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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ikenga" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ikenga" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_of_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_of_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Functions of Ikenga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions_of_Ikenga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions of Ikenga subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions_of_Ikenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbol_of_achievement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol_of_achievement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Symbol of achievement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol_of_achievement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>God of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecration_of_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration_of_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consecration of Ikenga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration_of_Ikenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forms of Ikenga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_Ikenga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of Ikenga subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_Ikenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warrior_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warrior_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Warrior Ikenga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warrior_Ikenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Community Ikenga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_Ikenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titleholder's_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titleholder's_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Titleholder's Ikenga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titleholder's_Ikenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_fables_featuring_Ikenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_fables_featuring_Ikenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mythology and fables featuring Ikenga</span> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Igbo cultural artifact</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novel by Nnedi Okorafor, see <a href="/wiki/Ikenga_(novel)" title="Ikenga (novel)">Ikenga (novel)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #ACE1AF;">Ikenga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> of Time, Success and Achievement</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_beeld_van_een_man_met_ramshoorns_TMnr_5112-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wooden statue of a man with ram horns</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars_(astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (astrology)">Mars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Ram's horns</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Red</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ikenga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> literal meaning "strength of majesty ") is a horned god found among the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. It is synonymous to the Christians' Angel Michael. It is one of the most powerful symbols of the Igbo people and one of the most common cultural <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifact</a>. Ikenga is mostly maintained, kept or owned by men and occasionally by women of high reputation and integrity in the society. It comprises someone's <i>Chi</i> (personal god), his <i>Ndichie</i> (ancestors), <i>aka Ikenga</i> (right hand), <i>ike</i> (power) as well as spiritual activation through prayer and sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-Okere_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ikenga is exclusively an Igbo symbol. Nevertheless, various peoples of Southern Nigeria have slightly different notions of the components of an individual personality, but all agree that these various aspects can only be affected through ritual and personal effort. Some variants of it are found in <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijaw language">Ijaw</a>, Ishan, <a href="/wiki/Isoko_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoko People">Isoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a> areas. Among the Isoko people, there are three types of personal shrine images: <i>Oma</i>, which represents the "spirit double" that resides in the other world; <i>Obo</i> which symbolizes the right hand and personal endeavor and the <i>lvri</i> which stands for personal determination. In the Urhobo areas it is also regarded as <i>Ivri</i> and in the Edo areas it's called <i>Ikegobo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Okere_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_of_Ikenga">Functions of Ikenga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions of Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol_of_achievement">Symbol of achievement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbol of achievement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikenga is a personal embodiment of human endeavor, achievement, success, and victory. Ikenga is grounded in the belief that the power for a man to accomplish things is in his right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also governs over industry, farming, and <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmithing</a>, and is celebrated every year with an annual Ikenga festival.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed by its owners to bring wealth and fortune as well as protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_of_time">God of time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: God of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two-faced Ikenga is the oldest concept of Ikenga in Igboland. It is a two-faced god, with one face looking at the old year while one face looks at the new year. This is the basis of the oldest and most ancient Igbo calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a god of beginnings, it has the praise name of <i>Ikenga owa ota</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consecration_of_Ikenga">Consecration of Ikenga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consecration of Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Odinala"><span style="color: white;">Odinala</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Igbo religion and spirituality</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/180px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/270px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/360px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ACE1AF ;"> <a href="/wiki/Arusi" title="Arusi">Divinities (Arusi)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(Odinani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (Odinani)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadioha" title="Amadioha">Amadioha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyanwu" title="Anyanwu">Anyanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igwe" title="Igwe">Igwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agwu_Nsi" title="Agwu Nsi">Agwu Nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekwensu" title="Ekwensu">Ekwensu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ikenga</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ACE1AF ;"> <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a> and concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinani#Minor_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Mmuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_na_Ofo" title="Ogu na Ofo">Ogu na Ofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inouwa" title="Inouwa">Inouwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbanje" title="Ogbanje">Ogbanje</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ACE1AF ;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chi_(Odinani)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chi (Odinani) (page does not exist)">Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpe" title="Ekpe">Ekpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osu_(Odinani)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osu (Odinani) (page does not exist)">Osu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inouwa" title="Inouwa">Inouwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nze_na_Ozo" title="Nze na Ozo">Nze na Ozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ACE1AF ;"> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred places">Sacred places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nri Kingdom">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Ibini Ukpabi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ACE1AF ;"> Derivatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonkonnu parades">Jonkonnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo (spirituality)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odinala_sidebar" title="Template:Odinala sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odinala_sidebar" title="Template talk:Odinala sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odinala_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odinala sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ikenga requires consecration before usage. Normally, an Ikenga is consecrated in the presence of one's kinsmen or agemates by lineage head. Offerings of things like yam, <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cock</a>, wine, kolanuts and alligator pepper are sacrificed to it. Consecrations are often more elaborate and occasionally less depending on the financial strength of the owner. If the owner is devoted, he feeds his Ikenga on a daily basis with Kola and wine and periodically, especially before an important undertaking, he offers sacrificial blood of a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cock</a> or ram to induce the spirit to help him succeed. Afterward, the owner also offers thanksgiving to his Ikenga for helping him achieve success. Success as believed, solely depends on their personal Chi, represented by Ikenga and the support of kinsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Okere_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_Ikenga">Forms of Ikenga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forms of Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to M.D.W Jeffreys, there are three types of Ikenga: <i>ikenga mmadụ</i> (human), <i>ikenga alusi</i> (spirit), and <i>ntu aga</i> (divination objects). The first is a fully developed human figure with horns, seated on a stool. The second is a cylinder with horns. The divination objects are small and simple and come in different shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor68_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warrior_Ikenga">Warrior Ikenga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Warrior Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous type of ikenga is probably the "<a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>," depicting a well-developed human figure with horns and a fierce expression. It is seated on a stool, holding objects in both hands. The right hand holds a knife with a pronounced handle and a slightly curved blade, the left hand a tusk or more often, a severed human head with eyes, nose, and mouth bulging out of the concave face.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor68_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warrior ikenga corresponds to the stage in life when men are expected to demonstrate their military prowess. Owned by many of the younger members of the age grade, it depicts the ideal young man: robust, wearing the warrior's grass skirt, and holding a knife and a severed human head. This pose used to be seen in warrior groups when they performed dances.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor70_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The knife is always held in the right hand, called <i>aka ikenga</i> (the ikenga hand), and the ikenga is also called a shrine to the right hand. In recent times the overt violent element of the severed head and knife has been replaced by metaphorical way as symbols of aggression. The most characteristic of all the iconographic elements of the ikenga, the horns (<i>opi</i>), also carries this lii, also carries this connotation. The Igbo proverb says, "The ram goes into a fight head first" (<i>Ebune jị isi éjé ogụ</i>); that is, one must plunge into a venture in order to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor70_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_Ikenga">Community Ikenga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Community Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second major ikenga type, an elaboration of the warrior form, has a superstructure with human or animal images, or both. The seated figure often displays a tusk in the left hand and a staff in the right. In many examples, <a href="/wiki/Ichi_(scarification)" title="Ichi (scarification)">ichi</a> marks are represented on the face. Some of these figures, especially the very large ones, often are more than a meter high, do not belong to an individual but to an age set or a lineage segment.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor69_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor69-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These community Ikenga figures stand for group rather than individual achievements and prestige, and demonstrate continuity between the individual and society.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor71_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are related to the display figures known as <i>Ugo n'acho mma</i> ("the eagle seeks out beauty") and display a great deal of artistic inventiveness. </p><p>In the simpler examples of this group, the superstructure on a disk base supports animal figures. Other large Ikenga have very intricate superstructures consisting of two horns that circle the sides of the head and continue upward to form another circle terminating in snake heads. Pointed protrusions occur on the lower part of the horns. Above the head are four ram heads and one or more leopards at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor69_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor69-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motifs on the community Ikenga tend to have complex head dress signifying collective ownership. The motifs also depict what the community is known for, for instance whether they are known as warriors, hunters, traders or predominantly farmers. During the annual festival, all males born during the previous year are brought before the community Ikenga and thus are validated as community numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Okere_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titleholder's_Ikenga"><span id="Titleholder.27s_Ikenga"></span>Titleholder's Ikenga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Titleholder's Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elaborate ikenga figures, especially those with superstructures, seem to correspond to the more advanced, title-taking stages in a man's life. The three-legged stool, known as the <a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> stool, was reserved for one of the highest rank of the title system, the <i>ozo</i> title. The staff indicates authority, and comes in a complex hierarchy, from a simple wooden one to a rod of forged iron with brass rings. The most common type represented in ikenga is the <i>nsuagilign</i>, distinguished by openwork on the shaft. The tusk, <i>okike</i>, held in the left hand, is used as a trumpet, <i>odu</i>. It alludes to the elephant, a widespread symbol for power and leadership. A stool and tusk, though not a staff, were often carried for persons of high title by a young boy or a girl. </p><p>Most of the elaborate ikenga bear the ichi scarification pattern, consisting of parallel vertical lines on the forehead and temples. Scarification was a professional specialization of experts from the Awka community. The ichi marks were used to distinguish the highest-ranking members of the title societies, as well as sons and daughters of the nobility. A superstructure usually also consists of references to animals. One prominent animal used on the titleholder ikenga figures is the leopard, <i>agu</i>, the king of the animals and an emblem of the political authority of a titled man. The horns of the ram or other animals, found on all ikenga figures, signify power and aggression. Many elaborate examples display a whole figure of a ram, or at least a full head. Snakes, birds, and turtles may also be included on the ikenga. </p><p>Numerous ikenga, both the warrior and the titled person's types, have a row of pointed projections flanking the head, usually three or another odd number on each side. Ikenga in the southern Igbo area have three knobs on a horizontal bar. Besides being associated with Ikenga, the number three is also associated with males throughout West Africa. These projections may stand for <i>nzu</i>, cone-shaped pieces of chalk used in rituals. This native chalk, suggesting purity and protection, is sometimes applied to the eyes and temples. High-ranking people need magical protection because they are often objects of envy, which is commonly expressed by witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor71_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology_and_fables_featuring_Ikenga">Mythology and fables featuring Ikenga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mythology and fables featuring Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_masculine_ikenga,_Nigeria,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/150px-Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/225px-Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/300px-Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Wooden carving of Ikenga</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>Ndi Ichie Akwa Mythology and Folklore Origins of the Igbos</i>, Ikenga was the son of Ngwu, and was a bold warrior and fantastic wrestler. He was reputed with the ability of flying from one <a href="/wiki/Iroko_(hardwood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroko (hardwood)">Iroko</a> tree to another. He was the first living man in living memory to earn the title <i>Ogba-aka ari Oji</i> which meant a climber of iroko tree without the aid of strings. Ikenga lead the Nkwo nation in the first and famous river of sea battle ever undertaken by any nation in the Oji country. Mermaids came to fight for the <a href="/wiki/Bini_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini people">Edo</a> people and many Ododo warriors rode on the backs of mammoth sharks and crocodiles. Edo herbalists had the power to conjure large stones to fly and ram on the buildings of the Nkwo nations to destruction. The war was intense and lasted one month. For the first time, the use of green foliage camouflage was introduced by Ikenga and his warriors so that they appeared as floating bushes on the seas, until they came close enough on their targets to rout the Edo and Ododo enemies. </p><p>Many of the <a href="/wiki/Will-o-wisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Will-o-wisp">will-o-wisps</a> sent by Edo country were destroyed. When the Edo and Odo warriors saw that they were being defeated and were forced to retreat back to their territories they made a final desperate lunge to grab the only Ndi Ichi Akwa in Ngwu's possession. Ikenga rallied around his father's palace to repulse Ododo and Edo stalwarts. Many casualties were sustained by both sides until Ikenga came face to face with the four eyed monster called <i>Ajikwu akpu isi</i> who had six horns. </p><p><i>Ajikwu akpu isi</i> bellowed out his fearsome shriek which thundered through the jungle in repeated echos that the verdue quivered in ominous pulses. The monster roused his fierce rage by scampering round his position as a means of revving up his momentum and sharpening a deadly attacking pulse. The vibrations burgeoned into a nauseating earthquake in the area. He mixed his excrement with urine and splashed the corrosive mixture in Ikenga's direction. Ikenga used his <i>ekpeke</i> shield and in a series of athletic diving and feigning withered the ferocious onslaught. In the same split second, however, <i>Ajikwu akpu isi</i> had charged towards Ikenga as he snorted and roared. Ikenga sprang onto an overhead tree branch like a huge cat and somersaulted round it to suspend atop on his hands like an acrobatic gymnast. </p><p>As <i>Ajikwu akpu isi</i> thundered underneath in his charge, but missed Ikenga's backside by centimeters, Ikenga flung himself on the top horns of the monster. The two combatants hurtled through jungle flora and fauna in mortal battle. Ikenga mustered the last gram of strength in a titanic muscle flex as he twisted the neck of the beast which broke with such nerve shattering crack. There were few groans and whimpering followed by death throbs and ghostly silence pervaded the vast jungle. The Edo and Ododo warriors were stupefied by the incredible spectacle and in a momentary recovery they retreated in disarray.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proverbs_and_prayers_associated_with_Ikenga">Proverbs and prayers associated with Ikenga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikenga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proverbs and prayers associated with Ikenga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ikenga chim nyelum, taa oji</i> (Ikenga, gift of my chi, participate in the offering)</li> <li><i>Ikengam kwalu otu, njee mge ona mmuo</i> (As long as my Ikenga is active I can wrestle in the land of the spirits)</li> <li><i>Ikenga na adigh ile, anya ya nku</i> (an Ikenga that is inactive, cut it for firewood)<sup id="cite_ref-Bentor71_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentor71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/21px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/31px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 1.5x, 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.reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Okere-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okere_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okere_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okere_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okere_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOkere" class="citation news cs1">Okere, Rose. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/arts/article02/110709?pdate=110709&ptitle=Ikenga%20In%20Traditional%20Igbo%20Society&cpdate=110709">"Ikenga In Traditional Igbo Society"</a>. <i>Ngrguardiannews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ngrguardiannews.com&rft.atitle=Ikenga+In+Traditional+Igbo+Society&rft.aulast=Okere&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngrguardiannews.com%2Farts%2Farticle02%2F110709%3Fpdate%3D110709%26ptitle%3DIkenga%2520In%2520Traditional%2520Igbo%2520Society%26cpdate%3D110709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIkenga" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.spelman.edu/bush-hewlett/African_Art/ikenga.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813192028/http://www.spelman.edu/bush-hewlett/African_Art/ikenga.html">Archived</a> August 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umeh, John. <i>After God is Dibia Volume 2</i>. Page 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umeh, John. <i>After God is Dibia Volume 2</i>. Page 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentor68-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor68_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor68_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentor, Eli. African Arts, Vol. 21, No. 2. Page 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentor70-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor70_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor70_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentor, Eli. African Arts, Vol. 21, No. 2. Page 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentor69-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor69_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor69_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentor, Eli. African Arts, Vol. 21, No. 2. Page 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentor71-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor71_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor71_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bentor71_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentor, Eli. African Arts, Vol. 21, No. 2. Page 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nwosu, INC. <i>Ndi Ichie Akwa Mythology and Folklore Origins of the Igbos</i>. Pages 34-37</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bentor, Eli. (1988). "Life as an Artistic Process: Igbo Ikenga and Ofo." <i>African Arts</i>, Vol. 21, No. 2. (Feb., 1988), pp. 66–71+94.</li> <li>Nwosu, INC. (1983) <i>Ndi Ichie Akwa Mythology and Folklore Origins of the Igbos</i>. pp 88</li> <li>Umeh, John. (1997) <i>After God is Dibia Volume 1</i>. pp 146</li> <li>Umeh, John. (1999) <i>After God is Dibia Volume 2</i>. pp 268</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/100px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/150px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/200px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">(Primary) <a href="/wiki/Arusi" title="Arusi">Arusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agwu_Nsi" title="Agwu Nsi">Agwu Nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(odinani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (odinani)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadioha" title="Amadioha">Amadioha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyanwu" title="Anyanwu">Anyanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekwensu" title="Ekwensu">Ekwensu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ikenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njoku_Ji" title="Njoku Ji">Njoku Ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inouwa" title="Inouwa">Inouwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani#Minor_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Mmuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_na_Ofo" title="Ogu na Ofo">Ogu na Ofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpe" title="Ekpe">Ekpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmanwu" title="Mmanwu">Mmanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nze_na_Ozo" title="Nze na Ozo">Nze na Ozo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Ibini Ukpabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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