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id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Egbo_(surname)" title="Egbo (surname)">Egbo (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ekpe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ekpe (disambiguation)">Ekpe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ekpe" title="Special:EditPage/Ekpe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ekpe%22">"Ekpe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ekpe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ekpe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ekpe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ekpe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ekpe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nsibidi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nsibidi.png/220px-Nsibidi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nsibidi.png/330px-Nsibidi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nsibidi.png/440px-Nsibidi.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Nsibidi symbols</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ekpe</b>, also known as <b>Mgbe</b>/<b>Egbo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ekoi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoi language">Ekoi language</a>: <i>leopard</i>; derived from the <a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a> term for the same), is a West African <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efiks</a>. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Bahumono" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahumono">Bahumono</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uruan" title="Uruan">Uruan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oron_people" title="Oron people">Oron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> and some other parts of <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia State</a>, as well as in the diaspora, such as in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. </p><p>There are two distinct but related societies. The primary society is located in the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwa Ibom">Akwa Ibom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> groups of the same country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egbo_Secret_Society,_Mgbe,_Etuam,_Egbo,_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Egbo_Secret_Society%2C_Mgbe%2C_Etuam%2C_Egbo%2C_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg/220px-Egbo_Secret_Society%2C_Mgbe%2C_Etuam%2C_Egbo%2C_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Egbo_Secret_Society%2C_Mgbe%2C_Etuam%2C_Egbo%2C_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg/330px-Egbo_Secret_Society%2C_Mgbe%2C_Etuam%2C_Egbo%2C_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Egbo_Secret_Society%2C_Mgbe%2C_Etuam%2C_Egbo%2C_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg/440px-Egbo_Secret_Society%2C_Mgbe%2C_Etuam%2C_Egbo%2C_South_Nigeria_Wellcome_M0005360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Ekpe costumes from South Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekpe">Ekpe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ekpe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg/180px-British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg/270px-British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg/360px-British_Museum_Room_25_Mask_Ekoi_people_17022019_5015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2701" data-file-height="4004" /></a><figcaption>Ekpe <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a> skin-covered headdress</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ekpe</i> is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (<i>ikan</i>). The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Amama">The Amama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Amama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the <i>Amama</i>. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> by providing the poor with food and drink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekpe_in_the_diaspora">Ekpe in the diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ekpe in the diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abakuá"><span id="Abaku.C3.A1"></span>Abakuá</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abakuá"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></div> <p>Abakuá is an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cuban</a> men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakua" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakua">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abwoi_religion" title="Abwoi religion">Abwoi religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_Society" title="Leopard Society">Leopard Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Egbo" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Egbo">Egbo</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egbo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=11-12&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204121132/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Eket.html">"Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1246865159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1246865159</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ekoi_mythology" title="Category:Ekoi mythology">Ekoi mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Efik_mythology" title="Category:Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ibibio_mythology" title="Category:Ibibio mythology">Ibibio mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo_religion" title="Category:Igbo religion">Igbo religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_secret_societies" title="Category:African secret societies">African secret societies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_noble_titles" title="Category:African noble titles">African noble titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_traditional_governments" title="Category:African traditional governments">African traditional governments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2021">Articles needing additional references from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2019">Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 14:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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