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<a href="/wiki/Evil_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirit">evil spirit</a> that would deliberately plague a family with misfortune. Belief in ọgbanje in <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> is not as strong as it once was, although there are still some believers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its literal meaning in the Igbo language is "children who come and go". Sometimes the word <i>ọgbanje</i> has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for a rude or stubborn child. The word <i>ọgbanje</i> is often translated as <a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">changeling</a>, due to the similarities they share with the <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> changelings of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and broader European mythology. Some theorists have hypothesized that these conceptions serve as mythological ways of understanding what were once unknown diseases that often claimed the lives of children (such as <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">SIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell disease</a>), as the inheritance of these diseases within families may have led people to conclude that the children involved were all incarnations of the same <a href="/wiki/Malevolent_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malevolent spirit">malevolent spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was believed that within a certain amount of time from birth (usually not past <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>), the ọgbanje would deliberately die and then be reborn into the next child of the family and repeat the cycle, causing much grief. It is also believed that ọgbanje are born into the same immediate family all the time; it can even be born into an extended family. Ogbanje can be born into family from a spirit between gestation and birth. Another way is by being introduced to an ọgbanje group.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evil spirits are said to have stones called <i><a href="/wiki/Iyi-uwa" title="Iyi-uwa">iyi-uwa</a></i>, which they bury somewhere secret. The iyi-uwa serves to permit the ọgbanje to return to the human world and to find its targeted family. Finding the evil spirits' iyi-uwa ensures the ọgbanje would never again plague the family with misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iyi-uwa is dug out by a priest and destroyed. The child is confirmed to no longer be an ọgbanje after the destruction of the stone, or after the mother successfully gives birth to another baby.<sup id="cite_ref-nnam2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nnam2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female ọgbanje die during pregnancies along with the baby, while male ọgbanje die before the birth or death of a wife's baby. </p><p>To prevent the ọgbanje from returning after the child's death, they would be cut or mutilated. Some ọgbanje, however, were said to return bearing the physical scars of the mutilation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture#Female_circumcision" title="Igbo culture">Female circumcision</a> was sometimes thought to get rid of the evil spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trying to identify an ọgbanje that lacks mutilation scars can sometimes be difficult. Other things that have helped families identify them are birthmarks the child had, the first words they said, and behavior similarities from the child that has been reincarnated. Families paid a lot of attention to these types of characteristics, and most of the time would go to an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> to confirm that the child was an ọgbanje. Another sign of an ọgbanje is a child who frequently becomes very ill, or is often in trouble. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbanje&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the critically acclaimed novel by <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a></i> (1958), the character Ezinma was considered an ọgbanje because she was the first of 10 children born to her mother that did not die in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_(novel)" title="Freshwater (novel)">Freshwater</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Akwaeke_Emezi" title="Akwaeke Emezi">Akwaeke Emezi</a> (2018), the main character, Ada, is an ọgbanje<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Ekwuyasi" title="Francesca Ekwuyasi">Francesca Ekwuyasi</a>'s Scotiabank Giller Prize-nominated novel <i><a href="/wiki/Butter_Honey_Pig_Bread" title="Butter Honey Pig Bread">Butter Honey Pig Bread</a></i> (2020), the character Kambirinachi believes that she is an ọgbanje.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri's</a> Booker Prize-winning novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Famished_Road" title="The Famished Road">The Famished Road</a></i> (1991), as well as in the two other books in his trilogy, <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Enchantment" title="Songs of Enchantment">Songs of Enchantment</a></i> (1993) and <i><a href="/wiki/Astonishing_the_Gods" title="Astonishing the Gods">Astonishing the Gods</a></i> (1995), the character Azaro is a spirit child, or ogbanje, who travels between worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbanje&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiku" title="Abiku">Abiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwaeke_Emezi" title="Akwaeke Emezi">Akwaeke Emezi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogbanje&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBatista-Duarte2022" class="citation journal cs1">Batista-Duarte, Ewerton (2022-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/fronteiraz/article/view/58705">"The close bond between ogbanje daughters and their fathers in the novels Things Fall Apart and The Bride Price"</a>. <i>FronteiraZ. Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Literatura e Crítica Literária</i> (29): 143–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23925%2F1983-4373.2022i29p143-156">10.23925/1983-4373.2022i29p143-156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1983-4373">1983-4373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FronteiraZ.+Revista+do+Programa+de+Estudos+P%C3%B3s-Graduados+em+Literatura+e+Cr%C3%ADtica+Liter%C3%A1ria&rft.atitle=The+close+bond+between+ogbanje+daughters+and+their+fathers+in+the+novels+Things+Fall+Apart+and+The+Bride+Price&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=143-156&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23925%2F1983-4373.2022i29p143-156&rft.issn=1983-4373&rft.aulast=Batista-Duarte&rft.aufirst=Ewerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.pucsp.br%2Findex.php%2Ffronteiraz%2Farticle%2Fview%2F58705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFỌnwụbalịlị_JK1983" class="citation journal cs1">Ọnwụbalịlị JK (August 1983). "Sickle-cell anaemia: an explanation for the ancient myth of reincarnation in Nigeria". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>2</b> (8348): 503–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2883%2990524-x">10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90524-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6136656">6136656</a>. <q>It is most probable that the "reincarnate" child had sickle-cell anaemia, since this disease would explain all the clinical features and natural history of "reincarnation". Most reincarnate children died of Plasmodium falciparum or bacterial infection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Sickle-cell+anaemia%3A+an+explanation+for+the+ancient+myth+of+reincarnation+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8348&rft.pages=503-5&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2883%2990524-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6136656&rft.au=%E1%BB%8Cnw%E1%BB%A5bal%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%8B+JK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzewi_E2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nzewi E (May 2001). "Malevolent ọgbanje: recurrent reincarnation or sickle cell disease?". <i>Soc Sci Med</i>. <b>52</b> (9): 1403–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2800%2900245-8">10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00245-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11286364">11286364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soc+Sci+Med&rft.atitle=Malevolent+%E1%BB%8Dgbanje%3A+recurrent+reincarnation+or+sickle+cell+disease%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1403-16&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2800%2900245-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11286364&rft.au=Nzewi+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ndu, Ikenna Kingsley (2016-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683278">"Sudden infant death syndrome: an unrecognized killer in developing countries"</a>. <i>Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics</i>. <b>7</b>: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPHMT.S99685">10.2147/PHMT.S99685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683278">5683278</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29388586">29388586</a>. <q>There is also the fact that most of the SIDS deaths may not present to the hospital because of prevailing cultural beliefs in traditional communities. The phenomenon of recurrent reincarnation called "Ogbanje" in South East Nigeria has been linked with sickle cell anemia, a condition which is considered "paranormal".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Health%2C+Medicine+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Sudden+infant+death+syndrome%3A+an+unrecognized+killer+in+developing+countries&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5683278%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29388586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FPHMT.S99685&rft.aulast=Ndu&rft.aufirst=Ikenna+Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5683278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwalaiye2021" class="citation web cs1">Iwalaiye, Temi (2021-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/african-gods-nne-miri-and-onabuluwa-the-progenitors-of-the-ogbanje-spirit/68zrens">"African gods: Nne Miri and Onabuluwa the progenitors of the Ogbanje spirit"</a>. <i>Pulse Nigeria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pulse+Nigeria&rft.atitle=African+gods%3A+Nne+Miri+and+Onabuluwa+the+progenitors+of+the+Ogbanje+spirit&rft.date=2021-06-19&rft.aulast=Iwalaiye&rft.aufirst=Temi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulse.ng%2Flifestyle%2Ffood-travel%2Fafrican-gods-nne-miri-and-onabuluwa-the-progenitors-of-the-ogbanje-spirit%2F68zrens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrocritik.com/legend-of-the-ogbanje-superhuman-abilities-wanderlust-between-life-and-death/">"Legend of the Ogbanje: Superhuman Abilities, Wanderlust between Life and Death - Afrocritik"</a>. 2021-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legend+of+the+Ogbanje%3A+Superhuman+Abilities%2C+Wanderlust+between+Life+and+Death+-+Afrocritik&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrocritik.com%2Flegend-of-the-ogbanje-superhuman-abilities-wanderlust-between-life-and-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nnam2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nnam2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNnam2007" class="citation book cs1">Nnam, Nkuzi Michael (2007). <i>Colonial Mentality in Africa</i>. Hamilton Books. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461626305" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461626305"><bdi>978-1461626305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Mentality+in+Africa&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Hamilton+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1461626305&rft.aulast=Nnam&rft.aufirst=Nkuzi+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinua Achebe <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22Things_Fall_Apart%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""Things Fall Apart" (page does not exist)">"Things Fall Apart"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkis" class="citation web cs1">Sarkis, Marianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1170937325">"NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland"</a>. <i>www.fgmnetwork.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fgmnetwork.org&rft.atitle=NIGERIA%3A+Female+circumcision+in+Igboland&rft.aulast=Sarkis&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fgmnetwork.org%2Fgonews.php%3Fsubaction%3Dshowfull%26id%3D1170937325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502222637/http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html">"Yahoo"</a>. <i>Yahoo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=Yahoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.yahoo.com%2Fhomework_help%2Fcliffsnotes%2Fthings_fall_apart%2F32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOgbanje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmezi2018" class="citation book cs1">Emezi, Akwaeke (2018). <i>Freshwater</i>. 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rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/100px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/150px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/200px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">(Primary) <a href="/wiki/Arusi" title="Arusi">Arusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agwu_Nsi" title="Agwu Nsi">Agwu Nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(odinani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (odinani)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadioha" title="Amadioha">Amadioha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyanwu" title="Anyanwu">Anyanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekwensu" title="Ekwensu">Ekwensu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikenga" title="Ikenga">Ikenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njoku_Ji" title="Njoku Ji">Njoku Ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inouwa" title="Inouwa">Inouwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani#Minor_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Mmuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_na_Ofo" title="Ogu na Ofo">Ogu na Ofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpe" title="Ekpe">Ekpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmanwu" title="Mmanwu">Mmanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nze_na_Ozo" title="Nze na Ozo">Nze na Ozo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Ibini Ukpabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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