Avenue is an important Haitian thoroughfare. The street runs through Roxbury and Dorchester. Its last section, in <a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a>, is Boston's Haitian 'downtown.' There, the street is dotted with several Haitian businesses. Many Haitian churches and organizations have their headquarters along Blue Hill Avenue also. </p><p>On the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>, Haitians settled in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> in the 1950s and 60s. The population in this area now numbers approximately 7,500. Although Haitians did not arrive in nearby <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> until the early 1990s, the community there today is almost as large as the one in Cambridge. Currently, however, increasing costs of living in Cambridge and Somerville are beginning to drive out people of modest means. The result has been the relocation of many of these area's Haitians to the more affordable neighboring towns of <a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a>. </p><p>In the mind of most Americans,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Boston is a city of politics, and politics in Boston is dominated by its <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> population, particularly the legendary <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a>. In today's city, however, where the traditionally powerful white population has recently become a minority, another immigrant group — Haitians — has found itself in a position to play an important role in building institutions, starting enterprises and building broad political coalitions with other groups. </p><p>The strong organizational basis of the community is evident from the broad array of public and private entities that serve it. To those who have followed the community's evolution, it unsurprising that Haitians in Boston are beginning to develop themselves into an emerging, local political force. A variety of entrepreneurial activities established in the Haitian population have been highly successful in the Boston area. Activities focusing on food services (catering and restaurants), money transfer, tax preparation, and financial management are among the most common, attracting interest and sustaining success. These enterprises cater to the needs of any recently arrived and rapidly growing population. Haitian entrepreneurs have established businesses through the Boston metro region. Mattapan to Dorchester, on both sides of Blue Hill Avenue, they are in greatest profusion. </p><p>Many of the area's earliest immigrants from Haiti were skilled professionals who went on to become locally prominent lawyers, doctors, and educators. In increasing numbers, Haitian immigrants are working in the region's health care system, particularly as nurses. One community leader<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2009)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggests that a visit to any nursing home in the Boston area would uncover the fact that 75% of those working there are Haitian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other common areas of employment include office positions with the high-tech companies along <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Route 128</a>, as well as positions as teachers in elementary and high schools. </p><p>The Haitian community in Boston, now almost 50 years old, has adjusted to several waves of immigration, each bringing people with different socio-economic backgrounds, interests, and needs. Members of today's community include a variety of generations and individuals that have had radically different life experiences, ranging from a 70-year-old man who arrived in the late 1950s to a 10-year-old, third generation child who has never been to Haiti. Finding the common ground among such diverse members of the population is one issue in the community as is another one, dictated at least in part by geography. As Haitians spread throughout the metropolitan area, they are becoming somewhat economically segmented, with the blue-collar, lower-middle-class population in places like Mattapan or Somerville confronting quite different issues and challenges than the more white-collar, upper-middle-class families in places like Randolph on the outer fringes of the metropolitan area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_City">New York City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New York City has the largest concentration of Haitians in the United States as well as the oldest established Haitian communities of the country. The conservative estimate of the documented Haitian population in the New York City Metropolitan Area, as recorded by INS is approximately 156,000. However, community leaders and directors of community centers, who come in constant contact with the undocumented population, strongly believe that the actual number is closer to 400,000. This number includes the non-immigrant (temporary visitors, students, temporary workers and trainees) and undocumented entrants, as well as the documented residents who do not fill out the census forms for a variety of reasons. Moreover, the New York City Haitian population represents a very heterogeneous group, reflecting the various strata of Haitian society. Members of the middle class started migrating during the U.S. occupation in the 1920s and 1930s; at the time they established their enclaves in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, where they mingled with African Americans and other Caribbean immigrants who were contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>. Significant waves followed exponentially during the <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier</a> era that started in 1957 and ended in 1986 with the ousting of Baby Doc. These waves were more heterogeneous than previous ones, as no single class of Haitians was immune from the Duvaliers' dictatorship. To date, cohorts of Haitians continue to come to New York, many being sent for by relatives already established in the city. Haitians reside in all the boroughs. </p><p>The largest communities are found in Brooklyn where the documented population is placed at approximately 88,763, and in Queens where the number of Haitians is believed to be around 40,000. Members of the community who are of working-class background tend to establish their residence in Brooklyn, primarily in the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Flatbush" title="Flatbush">Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn" title="East Flatbush, Brooklyn">East Flatbush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canarsie,_Brooklyn" title="Canarsie, Brooklyn">Canarsie</a>; many are apartment dwellers many homes in the area are duplexes and triplexes. Upper middle-class Haitians who choose to stay in Brooklyn own brownstone homes in the <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope" title="Park Slope">Park Slope</a> area and single family homes in the <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a> section. </p><p>Generally speaking, Haitians themselves consider the majority of their compatriots living in Queens to be mostly middle class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Members of this group enjoy ownership of their homes or cooperative apartments in the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Heights,_Queens" title="Cambria Heights, Queens">Cambria Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens_Village,_Queens" title="Queens Village, Queens">Queens Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Gardens,_Queens" title="Springfield Gardens, Queens">Springfield Gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens" title="Jamaica, Queens">Jamaica</a>. Less privileged Haitians settle in the working-class neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Queens" title="Rosedale, Queens">Rosedale</a>; generally members of the professional community live in the more affluent section of <a href="/wiki/Hollis,_Queens#Holliswood" title="Hollis, Queens">Holliswood</a> and some move to the adjacent counties of <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a> which are parts of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. One of the largest Haitian community of <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a> is <a href="/wiki/Elmont,_New_York" title="Elmont, New York">Elmont</a> that is nearly 4,902,13.0% <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a> of African descent along with their entire extended families. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, a small concentration of working-class Haitians (7%) congregates on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. Some reside along <a href="/wiki/110th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="110th Street (Manhattan)">Cathedral Parkway</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a>. Very few Haitians (less than 1%) establish their niches in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a>. </p><p>In this discussion, it is also important to recall that Haitians have established communities in the neighboring counties of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a> that are included in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York Metropolitan Statistical Area</a> as well as in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Valley,_New_York" title="Spring Valley, New York">Spring Valley</a> in Rockland County has a relatively large segment of Haitian residents, estimated at 23% of the population. In Westchester County the city of Mt. Vernon has a small but significant Haitian community. </p><p>The number of Haitians in New York makes them a highly visible community. In neighborhoods with higher concentration of Haitians the community has managed to establish institutions and businesses such as community centers, churches, music shops, grocery stores, restaurants, bakeries, bars, beauty and barber shops, travel agencies, shipping companies, money transfer companies, and a hodgepodge of other enterprises. Those are found all along Flatbush, Church and Nostrand Avenues, as well as along Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn; on Linden, Farmers and Francis Lewis Boulevards and Jamaica and Hillside Avenues in Queens. They are easily recognizable since many display signs written both in English and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> (sometimes in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), such as Yoyo Fritaille, Le Manoir, Le Viconte, Haiti Parcel & Cargo Inc., and Bakery Creole. On intensely hot days, passersby strolling along these avenues and boulevards have their nostrils filled with the aromas of fried meats and plantains, and their ears with rhythms of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Martelly" title="Michel Martelly">Sweet Micky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">Kompa</a>, Zin, <a href="/wiki/T-Vice" title="T-Vice">T-Vice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carimi" title="Carimi">Carimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabou_Combo" title="Tabou Combo">Tabou Combo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boukman_Eksperyans" title="Boukman Eksperyans">Boukman Eksperyans</a>, to name some of the most celebrated musical groups and bands. Animated conversations in Haitian Creole can be heard, as members of the community "hang out" in those shops and businesses to discuss home politics and news, exchange gossip, find out what goes on in the community, and keep alive their various traditions, be they culinary, intellectual, literary, or artistic. During the summer, some musicians perform a parading musical form called Rara in Central Park and Prospect Park.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2014–2015 English Language Learner Demographic Report published by the NYC Department of Education, 3,031 <a href="/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner">English Language Learners</a> (ELLs) in K–12 schools in New York City speak <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, making it the sixth most common home language of ELLs citywide and the fifth most common home language of Brooklyn ELLs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the large population of Haitian Creole-speaking students within NYC schools, various organizations have been established to respond to the needs of these students. For example, Flanbwayan and Gran Chimen Sant Kiltirèl, both located in Brooklyn, New York, aim to promote education and Haitian culture through advocacy, literacy projects, and cultural/artistic endeavors.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other educators have called for a culturally relevant pedagogy to better meet the needs of Haitian Creole-speaking ELLs. For instance, noting the intrinsic value of cultural background knowledge on reading comprehension, Kristen L. Oscarsson employed Haitian folktales with a group of 4th and 5th grade Haitian students in the U.S. as a method of improving their literacy rates. At the end of her 12-week study, most of her students' reading skills had increased at least one grade level, with some increasing two or two and a half grade levels.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Jersey is also home to the fourth largest population of Haitians in the United States after Florida, New York and the Boston area. There are several areas of New Jersey which the communities of Haitians live. The largest is in <a href="/wiki/North_Jersey" title="North Jersey">North Jersey</a> where the population is visible around the <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex County</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_Jersey" title="Irvington, New Jersey">Irvington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> concentrated in the area of <a href="/wiki/Vailsburg,_Newark" title="Vailsburg, Newark">Vailsburg</a>. Other areas of North Jersey where a Haitian presence is visible are in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>. There is also a growing population in the suburbs of Essex and Union County in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_New_Jersey" title="Maplewood, New Jersey">Maplewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roselle,_New_Jersey" title="Roselle, New Jersey">Roselle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Township,_Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union Township, Union County, New Jersey">Union</a>. Other growing populations of the Haitian community can be seen in Central and South Jersey specifically in <a href="/wiki/Asbury_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Asbury Park, New Jersey">Asbury Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willingboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Willingboro Township, New Jersey">Willingboro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pleasantville,_New_Jersey" title="Pleasantville, New Jersey">Pleasantville</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a> area. </p><p>The visibility of Haitians living in New Jersey especially in North Jersey can be seen in the different businesses such as music shops, grocery stores, restaurants, bakeries, bars, beauty and barber shops, travel agencies, tax companies, shipping companies, money transfer companies, and a hodgepodge of other businesses, which cater to the Haitian community. Those are found all along Main Street and Central Avenue in Orange and East Orange, along Springfield, Stuyvesant and Clinton Avenues in Irvington and along South Orange Avenue in Newark and East Orange. Haitian-American youth are especially visible at collegiate institutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kean_University" title="Kean University">Kean University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montclair_State_University" title="Montclair State University">Montclair State University</a> where a very active Haitian student organization is present on campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philadelphia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Next to the NYC/New Jersey/Connecticut/Boston area, Philadelphia has also become home to a growing number of Haitians. Like many other groups, the lower cost of living in Philadelphia has attracted many immigrants who entered the US through New York. There are large numbers of Haitians in <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast</a> and some in other areas like <a href="/wiki/Olney,_Philadelphia" title="Olney, Philadelphia">Olney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_Philadelphia" title="Mount Airy, Philadelphia">East Mount Airy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia">Chestnut Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>. The conservative number of Haitians in Philadelphia is 30,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detroit">Detroit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Detroit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haitians in the Detroit area are not located in any single neighborhood or part of the city. The greatest concentration of Haitian families, however, is in Northwest Detroit, within an area bounded by <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Road_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Road (Michigan)">Telegraph Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southfield_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Southfield Freeway">Southfield Freeway</a>, 5 Mile Road and <a href="/wiki/8_Mile_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Mile Road">8 Mile Road</a>. Located within this general area is St. Gerard's, one of two <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> churches attended by Detroit's Haitians. Sacred Heart, the other, is located closer to downtown Detroit. Also not far from downtown, on Ferry Street in Detroit's museum district near <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, is another key institution of the Haitian community, the Espoir Center for Caribbean Arts and Culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chicago">Chicago</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chicago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illinois' Haitian population of about 15,000 is much smaller than that of Haitian communities on the East Coast. Illinois' Haitian community is widely dispersed, with small enclaves of Haitian professionals, middle and working-class people and poor, undocumented refugees scattered in small clusters in and around Chicago. There is no 'Little Haiti' neighborhood in Chicago, like in Miami, to act as a voting block. There are two elected Haitian-American official in the Chicago area, an alderman in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>, a suburb that straddles the city's north side where many Haitian immigrants have settled and Illinois Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Raoul" title="Kwame Raoul">Kwame Raoul</a>. Lionel Jean-Baptiste, an attorney in private practice, was elected alderman in Evanston on April 3, 2001 becoming the first Haitian-American in the state to hold public office. Of the 8,000 residents in his ward, only about a hundred are Haitian and only about 30 of them registered voters, but that hasn't stopped Haitians throughout the region from claiming him as their own. Eighty percent of the financing for his campaign came from Haitian donors. Still, the community has had difficulty asserting itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington,_D.C."><span id="Washington.2C_D.C."></span>Washington, D.C.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Washington, D.C."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haitians in the metropolitan Washington area are found in the city and in outlying areas in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. Although Washington's Haitians are scattered within the region, the single location with the heaviest concentration of Haitian-Americans is the suburban area of <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langley_Park,_Maryland" title="Langley Park, Maryland">Langley Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyattsville,_Maryland" title="Hyattsville, Maryland">Hyattsville</a>, home of the future ISU president Sebi. As evidence of this fact, not only are such Haitian institutions as Yon-Yon's catering business, but also one can occasional hear spoken Creole in shops and stores in this part of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County</a> and in nearby <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlanta">Atlanta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Atlanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, there is already a sizable Haitian community in Atlanta. And it is, indeed, growing at a rapid pace. Unlike most other Haitian-American centers, though, Atlanta does not have a central neighborhood where it is located. The community, like the city, is spread out considerably over a large area. To a certain extent this diffusion of the Haitian population has been a hindrance to the community's ability to organize itself. At this moment, however, the tide seems to be turning, as a number of issues are galvanizing the community and bringing it closer together. Changes in the migration flows of Haitians to Atlanta, awareness of national-scale Haitian-American issues and the bicentennial of Haiti's independence in 2004, were all factors contributing toward the solidification of Atlanta's spread out Haitian population. </p><p>The Haitian community is spread out over the large, greater metropolitan area of Atlanta. Because there is no single area within the metropolitan vastness where Haitians have settled, there is no specific Haitian commercial area. Haitians live, work and shop throughout the greater Atlanta area which now includes the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gwinnett_County,_Georgia" title="Gwinnett County, Georgia">Gwinnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia" title="Cobb County, Georgia">Cobb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Georgia" title="Douglas County, Georgia">Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">Dekalb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clayton_County,_Georgia" title="Clayton County, Georgia">Clayton</a> counties. Within those counties, they live, work and shop in such towns as <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville,_Georgia" title="Lawrenceville, Georgia">Lawrenceville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna,_Georgia" title="Smyrna, Georgia">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Georgia" title="Decatur, Georgia">Decatur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain,_Georgia" title="Stone Mountain, Georgia">Stone Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austell,_Georgia" title="Austell, Georgia">Austell</a>. One of the areas of Haitian businesses within this great <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> is on Moreland Avenue in Atlanta proper, where two Haitian-owned businesses face each other in a small shopping center. A number of Haitian businesses are located in Marietta, but not within a close range of each other. In addition, many new Haitians from the Northeast and Florida are relocating to the middle-class area of Gwinnett County in Lawrenceville. This area has established itself as the center of Haitian economic development in the Atlanta metropolitan area with a family friendly culture and atmosphere with great schools, parks and shops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miami">Miami</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Miami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The documented Haitian-American population of <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a>, based on government records, is approximately 100,000. However, when one factors in the attested underrepresentation of the Census data, as well as the number of undocumented immigrants, there is good reason to believe that community leaders and technocrats who work with the Haitian community are not wrong to place Haitian population at over 200,000. A large contingent of Haitians may be living in Miami undocumented. Haitian people seeking political asylum and/or economic opportunity have been steadily arriving in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> shores since the early 1970s. </p><p>Haitians have established themselves in the Edison/Little River area of Miami, which eventually came to be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Little_Haiti" title="Little Haiti">Little Haiti</a>. Once they are able, some end up moving out of Little Haiti to the neighboring municipality of <a href="/wiki/North_Miami,_Florida" title="North Miami, Florida">North Miami</a> where a relatively large segment of Haitian immigrants of lower-middle-class background relocates. On the other hand, Miami is also experiencing another wave of Haitian immigration, this time coming from the Northeast United States (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>), the Midwest (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada. This particular group of Haitians is composed mostly of middle-class individuals who relocate to Florida due to the weather and its proximity to Haiti. These newer residents often live in the middle-class neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Miami_Shores,_Florida" title="Miami Shores, Florida">Miami Shores</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="North Miami Beach, Florida">North Miami Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Portal,_Florida" title="El Portal, Florida">El Portal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida" title="Miami Gardens, Florida">Miami Gardens</a>. A 2021 article in the Journal of Haitian Studies suggests that " suggests that members of the Haitian diaspora living and working in the ethnic enclave of Little Haiti utilize diasporic transnationalism in their everyday lives as a means of maintaining culture and as a method of resistance against marginalization locally and globally."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irrespective of the presence of middle-class Haitians, Miami is considered the city that received (and continues to receive) the largest segment of lower-class Haitians, consisting of poor peasants from andeyò (countryside) and urban dwellers. Many of these Haitians found new lives in the Edison/Little River section of Miami, one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. Soon after, this area became known as Little Haiti, and is now one of the most recognizable Haitian communities in the United States. From north to south, Little Haiti extends from 84th Street to 36th Street; from west to east, it is ten blocks wide, stretching from 6th Ave, NW to 4th Ave, NE. It is crossed by two major north-south axes: Miami Avenue and Second Avenue NE renamed Avenue Morrisseau-Leroy after the revered Haitian writer who championed the cause of (Haitian) Creole in literature, and who spent the later years of his life in Miami until his death in the late summer of 1998. The main thoroughfares that cross east/west are 36th, 54th, 62nd, and 79th Streets. Estimates of the population of Little Haiti vary from 40,000 to 55,000. Little Haiti is also considered one of the poorest areas of Miami-Dade County. The following figures were released by the Edison/Little River Neighborhood Planning Program (1994–96): The per capita income is $5,693, the median household income is $14,142, and close to half the population lives below poverty level. City government efforts are currently underway to revitalize the neighborhood, by creating long-term economic development, and improving housing and infrastructure. The City of Miami has established in Little Haiti a neighborhood service center (along with others throughout the metropolitan area), known as Neighborhood Enhancement Teams (NET) to address the social problems of the community. </p><p>Most of the Haitian businesses in Little Haiti are found along the major arterials mentioned above; like those of New York, they are unmistakably Haitian with names such as Bèl Fouchèt, Piman Bouk, Les Cousins, Libreri Mapou and Cayard Market. They include restaurants, grocery stores, dry cleaning establishments, tailor and shoe repair shops, shipping and money transfer companies, botanicas (shops that sell mostly religious/spiritual objects, including Vodou artifacts), among others. Little Haiti is the heart of the Haitian community of Miami. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Delray_Beach,_Florida" title="Delray Beach, Florida">Delray Beach</a> has become the US town with the largest percentage Haitian population in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More than just sheer numbers, the Haitian community also grew geographically, economically and socially; extending itself while maintaining a relatively low profile in the community it has adopted as its own. This growth has paralleled the incredible economic turnaround of Delray Beach as a municipality. It represents the awakening of a community which for a long time has lived in the shadow of its larger neighbor in Miami. The impressive growth has also brought about some strains within the Haitian community and in the community's interactions with the other residents of Delray Beach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (September 2023)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haitian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Haitian diaspora">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian Canadians</a></div> <p>In the 1950s, the Haitian population in Canada only numbered in the forties. The emigration of Haitians in more substantial numbers began with the bloody dictatorship of François Duvalier in the early 1960s. With most Haitians being able to speak <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, Canada is a natural destination as French is one of Canada's two official languages alongside English. The Haitian diaspora, including all emigrants and their immediate descendants, is estimated to number close to 18,200. </p><p>Many chose Canada as their new home, specifically <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, for linguistic and religious reasons. In coming to Canada, professional Haitians often had to bypass a Duvalier law forbidding them to leave Haiti. They frequently were forced to flee Haiti with false documents and with no legal proof of identity. Upon arrival in Canada they would declare their status as political refugees. The trend of French-speaking Haitian immigrants to Canada was to settle in Quebec. By 1965, some 2,000 Haitians had arrived. The period covering the late 1960 through the 1970s saw a dramatic change in both the volume and background of Haitian immigrants. This was the beginning of the massive exodus in response to the Duvalier regime. From 1973 to 1976 an average of approximately 1,000 Haitians were admitted to Canada each year, with a peak of 1,750 in 1974. The settlement of Haitians in Canada by the end of the exodus was estimated to have reached 9,050, according to Citizenship and Immigration Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montreal">Montreal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Montreal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immigration from Haiti to Quebec started in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haitian settlement in Montreal increased about 40 percent between the late 1960s and the early 1970s, rising from 55.1 percent in 1968 to 92.9 percent in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Haitian immigrants, those who came between 1960 and 1970, were usually from the Haitian elite. They came from a comfortable life in terms of their social and professional status. Most were doctors, academics, teachers and pursued careers in the liberal professions. The increase in settlement within Montreal coincided with an increase in the number of high school educated immigrants; the percentage of immigrants that finished the 11th grade of high school increased alongside the growth of Haitian transplants in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People of Haitian descent are estimated to number close to 150 000 in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> area. 54% are first-generation immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottawa">Ottawa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ottawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are an estimated +1,200 persons of Haitian descent in the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin America and the Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geographically, Haiti is in the Latin America & Caribbean region, and many slightly better-off Latin American countries have large Haitian populations. Historically, its neighbors, the Dominican Republic and Cuba, have had the bulk of the Haitian populations in the region outside of Haiti itself. Part of the reason for the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti relations">Dominican-Haitian tension</a> in the present day is because of strong illegal immigration in recent decades. Rapidly emerging Haitian populations have been popping up in Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Jamaica, Barbados, Guyana, the Bahamas, and Trinidad and Tobago, among other places in the region. The Caribbean territories belonging to France or the United Kingdom have sizeable Haitian populations. In 2021, tens of thousands of Haitians previously residing in South America traveled north by caravan from Colombia, through <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a> into Panama, then northward through Central America and Mexico to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">U.S. border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bahamas">The Bahamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Bahamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Bahamian" title="Haitian Bahamian">Haitian Bahamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–Haiti relations">Bahamas–Haiti relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Haitians in the Dominican Republic">Haitians in the Dominican Republic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian Cuban</a></div> <p>Haitian Creole and culture first entered Cuba with the arrival of Haitian immigrants at the start of the 19th century. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791–1804 Haitian Revolution brought a wave of French settlers and their Haitian slaves to Cuba. They came mainly to the east, and especially Guantanamo, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations. By 1804, some 30,000 French were living in Baracoa and Maisí, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province. Later, Haitians continued to come to Cuba to work as braceros (hand workers, from the Spanish word brazo, meaning "arm") in the fields cutting cane. Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery. Although they planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. For years, many Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify themselves as such or speak Creole. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians suffered discrimination. But according to the Castro regime, since 1959, when he took over, this discrimination has stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, where over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans#Haitian-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Haitian immigrants</a> speak it. It is recognized as a language in Cuba and a considerable number of Cubans speak it fluently. Most of these speakers have never been to Haiti and do not possess Haitian ancestry, but merely learned it in their communities. In addition to the eastern provinces, there are also communities in Ciego de Ávila and Camagüey provinces where the population still maintains Creole, their mother tongue. Classes in Creole are offered in Guantanamo, Matanzas and the City of Havana. In addition, there is a Haitian Creole radio station operating in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Brazilian">Haitian Brazilian</a></div> <p>Significant Haitian immigration to Brazil began in 2010. The arrival of the Haitians via Tabatinga, in the Amazon, began to be noticed in February, soon after the earthquake that violently shook Haiti and in particular the capital, Port-au-Prince. The catastrophe killed more than 150,000 people and left some 300,000 internally displaced. </p><p>The presence of Haitians in Brazil was quantitatively inexpressive until then. According to IBGE data, in 1940, 16 Haitians lived in Brazil; counts for several other time periods included 36 people. </p><p>With the presence in Haiti of the United Nations Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti - MINUSTAH, led by Brazil since 2004, Haitians have come to see Brazil as a point of reference. After the earthquake of 2010, which triggered a great wave of emigration from Haiti, Brazil became one of the preferential destinations of migrants, given the difficulty of entry into countries of traditional emigration (United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, France, etc.). Currently, around 50 to 100 Haitians enter the country undocumented by the state of Acre. </p><p>In 2015 and 2016, due to the political-economic crisis faced by Brazil, many Haitians returned to Haiti or went to other countries, such as Chile, Peru and the United States. </p><p>According to the government of Acre, since December 2010, about 130,000 Haitians have crossed the Peruvian border with the state. According to the delegate Carlos Frederico Portella Santos Ribeiro, of the Federal Police (PF), between January and September 2011, there were 6,000 and, in 2012, 2,318 Haitians who entered without documents in Brazil. </p><p>Haitians arrive in Brasiléia, Acre, by bus and are asked to look for the PF police station requesting refuge, filling out a questionnaire in their own language and being interviewed by police officers. The PF issues a preliminary protocol that makes them "asylum seekers", obtaining the same rights as Brazilian citizens, such as access to health and education. They can also get a work permit, passport and CPF, and are officially registered in the country. </p><p>After registration in the PF, the documentation goes to the National Committee for Refugees (Conare) and the National Immigration Council (Cnig), which open a process to evaluate the granting of permanent residence on a humanitarian basis, valid for up to 5 years. Haitians are not considered refugees in Brazil. Under Brazilian law, the refuge can only be granted to anyone who proves to be suffering persecution in their country for ethnic, religious or political reasons. However, due to the humanitarian crisis provoked by the catastrophe of 2010, the Brazilian government opened an exception, granting them a distinct visa. </p><p>In April 2013, the government of Acre decreed a social emergency in the municipalities of Epitaciolândia and Brasileia as a consequence of the arrival of undocumented immigrants in these places, mostly Haitians. For months, an emergency shelter for immigrants worked in Brasileia. In April 2014, due to the flooding of the Madeira River, this already overcrowded shelter had to be closed, leaving not only Haitians but also migrants from other countries, such as Senegal, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic and Bangladesh. </p><p>The undocumented situation of immigrants is largely a consequence of bureaucratic demands imposed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the entry of foreigners into the country. Besides Haitians, migrants from other countries began to use the border between Assis Brasil and the Peruvian city of Iñapari as the gateway to Brazil. </p><p>As a result of the closure of the Brasileia shelter, the Acre government moved the immigrants to Rio Branco for a new makeshift shelter. </p><p>Since April 8 and 9, 2014, the massive arrival of Haitians to the city of São Paulo without warning, on buses chartered by the government of Acre, has attracted the attention of the press, civil society and various humanitarian organizations. Upon arriving in the city of São Paulo, many of them seek the Peace Mission, an NGO linked to the Pastoral Care of Migrants. </p><p>Founded by Scalabrinian religious, the Peace Mission operates in the parish of Our Lady of Peace, in the neighborhood of Glicério. Since 1939 in activity, the Mission receives 110 immigrants daily and from 60 to 70 nationalities per year. 650 Haitians went through the Peace Mission between April 7 and May 11, 2014. The organization serves migrants (internal and external) and refugees from around the world since its foundation in 1939. </p><p>Father Paolo Parise, coordinator of the Mission, emphasizes the need for Brazil to have a clear humanist migration law, replacing Law 6,815, dated August 19, 1980 (Alien Statute), a "legacy of time of dictatorship ". According to him, the country lacks a de facto migration policy, and the State - not civil society organizations - should be the protagonist in actions in favor of migrants. </p><p>Haitians leave their country and their families mainly in search of work. "We do not believe that there are opportunities on the island, in Brazil everything is easier and it is the only place that is receiving the Haitians with humanity, in other countries it is a hell. "says Kenny Michaud, who has been in São Paulo for five months. In general, immigrants work to maintain themselves and also need to send money to their families in Haiti. </p><p>In 2012, Haitian emigrants sent their relatives the equivalent of 22 percent of Haiti's gross domestic product (GDP), according to CIA data. Before the earthquake of 2010, which destroyed the country's infrastructure and provoked the wave of emigration, the impact of remittances on GDP did not reach 16%. According to the World Bank, the value of international remittances to Haiti reached US $1.82 billion in 2012 (before the earthquake, it was less than US $1.3 billion). The Central Bank of Brazil says it does not have information on the amount remitted by individuals or legal entities there since 2010, but Haitians working in Brazil say they send an average of R $500 a month to family members </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians in France</a></div> <p>In France, there is a large Haitian community, of about 62,000 in mainland France, and over 130,000 in overseas French territories.<sup id="cite_ref-In_and_Out_of_Suriname_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_and_Out_of_Suriname-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Haitians living in mainland France reside in the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, usually settling in neighborhoods that already have large numbers of Haitians and several other black immigrants from the Caribbean and Africa. Haitians also make-up a large portion of the populations of French Caribbean territories like <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. Outside of France, small Haitian communities can be seen emerging in several other European countries like Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Swiss" title="Haitian Swiss">Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migrant_Deaths">Migrant Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Migrant Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_migrant_shipwreck" title="2009 Turks and Caicos Islands migrant shipwreck">2009 Turks and Caicos Islands migrant shipwreck</a></div> <p>In the spring of 2007 a <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> overcrowded with at least 160 passengers left 82 dead. Some of the deceased were eaten by sharks say the survivors. In May 2009, similarly, nine Haitian migrants were killed when a boat loaded with approximately 30 passengers capsized.<sup id="cite_ref-tyson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 124 Haitian migrants were repatriated to Haiti after attempting to reach the United States. The U.S. coast guard reported that a 60 meters (200 ft) boat was intercepted at the end of July 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 200 Haitian migrants were on board a ship which capsized on Tuesday July 28, 2009 killing at least 11. The U.S. Coast Guard rescued 113 survivors in the shallow waters off the <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> coastline. Reports say that migrants may pay up to $500 to brokers for an opportunity to travel in these boats.<sup id="cite_ref-tyson_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vessel had launched about three days ago. The ship hit a reef as they steered away from a police vessel in an attempt to hide.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The injured are being cared for in a <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Islands">Caribbean Islands</a> hospital. Lt-Cdr Matthew Moorlag of the US Coast Guard reported that approximately over 100 of the victims are <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to an uptick in Haitian migration in 2021, Secretary of Homeland Security, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a>, held a press conference urging Haitians to not take to the sea noting, "The transit is dangerous and unforgiving. We have seen 20 lives lost in recent weeks, as a result of these dangerous voyages. In addition, the threat of serious illness when boarding vessels in subpar conditions is greater at this time, during a pandemic."<sup id="cite_ref-dhs.gov_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhs.gov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/48px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/64px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Mexicans" title="Haitian Mexicans">Haitian Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Brazilian">Haitian Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Sara" title="Madan Sara">Madan Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haitian emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Afro-Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbeans">Afro-Caribbeans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-In_and_Out_of_Suriname2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-In_and_Out_of_Suriname2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaëthier2015" class="citation book cs1">Laëthier, Maud (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x18.15">"The Role of Suriname in Haitian Migration to French Guiana"</a>. <i>In and Out of Suriname</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">229–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x18.15">10.1163/j.ctt1w76x18.15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Suriname+in+Haitian+Migration+to+French+Guiana&rft.btitle=In+and+Out+of+Suriname&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76x18.15%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABthier&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76x18.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Estimation+de+population+par+r%C3%A9gion%2C+sexe+et+grande+classe+d%27%C3%A2ge+%E2%80%93+Ann%C3%A9es+1975+%C3%A0+2024%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F7752095%2Festim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgreggwirth2024" class="citation web cs1">greggwirth (2024-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/global-economy/haiti-collapse/">"Pirates, refugees & risk: The global economic consequences of Haiti's collapse"</a>. <i>Thomson Reuters Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomson+Reuters+Institute&rft.atitle=Pirates%2C+refugees+%26+risk%3A+The+global+economic+consequences+of+Haiti%27s+collapse&rft.date=2024-05-01&rft.au=greggwirth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomsonreuters.com%2Fen-us%2Fposts%2Fglobal-economy%2Fhaiti-collapse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-may-fast-track-haitian-immigration-1.908560">Canada considers fast-tracking Haitian immigration</a>, CBC News (January 15, 2010). Retrieved 2010-01-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118084916/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953379_1953494_1954262,00.html">Earthquake Leads U.S. to Relax Policy on Haitian Refugees</a> by Carmen Gentile, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. January 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/os-haiti-earthquake-refugees-20100115,0,4548552.story">Report: Thousands of Haiti earthquake survivors could be sent to Orlando</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213141707/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/os-haiti-earthquake-refugees-20100115,0,4548552.story">Archived</a> 2010-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OrlandoSentinel.com, 2010-01-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8463921.stm">Senegal offers land to Haitians</a>, BBC News, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Regine O. (2011). <i>Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88708-3"><bdi>978-0-415-88708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographies+of+the+Haitian+Diaspora&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88708-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Regine+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFluehr-Lobban2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/gradhiva/302">"Anténor Firmin and Haiti's contribution to anthropology"</a>. <i>Gradhiva – Musée du Quai Branly</i> (2005 : Haïti et l'anthropologie): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fgradhiva.302">10.4000/gradhiva.302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gradhiva+%E2%80%93+Mus%C3%A9e+du+Quai+Branly&rft.atitle=Ant%C3%A9nor+Firmin+and+Haiti%27s+contribution+to+anthropology&rft.issue=2005+%3A+Ha%C3%AFti+et+l%27anthropologie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fgradhiva.302&rft.aulast=Fluehr-Lobban&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fgradhiva%2F302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zéphir 1996, 2001; Catanese 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tennis, Katherine H. (26 June 2021). "Offshoring the Border: The 1981 United States–Haiti Agreement and the Origins of Extraterritorial Maritime Interdiction". <i>Journal of Refugee Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2Ffez005">10.1093/jrs/fez005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=Offshoring+the+Border%3A+The+1981+United+States%E2%80%93Haiti+Agreement+and+the+Origins+of+Extraterritorial+Maritime+Interdiction&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2021-06-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2Ffez005&rft.aulast=Tennis&rft.aufirst=Katherine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhs.gov-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhs.gov_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhs.gov_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/news/2021/07/13/secretary-mayorkas-overviews-us-maritime-migrant-interdiction-operations">"Secretary Mayorkas Overviews U.S. Maritime Migrant Interdiction Operations | Homeland Security"</a>. <i>www.dhs.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dhs.gov&rft.atitle=Secretary+Mayorkas+Overviews+U.S.+Maritime+Migrant+Interdiction+Operations+%7C+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F13%2Fsecretary-mayorkas-overviews-us-maritime-migrant-interdiction-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlscher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alscher, Stefan (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00664.x">"Environmental Degradation and Migration on Hispaniola Island: Unequal neighbours with similar challenges"</a>. <i>International Migration</i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">e164 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e188</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2435.2010.00664.x">10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00664.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration&rft.atitle=Environmental+Degradation+and+Migration+on+Hispaniola+Island%3A+Unequal+neighbours+with+similar+challenges&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee164+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee188%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2435.2010.00664.x&rft.aulast=Alscher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2435.2010.00664.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer,_J." class="citation web cs1">Sawyer, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/">"Island offers a lesson for U.S."</a> St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Island+offers+a+lesson+for+U.S.&rft.pages=B1&rft.pub=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%2Fhottopics%2Flnacademic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belfast News Letter. (2004, March 1). Aristide flees as rebels close on Haitian capital. Belfast News Letter, p. 16. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/">http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117043630/http://rara.wesleyan.edu/">"Rara in Haiti and its Diaspora"</a>. Wesleyan University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rara.wesleyan.edu/">the original</a> on 17 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rara+in+Haiti+and+its+Diaspora&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frara.wesleyan.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sobirovs.com/">"Business Immigration to Canada"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Business+Immigration+to+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsobirovs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/0183D51C-377B-4ED7-BCBE-607AE4669D54/0/201415ELLDemographicReport.pdf">"English Language Learner Demographics Report: 2014-2015 School Year"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NYC Department of Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Language+Learner+Demographics+Report%3A+2014-2015+School+Year&rft.pub=NYC+Department+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschools.nyc.gov%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F0183D51C-377B-4ED7-BCBE-607AE4669D54%2F0%2F201415ELLDemographicReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerat2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cerat, Marie Lily (2011). "Myths and Realities: A History of Haitian Creole Language Programs in New York City". <i>Journal of Haitian Studies</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">73–</span>91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Haitian+Studies&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Realities%3A+A+History+of+Haitian+Creole+Language+Programs+in+New+York+City&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cerat&rft.aufirst=Marie+Lily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscarsson, Kristen L. <i>Haitian Folktales as a Literacy Strategy for Elementary Haitian ESOL Students</i>. Master of Science Thesis, Nova University, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gow, Jamella N. (2021). "Race, Nation, or Community? Political Strategy and Identity-Making within the Transnational Haitian Diaspora in Miami's "Little Haiti"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Haitian Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhs.2021.0005">10.1353/jhs.2021.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245337728">245337728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Haitian+Studies&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Nation%2C+or+Community%3F+Political+Strategy+and+Identity-Making+within+the+Transnational+Haitian+Diaspora+in+Miami%27s+%22Little+Haiti%22&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjhs.2021.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245337728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=Jamella+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJadotte1977" class="citation journal cs1">Jadotte, Herard (June 1977). "Haitian Immigration to Quebec". <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193477700700407">10.1177/002193477700700407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2783949">2783949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145587518">145587518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Haitian+Immigration+to+Quebec&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=1977-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145587518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2783949%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193477700700407&rft.aulast=Jadotte&rft.aufirst=Herard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcch.ca/statistiques-haitiennes">"Statistiques de la communauté Haïtienne"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+de+la+communaut%C3%A9+Ha%C3%AFtienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcch.ca%2Fstatistiques-haitiennes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbinsKitroeffKurmanaevSandoval2021" class="citation news cs1">Dobbins, James; Kitroeff, Natalie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Sandoval, Edgar; Jordan, Miriam (18 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/us/haitians-border-patrol.html">"How Hope, Fear and Misinformation Led Thousands of Haitians to the U.S. Border (Published 2021)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624061616/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/us/haitians-border-patrol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Hope%2C+Fear+and+Misinformation+Led+Thousands+of+Haitians+to+the+U.S.+Border+%28Published+2021%29&rft.date=2021-09-18&rft.aulast=Dobbins&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Kitroeff%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Kurmanaev%2C+Anatoly&rft.au=Sandoval%2C+Edgar&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F09%2F17%2Fus%2Fhaitians-border-patrol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm">"Haiti in Cuba", <i>AfroCubanWeb</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm">Haiti in Cuba</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_and_Out_of_Suriname-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-In_and_Out_of_Suriname_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaëthier2015" class="citation book cs1">Laëthier, Maud (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x18.15">"The Role of Suriname in Haitian Migration to French Guiana"</a>. <i>In and Out of Suriname</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">229–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x18.15">10.1163/j.ctt1w76x18.15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Suriname+in+Haitian+Migration+to+French+Guiana&rft.btitle=In+and+Out+of+Suriname&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76x18.15%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABthier&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76x18.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyson-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tyson_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyson_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2009" class="citation news cs1">Tyson, Vivian (July 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8630261">"Haitian boat capsizes; 113 saved, dozens missing"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haitian+boat+capsizes%3B+113+saved%2C+dozens+missing&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Ffeedarticle%2F8630261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE56R1UT20090728">"Over 120 saved, 79 missing, in Haitian shipwreck"</a>. Reuters. July 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+120+saved%2C+79+missing%2C+in+Haitian+shipwreck&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidUSTRE56R1UT20090728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802162341/http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/116881/Vessel-capsizes-with-200-on-board/">"Vessel capsizes with 200 on board"</a>. Daily Express. July 28, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/116881/Vessel-capsizes-with-200-on-board/">the original</a> on August 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vessel+capsizes+with+200+on+board&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.co.uk%2Fposts%2Fview%2F116881%2FVessel-capsizes-with-200-on-board%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8171726.stm">"Many missing as Haiti boat sinks"</a>. BBC News. July 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Many+missing+as+Haiti+boat+sinks&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F8171726.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Haiti&#124;link=Haiti_Haitian_diaspora114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haitian_diaspora" title="Template:Haitian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haitian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Haitian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haitian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haitian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Haiti&#124;link=Haiti_Haitian_diaspora114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haitian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Bahamian" title="Haitian Bahamian">Bahamas</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Brazilian">Brazil</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Canada</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Chilean">Chile</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Cuba</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Haitians in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">France</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitians in Mexico">Mexico</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Swiss" title="Haitian Swiss">Switzerland</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">United States</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&oldid=1271789355">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&oldid=1271789355</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_diaspora" title="Category:Haitian diaspora">Haitian diaspora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_diaspora_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Haitian diaspora in the United States">Haitian diaspora in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_diaspora_in_Canada" title="Category:Haitian diaspora in Canada">Haitian diaspora in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Category:Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations of Haiti</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_January_2018" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018">Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems" title="Category:All articles with minor POV problems">All articles with minor POV problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from September 2023">Articles with minor POV problems from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2011">Articles needing additional references from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 January 2025, at 18:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_diaspora&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haitian diaspora</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>3 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f5945bd9d-dl56g","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.856","walltime":"1.019","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4345,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":79200,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6015,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":95892,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 887.981 1 -total"," 35.76% 317.509 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.08% 187.177 1 Template:Haitian_diaspora"," 20.74% 184.181 1 Template:Navbox"," 15.02% 133.407 3 Template:Cite_book"," 11.60% 102.967 8 Template:Fix"," 10.77% 95.643 5 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.98% 79.722 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.94% 52.759 1 Template:More_citations_needed_section"," 5.60% 49.688 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.516","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8997258,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-9vjvn","timestamp":"20250215190149","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Haitian diaspora","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haitian_diaspora","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2989344","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2989344","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-04-17T22:52:19Z","dateModified":"2025-01-25T18:44:15Z","headline":"geographical distribution of Haitian people"}</script> </body> </html>