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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg/220px-US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg/330px-US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg/440px-US-SlaveryPercentbyState1790-1860.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the enslaved population of the United States as a percentage of the population of each state, 1790–1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1776 and the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> in 1789, the legal status of slavery was generally a matter for individual <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> legislatures and judiciaries (outside of several historically significant exceptions including the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787, the 1808 <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a>, the 1820 <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a> of 1850, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> decision of 1857, et al.) As such, slavery flourished in some states (mostly southern), and withered on the vine in others (mostly northern). On the whole, the former <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> abolished slavery relatively slowly, if at all, with several Northern states using <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a> systems in which freedom would be granted after so many years of life or service. (Vermont and New York had clear and absolute freedom dates; Massachusetts and New Hampshire were <i>de facto</i> free states with total abolition from the American Revolution forward.) </p><p>For many years after the establishment of the republic, new states were admitted in pairs, so-called <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states#Slave_and_free_state_pairs" title="Slave states and free states">free state–slave state twins</a>, so that some states entered the Union with guaranteed "free soil" while their twin permitted the continuation and expansion of America's peculiar institution. Fifteen states (in order of admission, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>) never sought to end slavery, and thus bondage and the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">slave trade</a> continued in those places, and there was even a <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_reopen_the_transatlantic_slave_trade" title="Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade">movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade</a>. With the admission of California, Oregon, and Iowa as free states, and the prospective admission of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> (likely as a free state), with the commensurate increasing political power of free-state legislators in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, the political status quo began to disintegrate. This shift convinced the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>'s most <a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">influential and vocal leaders</a> that <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> was the only way to retain long-term control of both their wealth held in slaves and their political power. (Under the <a href="/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-Fifths Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a> brokered at the 1787 <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a>, enslaved people were considered additional population for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment</a>. The prospective end of slavery would have thus deprived slave owners of the disproportionate representation of their interests in the national legislature, relative not just the people they enslaved but to free white male voters in other states.) Ultimately, a massive and devastating four-year-long war resolved the interstate conflict over slavery, and when <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">rebel state governments</a> were finally overwhelmed by force of arms, various civilian and military representatives of the U.S. government emancipated those people who remained legally enslaved. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> was legally abolished nationwide within the 36 newly reunited states under the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> to the United States Constitution, effective December 18, 1865. </p><p><i>The <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a>, which is legally part of no state and under the sole jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress, permitted slavery until the American Civil War. For the history of the abolition of the slave trade in the district and the federal government's one and only <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation_in_the_United_States" title="Compensated emancipation in the United States">compensated emancipation</a> program, see <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">slavery in the District of Columbia</a>.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>States admitted prior to 1865 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>Civil War allegiance</th> <th>Date ratified 13th Amendment<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Prior state-wide abolition </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Alabama</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alabama" title="History of slavery in Alabama">History of slavery in Alabama</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-12-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 2, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Arkansas</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Arkansas" title="History of slavery in Arkansas">History of slavery in Arkansas</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-04-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 14, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>California</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_California" title="History of slavery in California">History of slavery in California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_California" title="Forced labor in California">Forced labor in California</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-12-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 20, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001850-09-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 9, 1850</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Connecticut</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Connecticut" title="History of slavery in Connecticut">History of slavery in Connecticut</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-05-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 4, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001848-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1848</span><sup id="cite_ref-Connecticut_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connecticut-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Connecticut passed partial abolition laws and time-delayed manumission laws beginning in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-Connecticut_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connecticut-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Delaware</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Delaware" title="History of slavery in Delaware">History of slavery in Delaware</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001901-02-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 19, 1901</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Delaware was a slave state but did not secede to the Confederacy. </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Florida</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">History of slavery in Florida</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-12-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 28, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Georgia</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Georgia" title="History of slavery in Georgia">History of slavery in Georgia</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-12-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 6, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Illinois</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Illinois" title="History of slavery in Illinois">History of slavery in Illinois</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 1, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001848-04-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 1, 1848</span><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Chattel slavery was prohibited in Illinois at statehood under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>; indentured servitude was not prohibited until the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Illinois" title="Constitution of Illinois">Second Illinois Constitution of 1848</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Indiana</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">History of slavery in Indiana</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 6, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001816-12-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 11, 1816</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Iowa</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Iowa" title="History of slavery in Iowa">History of slavery in Iowa</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001866-01-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 17, 1866</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001846-12-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 28, 1846</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Kansas</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kansas" title="History of slavery in Kansas">History of slavery in Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 7, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001861-01-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 29, 1861</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Kentucky</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">History of slavery in Kentucky</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Dual government</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001976-03-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 18, 1976</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Louisiana</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">History of slavery in Louisiana</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Louisiana ratified the Thirteenth Amendment on either Feb. 15 or 16. </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Maryland</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">History of slavery in Maryland</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 3, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001864-11-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 1, 1864</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Massachusetts</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="History of slavery in Massachusetts">History of slavery in Massachusetts</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 7, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Massachusetts was for intents and purposes a free state with total abolition from the American Revolution forward.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Maine</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 7, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001820-03-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 15, 1820</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The pre-statehood <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a> was legally a part of Massachusetts; Maine was admitted as Missouri's free-state "twin" under the Missouri Compromise. </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Michigan</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Michigan" title="History of slavery in Michigan">History of slavery in Michigan</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 2, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001837-01-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 26, 1837</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Minnesota</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Minnesota" title="History of slavery in Minnesota">History of slavery in Minnesota</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 23, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001858-05-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 11, 1858</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Missouri</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">History of slavery in Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Dual government</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 6, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Mississippi</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Mississippi" title="History of slavery in Mississippi">History of slavery in Mississippi</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-02-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 7, 2013</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Nevada</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 16, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001864-10-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 31, 1864</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nevada was admitted to the Union during the Civil War, thus its state nickname is <i>Battle-Born</i>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>New Hampshire</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Slavery_in_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">History of New Hampshire § Slavery in New Hampshire</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Hampshire in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 30, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>The legal status of slavery in New Hampshire has been described as "ambiguous,"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and abolition legislation was minimal or non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Hampshire never passed a state law abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, New Hampshire was a free state with no slavery to speak of from the American Revolution forward.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>New Jersey</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey" title="History of slavery in New Jersey">History of slavery in New Jersey</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001866-01-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 23, 1866</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001846-04-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 18, 1846</span><sup id="cite_ref-New_Jersey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Jersey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Jersey had some gradual manumission laws prior to 1846, resulting in a "continuum" of servitude statuses that persisted until the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Jersey_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Jersey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>New York</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York_(state)" title="History of slavery in New York (state)">History of slavery in New York (state)</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 3, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001827-07-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 4, 1827</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>North Carolina</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">History of slavery in North Carolina</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-12-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 4, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Ohio</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery in New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance#Prohibition_of_slavery" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance § Prohibition of slavery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Laws_of_1804_and_1807" title="Black Laws of 1804 and 1807">Black Laws of 1804 and 1807</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 10, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001803-02-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 19, 1803</span> (statehood) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Oregon</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Oregon">History of African Americans in Oregon</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-12-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 11, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001859-02-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 14, 1859</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Pennsylvania</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">History of slavery in Pennsylvania</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 8, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001780-03-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 1, 1780</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation system meant that enslavement and indentured servitude continued until 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Rhode Island</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island#Slavery_in_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">History of Rhode Island § Slavery in Rhode Island</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 2, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001843-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1843</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws after the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>South Carolina</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina" title="History of slavery in South Carolina">History of slavery in South Carolina</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-11-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 13, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Tennessee</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Tennessee" title="History of slavery in Tennessee">History of slavery in Tennessee</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-04-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 7, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001864-10-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 24, 1864</span> (<a href="/wiki/Moses_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses speech">Moses speech</a> declaration by military governor of Tennessee <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and state constitutional amendment certified February 27, 1865<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Texas</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">History of slavery in Texas</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001870-02-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 17, 1870</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-06-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 19, 1865</span> (<a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> declaration by U.S. Army)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Vermont</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Vermont" title="History of slavery in Vermont">History of slavery in Vermont</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-03-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 9, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001791-03-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 4, 1791</span> (statehood)<sup id="cite_ref-zinnedproject.org_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinnedproject.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> abolished slavery effective July 2, 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-zinnedproject.org_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinnedproject.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#bfc1c2;"> <td><b>Virginia</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">CSA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 9, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>West Virginia</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">History of slavery in West Virginia</a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">Dual government</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 3, 1865</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a> counties of Virginia separated from the rest of the state during the Civil War. Gradual emancipation was written in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_West_Virginia" title="Constitution of West Virginia">West Virginia state constitution</a> of 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background:#a9ade6;"> <td><b>Wisconsin</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">USA</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001865-02-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 24, 1865</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001848-05-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 29, 1848</span> (statehood) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_in_states_admitted_after_1865">Slavery in states admitted after 1865</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Slavery in states admitted after 1865"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alaska" title="History of slavery in Alaska">History of slavery in Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Colorado" title="History of slavery in Colorado">History of slavery in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Montana" title="History of slavery in Montana">History of slavery in Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">History of slavery in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico" title="History of slavery in New Mexico">History of slavery in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">History of slavery in Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Dakota" title="History of slavery in South Dakota">History of slavery in South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah" title="History of slavery in Utah">History of slavery in Utah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census#Population_of_U.S._states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Census">1860 United States Census § Population of U.S. states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states (American Civil War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Geography_and_demography" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States § Geography and demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">End of slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_unfree_labor_in_the_United_States" title="History of unfree labor in the United States">History of unfree labor in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abolition ordinance passed July 1864, and abolition clause included in original state constitution<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only free state admitted with an "exclusionary clause"; see <a href="/wiki/Oregon_black_exclusion_laws" title="Oregon black exclusion laws">Oregon black exclusion laws</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._GOVERNMENT_PRINTING_OFFICE_2013_30_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Government_Printing_Office2013" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Government Printing Office, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, SENATE DOCUMENT No. 112–9 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf">"The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225114303/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+United+States+Of+America+Analysis+And+Interpretation+Centennial+Edition+Interim+Edition%3A+Analysis+Of+Cases+Decided+By+The+Supreme+Court+Of+The+United+States+To+June+26%2C+2013s&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.aufirst=112th+Congress%2C+2nd+Session%2C+SENATE+DOCUMENT+No.+112%E2%80%939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CONAN-2013%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CONAN-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.ca.gov/">"California Admission Day September 9, 1850"</a>. <i>CA State Parks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023212933/https://www.parks.ca.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CA+State+Parks&rft.atitle=California+Admission+Day+September+9%2C+1850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connecticut-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connecticut_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connecticut_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenschel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Menschel, David (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797518">"Abolition without Deliverance: The Law of Connecticut Slavery 1784–1848"</a>. <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>111</b> (1): 183–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797518">10.2307/797518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797518">797518</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824032049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/797518">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Abolition+without+Deliverance%3A+The+Law+of+Connecticut+Slavery+1784%E2%80%931848&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-222&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F797518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Menschel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe2020" class="citation web cs1">Jaffe, Logan (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/slavery-existed-in-illinois-but-schools-dont-always-teach-that-history">"Slavery Existed in Illinois, but Schools Don't Always Teach That History"</a>. <i>ProPublica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 12, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824045521/https://www.history.com/news/slavery-new-england-rhode-island">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Slavery+Persisted+in+New+England+Until+the+19th+Century&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fslavery-new-england-rhode-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Jersey-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Jersey_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Jersey_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigantino2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gigantino, James J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24486906">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Whole North Is Not Abolitionized": Slavery's Slow Death in New Jersey, 1830–1860"</a>. <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 411–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2014.0040">10.1353/jer.2014.0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-1275">0275-1275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24486906">24486906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143925591">143925591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=%22The+Whole+North+Is+Not+Abolitionized%22%3A+Slavery%27s+Slow+Death+in+New+Jersey%2C+1830%E2%80%931860&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-437&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0275-1275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143925591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24486906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjer.2014.0040&rft.aulast=Gigantino&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24486906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyassembly.gov/Press/files/20200722b.php">"Assembly Passes Legislation Recognizing Abolition Commemoration Day and Juneteenth in New York State"</a>. <i>nyassembly.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604203340/https://nyassembly.gov/Press/files/20200722b.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nyassembly.gov&rft.atitle=Assembly+Passes+Legislation+Recognizing+Abolition+Commemoration+Day+and+Juneteenth+in+New+York+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyassembly.gov%2FPress%2Ffiles%2F20200722b.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregon-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/context/chronology.aspx">"State of Oregon: Black in Oregon – National and Oregon Chronology of Events"</a>. <i>sos.oregon.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824030348/https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/context/chronology.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sos.oregon.gov&rft.atitle=State+of+Oregon%3A+Black+in+Oregon+%E2%80%93+National+and+Oregon+Chronology+of+Events&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsos.oregon.gov%2Farchives%2Fexhibits%2Fblack-history%2FPages%2Fcontext%2Fchronology.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2019" class="citation web cs1">Owens, Cassie (February 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/news/black-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html">"Pennsylvania officially abolished slavery in 1780. But many black Pennsylvanians were in bondage long after that"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824045521/https://www.inquirer.com/news/black-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+officially+abolished+slavery+in+1780.+But+many+black+Pennsylvanians+were+in+bondage+long+after+that.&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Cassie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fnews%2Fblack-history-month-pennsylvania-gradual-abolition-slavery-indenture-emancipation-20190227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newportri.com/story/lifestyle/columns/2018/05/28/looking-back-at-our-history-in-1843-slavery-was-banned-in-rhode-island/12119944007/">"In 1843, slavery was banned in Rhode Island"</a>. <i>Newport Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824051521/https://www.newportri.com/story/lifestyle/columns/2018/05/28/looking-back-at-our-history-in-1843-slavery-was-banned-in-rhode-island/12119944007/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newport+Daily+News&rft.atitle=In+1843%2C+slavery+was+banned+in+Rhode+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportri.com%2Fstory%2Flifestyle%2Fcolumns%2F2018%2F05%2F28%2Flooking-back-at-our-history-in-1843-slavery-was-banned-in-rhode-island%2F12119944007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Moses of the Colored Men" Speech – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425230522/https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=%22The+Moses+of+the+Colored+Men%22+Speech+%E2%80%93+Andrew+Johnson+National+Historic+Site+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fanjo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fmoses-speech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-recorder-tennessee/137567055/">"Tennessee"</a>. <i>The Recorder</i>. March 6, 1865. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228215331/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-recorder-tennessee/137567055/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Recorder&rft.atitle=Tennessee&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1865-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-recorder-tennessee%2F137567055%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-juneteenth">"The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth"</a>. <i>National Museum of African American History and Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618092505/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/historical-legacy-juneteenth">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Legacy+of+Juneteenth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fexplore%2Fstories%2Fhistorical-legacy-juneteenth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zinnedproject.org-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zinnedproject.org_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zinnedproject.org_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/vermont-abolished-slavery/">"July 2, 1777: Vermont Officially Abolished Slavery"</a>. <i>Zinn Education Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824053304/https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/vermont-abolished-slavery/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zinn+Education+Project&rft.atitle=July+2%2C+1777%3A+Vermont+Officially+Abolished+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinnedproject.org%2Fnews%2Ftdih%2Fvermont-abolished-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2023" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/emancipation-comes-to-west-virginia/">"Emancipation Comes to West Virginia"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824053936/https://daily.jstor.org/emancipation-comes-to-west-virginia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Emancipation+Comes+to+West+Virginia&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Femancipation-comes-to-west-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008989896"><i>Slavery in the States: Selected Essays (1893–1914)</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Negro_Universities_Press" title="Negro Universities Press">Negro Universities Press</a>. 1969. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08371-2085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-08371-2085-0"><bdi>978-08371-2085-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68055929">68055929</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52010">52010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+States%3A+Selected+Essays+%281893%E2%80%931914%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Negro+Universities+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68055929&rft.isbn=978-08371-2085-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F008989896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span> (CT, MO, NC, NJ, NY, RI)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewettAllen2004" class="citation book cs1">Jewett, Clayton E.; Allen, John O. (2004). <i>Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32019-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+South%3A+A+State-by-State+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32019-4&rft.aulast=Jewett&rft.aufirst=Clayton+E.&rft.au=Allen%2C+John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRael2015" class="citation book cs1">Rael, Patrick (2015). <i>Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777–1865</i>. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820348292" title="Special:BookSources/9780820348292"><bdi>9780820348292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighty-Eight+Years%3A+The+Long+Death+of+Slavery+in+the+United+States%2C+1777%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ga.&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780820348292&rft.aulast=Rael&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+slavery+in+the+United+States+by+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&oldid=1253490954">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state&oldid=1253490954</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Slavery in the United States by state or territory">Slavery in the United States by state or territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2023">Use mdy dates from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use American English from August 2023">Use American English from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 07:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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