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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Independence activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities_at_home_and_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities_at_home_and_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Political activities at home and abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activities_at_home_and_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1948–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1948–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presidency (1948–1960)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1948–1960)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1948–1960) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1948–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_Korea_and_rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Korea_and_rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Return to Korea and rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Korea_and_rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Political repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Re-election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Resignation and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syngman Rhee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إي سنغ مان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إي سنغ مان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_S%C4%B1n_Man" title="Li Sın Man – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Li Sın Man" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রী সিংম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রী সিংম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Seung-man" title="Lee Seung-man – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lee Seung-man" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Sung-man" title="I Sung-man – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="I Sung-man" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee_Syng-man" title="Rhee Syng-man – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhee Syng-man" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%B9" title="Σίνγκμαν Ρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίνγκμαν Ρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایسونگمن ری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایسونگمن ری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%A9" title="李承晩 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="李承晩" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C" title="이승만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이승만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լի Սին Ման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լի Սին Ման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="रई सिन्ग-मैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रई सिन्ग-मैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singman_Rhee" title="Singman Rhee – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Singman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92-%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="לי סינג-מן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לי סינג-מן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლი სინ მანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლი სინ მანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ли Сың Ман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ли Сың Ман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Seungman" title="I Seungman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="I Seungman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Sinmans" title="I Sinmans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="I Sinmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee_Syng-man" title="Rhee Syng-man – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rhee Syng-man" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Szin_Man" title="Li Szin Man – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Li Szin Man" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8" title="Сингман Ри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сингман Ри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="सिंगमन ऱ्ही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंगमन ऱ्ही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اى سنج مان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اى سنج مان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سینگمن ری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سینگمن ری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB_S%C3%ACng-u%C4%81ng" title="Lī Sìng-uāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lī Sìng-uāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ли Сын Ман – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ли Сын Ман" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="И Сын-мань – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="И Сын-мань" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရီဆွန်းမန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရီဆွန်းမန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%A9" title="李承晩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="李承晩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee_Syngman" title="Rhee Syngman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rhee Syngman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B" title="រី ស៊ឹងម៉ាន់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រី ស៊ឹងម៉ាន់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee_Syng-man" title="Rhee Syng-man – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rhee Syng-man" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ли Сын Ман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ли Сын Ман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee_Syng-man" title="Rhee Syng-man – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhee Syng-man" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Sung-man" title="I Sung-man – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="I Sung-man" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8" title="Сингман Ри – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сингман Ри" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Seungman" title="I Seungman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="I Seungman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhee_Syngman" title="Rhee Syngman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rhee Syngman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อี ซึง-มัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อี ซึง-มัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лі Синман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лі Синман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%E1%BB%ABa_V%C3%A3n" title="Lý Thừa Vãn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý Thừa Vãn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%9A" title="李承晚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="李承晚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Syngman Rhee" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%9A" title="李承晚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李承晚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%9A" title="李承晚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="李承晚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="View the content page [c]" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the first president of South Korea. For the Presbyterian minister, see <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee_(clergyman)" title="Syngman Rhee (clergyman)">Syngman Rhee (clergyman)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a>, the family name is <i> <a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)" title="Lee (Korean surname)">Rhee</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Syngman Rhee</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">이승만</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg/220px-Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg/330px-Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg/440px-Rhee_Syng-Man_in_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1948</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 July 1948 – 26 April 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shin_Song-mo" title="Shin Song-mo">Shin Song-mo</a> (acting) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chang_Myon" title="Chang Myon">Chang Myon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Yi_Yun-yong" title="Yi Yun-yong">Yi Yun-yong</a> (acting) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chang_Taek-sang" title="Chang Taek-sang">Chang Taek-sang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Baek_Du-jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baek Du-jin">Baek Du-jin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Byeon_Yeong-tae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byeon Yeong-tae">Byeon Yeong-tae</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_South_Korea" title="Vice President of South Korea">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Si-yeong" title="Yi Si-yeong">Yi Si-yeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Seong-su" title="Kim Seong-su">Kim Seong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_Tae-young" title="Ham Tae-young">Ham Tae-young</a></li> <li>Chang Myon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yun_Po-sun" title="Yun Po-sun">Yun Po-sun</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea">Speaker of the National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 May 1948 – 24 July 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shin_Ik-hee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Ik-hee">Shin Ik-hee</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the State Council of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Provisional Government">Korean Provisional Government</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 March 1947 – 15 August 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Ku</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Provisional Government">Korean Provisional Government</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 September 1919 – 23 March 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Donghwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Donghwi">Yi Donghwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Dongnyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Dongnyeong">Yi Dongnyeong</a></li> <li>Sin Gyu-sik</li> <li>No Baek-rin</li> <li>Park Eunsik</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Park_Eunsik" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Eunsik">Park Eunsik</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rhee Syng-man</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-03-26</span>)</span>26 March 1875<br />Nungnae-dong, Taegyong-ri, Masan-myon, <a href="/wiki/Pyongsan_County" title="Pyongsan County">Pyongsan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1965<span style="display:none">(1965-07-19)</span> (aged 90)<br /><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_Cemetery" title="Seoul National Cemetery">Seoul National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a> (until 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (1910–1945)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (1945–1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal</a> (1951–1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Association_(South_Korea)" title="National Association (South Korea)">National Association</a> (1946–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Seungseon Park</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1891; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1909)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Franziska_Donner" class="mw-redirect" title="Franziska Donner">Franziska Donner</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1934)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syngman Rhee's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg/128px-Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg/192px-Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg/256px-Syngman_Rhee_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">이승만 / 리승만</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">李承晩</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">I Seungman / Ri Seungman</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">I Sŭngman / Ri Sŭngman</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">우남</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">雩南</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Unam</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Unam</i></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Syngman Rhee</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">이승만</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">李承晚</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[iː.sɯŋ.man]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 March 1875 – 19 July 1965) was a South Korean politician who served as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president of South Korea</a> from 1948 to 1960. Rhee is also known by his <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">art name</a> <b>Unam</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">우남</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">雩南</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee was also the first and last president of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> from 1919 to his impeachment in 1925 and from 1947 to 1948. As president of South Korea, <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">Rhee's government</a> was characterised by authoritarianism, limited <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, and in the late 1950s growing <a href="/wiki/Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_opposition" title="Public opposition">public opposition</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>, Joseon, Rhee attended an American <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> school, where he <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence activist</a> and was imprisoned for his activities in 1899. After his release in 1904, he moved to the United States, where he obtained degrees from American universities and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth#Portsmouth_Peace_Conference" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">met</a> President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. After a brief 1910–12 return to Korea, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in 1913. In 1919, following the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> suppression of the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a>, Rhee joined the right-leaning Korean Provisional Government in exile in Shanghai. From 1918 to 1924, he served as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="List of presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">President of the Korean Provisional Government</a> until he was impeached in 1925. He then returned to the United States, where he advocated and fundraised for Korean independence. In 1939, he moved to Washington, DC. In 1945, he was returned to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">US-controlled Korea</a> by the US military, and <a href="/wiki/1948_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1948 South Korean presidential election">on July 20, 1948</a> he was elected the first president of the Republic of Korea by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="Constituent National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a>, ushering in the First Republic of Korea. </p><p>As president, Rhee continued his hardline <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> views that characterized much of his earlier political career. Early on in his presidency, his government put down a <a href="/wiki/Jeju_uprising" title="Jeju uprising">communist uprising on Jeju Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mungyeong_massacre" title="Mungyeong massacre">Mungyeong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodo_League_massacre" title="Bodo League massacre">Bodo League massacres</a> were committed against suspected <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> sympathisers, leaving at least 100,000 people dead.<sup id="cite_ref-smh.com.au_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh.com.au-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee was president during the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), in which North Korea invaded South Korea. He refused to sign <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">the armistice agreement</a> that ended the war, wishing to have the peninsula reunited by force.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cha_2010,_p._174_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cha_2010,_p._174-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fighting ended, South Korea's economy lagged behind North Korea's and was heavily reliant on US aid. After being <a href="/wiki/1956_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1956 South Korean presidential election">re-elected in 1956</a>, he pushed to modify the constitution to remove the two-term limit, despite opposition protests. He was reelected uncontested <a href="/wiki/March_1960_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="March 1960 South Korean presidential election">in March 1960</a>, after his opponent <a href="/wiki/Chough_Pyung-ok" title="Chough Pyung-ok">Chough Pyung-ok</a> died from cancer before the election took place. After Rhee's ally <a href="/wiki/Lee_Ki-poong" title="Lee Ki-poong">Lee Ki-poong</a> won the corresponding vice-presidential election by a wide margin, the opposition rejected the result as rigged, which triggered protests. These escalated into the student-led <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a>, in which police shot demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Masan" title="Masan">Masan</a>. The resulting scandal caused Rhee to resign on 26 April, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Korea" title="Second Republic of Korea">Second Republic of Korea</a>. Despite this, protesters continued to converge on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">presidential palace</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> covertly evacuating him on 28 April by helicopter. He spent the rest of his life in exile in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, and died of a stroke in 1965. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syngman Rhee was born on 26 March 1875, in Daegyeong, a village in <a href="/wiki/Pyongsan_County" title="Pyongsan County">Pyeongsan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Files_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Files-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee was the third but only surviving son out of three brothers and two sisters (his two older brothers both died in infancy) in a rural family of modest means.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee's family traced its lineage back to King <a href="/wiki/Taejong_of_Joseon" title="Taejong of Joseon">Taejong of Joseon</a>. He was a 16th-generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_Yangnyeong" title="Grand Prince Yangnyeong">Grand Prince Yangnyeong</a> through his second son, Yi Heun who was known as Jangpyeong Dojeong (장평도정;長平都正).<sup id="cite_ref-IEKAS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEKAS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case makes him a distant relative of the mid-Joseon military officer, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin_(born_1554)" title="Yi Sun-sin (born 1554)">Yi Sun-sin</a> (not be confused with Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a>). His mother was a member of <a href="/wiki/Gimhae_Kim_clan" title="Gimhae Kim clan">Gimhae Kim clan</a>. </p><p>In 1877, at the age of two, Rhee and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, where he had traditional <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> education in various <i><a href="/wiki/Seodang" title="Seodang">seodang</a></i> in Nakdong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">낙동</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">駱洞</span></span>) and Dodong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">도동</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">桃洞</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Rhee was six years old a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> infection rendered him virtually blind until he was treated with western medicine, possibly by a Japanese doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee was portrayed as a potential candidate for the <i><a href="/wiki/Gwageo" title="Gwageo">gwageo</a></i>, the traditional Korean <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">civil service examination</a>, but in 1894 reforms abolished the <i>gwageo</i> system, and in April he enrolled in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paechae_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paechae School (page does not exist)">Paechae School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%99%EB%8B%B9" class="extiw" title="ko:배재학당">ko</a>]</span>, an American <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> school, where he converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Files_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Files-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee studied English and <i>sinhakmun</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">신학문</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">新學問</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> new subjects). Near the end of 1895, he joined a Hyeopseong (Mutual Friendship) Club (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">협성회</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">協成會</span></span>) created by <a href="/wiki/Seo_Jae-pil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seo Jae-pil">Seo Jae-pil</a>, who returned from the United States after his exile following the <a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a>. He worked as the head and the main writer of the newspapers <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hy%C5%8Fps%C5%8Fnghoe_Hoebo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyŏpsŏnghoe Hoebo (page does not exist)">Hyŏpsŏnghoe Hoebo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EC%84%B1%ED%9A%8C%ED%9A%8C%EB%B3%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:협성회회보">ko</a>]</span></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maeil_Sinmun_(Korean_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maeil Sinmun (Korean Empire) (page does not exist)">Maeil Sinmun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EC%9D%BC%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8_(%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD)" class="extiw" title="ko:매일신문 (대한제국)">ko</a>]</span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter being the first daily newspaper in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Rhee earned money by teaching the Korean language to Americans. In 1895, Rhee graduated from Pai Chai School.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_activities">Independence activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhee became involved in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Japanese</a> circles after the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1895, which saw Joseon passed from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>. Rhee was implicated in a plot to take revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">assassination of Empress Myeongseong</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_the_Korean_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong of the Korean Empire">King Gojong</a> who was assassinated by Japanese agents (known in Korean history as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chunsaengmun_incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chunsaengmun incident (page does not exist)">Chunsaengmun incident</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%98%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%B8_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:춘생문 사건">ko</a>]</span>); however, a female American physician Georgiana E. Whiting helped him avoid the charges by disguising him as her patient and go to his sister's house. Rhee acted as one of the forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a> through grassroots organizations such as the Hyeopseong Club and the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a>. Rhee organized several protests against corruption and the influences of the Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in November 1898, Rhee attained the rank of <i>Uigwan</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">의관</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">議官</span></span>) in the Imperial Legislature, the Jungchuwon (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">중추원</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">中樞院</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After entering civil service, Rhee was implicated in a plot to remove King Gojong from power through the recruitment of <a href="/wiki/Park_Yeong-hyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Yeong-hyo">Park Yeong-hyo</a>. As a result, Rhee was imprisoned in the Gyeongmucheong Prison (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">경무청</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">警務廳</span></span>) in January 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources place the year arrested as 1897 and 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Files_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Files-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee attempted to escape on the 20th day of imprisonment but was caught and was sentenced to life imprisonment through the Pyeongniwon (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">평리원</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">平理院</span></span>). He was imprisoned in the Hanseong Prison (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한성감옥서</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">漢城監獄署</span></span>). In prison, Rhee translated and compiled <i>The Sino–Japanese War Record</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">청일전기</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">淸日戰紀</span></span>), wrote <i>The Spirit of Independence</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">독립정신</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">獨立精神</span></span>), compiled the <i>New English–Korean Dictionary</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">신영한사전</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">新英韓辭典</span></span>) and wrote in the <i>Imperial Newspaper</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">제국신문</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">帝國新聞</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this included Japanese officers lighting oil paper which were pushed up his fingernails, and then smashing them one-by-one.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activities_at_home_and_abroad">Political activities at home and abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political activities at home and abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_nationalism" title="Category:Korean nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#0084c9; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Korean nationalism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg/200px-Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg/300px-Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg/400px-Unification_flag_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Unification_Flag" title="Korean Unification Flag">Korean Unification Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li>National Liberation</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism#Ethnic_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Minjok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism#State-aligned_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_Equality" title="Three Principles of the Equality">Three Principles of the Equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Japanese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Han_(cultural)" title="Han (cultural)">Han</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a> <ul><li><i><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%8F%AC" class="extiw" title="ko:동포">Dangpo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minjok_jeonggi" title="Minjok jeonggi">Minjok jeonggi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Tenth_Movement" title="June Tenth Movement">June Tenth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3_Resistance_movement" title="June 3 Resistance movement">June 3 Resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4_South%E2%80%93North_Joint_Statement" title="July 4 South–North Joint Statement">July 4 South–North Joint Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15th_North%E2%80%93South_Joint_Declaration" title="June 15th North–South Joint Declaration">June 15th North–South Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_summits" title="Inter-Korean summits">Inter-Korean summits</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Chang_Ho" title="Ahn Chang Ho">Ahn Chang Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon">Choe Nam-seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Chae-ho" title="Shin Chae-ho">Shin Chae-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Dong-ju" title="Yun Dong-ju">Yun Dong-ju</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Jang-yop" title="Hwang Jang-yop">Hwang Jang-yop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jae-yeon_(politician)" title="Kim Jae-yeon (politician)">Kim Jae-yeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo-jong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Yo-jong">Kim Yo-jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwon_Young-ghil" title="Kwon Young-ghil">Kwon Young-ghil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jae-myung" title="Lee Jae-myung">Lee Jae-myung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim_Su-kyung" title="Lim Su-kyung">Lim Su-kyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh Woon-hyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Eun-sik" title="Park Eun-sik">Park Eun-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syngman Rhee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activists (after 1945)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EA%B8%B0%EC%99%84" class="extiw" title="ko:백기완">Baek Ki-wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ou-joon" title="Kim Ou-joon">Kim Ou-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim_Su-kyung" title="Lim Su-kyung">Lim Su-kyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Ik-hwan" title="Moon Ik-hwan">Moon Ik-hwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unification_Party" title="Liberal Unification Party">Liberal Unification Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Korea,_2017)" title="Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Inactive or defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Labor Party (South Korea)">Democratic Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Party" title="Korean National Party">Korean National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Independence_Federation" title="National Independence Federation">National Independence Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Progressive_Party" title="Unified Progressive Party">Unified Progressive Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Historical_Truth_and_Justice" title="Center for Historical Truth and Justice">Center for Historical Truth and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Association" title="Liberation Association">Liberation Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodutdol" title="Nodutdol">Nodutdol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Inactive or defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21C_Korea_College_Students%27_Union" title="21C Korea College Students' Union">21C Korea College Students' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_National_Democratic_Front" title="Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front">Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Peaceful_Reunification_of_the_Fatherland" title="Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland">Committee for the Peaceful Reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanchongnyon" title="Hanchongnyon">Hanchongnyon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shirts_Society" title="White Shirts Society">White Shirts Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongil_News" title="Tongil News">Tongil News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_People_(website)" title="Voice of the People (website)">Voice of the People</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Anniversary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_Day_(Korea)" title="National Foundation Day (Korea)">Gaecheonjeol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Day_of_Korea" title="National Liberation Day of Korea">Gwangbokjeol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangeul_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangeul Day"><i>Hangeul</i> Day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement#Commemorations" title="March First Movement">Samiljeol</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbolism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Korean flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea" title="Flag of North Korea">Blue and Red National Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Korea" title="Flag of South Korea">Taegeukgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Unification_Flag" title="Korean Unification Flag">Unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/White_clothing_in_Korea#Symbolism" title="White clothing in Korea">White-clothed people</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Debate</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i>Bukjin Tongil</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cleanest_Race" title="The Cleanest Race">The Cleanest Race</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiandao" title="Jiandao">Gando dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes" title="Japan–Korea disputes">Japan–Korea disputes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute" title="Liancourt Rocks dispute">Dokdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_claim_to_Tsushima_Island" title="Korean claim to Tsushima Island">Daemado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan_naming_dispute" title="Sea of Japan naming dispute">Korean Eastern Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Korean nationalist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_Theory_of_the_Provisional_Government" title="Legitimacy Theory of the Provisional Government">Legitimacy Theory of the Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_South_Korea" title="Propaganda in South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_for_Korean_independence" title="Category:Activists for Korean independence">Activists for Korean independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-American sentiment in Korea">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreacentrism" title="Koreacentrism">Koreacentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_independence_movement_organizations" title="Category:Korean independence movement organizations">Korean independence movement organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_nationalism" title="Template:Korean nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Korean_nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Korean nationalism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1904, Rhee was released from prison at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Min_Young-hwan" title="Min Young-hwan">Min Young-hwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1904, with the help of Min Yeong-hwan and Han Gyu-seol (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한규설</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">韓圭卨</span></span>), Rhee moved to the United States. In August 1905, Rhee and Yun Byeong-gu (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">윤병구</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">尹炳求</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> met with the Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> and US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth#Portsmouth_Peace_Conference" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">peace talks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a> and attempted unsuccessfully to convince the US to help preserve independence for Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhee continued to stay in the United States; this move has been described as an "exile".<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained a Bachelor of Arts from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> in 1907, and a Master of Arts from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEKAS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEKAS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he obtained a PhD from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Files_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Files-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the thesis "Neutrality as influenced by the United States" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">미국의 영향하에 발달된 국제법상 중립</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1910, Rhee returned to <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese-occupied Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as a <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> coordinator and missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-coppa-256_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coppa-256-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, Rhee was implicated in the <a href="/wiki/105-Man_Incident" title="105-Man Incident">105-Man Incident</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was shortly arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he fled to the United States in 1912<sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with M. C. Harris's rationale that Rhee was going to participate in the general meeting of Methodists in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> as the Korean representative.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Rhee attempted to convince <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to help the people involved in the 105-Man Incident, but failed to bring any change. Soon afterwards, he met <a href="/wiki/Park_Yong-man" title="Park Yong-man">Park Yong-man</a>, who was in Nebraska at the time. In February 1913, as a consequence of the meeting, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, and took over the Han-in Jung-ang Academy (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한인중앙학원</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">韓人中央學園</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hawaii, he began to publish the <i>Pacific Ocean Magazine</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">태평양잡지</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">太平洋雜誌</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, he established the Han-in Christian Church (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한인기독교회</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">韓人基督敎會</span></span>). During this period, he opposed Park Yong-man's stance on foreign relations of Korea and brought about a split in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1918, he was chosen, along with Dr. Henry Chung DeYoung, as a Korean representative to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference in 1919</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Association" title="Korean National Association">Korean National Association</a> but they failed to obtain permission to travel to Paris. After giving up travelling to Paris, Rhee held the <a href="/wiki/First_Korean_Congress" title="First Korean Congress">First Korean Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jaisohn" title="Philip Jaisohn">Seo Jae-pil</a> to make plans for future political activism concerning Korean independence.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> in March 1919, Rhee discovered that he was appointed to the positions of foreign minister for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_National_Assembly_(Vladivostok)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean National Assembly (Vladivostok) (page does not exist)">Korean National Assembly</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" class="extiw" title="ko:대한국민의회">ko</a>]</span> (a group in <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>), prime minister for the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> in Shanghai, and a position equivalent to president for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseong_Provisional_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanseong Provisional Government (page does not exist)">Hanseong Provisional Government</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" class="extiw" title="ko:한성정부">ko</a>]</span>. In June, in the acting capacity of the President of the Republic of Korea, he notified the prime ministers and the chairmen of peace conferences of Korea's independence. On 25 August, Rhee established the Korean Commission to America and Europe (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">구미위원부</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">歐美委員部</span></span>) in Washington, DC. On 6 September, Rhee discovered that he had been appointed acting president for the Provisional Government in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Files_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Files-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From December 1920 to May 1921, he moved to Shanghai and was the acting president for the Provisional Government.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Rhee failed to efficiently act in the capacity of Acting President due to conflicts inside the provisional government in Shanghai. In October 1920, he returned to the US to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a>. During the conference, he attempted to set the problem of Korean independence as part of the agenda and campaigned for independence but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1922, he returned to Hawaii to focus on publication, education, and religion. In November 1924, Rhee was appointed the position of <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">president for life</a> in the Korean Comrade Society (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">대한인동지회</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">大韓人同志會</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1925, Rhee was impeached as the president of the Provisional Government in Shanghai over allegations of misuse of power<sup id="cite_ref-KoreaTimes_13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KoreaTimes_13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was removed from office. Nevertheless, he continued to claim the position of president by referring to the Hanseong Provisional Government and continued independence activities through the Korean Commission to America and Europe. In the beginning of 1933, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> to bring up the question of Korean independence.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1939, Rhee and his wife left Hawaii for Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He focused on writing the book <i>Japan Inside Out</i> and published it during the summer of 1941. With the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and the consequent <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, which began in December 1941, Rhee used his position as the chairman of the foreign relations department of the provisional government in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> to convince President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> to approve the existence of the Korean provisional government. As part of this plan, he cooperated with anti-Japan strategies conducted by the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS). In 1945, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> as the leader of the Korean representatives to request the participation of the Korean provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhee in 1905 dressed to meet Theodore Roosevelt"><img alt="Rhee in 1905 dressed to meet Theodore Roosevelt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg/155px-1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg/232px-1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg/310px-1905-Syngman_Rhee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhee in 1905 dressed to meet <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RheeKim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhee and Vice President of the Korean Provisional Government Kim Kyu-sik in 1919"><img alt="Rhee and Vice President of the Korean Provisional Government Kim Kyu-sik in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RheeKim.jpg/150px-RheeKim.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RheeKim.jpg/225px-RheeKim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RheeKim.jpg/300px-RheeKim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhee and Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Provisional Government">Korean Provisional Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a> in 1919</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1948–1960)"><span id="Presidency_.281948.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Presidency (1948–1960)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidency (1948–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg/220px-Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg/330px-Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg/440px-Syngman_Rhee_and_Douglas_MacArthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Rhee and American general <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> at the ceremony inaugurating the government of South Korea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg/220px-Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg/330px-Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg/440px-Ceremony_inaugurating_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3079" /></a><figcaption>Ceremony inaugurating the government of the Republic of Korea (15 August 1948)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Conservatism in South Korea">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea"><span style="color: #FFF;">Conservatism<br />in South Korea</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism#State-aligned_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">State-aligned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#South_Korea" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditional</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongik_Ingan" title="Hongik Ingan">Hongik Ingan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism#In_Korea" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#North_Korea–South_Korea" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Anti-North sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanophilia</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanophobia</a> <ul><li>"Old Right"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#South_Korea" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Major_Rivers_Project" title="Four Major Rivers Project">Four Major Rivers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>Bukjin Tongil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93South_Korea)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Restoration" title="October Restoration">October Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Supreme Council for National Reconstruction">Supreme Council for National Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegukgi_rallies" title="Taegukgi rallies">Taegukgi rallies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon">Choe Nam-seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Seong-su" title="Kim Seong-su">Kim Seong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">B. R. Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Heong-joon" title="Park Heong-joon">Park Heong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Munyeol" title="Yi Munyeol">Yi Munyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoo_Seong-min" title="Yoo Seong-min">Yoo Seong-min</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-joon" title="Chung Mong-joon">Chung Mong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choung_Byoung-gug" title="Choung Byoung-gug">Choung Byoung-gug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Kyo-ahn" title="Hwang Kyo-ahn">Hwang Kyo-ahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Du-han" title="Kim Du-han">Kim Du-han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hoi-chang" title="Lee Hoi-chang">Lee Hoi-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jun-seok" title="Lee Jun-seok">Lee Jun-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chong-in" title="Kim Chong-in">Kim Chong-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Gu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Gu">Kim Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jin-pyo_(politician)" title="Kim Jin-pyo (politician)">Kim Jin-pyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-pil" title="Kim Jong-pil">Kim Jong-pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Moo-sung" title="Kim Moo-sung">Kim Moo-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Kyung-won" title="Na Kyung-won">Na Kyung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syngman Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suh_Chung-won" title="Suh Chung-won">Suh Chung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Tae-keung" title="Ha Tae-keung">Ha Tae-keung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Sang-hak" title="Park Sang-hak">Park Sang-hak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (mainstream)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bareun_Party" title="Bareun Party">Bareun Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)">Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Justice_Party" title="Democratic Justice Party">Democratic Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Korea_Party" title="Future Korea Party">Future Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Grand National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_(South_Korea)" title="National Association (South Korea)">National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(South_Korea)" title="New Conservative Party (South Korea)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">New Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Future_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Future Party">People's Future Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Saenuri Party</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">United Future Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (minor)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Liberty_Party" title="Dawn of Liberty Party">Dawn of Liberty Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Korea_21" title="Free Korea 21">Free Korea 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party" title="Korea Democratic Party">Korea Democratic Party</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Independence_Party" title="Korea Independence Party">Korea Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Party" title="Korean National Party">Korean National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">National Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Participation_Party" title="New National Participation Party">New National Participation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2017)" title="Our Republican Party (2017)">Our Republican Party (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2020)" title="Our Republican Party (2020)">Our Republican Party (2020)</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People First Party (South Korea)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2020)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2020)">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenuri_Party_(2017)" title="Saenuri Party (2017)">Saenuri Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_National_Party" title="Unification National Party">Unification National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Liberal_Democrats" title="United Liberal Democrats">United Liberal Democrats</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">Chosun Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Chosun" title="TV Chosun">TV Chosun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">Dong-a Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_A_(TV_channel)" title="Channel A (TV channel)">Channel A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JTBC" title="JTBC">JTBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily" title="The Korea Economic Daily">The Korea Economic Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukmin_Ilbo" title="Kukmin Ilbo">Kukmin Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Business_Newspaper" title="Maeil Business Newspaper">Maeil Business Newspaper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Broadcasting_Network" title="Maeil Broadcasting Network">MBN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Ilbo" title="Munhwa Ilbo">Munhwa Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segye_Ilbo" title="Segye Ilbo">Segye Ilbo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for Free Enterprise">Center for Free Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Council_of_Korea" title="Christian Council of Korea">Christian Council of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters_for_a_Free_North_Korea" title="Fighters for a Free North Korea">FFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Federation_of_Teachers%27_Associations" title="Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations">Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_North_Korean_Democracy_and_Human_Rights" title="Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights">NKnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanahoe" title="Hanahoe">Hanahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Youth_Association" title="North-West Youth Association">North-West Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shirts_Society" title="White Shirts Society">White Shirts Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chojoongdong" title="Chojoongdong">Chojoongdong</a></li> <li>Controversy over National Foundation Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilbe_Storehouse" title="Ilbe Storehouse">Ilbe Storehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(South_Korea)" title="National Security Act (South Korea)">National Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">Liberalism in South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Liberalism in South Korea">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Korea_and_rise_to_power">Return to Korea and rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Korea and rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First Republic of Korea</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on 2 September 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee was flown to Tokyo aboard a US military aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the objections of the Department of State, the US military government allowed Rhee to return to Korea by providing him with a passport in October 1945, despite the refusal of the Department of State to issue Rhee with a passport.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a> wrote that there was "at least a measure of corruption in the transaction" as the OSS agent <a href="/wiki/Millard_Preston_Goodfellow" title="Millard Preston Goodfellow">Preston Goodfellow</a> who provided Rhee with the passport that allowed him to return to Korea was apparently promised by Rhee that if he came to power, he would reward Goodfellow with commercial concessions."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the independence of Korea and a secret meeting with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, Rhee was flown in mid-October 1945 to Seoul aboard MacArthur's personal airplane, <i>The Bataan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the return to Korea, he assumed the posts of president of the Independence Promotion Central Committee (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">독립촉성중앙위원회</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">獨立促成中央協議會</span></span>), chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Representative_Democratic_Council" title="Representative Democratic Council">Korean People's Representative Democratic Legislature</a>, and president of the Headquarters for Unification (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">민족통일총본부</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">民族統一總本部</span></span>). At this point, he was strongly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and opposed foreign intervention; he opposed the Soviet Union and the United States' proposal in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1945)" title="Moscow Conference (1945)">1945 Moscow Conference</a> to establish a trusteeship for Korea and the cooperation between the left-wing (communist) and the right-wing (nationalist) parties. He also refused to join the US-Soviet Joint Commission (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">미소공동위원회</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">美蘇共同委員會</span></span>) as well as the negotiations with the north.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For decades, the Korean independence movement was torn by factionalism and in-fighting, and most of the leaders of the independence movement hated each other as much as they hated the Japanese. Rhee, who had lived for decades in the United States, was a figure known only from afar in Korea, and therefore regarded as a more or less acceptable compromise candidate for the conservative factions. More importantly, Rhee spoke fluent English, whereas none of his rivals did, and therefore he was the Korean politician most trusted and favored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">American occupation government</a>. The British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Roger_Makins,_1st_Baron_Sherfield" title="Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield">Roger Makins</a> later recalled, "the American propensity to go for a man rather than a movement — <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Giraud</a> among the French in 1942, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> in China. Americans have always liked the idea of dealing with a foreign leader who can be identified as 'their man'. They are much less comfortable with movements." Makins further added the same was the case with Rhee, as very few Americans were fluent in Korean in the 1940s or knew much about Korea, and it was simply far easier for the American occupation government to deal with Rhee than to try to understand Korea. Rhee was "acerbic, prickly, uncompromising" and was regarded by the US State Department, which long had dealings with him as "a dangerous mischief-maker", but the American General <a href="/wiki/John_R._Hodge" title="John R. Hodge">John R. Hodge</a> decided that Rhee was the best man for the Americans to back because of his fluent English and his ability to talk with authority to American officers about American subjects. Once it became clear from October 1945 onward that Rhee was the Korean politician most favored by the Americans, other conservative leaders fell in behind him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the first US–Soviet Cooperation Committee meeting was concluded without a result, he began to argue in June 1946 that the government of Korea must be established as an independent entity.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month, he created a plan based on this idea<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moved to Washington, DC, from December 1946 to April 1947 to lobby support for the plan. During the visit, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s policies of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, which was announced in March 1947, enforced Rhee's anti-communist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1947, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> recognized Korea's independence and established the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Commission_on_Korea" title="United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea">United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea</a> (UNTCOK) through Resolution 112.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMP_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMP-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1948, the <a href="/wiki/1948_South_Korean_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election">South Korean Constitutional Assembly election</a> was held under the oversight of the UNTCOK.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected without competition to serve in the South Korean Constitutional Assembly (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">대한민국 제헌국회</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">大韓民國制憲國會</span></span>) and was consequently selected to be Speaker of the Assembly. Rhee was highly influential in creating the policy stating that the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president of South Korea</a> had to be elected by the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Korea">Constitution of the Republic of Korea</a> was adopted on 17 July 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-UCA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Dignitaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Korea_Dignitaries.jpg/220px-Korea_Dignitaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Korea_Dignitaries.jpg/330px-Korea_Dignitaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Korea_Dignitaries.jpg/440px-Korea_Dignitaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Rhee with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> in 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 July 1948, Rhee was elected president of the Republic of Korea<sup id="cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Files_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Files-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/1948_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1948 South Korean presidential election">1948 South Korean presidential election</a> with 92.3% of the vote; the second candidate, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a>, received 6.7% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FES_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FES-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 August the Republic of Korea was formally established in the south,<sup id="cite_ref-UCA_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rhee was <a href="/wiki/Inaugurated" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugurated">inaugurated</a> as its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-Doopedia_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, on 9 September, the north also proclaimed statehood as the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a>. Rhee's relations with the <i><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">chinilpa</a></i> Korean elites who had collaborated with the Japanese were, in the words of the South Korean historian Kyung Moon Hwang, often "contentious", but in the end an understanding was reached in which, in exchange for their support, Rhee would not purge the elites.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Koreans who had served in the colonial-era National Police, whom the Americans had retained after August 1945, were promised by Rhee that their jobs would not be threatened by him. Upon independence in 1948, 53% of South Korean police officers were men who had served in the National Police during the Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rhee_Syng-man" title="Cabinet of Rhee Syng-man">Cabinet of Rhee Syng-man</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_repression">Political repression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political repression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution,Taejon,_South_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/220px-Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/330px-Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/440px-Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners lie on the ground before execution by South Korean troops near Daejon, South Korea, July 1950. Photo by US Army Maj. Abbott.<sup id="cite_ref-apphoto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apphoto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners,_Taejon,_South_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/220px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/330px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/440px-South_Korean_soldiers_walk_among_dead_political_prisoners%2C_Taejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>South Korean soldiers walk among bodies of South Korean political prisoners shot near Daejon, South Korea, July 1950. Photo by US Army Major Abbott.<sup id="cite_ref-apphoto_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apphoto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after taking office, Rhee enacted laws that severely curtailed political dissent. There was much controversy between Rhee and his leftist opponents. Allegedly, many of the leftist opponents were arrested and in some cases killed. The most controversial issue has been Kim Ku's assassination. On 26 June 1949, Kim Ku was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Doo-hee" title="Ahn Doo-hee">Ahn Doo-hee</a>, who confessed that he assassinated Kim Ku by the order of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chang-ryong" title="Kim Chang-ryong">Kim Chang-ryong</a>. Ahn Doo-hee was described by the British historian Max Hastings as one of Rhee's "creatures".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon became apparent that Rhee's style of government was rigidly authoritarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Tirman,_John_2011_93–95_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tirman,_John_2011_93–95-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to detain and torture suspected communists and North Korean agents. His government also oversaw several massacres, including the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_uprising" title="Jeju uprising">Jeju uprising</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>, of which South Korea's Truth Commission reported 14,373 victims, 86% at the hands of the security forces and 13.9% at the hands of communist rebels,<sup id="cite_ref-jeju43_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeju43-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mungyeong_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungyeong Massacre">Mungyeong Massacre</a>. </p><p>By early 1950, Rhee had about 30,000 alleged communists in his jails, and had about 300,000 suspected sympathizers enrolled in an official "re-education" movement called the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo League">Bodo League</a>. When the North Korean army attacked in June, retreating <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean Army">South Korean forces</a> executed the prisoners, along with several tens of thousands of Bodo League members.<sup id="cite_ref-smh.com.au_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh.com.au-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <p>Both Rhee and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_45_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_45-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> was well equipped with Soviet aircraft, vehicles and tanks. According to John Merrill, "the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty-eighth parallel," and 100,000 people died in "political disturbances, guerrilla warfare, and border clashes".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of war on 25 June 1950, North Korean troops launched a full-scale invasion of South Korea. All South Korean resistance at the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> was overwhelmed by the North Korean offensive within a few hours. By 26 June, it was apparent that the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) would occupy Seoul. Rhee stated, "Every Cabinet member, including myself, will protect the government."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At midnight on 28 June, the South Korean military destroyed the Han Bridge, preventing thousands of citizens from fleeing. On 28 June, North Korean soldiers occupied Seoul. </p><p>During the North Korean occupation of Seoul, Rhee established a temporary government in <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> and created a defensive perimeter along the Naktong Bulge. A series of battles ensued, which would later be known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="Battle of Naktong Bulge">Battle of Naktong Bulge</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Battle of Inchon</a> in September 1950, the North Korean military was routed, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> (UNC) and South Korean forces not only liberated all of South Korea, but overran much of North Korea. In the areas of North Korea taken by the UNC forces, elections were supposed to be administered by the United Nations but instead were taken over and administered by the South Koreans. Rhee insisted on <i>Bukjin Tongil</i> – ending war by conquering North Korea, but after the Chinese entered the war in November 1950, the UNC forces were thrown into retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period of crisis, Rhee ordered the <a href="/wiki/December_massacres" title="December massacres">December massacres</a> of 1950. Rhee was absolutely committed to reunifying Korea under his leadership and strongly supported MacArthur's call for going all-out against China, even at the risk of provoking a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hastings notes that, during the war, Rhee's official salary was equal to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>37.50 per month. Both at the time and since, there has been much speculation about precisely how Rhee managed to live on this amount. The entire Rhee regime was notorious for its corruption, with everyone in the government from the President downwards stealing as much they possibly could from both the public purse and from United States aid. The Rhee regime engaged in the "worst excesses of corruption", with South Korean soldiers going unpaid for months as their officers embezzled their pay, equipment provided by the United States being sold on the black market, and the size of the army being bloated by hundreds of thousands of "ghost soldiers" who only existed on paper, allowing their officers to steal pay that would have been due had these soldiers actually existed. The problems with low morale experienced by the army were largely due to the corruption of the Rhee regime. The worst scandal during the war—indeed of the entire Rhee government—was the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Corps_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense Corps Incident">National Defense Corps Incident</a>. Rhee created the National Defense Corps in December 1950, intended to be a paramilitary militia, comprising men not in the military or police who were drafted into the corps for internal security duties. In the months that followed, tens of thousands of National Defense Corps men either starved or froze to death in their unheated barracks, as the men lacked winter uniforms and food. Even Rhee could not ignore the deaths of so many and ordered an investigation. It was revealed that the commander of the National Defense Corps, General Kim Yun Gun, had stolen millions of American dollars that were intended to heat the barracks and feed and clothe the men. Kim and five other officers were publicly shot at <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a> on 12 August 1951, following their convictions for corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_236_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1951, Rhee—who was upset about MacArthur's dismissal as UNC commander by President Truman—lashed out in a press interview against Britain, whom he blamed for MacArthur's sacking.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_235_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_235-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee declared, "The British troops have outlived their welcome in my country." Shortly after, Rhee told an Australian diplomat about the Australian troops fighting for his country, "They are not wanted here any longer. Tell that to your government. The Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British troops all represent a government which is now sabotaging the brave American effort to liberate fully and unify my unhappy nation."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_235_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_235-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhee was strongly against the armistice negotiations the US entered into in 1953. Accordingly, in April of the same year, he demanded of President <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> a total withdrawal of his troops from the peninsula if an armistice were to be signed, declaring that the ROK would rather fight on its own than negotiate a cease-fire. He also deliberately carried out some actions that would deter the armistice and reignite conflicts in the region, the most provocative one being his unilateral release of 25,000 prisoners of war in June 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Cha_2010,_p._174_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cha_2010,_p._174-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such actions, which hindered the progress of armistice talks, upset China and the North. Moreover, for such unpredictability in his authoritarian leadership, the Truman and Eisenhower administrations considered him one of the "rogue allies" in East Asia and engaged in "<a href="/wiki/Powerplay_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerplay (theory)">powerplay</a>", or the construction of asymmetric alliances, which helped the US maximize economic and political influence over the ROK and increase ROK's dependency on the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 July 1953, at last, "one of the 20th century's most vicious and frustrating wars"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came to an end with no apparent victor. Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> was signed by military commanders from China, North Korea and the UNC, led by the US.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its signatories did not include the ROK, as Rhee refused to agree to the armistice, and neither was it supposed to be a permanent cease-fire, as a peace treaty was never signed. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syngman_Rhee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhee awarding a medal to US Navy Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie during the Korean War in 1952"><img alt="Rhee awarding a medal to US Navy Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie during the Korean War in 1952" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syngman_Rhee.jpg/200px-Syngman_Rhee.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syngman_Rhee.jpg/300px-Syngman_Rhee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syngman_Rhee.jpg/400px-Syngman_Rhee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhee awarding a medal to <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Ofstie" title="Ralph A. Ofstie">Ralph A. Ofstie</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1952</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhee and his wife posing with Army Corps of Engineers personnel in 1950 at the Han River Bridge"><img alt="Rhee and his wife posing with Army Corps of Engineers personnel in 1950 at the Han River Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg/200px-Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg/300px-Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg/400px-Dr._Syngman_Rhee_at_Han_River_Bridge_in_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhee and his wife posing with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> personnel in 1950 at the <a href="/wiki/Hangang_Bridge" title="Hangang Bridge">Han River Bridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhee on Time magazine cover, 1953"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg/152px-Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg/228px-Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg/303px-Syngman_Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhee on <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine cover, 1953</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-election">Re-election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Re-election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of widespread discontent with Rhee's corruption and political repression, it was considered unlikely that Rhee would be re-elected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a>. To circumvent this, Rhee attempted to amend the constitution to allow him to hold elections for the presidency by direct popular vote. When the Assembly rejected this amendment, Rhee ordered a mass arrest of opposition politicians and then passed the desired amendment in July 1952. During the <a href="/wiki/1952_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1952 South Korean presidential election">following presidential election</a>, he received 74% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_and_exile">Resignation and exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resignation and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war ended in July 1953, South Korea struggled to rebuild following nationwide devastation. The country remained at a <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> level of development and was heavily reliant on US aid.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhee was easily re-elected for what should have been the final time <a href="/wiki/1956_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1956 South Korean presidential election">in 1956</a>, since the 1948 constitution limited the president to two consecutive terms. However, soon after being sworn in, he had the legislature amend the constitution to allow the incumbent president to run for an unlimited number of terms, despite protests from the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/March_1960_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="March 1960 South Korean presidential election">In March 1960</a>, the 84-year-old Rhee won his fourth term in office as president. His victory was assured with 100% of the vote after the main opposition candidate, <a href="/wiki/Cho_Byeong-ok" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho Byeong-ok">Cho Byeong-ok</a>, died shortly before the 15 March elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhee wanted his protégé, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Ki-poong" title="Lee Ki-poong">Lee Ki-poong</a>, elected as Vice President—a separate office under Korean law at that time. When Lee, who was running against <a href="/wiki/Chang_Myon" title="Chang Myon">Chang Myon</a> (the ambassador to the United States during the Korean War, a member from the opposition Democratic Party) won the vote with a wide margin, the opposition Democratic Party claimed the election was <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">rigged</a>. This triggered anger among segments of the Korean populace on 19 April. When police shot demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Masan" title="Masan">Masan</a>, the student-led <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a> forced Rhee to resign on 26 April.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 April 1960, a <a href="/wiki/DC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-4">DC-4</a> belonging to the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), piloted by Captain Harry B. Cockrell Jr. and operated by <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Transport" title="Civil Air Transport">Civil Air Transport</a>, covertly flew Rhee out of South Korea as protesters converged on the <a href="/wiki/Cheong_Wa_Dae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheong Wa Dae">Blue House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the flight, Rhee and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Donner" title="Francesca Donner">Francesca Donner</a>, his Austrian wife, went to the cockpit to thank the pilot and crew. Rhee's wife offered the pilot a valuable diamond ring in thanks, which was courteously declined. The former president, his wife, and their adopted son subsequently lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhee died of stroke complications in Honolulu on 19 July 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes.com_1965-07-20_pp._1,_30_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.com_1965-07-20_pp._1,_30-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, his body was returned to Seoul and buried in the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_Cemetery" title="Seoul National Cemetery">Seoul National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhee was married to Seungseon Park from 1890 to 1910. Park divorced Rhee shortly after the death of their son Rhee Bong-su in 1908, supposedly because their marriage had no intimacy due to his political activities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 1933, Rhee met Austrian <a href="/wiki/Franziska_Donner" class="mw-redirect" title="Franziska Donner">Franziska Donner</a> in Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea_D-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Rhee was participating in a League of Nations meeting<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea_D-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Donner was working as an interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-KoreaTimes_13_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KoreaTimes_13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1934, they were married<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea_D-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-KoreaTimes_13_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KoreaTimes_13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walnut_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walnut-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also acted as his secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea_D-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years after the death of Bong-su, Rhee adopted three sons. The first was Rhee Un-soo, however, the elder Rhee ended the adoption in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second adopted son was Lee Kang-seok, eldest son of Lee Ki-poong, who was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hyoryeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Hyoryeong">Prince Hyoryeong</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore a distant cousin of Rhee; but Lee committed suicide in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rhee was exiled, Rhee In-soo, who is a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yangnyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Yangnyeong">Prince Yangnyeong</a> just like Rhee, was adopted by him as his heir.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_hwan_coin_obverse.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/100_hwan_coin_obverse.jpeg" decoding="async" width="94" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Rhee depicted on a 1959-issued 100 <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_hwan" title="South Korean hwan">hwan</a> coin</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhee's former Seoul residence, <a href="/wiki/Ihwajang" title="Ihwajang">Ihwajang</a>, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum. The Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honor his legacy. There is also a memorial museum located in Hwajinpo near Kim Il Sung's cottage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rhee imbued South Korea with a legacy of authoritarian rule that lasted with only a few short breaks until 1988. One of those breaks came when the country adopted a parliamentary system with a figurehead president in response to Rhee's abuses. This <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of South Korea">Second Republic</a> would only last a year before being overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/1961_South_Korean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 South Korean coup d'état">1961 military coup</a>. In spite of this, however, the ensuing president <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> expressed criticism of Rhee's regime, in particular for its lack of focus on economic and industrial development. Beginning with the Park era, the standing of Rhee and his "diplomatic" faction of the Korean independence movement fell in the public consciousness in favor of Kim Ku and <a href="/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun">Ahn Jung-geun</a>, who embodied the "armed resistance" faction of the right-wing independence movement, who were preferred by Park; Kim's son <a href="/wiki/Kim_Shin_(general)" title="Kim Shin (general)">Kim Shin</a> and Ahn's nephew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahn_Chun-saeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahn Chun-saeng (page does not exist)">Ahn Chun-saeng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%B6%98%EC%83%9D" class="extiw" title="ko:안춘생">ko</a>]</span> both cooperated with the Park regimes of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. See unreliable sources list on WP:KO/RS (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rhee began to be reevaluated after democratization in 1987, and in particular came to be associated with the so-called <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a> movement, some members of which have argued that Rhee's achievements have been wrongly undervalued, and that he should be viewed positively as the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">founding father</a> of the Republic of Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early and prominent example of such literature was Volume 2 of <i>Re-Understanding the History of Pre- and Post-Liberation</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">해방 전후사의 재인식</span></span>), published in 2006 by various "New Right" scholars. This academic dispute formed one of the germs behind the later <a href="/wiki/Korean_history_textbook_controversies" title="Korean history textbook controversies">history textbook controversies</a> in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In any event, this view has not spread much beyond the right-wing, with a 2023 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Korea" title="Gallup Korea">Gallup Korea</a> survey finding that only 30% of respondents saying that Rhee "did many good things", versus 40% who thought that he "did many wrong things" and 30% who had no opinion or didn't respond. Moreover, only about half of <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">conservative party</a> supporters, as well as half of self-described <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">conservatives</a>, gave the first response.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Portrayed by Lee Chang-hwan in the 1991–1992 <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_of_Dawn" title="Eyes of Dawn">Eyes of Dawn</a></i>.</li> <li>Portrayed by Kwon Sung-deok in the 2006 <a href="/wiki/KBS1" title="KBS1">KBS1</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Seoul_1945" title="Seoul 1945">Seoul 1945</a></i>.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a></i> episode titled "Mail Call, Again", Radar mentions a parade in Seoul due to Syngman Rhee being "elected dictator again."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rhee is referenced in the lyrics to singer <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>'s 1989 music single, "<a href="/wiki/We_Didn%27t_Start_the_Fire" title="We Didn't Start the Fire">We Didn't Start the Fire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rhee is mentioned in Philip Roth's <i><a href="/wiki/I_Married_a_Communist" title="I Married a Communist">I Married a Communist</a></i>.</li> <li>Rhee's new documentary film, The Birth of Korea (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">건국전쟁</span></span>) was released in 2024, to re-establish his legacy and works.</li> <li>Season 3 of the Podcast <i><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(podcast)" title="Blowback (podcast)">Blowback</a></i> released in 2022 includes extensive details about Rhee's rule, particularly his role within U.S. Cold War foreign policy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Spirit of Independence</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">독립정신</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">獨立精神</span></span>; 1904)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neutralityasinf00rheegoog"><i>Neutrality as Influenced by the United States</i></a> (1912)</li> <li><i>Japan Inside and Out</i> (1941)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Francesca Donner">Francesca Donner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inha_University" title="Inha University">Inha University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Association" title="Korean National Association">Korean National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rhee_Syng-man" title="Cabinet of Rhee Syng-man">Cabinet of Rhee Syng-man</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Chairman of the Interim Legislative Assembly</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">de jure Japanese</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language#Consonants" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North–South differences in the Korean language § Consonants</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> was officially annexed by the Empire of Japan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He did participate in the meeting as the Korean representative.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0044938"><bdi lang="ko">이승만 (李承晩)</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C+%28%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%A9%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0044938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh.com.au-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smh.com.au_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh.com.au_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/south-korea-owns-up-to-brutal-past/2008/11/14/1226318928410.html">"South Korea owns up to brutal past – World – smh.com.au"</a>. <i>www.smh.com.au</i>. 15 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smh.com.au&rft.atitle=South+Korea+owns+up+to+brutal+past+%E2%80%93+World+%E2%80%93+smh.com.au&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsouth-korea-owns-up-to-brutal-past%2F2008%2F11%2F14%2F1226318928410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontaiKimHoyland2013" class="citation book cs1">Kollontai, Ms Pauline; Kim, Professor Sebastian C. H.; Hoyland, Revd Greg (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhAEmcLqrA8C&pg=PA111"><i>Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7798-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-7798-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Reconciliation%3A+In+Search+of+Shared+Identity&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7798-3&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Ms+Pauline&rft.au=Kim%2C+Professor+Sebastian+C.+H.&rft.au=Hoyland%2C+Revd+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhAEmcLqrA8C%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cha_2010,_p._174-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cha_2010,_p._174_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cha_2010,_p._174_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cha (2010), p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doopedia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doopedia_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000746262"><bdi lang="ko">이승만 [李承晩]</bdi></a> [Rhee Syngman]. <i><a href="/wiki/Doopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Doopedia">Doopedia</a></i> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Corporation" title="Doosan Corporation">Doosan Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doopedia&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C+%5B%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%A9%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doopedia.co.kr%2Fdoopedia%2Fmaster%2Fmaster.do%3F_method%3Dview%26MAS_IDX%3D101013000746262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/501064/Syngman-Rhee">"Syngman Rhee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syngman+Rhee&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F501064%2FSyngman-Rhee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNfyi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNfyi_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/fyi/school.tools/profiles/Syngman.Rhee/frameset.exclude.html">"Syngman Rhee: First president of South Korea"</a>. <i>CNN Student News</i>. 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Cold War International History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-33794.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cold+War+Files&rft.atitle=Syngman+Rhee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.wilsoncenter.org%2Fcoldwarfiles%2Findex-33794.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEKAS-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEKAS_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEKAS_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCha2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cha, Marn J. (19 September 2012) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf1204.pdf">"Syngman Rhee's First Love"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Information Exchange for Korean-American Scholars (IEKAS)</i> (12–19): 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6232">1092-6232</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314030738/http://www.phy.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf1204.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Information+Exchange+for+Korean-American+Scholars+%28IEKAS%29&rft.atitle=Syngman+Rhee%27s+First+Love&rft.issue=12%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.issn=1092-6232&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=Marn+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phy.duke.edu%2F~myhan%2Fkaf1204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyKorea-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_13-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0044938"><bdi lang="ko">이승만</bdi></a> [Rhee Syngman]. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FIndex%3Fcontents_id%3DE0044938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is sometimes erroneously claimed that Rhee was treated by American medical missionary Horace Allen. For a discussion of this topic see, Fields, <i>Foreign Friends</i>, p. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korea_Times-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Times_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2010" class="citation news cs1">Breen, Michael (18 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/01/113_64364.html">"Fall of Korea's First President Syngman Rhee in 1960"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Korea%27s+First+President+Syngman+Rhee+in+1960&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2011%2F01%2F113_64364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._R._Fehrenbach2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._R._Fehrenbach" title="T. R. Fehrenbach">T. R. Fehrenbach</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDbXpiJMFdIC&pg=PT326"><i>This Kind of War (Pages 167-168)</i></a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-878-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-878-1"><bdi>978-1-59797-878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Kind+of+War+%28Pages+167-168%29&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-878-1&rft.au=T.+R.+Fehrenbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDbXpiJMFdIC%26pg%3DPT326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu_Yeong-ik_(유영익Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text)1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yu Yeong-ik (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">유영익</span></span>) (1996). <bdi lang="ko">이승만의 삶과 꿈</bdi> [<i>Rhee Syngman's Life and Dream</i>] (in Korean). Seoul: <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> Press. pp. 40–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-461-0345-0" title="Special:BookSources/89-461-0345-0"><bdi>89-461-0345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C%EC%9D%98+%EC%82%B6%EA%B3%BC+%EA%BF%88&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=40-44&rft.pub=JoongAng+Ilbo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=89-461-0345-0&rft.au=Yu+Yeong-ik+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Korean-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ko%22%3E%EC%9C%A0%EC%98%81%EC%9D%B5%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Korean-language+text%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coppa-256-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coppa-256_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppa,_Frank_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Coppa, Frank J., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTv99LBYSL4C&pg=PA256">"Rhee, Syngman"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of modern dictators: from Napoleon to the present</i>. Peter Lang. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5010-0"><bdi>978-0-8204-5010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhee%2C+Syngman&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+modern+dictators%3A+from+Napoleon+to+the+present&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-5010-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTv99LBYSL4C%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup,_John_E.1998" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, John E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA626">"Rhee, Syngman"</a>. <i>An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945–1996</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28112-9"><bdi>978-0-313-28112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhee%2C+Syngman&rft.btitle=An+encyclopedic+dictionary+of+conflict+and+conflict+resolution%2C+1945%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=626&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28112-9&rft.au=Jessup%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhP7jJAkTd9MC%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KoreaTimes_13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KoreaTimes_13_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KoreaTimes_13_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KoreaTimes_13_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2011" class="citation news cs1">Breen, Michael (2 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/issues/2014/03/363_97887.html">"(13) Syngman Rhee: president who could have done more"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=%2813%29+Syngman+Rhee%3A+president+who+could+have+done+more&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fissues%2F2014%2F03%2F363_97887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'TooleTsʻai1939" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, George Barry; Tsʻai, Jên-yü (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2TVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22november+1939%22+"><i>The China Monthly</i></a>. China Monthly, Incorporated. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+Monthly&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=China+Monthly%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=George+Barry&rft.au=Ts%CA%BBai%2C+J%C3%AAn-y%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2TVAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522november%2B1939%2522%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japan-surrenders">"Japan surrenders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/A%2BE_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A+E Networks">A+E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Japan+surrenders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fjapan-surrenders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2010" class="citation book cs1">Cumings, Bruce (2010). "38 degrees of separation: a forgotten occupation". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory0000cumi"><i>The Korean War: a History</i></a></span>. Modern Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory0000cumi/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7896-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-7896-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=38+degrees+of+separation%3A+a+forgotten+occupation&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+a+History&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7896-4&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwarhistory0000cumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hastings_1988" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwar00hast_0/page/32"><i>The Korean War</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwar00hast_0/page/32">32–34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671668341" title="Special:BookSources/9780671668341"><bdi>9780671668341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780671668341&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwar00hast_0%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 112"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_112"><i>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 112</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+Resolution+112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMP-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMP_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304001116/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=266&CdnOpId=314">"Details/Information for Canadian Forces (CF) Operation United Nations Commission on Korea"</a>. Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 28 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=266&CdnOpId=314">the original</a> on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Details%2FInformation+for+Canadian+Forces+%28CF%29+Operation+United+Nations+Commission+on+Korea&rft.pub=Department+of+National+Defence+and+the+Canadian+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fod-bdo%2Fdi-ri-eng.asp%3FIntlOpId%3D266%26CdnOpId%3D314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCA_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCA_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCA_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/south-korea-1948-present/">"South Korea (1948–present)"</a>. <i>Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Arkansas" title="University of Central Arkansas">University of Central Arkansas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dynamic+Analysis+of+Dispute+Management+Project&rft.atitle=South+Korea+%281948%E2%80%93present%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fasiapacific-region%2Fsouth-korea-1948-present%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FES-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FES_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aurel_S._Croissant" title="Aurel S. Croissant">Croissant, Aurel</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361008.pdf">"Electoral Politics in South Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/fulltext/iez/01361inf.htm"><i>Electoral politics in Southeast & East Asia</i></a>. 370. Vol. VI. Singapore: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. pp. 234–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-04-6020-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-04-6020-4"><bdi>978-981-04-6020-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902073621/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+Politics+in+South+Korea&rft.btitle=Electoral+politics+in+Southeast+%26+East+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=370&rft.pages=234-237&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-04-6020-4&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fiez%2F01361008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyung Moon Hwang <i>A History of Korea</i> Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 page 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings (1988), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apphoto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apphoto_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apphoto_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_J._Hanley_&_Hyung-Jin_Kim2010" class="citation news cs1">Charles J. Hanley & Hyung-Jin Kim (10 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/jul/10/korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame/">"Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame"</a>. <i>San Diego Union Tribune</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Korea+bloodbath+probe+ends%3B+US+escapes+much+blame&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft.au=Charles+J.+Hanley+%26+Hyung-Jin+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fjul%2F10%2Fkorea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings (1988), p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tirman,_John_2011_93–95-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tirman,_John_2011_93–95_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirman,_John2011" class="citation book cs1">Tirman, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bC5Bsc1NEQC&pg=PA93"><i>The Deaths of Others: The Fate of Civilians in America's Wars</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538121-4"><bdi>978-0-19-538121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deaths+of+Others%3A+The+Fate+of+Civilians+in+America%27s+Wars&rft.pages=93-95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538121-4&rft.au=Tirman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bC5Bsc1NEQC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeju43-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeju43_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221736/http://www.jeju43.go.kr/english/sub05.html">"The National Committee for Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju April 3 Incident"</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeju43.go.kr/english/sub05.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Committee+for+Investigation+of+the+Truth+about+the+Jeju+April+3+Incident&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeju43.go.kr%2Fenglish%2Fsub05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_45-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_45_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings (1988), p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrill, John, <i>Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War</i> (University of Delaware Press, 1989), p181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/04/356_226873.html">"Ten biggest lies in modern Korean history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Ten+biggest+lies+in+modern+Korean+history&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2017%2F04%2F356_226873.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig1968" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Louis William (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4q4JaQZWUIC&q=%22Rhee+was+told+repeatedly%22"><i>The Chief Executive</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief+Executive&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Louis+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4q4JaQZWUIC%26q%3D%2522Rhee%2Bwas%2Btold%2Brepeatedly%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_236-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_236_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings (1988), p. 235-240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings,_Max_page_235-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_235_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings,_Max_page_235_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings (1988), p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cha_(2010)" class="citation journal cs1">Cha, Victor D (Winter 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article-abstract/34/3/158/11975/Powerplay-Origins-of-the-U-S-Alliance-System-in">"Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>34</b> (3). MIT Press Journals: 158–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec.2010.34.3.158">10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57566528">57566528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Powerplay%3A+Origins+of+the+U.S.+Alliance+System+in+Asia&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=158-196&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec.2010.34.3.158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57566528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=Victor+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fisec%2Farticle-abstract%2F34%2F3%2F158%2F11975%2FPowerplay-Origins-of-the-U-S-Alliance-System-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Dillard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221085414/http://www.koreanwar60.com/biographies-syngman-rhee">"Biographies: Syngman Rhee"</a>. The Department of Defense 60th Anniversary of Korean War Commemoration Committee. Retrieved on 28 September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2015_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10165796">"The Korean War armistice"</a>. BBC News. 5 March 2015. Retrieved on 28 September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo,_Adrian2007" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KAbbtKCjHfUC&pg=PA79"><i>The making of modern Korea</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41482-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41482-1"><bdi>978-0-415-41482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+modern+Korea&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41482-1&rft.au=Buzo%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKAbbtKCjHfUC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2018" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Scott A. (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmhADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33"><i>South Korea at the Crossroads: Autonomy and Alliance in an Era of Rival Powers</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54618-8"><bdi>978-0-231-54618-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Korea+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Autonomy+and+Alliance+in+an+Era+of+Rival+Powers&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54618-8&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmhADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilMoon2010" class="citation book cs1">Kil, Soong Hoom; Moon, Chung-in (1 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjVmngFyUTcC&pg=PA143"><i>Understanding Korean Politics: An Introduction</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9101-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-9101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Korean+Politics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9101-0&rft.aulast=Kil&rft.aufirst=Soong+Hoom&rft.au=Moon%2C+Chung-in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjVmngFyUTcC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Han-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Han_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Han_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Han, S-J. (1974) <i>The Failure of Democracy in South Korea.</i> University of California Press, p. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz2014" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA483"><i>Heads of States and Governments Since 1945</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26490-2"><bdi>978-1-134-26490-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+States+and+Governments+Since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26490-2&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Harris+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6HKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Farivar (2011), <i>The Internet of Elsewhere: The Emergent Effects of a Wired World</i>, Rutgers University Press, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19650719.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"Madera Tribune 19 July 1965 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madera+Tribune+19+July+1965+%E2%80%94+California+Digital+Newspaper+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DMT19650719.2.4%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes.com_1965-07-20_pp._1,_30-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes.com_1965-07-20_pp._1,_30_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/07/20/96708697.html?pageNumber=1">"Syngman Rhee Dies an Exile From Land He Fought to Free; Body of Ousted President, 90, Will Be Returned to Seoul for Burial"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 20 July 1965. pp. 1, 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syngman+Rhee+Dies+an+Exile+From+Land+He+Fought+to+Free%3B+Body+of+Ousted+President%2C+90%2C+Will+Be+Returned+to+Seoul+for+Burial&rft.pages=1%2C+30&rft.date=1965-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1965%2F07%2F20%2F96708697.html%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkGraySavranskayaSuri2013" class="citation book cs1">Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEI5CEZX-UC&q=syngman+rhee+national+cemetery&pg=PT1660"><i>Encyclopedia of the Cold War</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92310-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92310-5"><bdi>978-1-135-92310-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-92310-5&rft.aulast=Dijk&rft.aufirst=Ruud+van&rft.au=Gray%2C+William+Glenn&rft.au=Savranskaya%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Suri%2C+Jeremi&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Qiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNEI5CEZX-UC%26q%3Dsyngman%2Brhee%2Bnational%2Bcemetery%26pg%3DPT1660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyKorea_D-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyKorea_D_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0060456"><bdi lang="ko">프란체스카</bdi></a> [Francesca]. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FIndex%3Fcontents_id%3DE0060456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walnut-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walnut_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118063322/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890478-3,00.html">"KOREA: The Walnut"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 9 March 1953. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890478-3,00.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2010</span>. <q>In 1932, while attempting to put Korea's case before an indifferent League of Nations in Geneva, Rhee met Francesca Maria Barbara Donner, 34, the daughter of a family of Viennese iron merchants. Two years later they were married in a Methodist ceremony in New York.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=KOREA%3A+The+Walnut&rft.date=1953-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C890478-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF정병준2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">정병준 (2005). <bdi lang="ko">우남이승만연구</bdi>. 역사비평사. pp. 56, 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%82%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC&rft.pages=56%2C+64&rft.pub=%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89%EC%82%AC&rft.date=2005&rft.au=%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%91%EC%A4%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualjoseon.aks.ac.kr/viewer/view?itemId=jb&gubun=person&dataId=K21131B_037_188900"><bdi lang="ko">효령대군파 권37(孝寧大君派卷之三十七)</bdi></a>. <i>장서각기록유산DB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%9C%EA%B0%81%EA%B8%B0%EB%A1%9D%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%B0DB&rft.atitle=%ED%9A%A8%EB%A0%B9%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%B0%ED%8C%8C+%EA%B6%8C37%28%E5%AD%9D%E5%AF%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%9B%E6%B4%BE+%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualjoseon.aks.ac.kr%2Fviewer%2Fview%3FitemId%3Djb%26gubun%3Dperson%26dataId%3DK21131B_037_188900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1568146"><bdi lang="ko">전주이씨효령대군정효공파세보 全州李氏孝寧大君靖孝公派世譜</bdi></a>. <i>FamilySearch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=%EC%A0%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%94%A8%ED%9A%A8%EB%A0%B9%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%B0%EC%A0%95%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%B5%ED%8C%8C%EC%84%B8%EB%B3%B4+%E5%85%A8%E5%B7%9E%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E5%AD%9D%E5%AF%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%9B%E9%9D%96%E5%AD%9D%E5%85%AC%E6%B4%BE%E4%B8%96%E8%AD%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2F1568146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoy1971" class="citation book cs1">Choy, Bong-youn (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0nRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT352"><i>Korea: A History</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462912483" title="Special:BookSources/9781462912483"><bdi>9781462912483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+History&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9781462912483&rft.aulast=Choy&rft.aufirst=Bong-youn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0nRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOh1999" class="citation book cs1">Oh, John Kie-chiang (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanpoliticsqu00ohjo"><i>Korean Politics: The Quest for Democratization and Economic Development</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanpoliticsqu00ohjo/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801484588" title="Special:BookSources/0801484588"><bdi>0801484588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Politics%3A+The+Quest+for+Democratization+and+Economic+Development&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0801484588&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=John+Kie-chiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanpoliticsqu00ohjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1918690"><bdi lang="ko">전주이씨양녕대군파대보 全州李氏讓寧大君派大譜, 2권, 655–1980</bdi></a>. <i>FamilySearch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=%EC%A0%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%94%A8%EC%96%91%EB%85%95%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%B0%ED%8C%8C%EB%8C%80%EB%B3%B4+%E5%85%A8%E5%B7%9E%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E8%AE%93%E5%AF%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%9B%E6%B4%BE%E5%A4%A7%E8%AD%9C%2C+2%EA%B6%8C%2C+655%E2%80%931980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2F1918690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaek2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baek, Seung-dae (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002030031"><bdi lang="ko">박정희가 띄운 김구, 어떻게 진보의 아이콘 됐나</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OhmyNews" title="OhmyNews">OhmyNews</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OhmyNews&rft.atitle=%EB%B0%95%EC%A0%95%ED%9D%AC%EA%B0%80+%EB%9D%84%EC%9A%B4+%EA%B9%80%EA%B5%AC%2C+%EC%96%B4%EB%96%BB%EA%B2%8C+%EC%A7%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%98+%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%98+%EB%90%90%EB%82%98&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.aulast=Baek&rft.aufirst=Seung-dae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohmynews.com%2FNWS_Web%2FView%2Fat_pg.aspx%3FCNTN_CD%3DA0002030031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Eun-woo (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/south-koreans-are-locked-in-a-battle-over-historical-interpretations/">"South Koreans Are Locked in a Battle Over Historical Interpretations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=South+Koreans+Are+Locked+in+a+Battle+Over+Historical+Interpretations&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Eun-woo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2023%2F09%2Fsouth-koreans-are-locked-in-a-battle-over-historical-interpretations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=1437"><bdi lang="ko">데일리 오피니언 제567호(2023년 11월 5주) - 역대 대통령 10인 개별 공과(功過) 평가 (11월 통합 포함)</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gallup_Korea" title="Gallup Korea">Gallup Korea</a></i>. 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup+Korea&rft.atitle=%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC+%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B8+%EC%A0%9C567%ED%98%B8%282023%EB%85%84+11%EC%9B%94+5%EC%A3%BC%29+-+%EC%97%AD%EB%8C%80+%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9+10%EC%9D%B8+%EA%B0%9C%EB%B3%84+%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%BC%28%E5%8A%9F%E9%81%8E%29+%ED%8F%89%EA%B0%80+%2811%EC%9B%94+%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9+%ED%8F%AC%ED%95%A8%29&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.co.kr%2Fgallupdb%2FreportContent.asp%3FseqNo%3D1437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=mash&episode=s04e14">"M*A*S*H s04e14 Episode Script G518 - Mail Call, Again"</a>. <i>springfieldspringfield.co.uk</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=springfieldspringfield.co.uk&rft.atitle=M%2AA%2AS%2AH+s04e14+Episode+Script+G518+-+Mail+Call%2C+Again&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springfieldspringfield.co.uk%2Fview_episode_scripts.php%3Ftv-show%3Dmash%26episode%3Ds04e14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billyjoel.com/song/we-didnt-start-fire-11/">We Didn't Start the Fire</a>. BillyJoel.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleman1998" class="citation book cs1">Appleman, Roy E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235336/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm"><i>South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001918-0"><bdi>978-0-16-001918-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+to+the+Naktong%2C+North+to+the+Yalu%3A+United+States+Army+in+the+Korean+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-16-001918-0&rft.aulast=Appleman&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2F20-2-1%2Ftoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fields, David. <i>Foreign Friends: Syngman Rhee, American Exceptionalism, and the Division of Korea.</i> University Press of Kentucky, 2019, 264 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813177199" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813177199">978-0813177199</a>.</li> <li>Lew, Yong Ick. <i>The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence</i> (University of Hawai'i Press; 2013). Scholarly biography; 576 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2013" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Jong Dae, Christian F. Ostermann, and James F. Person (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/north-korean-perspectives-the-overthrow-syngman-rhee"><i>North Korean Perspectives on the Overthrow of Syngman Rhee</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_International_Documentation_Project" title="North Korea International Documentation Project">North Korea International Documentation Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korean+Perspectives+on+the+Overthrow+of+Syngman+Rhee&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=North+Korea+International+Documentation+Project&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Jong+Dae%2C+Christian+F.+Ostermann%2C+and+James+F.+Person&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fnorth-korean-perspectives-the-overthrow-syngman-rhee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee_and_Kim_Ku" title="Syngman Rhee and Kim Ku">Syngman Rhee and Kim Ku</a></i>, a 7 volume biography of Rhee and Kim Ku by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_Sae-il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Son Sae-il (page does not exist)">Son Sae-il</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%BC" class="extiw" title="ko:손세일">ko</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syngman_Rhee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Syngman_Rhee" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Rhee_Syngman-HQ-1">Syngman Rhee's FBI files</a> hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Establishment of the Republic</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> </b><br />11 September 1919 – 21 March 1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Park_Eunsik" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Eunsik">Park Eunsik</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairmen of the Interim Legislative Assembly </b><br />1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Speaker of the Constituent Assembly </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Chairmen of the Interim Legislative Assembly </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Speaker of the National Constituent Assembly </b><br />1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shin_Ik-hee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Ik-hee">Shin Ik-hee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> </b><br />1947–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Syngman Rhee<br />(<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Syngman Rhee</div><i><b>as President of the Provisional Government </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 1~3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a> </b><br />24 July 1948 – 26 April 1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heo_Jeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Heo Jeong">Heo Jeong</a><br />(Acting)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_South_Korea_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#003478; color:#FFCC66;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_South_Korea" title="Template:Presidents of South Korea"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFCC66">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Presidents of South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFCC66">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFCC66">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_South_Korea_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea"><span style="color:#FFCC66;">Presidents of</span></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><span style="color:#FFCC66;">South Korea</span></a> <span style="color:#FFCC66;">(</span><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_South_Korea" title="List of presidents of South Korea"><span style="color:#FFCC66;">List</span></a><span style="color:#FFCC66;">)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Governments (Pre-Union)</a> <span class="nobold">(1919)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syngman Rhee</a> (Seoul) • Syngman Rhee (Shanghai) • <a href="/wiki/Yi_Dong-nyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Dong-nyeong">Yi Dong-nyeong</a> (Shanghai) • <i><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Chang_Ho" title="Ahn Chang Ho">Ahn Chang Ho</a></i> (Shanghai) • <a href="/wiki/Yi_Dong-hwi" title="Yi Dong-hwi">Yi Dong-hwi</a> (Shanghai) • Moon Chang-bum (Vladivostok)</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Standard of South Korea"><img alt="Presidential Standard of South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Seal of South Korea"><img alt="Presidential Seal of South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government</a> <span class="nobold">(1919–1948)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syngman Rhee</a>‡ • <i>Yi Dong-nyeong</i> • <a href="/wiki/Park_Eun-sik" title="Park Eun-sik">Park Eun-sik</a> • <i>Lee Yu-pil</i> • <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sang-ryong" title="Yi Sang-ryong">Yi Sang-ryong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yang_Gi-tak" title="Yang Gi-tak">Yang Gi-tak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yi_Dong-nyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Dong-nyeong">Yi Dong-nyeong</a> • Ahn Chang Ho • Yi Dong-nyeong • <a href="/wiki/Hong_Jin" title="Hong Jin">Hong Jin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a> • Yi Dong-nyeong • Song Byung-jo • Yi Dong-nyeong • Kim Ku • Syngman Rhee</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First Republic</a> <span class="nobold">(1948–1960)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Syngman Rhee • <i><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chong" title="Ho Chong">Ho Chong</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Korea" title="Second Republic of Korea">Second Republic</a> <span class="nobold">(1960–1961)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kwak_Sang-hoon" title="Kwak Sang-hoon">Kwak Sang-hoon</a></i> • <i>Ho Chong</i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Baek_Nak-jun" title="Baek Nak-jun">Baek Nak-jun</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Yun_Po-sun" title="Yun Po-sun">Yun Po-sun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Supreme Council for National Reconstruction">Military Junta</a></i> <span class="nobold">(1961–1963)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third Republic</a> <span class="nobold">(1963–1972)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Park Chung Hee</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth Republic</a> <span class="nobold">(1972–1981)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Park Chung Hee • <a href="/wiki/Choi_Kyu-hah" title="Choi Kyu-hah">Choi Kyu-hah</a> • <i>Park Choong-hoon</i> • <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth Republic</a> <span class="nobold">(1981–1988)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Chun Doo-hwan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sixth Republic <span class="nobold">(1988–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a>† • <i><a href="/wiki/Goh_Kun" title="Goh Kun">Goh Kun</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a>‡ • <i><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Kyo-ahn" title="Hwang Kyo-ahn">Hwang Kyo-ahn</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate an acting president • † Impeached, but restored to office • ‡ <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Park_Geun-hye" title="Impeachment of Park Geun-hye">Impeached</a> and removed from office</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081246715">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46770135">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/56719/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhDJq3xhh77wwGH6gR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118788566">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80079491">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119936243">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119936243">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00626760">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35387817">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2015889955&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071085637">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3017593">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200506341">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmlv0r0sl8hpf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812358984005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267017505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05377301?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/934862">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118788566.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118788566">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028015843">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10567850">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s182r1">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSon2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Son, Sae-il (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?ctcd=&nNewsNumb=200108100071"><bdi lang="ko">[연재] 孫世一의 비교 傳記 (1) - 한국 민족주의의 두 類型 - 李承晩과 金九</bdi></a> [Son Sae-il's Critical Comparative Biography - The Two Prototypes of Korean Nationalism - Syngman Rhee and Kim Ku]. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Chosun" title="Monthly Chosun">Monthly Chosun</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Chosun&rft.atitle=%5B%EC%97%B0%EC%9E%AC%5D+%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%EC%9D%98+%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90+%E5%82%B3%E8%A8%98+%281%29+-+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%98+%EB%91%90+%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B+-+%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E6%99%A9%EA%B3%BC+%E9%87%91%E4%B9%9D&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=Sae-il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonthly.chosun.com%2Fclient%2Fnews%2Fviw.asp%3Fctcd%3D%26nNewsNumb%3D200108100071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF한2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">한, 승동 (28 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/312774.html"><bdi lang="ko">손세일 전 의원 '이승만과 김구' 연구서</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=%EC%86%90%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%BC+%EC%A0%84+%EC%9D%98%EC%9B%90+%27%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%B9%EB%A7%8C%EA%B3%BC+%EA%B9%80%EA%B5%AC%27+%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%84%9C&rft.date=2008-09-28&rft.aulast=%ED%95%9C&rft.aufirst=%EC%8A%B9%EB%8F%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fculture%2Fbook%2F312774.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyngman+Rhee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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