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id="toc-Political_turmoil_in_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_turmoil_in_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Political turmoil in Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_turmoil_in_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan–Korea_Treaty_of_1876" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan–Korea_Treaty_of_1876"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan–Korea_Treaty_of_1876-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imo_Incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imo_Incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Imo Incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imo_Incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gapsin_Coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gapsin_Coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Gapsin Coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gapsin_Coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donghak_Revolution_and_First_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donghak_Revolution_and_First_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Donghak Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donghak_Revolution_and_First_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Queen_Min" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Queen_Min"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Assassination of Queen Min </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Queen_Min-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_protests_and_the_proclamation_of_the_Korean_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_protests_and_the_proclamation_of_the_Korean_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Democracy protests and the proclamation of the Korean Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_protests_and_the_proclamation_of_the_Korean_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Prelude to annexation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militant_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militant_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Militant resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militant_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Military police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan–Korea_annexation_treaty_(1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan–Korea_annexation_treaty_(1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Japan–Korea annexation treaty (1910) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan–Korea_annexation_treaty_(1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years_and_expansion_(1910–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_and_expansion_(1910–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early years and expansion (1910–1941) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_years_and_expansion_(1910–1941)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early years and expansion (1910–1941) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_years_and_expansion_(1910–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_migration_and_land_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_migration_and_land_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Japanese migration and land ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_migration_and_land_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology_and_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology_and_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Anthropology and cultural heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology_and_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Chinese_riots_of_1931" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Chinese_riots_of_1931"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Anti-Chinese riots of 1931 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Chinese_riots_of_1931-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_to_change_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_to_change_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Order to change names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_to_change_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 World War II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Mobilization_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Mobilization_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 National Mobilization Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Mobilization_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forcing_of_labor_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forcing_of_labor_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Forcing of labor and migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forcing_of_labor_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_service_in_the_Japanese_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_service_in_the_Japanese_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Korean service in the Japanese military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_service_in_the_Japanese_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comfort_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comfort_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Comfort women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comfort_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion and ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Korean independence movement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Korean_independence_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Korean independence movement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Korean_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guerrilla_resistance_in_Manchuria_and_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerrilla_resistance_in_Manchuria_and_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Guerrilla resistance in Manchuria and Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerrilla_resistance_in_Manchuria_and_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_1st_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_1st_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 March 1st Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_1st_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_within_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_within_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Resistance within Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_within_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_division_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_division_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Independence and division of Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_division_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drug_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Drug trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspaper_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Newspaper censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Korean language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taking_of_historical_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taking_of_historical_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Taking of historical artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taking_of_historical_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity_and_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_and_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Christianity and communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_and_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Korean diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_laborers,_comfort_women,_and_Unit_731" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_laborers,_comfort_women,_and_Unit_731"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Forced laborers, comfort women, and Unit 731 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_laborers,_comfort_women,_and_Unit_731-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result_of_the_name_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result_of_the_name_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Result of the name changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result_of_the_name_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_Korean_leprosy_patients_by_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_Korean_leprosy_patients_by_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Discrimination against Korean leprosy patients by Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_Korean_leprosy_patients_by_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bomb_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bomb_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Atomic bomb casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bomb_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_presidential_investigation_commission_on_pro-Japanese_collaborators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_presidential_investigation_commission_on_pro-Japanese_collaborators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 South Korean presidential investigation commission on pro-Japanese collaborators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_presidential_investigation_commission_on_pro-Japanese_collaborators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_justification_of_the_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_justification_of_the_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Modern justification of the colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_justification_of_the_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_governors-general_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_governors-general_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 List of governors-general of Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_governors-general_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Korea under Japanese rule</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="احتلال اليابان لكوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="احتلال اليابان لكوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_xaponesa_de_Corea" title="Ocupación xaponesa de Corea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ocupación xaponesa de Corea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Yaponiyan%C4%B1n_hakimiyy%C9%99ti_alt%C4%B1nda" title="Koreya Yaponiyanın hakimiyyəti altında – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koreya Yaponiyanın hakimiyyəti altında" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u-si%C3%A1n_Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_s%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Tiâu-sián Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiâu-sián Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Корея под японско владичество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корея под японско владичество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3_japonesa_de_Corea" title="Ocupació japonesa de Corea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocupació japonesa de Corea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A1_okupace_Koreje" title="Japonská okupace Koreje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonská okupace Koreje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_japansk_overherred%C3%B8mme" title="Korea under japansk overherredømme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Korea under japansk overherredømme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_unter_japanischer_Herrschaft" title="Korea unter japanischer Herrschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Korea unter japanischer Herrschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Ιαπωνική κυριαρχία στην Κορέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιαπωνική κυριαρχία στην Κορέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_japonesa_de_Corea" title="Ocupación japonesa de Corea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación japonesa de Corea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_imperialismo_en_Koreio" title="Japana imperialismo en Koreio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana imperialismo en Koreio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreako_japoniar_okupazioa" title="Koreako japoniar okupazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koreako japoniar okupazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="استعمار ژاپن بر کره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعمار ژاپن بر کره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_pendant_la_colonisation_japonaise" title="Corée pendant la colonisation japonaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corée pendant la colonisation japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%90%EA%B8%B0" title="일제강점기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일제강점기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կորեան ճապոնական տիրապետության տակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորեան ճապոնական տիրապետության տակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreja_pod_japanskom_upravom" title="Koreja pod japanskom upravom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koreja pod japanskom upravom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_di_bawah_pemerintahan_Jepang" title="Korea di bawah pemerintahan Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korea di bawah pemerintahan Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_sotto_il_dominio_giapponese" title="Corea sotto il dominio giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corea sotto il dominio giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="הכיבוש היפני בקוריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכיבוש היפני בקוריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8" title="კორეა იაპონიის მმართველობის ქვეშ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორეა იაპონიის მმართველობის ქვეშ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_-_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Корея - Жапония отары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корея - Жапония отары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreja_Jap%C4%81nas_var%C4%81" title="Koreja Japānas varā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Koreja Japānas varā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonijos_okupacija_Kor%C4%97joje" title="Japonijos okupacija Korėjoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonijos okupacija Korėjoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_a_Jap%C3%A1n_Birodalom_r%C3%A9szek%C3%A9nt" title="Korea a Japán Birodalom részeként – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korea a Japán Birodalom részeként" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Jepun_di_Korea" title="Pemerintahan Jepun di Korea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan Jepun di Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_bezetting_van_Korea" title="Japanse bezetting van Korea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japanse bezetting van Korea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE" title="日本統治時代の朝鮮 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本統治時代の朝鮮" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_kolonisering_av_Korea" title="Japans kolonisering av Korea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japans kolonisering av Korea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="په کوریا باندې د جاپان واکمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په کوریا باندې د جاپان واکمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalne_Gubernatorstwo_Korei" title="Generalne Gubernatorstwo Korei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Generalne Gubernatorstwo Korei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_japonesa_da_Coreia" title="Ocupação japonesa da Coreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocupação japonesa da Coreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreea_%C3%AEn_perioada_ocupa%C8%9Biei_japoneze" title="Coreea în perioada ocupației japoneze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coreea în perioada ocupației japoneze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Корея под властью Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корея под властью Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජපන් පාලනය යටතේ කොරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජපන් පාලනය යටතේ කොරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Korea under Japanese rule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A1%D9%A0)" title="داگیرکاری ژاپۆن بۆ سەر کۆریا (١٩١٠) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="داگیرکاری ژاپۆن بۆ سەر کۆریا (١٩١٠)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_okupacija_Koreje" title="Japanska okupacija Koreje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanska okupacija Koreje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Japanin_miehityskaudella" title="Korea Japanin miehityskaudella – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korea Japanin miehityskaudella" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalguvernementet_Korea" title="Generalguvernementet Korea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Generalguvernementet Korea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="เกาหลีภายใต้การปกครองของญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาหลีภายใต้การปกครองของญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_Koresi" title="Japon Koresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon Koresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&params=37_34_39_N_126_58_37_E_">37°34′39″N 126°58′37″E / 37.57750°N 126.97694°E / 37.57750; 126.97694</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1910–1945 colony of the Empire of Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Korea</div><div class="ib-country-names">朝鮮 Chōsen<hr />조선 Chosŏn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1910–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Goshichi_no_kiri.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Government-General of Chōsen of"><img alt="Seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Goshichi_no_kiri.svg/85px-Goshichi_no_kiri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Goshichi_no_kiri.svg/128px-Goshichi_no_kiri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Goshichi_no_kiri.svg/170px-Goshichi_no_kiri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Governor-General of Chōsen"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Seal of the Government-General of Chōsen</div></a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="Kimi_ga_Yo_1930_instrumental.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Kimi_ga_Yo_1930_instrumental.oga/Kimi_ga_Yo_1930_instrumental.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Kimi_ga_Yo_1930_instrumental.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_(1945),_National_Geographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1945 National Geographic map of Korea, showing Japanese placenames and provincial boundaries"><img alt="1945 National Geographic map of Korea, showing Japanese placenames and provincial boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_%281945%29%2C_National_Geographic.jpg/250px-Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_%281945%29%2C_National_Geographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_%281945%29%2C_National_Geographic.jpg/375px-Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_%281945%29%2C_National_Geographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_%281945%29%2C_National_Geographic.jpg/500px-Map_of_Japan_and_Korea_%281945%29%2C_National_Geographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4395" data-file-height="3109" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">1945 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Maps" title="National Geographic Maps">National Geographic</a> map of Korea, showing Japanese placenames and provincial boundaries</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> (colony)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a>a (now <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>De jure: None<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li>De facto: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shamanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Korea" title="Taoism in Korea">Taoism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a>b</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910–1912 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912–1926 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1926–1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Korea">Governor-General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910–1916 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1944–1945 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Nobuyuki Abe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japanese protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1905</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Annexation treaty</a> signed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1910</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation by Japan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1910</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a> order </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Japanese claim relinquished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1952</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_yen" title="Korean yen">Korean yen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">1919: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="566" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="People's Republic of Korea">1945: People's Republic of Korea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Committee_of_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 京城, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: Keijō; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 경성; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Gyeongseong; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: Kyŏngsŏng</li><li value="2">According to Korean Christians<a href="#cite_note-Wi_Jo_Kang_1997_62-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Korea" title="Category:History of Korea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png" class="mw-file-description" title="thum"><img alt="thum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/200px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/300px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/400px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="602" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic period">Palaeolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700,000 BC-8000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Neolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8000 BC–1500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500 BC–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning dagger</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2333 BC</abbr>–108 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4th–2nd century BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo" title="Eastern Buyeo">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galsa_Buyeo" title="Galsa Buyeo">Galsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy" title="Byeonhan confederacy">Byeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhan_confederacy" title="Jinhan confederacy">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangnang_Kingdom" title="Nangnang Kingdom">Nakrang</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BC–668 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 18 BC–660 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 57 BC–935 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 42–562</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Tributary of Baekje)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 498–660</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Usan" title="Usan">Usan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 512–930</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Northern and Southern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">United Silla</a> (Unified Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 668–892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 698–926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 699–820</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Tributary of Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 662–925</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 892–936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> (Later Goguryeo)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 901–918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Unified Silla</a> (Later Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 892–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Sabeol" title="Later Sabeol">Later Sabeol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 919–927</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 926–936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 927–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 938–986</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Dynastic period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 918–1392</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Vassal of Goryeo)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 938–1105</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Heungyo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1029–1030</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1392–1897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1897–1910</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1910–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1948</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea#Post-World_War_II" title="Division of Korea">Military governments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">North-South division</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art#History" title="Korean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_cuisine" title="History of Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_currency" title="Korean currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Korea" title="History of education in Korea">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Korea" title="List of wars involving Korea">List</a> · <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo" title="Military history of Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Korean_monarchs" title="Family tree of Korean monarchs">Family tree</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Era names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Korea" title="Naval history of Korea">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_newspapers_in_Korea" title="History of newspapers in Korea">Newspapers</a></li> <li>Politics (<a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty politics">Joseon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North</a> · <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Korea">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Korea">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Korea">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Korea" title="History of science and technology in Korea">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Korea" title="History of women in Korea">Women</a></li> <li>World Heritage Sites (<a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Korea">North</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">South</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/16px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/24px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/32px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Korea" title="Template:History of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Korea" title="Template talk:History of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> From 1910 to 1945, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> under the name Chōsen (朝鮮), the Japanese reading of "<a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>".<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> Japan first took Korea into its sphere of influence during the late 1800s. Both Korea (<a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>) and Japan had been under policies of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>, with Joseon being a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">tributary state of Qing China</a>. However, in 1854, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Japan was forcefully opened by the United States</a>. It then rapidly modernized under the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, while Joseon continued to resist foreign attempts to open it up. Japan eventually succeeded in opening Joseon with the unequal <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</a>. Afterwards, Japan embarked on a decades-long process of defeating its local rivals, securing alliances with Western powers, and asserting its influence in Korea. Japan <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">assassinated the defiant Korean queen</a> and intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> After Japan defeated China in the 1894–1895 <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino–Japanese War</a>, Joseon became nominally independent and declared the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>. Japan then defeated Russia in the 1904–1905 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, making it the sole regional power. It then moved quickly to fully absorb Korea. It first made Korea a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">ruled the country indirectly</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Resident-General_of_Korea" title="Japanese Resident-General of Korea">Japanese Resident-General of Korea</a>. After forcing the Korean Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Gojong</a> to abdicate in 1907, Japan then formally colonized Korea with the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a>. The territory was then administered by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Governor-General of Chōsen">Governor-General of Chōsen</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a> (Seoul), until the end of the colonial period. Japan made sweeping changes in Korea. It began a process of <a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a>, eventually <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">functionally banning the use of Korean names</a> and the Korean language altogether. Tens of thousands of cultural artifacts were taken to Japan, and hundreds of historic buildings like the royal palaces <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deoksugung" title="Deoksugung">Deoksugung</a> were either partially or completely demolished. Japan also built infrastructure and industry. Railways, ports and roads were constructed, although in numerous cases workers were subjected to extremely poor working circumstances and discriminatory pay. While Korea's economy grew under Japan, many argue that many of the infrastructure projects were designed to extract resources from the peninsula, and not to benefit its people.<a href="#cite_note-economic-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-shocks-14">[13]</a> Most of Korea's infrastructure built during this time was destroyed during the 1950–1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007119–120-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> These conditions led to the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a>, which acted both politically and <a href="/wiki/List_of_militant_Korean_independence_activist_organizations" title="List of militant Korean independence activist organizations">militantly</a> sometimes within the Japanese Empire, but mostly from outside of it. Koreans were also subjected to a number of mass murders, including the <a href="/wiki/Gando_Massacre" title="Gando Massacre">Gando Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeamni_massacre" title="Jeamni massacre">Jeamni massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shinano_River_incident" title="Shinano River incident">Shinano River incident</a>. While the international consensus is that these incidents all occurred, various Japanese scholars and politicians, including Tokyo governor <a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike#Nationalism_and_associated_controversy" title="Yuriko Koike">Yuriko Koike</a>, either deny completely, attempt to justify, or downplay incidents such as these. Beginning in 1939 and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japan mobilized around 5.4 million Koreans to support its war effort. Many were moved forcefully from their homes, and set to work in generally extremely poor working conditions, although there was a range in what people experienced. Some Japanese politicians and scholars, including former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Fumio Kishida</a>, deny that Koreans were forced laborers, and instead claim that they were "requisitioned against their will" to work.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hani_WHC-21">[20]</a> Women and girls aged 12–17 were controversially forced into sexual slavery by Japan as "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>". A number of modern Japanese scholars and politicians, notably from the far-right nationalist group <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a>, of which Fumio Kishida and 57% of his cabinet are members,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> deny that they were forced to work at all, and claim that even the pubescent girls consented to sex work and were compensated reasonably. After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> at the end of the war, Korea was liberated, although it <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">was immediately divided</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">rule of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">of the United States</a>. The legacy of Japanese colonization was hotly contested even just after its end, and is still extremely controversial. There is a significant range of opinions in both South Korea and Japan, and historical topics regularly cause diplomatic issues. Within South Korea, a particular focus is the role of the numerous ethnic <a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators with Japan</a>, who have been variously punished or left alone. This controversy is exemplified in the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a>, South Korea's most influential and controversial president, who collaborated with the Japanese military and continued to praise it even after the colonial period. Until 1964, South Korea and Japan had no functional diplomatic relations, until they signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea">Treaty on Basic Relations</a>, which declared "already <a href="/wiki/Null_and_void" class="mw-redirect" title="Null and void">null and void</a>"<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> the past unequal treaties, especially those of 1905 and 1910.<a href="#cite_note-AnnexTreaty-26">[25]</a> Despite this, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Japan–South Korea relations">relations between Japan and South Korea</a> have oscillated between warmer and colder periods, often due to conflicts over the historiography of this era. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> During the period of Japanese colonial rule, Korea was officially known as Chōsen (朝鮮),<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-9">[9]</a> although the former name continued to be used internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Reno-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montreal-28">[27]</a> In South Korea, the period is usually described as the "Imperial Japanese compulsive occupation period" (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 일제강점기; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 日帝强占期; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Ilje Gangjeomgi).<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Other terms, although often considered obsolete, include "Japanese Imperial Period" (일제시대; 日帝時代; Ilje Sidae),<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> "The dark Japanese Imperial Period" (일제암흑기; 日帝暗黑期; Ilje Amheukgi),<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Wa_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa (Japan)">Wae</a> (Japanese) administration period" (왜정시대; 倭政時代; Wae-jeong Sidae).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In Japan, the term "Chōsen of the Japanese-Governed Period" (日本統治時代の朝鮮, Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chōsen) has been used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_turmoil_in_Korea">Political turmoil in Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political turmoil in Korea">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan–Korea_Treaty_of_1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_(woodblock_print,_1876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_%28woodblock_print%2C_1876%29.jpg/300px-Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_%28woodblock_print%2C_1876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_%28woodblock_print%2C_1876%29.jpg/450px-Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_%28woodblock_print%2C_1876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_%28woodblock_print%2C_1876%29.jpg/600px-Soldiers_from_the_Un%27y%C5%8D_attacking_the_Yeongjong_castle_on_a_Korean_island_%28woodblock_print%2C_1876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Japanese marines landing from the Unyo at <a href="/wiki/Yeongjong_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongjong Island">Yeongjong Island</a> which is near Ganghwa</figcaption></figure> On 27 February 1876, the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</a> was signed. It was designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade, and the rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted Western powers in Japan following the visit of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Commodore Perry</a> in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-33">[32]</a> The treaty ended Korea's status as <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">a protectorate of China</a>, forced opening of three Korean ports to Japanese trade, granted <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial rights</a> to Japanese citizens, and was an <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaty</a> signed under duress (<a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa Island incident</a> of 1875.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imo_Incident">Imo Incident</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imo Incident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1882" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882</a></div> The regent <a href="/wiki/Daewongun" class="mw-redirect" title="Daewongun">Daewongun</a>, who remained opposed to any concessions to Japan or the West, helped organize the Mutiny of 1882, an anti-Japanese outbreak against <a href="/wiki/Queen_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Min">Queen Min</a> and her allies.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops, the Daewongun's forces, or "old military", killed a Japanese training cadre, and attacked the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">legation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> Japanese diplomats,<a href="#cite_note-故広戸一等巡査外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀p.6_left-35">[34]</a> policemen,<a href="#cite_note-故広戸一等巡査外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀p.2_left-36">[35]</a> students,<a href="#cite_note-朝鮮国ニ於テ戦死セシ語学生靖国神社ヘ合祀ヲ許サス-37">[36]</a> and some Min clan members were also killed during the incident. The Daewongun was briefly restored to power, only to be forcibly taken to China by Chinese troops dispatched to Seoul to prevent further disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> In August 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1882" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882</a> indemnified the families of the Japanese victims, paid reparations to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen, and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gapsin_Coup">Gapsin Coup</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gapsin Coup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaehwa_Party" title="Gaehwa Party">Gaehwa Party</a></div> The struggle between the Heungseon Daewongun's followers and those of Queen Min was further complicated by competition from a Korean independence faction known as the Progressive Party (Gaehwa-dang), as well as the Conservative faction. While the former sought Japan's support, the latter sought China's support.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> On 4 December 1884, the Progressive Party, assisted by the Japanese, attempted the <a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a>, in which they attempted to maintain Gojong but replace the government with a pro-Japanese one. They also wished to liberate Korea from Chinese suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> However, this proved short-lived, as conservative Korean officials requested the help of Chinese forces stationed in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> The coup was put down by Chinese troops, and a Korean mob killed both Japanese officers and Japanese residents in retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> Some leaders of the Progressive Party, including <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok-gyun" title="Kim Ok-gyun">Kim Ok-gyun</a>, fled to Japan, while others were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">[33]</a> For the next 10 years, Japanese expansion into the Korean economy was approximated only by the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">tsarist Russia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donghak_Revolution_and_First_Sino-Japanese_War">Donghak Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Donghak Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg/300px-First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg/450px-First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg/600px-First_Sino-Japanese_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Major battles and troop movements during the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></figcaption></figure> The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a> in 1894 provided a seminal pretext for direct military intervention by Japan in the affairs of Korea. In April 1894, Joseon asked for Chinese assistance in ending the revolt. In response, Japanese leaders, citing a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a> as a pretext, decided upon military intervention to challenge China. On 3 May 1894, 1,500 Qing forces appeared in <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>. On 23 July 1894, Japan attacked Seoul in defiance of the Korean government's demand for withdrawal, and then occupied it and started the Sino-Japanese War. Japan won the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, and China signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> in 1895. Among its many stipulations, the treaty recognized "the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea", thus ending Joseon's <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> relationship with Qing, leading to the proclamation of the full independence of Joseon in 1895. At the same time, Japan suppressed the peasant revolt with Korean government forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_of_Queen_Min">Assassination of Queen Min</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assassination of Queen Min">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">Assassination of Empress Myeongseong</a></div> The Japanese minister to Korea, <a href="/wiki/Miura_Gor%C5%8D" title="Miura Gorō">Miura Gorō</a>, orchestrated a plot against 43-year-old Queen Min (later given the title of "<a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a>"), and on 8 October 1895, she was assassinated by Japanese agents.<a href="#cite_note-Dong-a_2002-38">[37]</a> In 2001, Russian reports on the assassination were found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The documents included the testimony of King Gojong, several witnesses of the assassination, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ivanovich_Weber" title="Karl Ivanovich Weber">Karl Ivanovich Weber</a>'s report to <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky</a>, the Foreign Minister of Russia, by Park Jonghyo. Weber was the <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> at the Russian legation in Seoul at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Dong-a_2002-38">[37]</a> According to a Russian eyewitness, Seredin-Sabatin, an employee of the king, a group of Japanese agents entered <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> killed Queen Min, and desecrated her body in the north wing of the palace. The Heungseon Daewongun returned to the royal palace the same day.<a href="#cite_note-Dong-a_2002-38">[37]</a> On 11 February 1896, <a href="/wiki/Gojong%27s_internal_exile_to_the_Russian_legation" title="Gojong's internal exile to the Russian legation">Gojong and the crown prince fled for protection at the Russian legation</a> in Seoul, from which he governed for about a year.<a href="#cite_note-:04-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_protests_and_the_proclamation_of_the_Korean_Empire">Democracy protests and the proclamation of the Korean Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Democracy protests and the proclamation of the Korean Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></div> In 1896, various Korean activists formed the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a>. They advocated a number of societal reforms, including democracy and a constitutional monarchy, and pushed for closer ties to Western countries in order to counterbalance Japanese influence. It went on to be influential in Korean politics for the short time that it operated, to the chagrin of Gojong. Gojong eventually forcefully disbanded the organization in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In October 1897, Gojong returned to the palace <a href="/wiki/Deoksugung" title="Deoksugung">Deoksugung</a>, and proclaimed the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> at the royal altar <a href="/wiki/Hwangudan" title="Hwangudan">Hwangudan</a>. This symbolicly asserted Korea's independence from China, especially as Gojong demolished a reception hall that was once used to entertain Chinese ambassadors in order to build the altar.<a href="#cite_note-:05-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_annexation">Prelude to annexation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prelude to annexation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hague_Secret_Emissary_Affair" title="Hague Secret Emissary Affair">Hague Secret Emissary Affair</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_(1905%E2%80%931910).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_%281905%E2%80%931910%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_%281905%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_%281905%E2%80%931910%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_%281905%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_%281905%E2%80%931910%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_%281905%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (1905–1910)</figcaption></figure> Having established economic and military dominance in Korea in October 1904, Japan reported that it had developed 25 reforms which it intended to introduce into Korea by gradual degrees. Among these was the intended acceptance by the Korean Financial Department of a Japanese Superintendent, the replacement of Korean Foreign Ministers and consuls by Japanese and the "union of military arms" in which the military of Korea would be modeled after the Japanese military.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> These reforms were forestalled by the prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> from 8 February 1904, to 5 September 1905, which Japan won, thus eliminating Japan's last rival to influence in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-chosondy-45">[44]</a> Frustrated by this, King Gojong invited <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt Longworth</a>, who was on a tour of Asian countries with <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, to the Imperial Palace on 20 September 1905, to seek political support from the United States despite her diplomatic rudeness. However, it was after exchanging opinions through the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a> on 27 July 1905, that America and Japan would not interfere with each other on colonial issues.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a>, signed in September 1905, Russia acknowledged Japan's "paramount political, military, and economic interest" in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-chosondy-45">[44]</a> Two months later, Korea was obliged to become a Japanese protectorate by the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a> and the "reforms" were enacted, including the reduction of the Korean Army from 20,000 to 1,000 men by disbanding all garrisons in the provinces, retaining only a single garrison in the precincts of Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-chosondy-45">[44]</a> On 6 January 1905, Horace Allen, head of the American Legation in Seoul reported to his Secretary of State, John Hay, that the Korean government had been advised by the Japanese government "that hereafter the police matters of Seoul will be controlled by the Japanese gendarmerie" and "that a Japanese police inspector will be placed in each prefecture".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> A large number of Koreans organized themselves in education and reform movements, but Japanese dominance in Korea had become a reality.<a href="#cite_note-chosondy-45">[44]</a> In June 1907, the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Second Peace Conference</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. Emperor Gojong secretly sent three representatives to bring the problems of Korea to the world's attention. The three envoys, who questioned the legality of the protectorate convention, were <a href="/wiki/Hague_Secret_Emissary_Affair" title="Hague Secret Emissary Affair">refused access</a> to the public debates by the international delegates. One of these representatives was missionary and historian <a href="/wiki/Homer_Hulbert" title="Homer Hulbert">Homer Hulbert</a>. Out of despair, one of the Korean representatives, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Tjoune" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Tjoune">Yi Tjoune</a>, committed suicide at The Hague.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In response, the Japanese government took stronger measures. On 19 July 1907, Emperor Gojong was forced to relinquish his imperial authority and appoint the Crown Prince as regent. Japanese officials used this concession to force the accession of the new Emperor Sunjong following abdication, which was never agreed to by Gojong. Neither Gojong nor Sunjong were present at the 'accession' ceremony. Sunjong was to be the last ruler of the Joseon dynasty, founded in 1392.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> On 24 July 1907, a treaty was signed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Wan-yong" title="Lee Wan-yong">Lee Wan-yong</a> and <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</a> to transfer all rights of <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1907" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907">Korea to Japan</a>. This led to a large-scale righteous army movement among Koreans, and disbanded troops joined the resistance forces. Japan's response to this was a scorched earth tactic using division-sized troops, which resulted in the movement of armed resistance organizations in Korea to Manchuria. Amid this confusion, on 26 October 1909, <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Jung-geun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahn Jung-geun">Ahn Jung-geun</a>, a former volunteer soldier, assassinated <a href="/wiki/Ito_Hirobumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Hirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Meanwhile, pro-Japanese populist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Iljinhoe" title="Iljinhoe">Iljinhoe</a> helped Japan by being fascinated by Japan's <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">pan-Asianism</a>, thinking that Korea would have autonomy like <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. It was adopted as a representative consultant for <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dhei_Uchida" title="Ryōhei Uchida">Ryohei Uchida</a>, and was used for propaganda with the support of the Japanese government. On 3 December 1909, he and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Wan-yong" title="Lee Wan-yong">Lee Wan-yong</a> will issue a statement demanding the annexation of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> However, the merger took place in the form of Japan's annexation of Korean territory and was disbanded by <a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a> on 26 September 1910.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militant_resistance">Militant resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Militant resistance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Righteous_armies#During_the_Japanese_colonial_period_(1910–1945)" title="Righteous armies">Righteous armies § During the Japanese colonial period (1910–1945)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg/200px-Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg/300px-Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg/400px-Les_Troubles_de_Coree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Namdaemun in 1907 – <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a></figcaption></figure> During the prelude to the 1910 annexation, a number of irregular civilian militias called "righteous armies" arose. They consisted of tens of thousands of peasants engaged in anti-Japanese armed rebellion. After the Korean army was disbanded in 1907, former soldiers joined the armies and fought the Japanese army at <a href="/wiki/Namdaemun" title="Namdaemun">Namdaemun</a>. They were defeated, and largely fled into Manchuria, where they joined the guerrilla resistance movement that persisted until Korea's 1945 liberation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_police">Military police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military police">edit</a>]</div> As Korean resistance against Japanese rule intensified, Japanese replaced Korean police system with their military police. Infamous <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Motojiro" title="Akashi Motojiro">Akashi Motojiro</a> was appointed for the commander of Japanese military police forces. Japanese finally replaced Imperial Korean police forces in June 1910, and they combined police forces and military police, firmly establishing the rule of military police. After the annexation, Akashi started to serve as the Chief of Police. These military police officers started to have great authority over Koreans. Not only Japanese but also Koreans served as police officers.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan–Korea_annexation_treaty_(1910)">Japan–Korea annexation treaty (1910)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan–Korea annexation treaty (1910)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg/200px-General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg/300px-General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg/400px-General_power_of_attorney_to_Lee_Wan-Yong_signed_and_sealed_by_Sunjong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>General power of attorney to <a href="/wiki/Lee_Wan-yong" title="Lee Wan-yong">Lee Wan-yong</a> sealed and signed, by the last emperor, <a href="/wiki/Sunjong_of_Korea" title="Sunjong of Korea">Sunjong</a> on 22 August 1910 (융희4년; 隆熙4年)</figcaption></figure> In May 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War of Japan">Minister of War of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a>, was given a mission to finalize Japanese control over Korea after the previous treaties (the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1904" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1907" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907</a>) had made Korea a protectorate of Japan and had established Japanese hegemony over Korean domestic politics. On 22 August 1910, Japan effectively <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> Korea with the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a> signed by <a href="/wiki/Ye_Wanyong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye Wanyong">Ye Wanyong</a>, Prime Minister of Korea, and Terauchi Masatake, who became the first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Governor-General of Chōsen">Governor-General of Chōsen</a>. The treaty became effective the same day and was published one week later. The treaty stipulated: <ul><li>Article 1: His Majesty the Emperor of Korea concedes completely and definitely his entire sovereignty over the whole Korean territory to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.</li> <li>Article 2: His Majesty the Emperor of Japan accepts the concession stated in the previous article and consents to the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan.</li></ul> Both the protectorate and the annexation treaties were declared already void in the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea">Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea</a>. This period is also known as Military Police Reign Era (1910–19) in which Police had the authority to rule the entire country. Japan was in control of the media, law as well as government by physical power and regulations. In March 2010, 109 Korean intellectuals and 105 Japanese intellectuals met in the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a> and they declared this annexation treaty null and void. They declared these statements in each of their capital cities (Seoul and Tōkyō) with a simultaneous press conference. They announced the "Japanese empire pressured the outcry of the Korean Empire and people and forced by Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 and full text of a treaty was false and text of the agreement was also false". They also declared the "Process and formality of "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910" had huge deficiencies and therefore the treaty was null and void. This implied the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> was not an illegal movement.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_expansion_(1910–1941)">Early years and expansion (1910–1941)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early years and expansion (1910–1941)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_migration_and_land_ownership">Japanese migration and land ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japanese migration and land ownership">edit</a>]</div> From around the time of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, Japanese merchants started settling in towns and cities in Korea seeking economic opportunity. By 1908 the number of Japanese settlers in Korea was somewhere below the figure of 500,000,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> comprising one of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">nikkei</a> communities in the world at the time. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg/150px-Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg/225px-Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg/300px-Masatake_Terauchi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a>, the first Governor-General</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oriental_Development_Company.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Oriental_Development_Company.JPG/260px-Oriental_Development_Company.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Oriental_Development_Company.JPG/390px-Oriental_Development_Company.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Oriental_Development_Company.JPG/520px-Oriental_Development_Company.JPG 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Development_Company" title="Oriental Development Company">Oriental Development Company</a> in Keijō</figcaption></figure> Many Japanese settlers showed interest in acquiring agricultural land in Korea even before Japanese land-ownership was officially legalized in 1906. Governor-General Terauchi Masatake facilitated settlement through <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>. The Korean land-ownership system featured absentee landlords, only partial owner-tenants and cultivators with traditional (but no legal proof of) ownership. By 1920, 90 percent of Korean land had proper ownership of Koreans.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted <a href="/wiki/Cadastral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadastral">cadastral</a> surveys that established ownership on the basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). The system denied ownership to those who could not provide such written documentation; these turned out to be mostly high-class and impartial owners who had only traditional verbal cultivator-rights [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Japanese landlords included both individuals and corporations (such as the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Development_Company" title="Oriental Development Company">Oriental Development Company</a>). Because of these developments, Japanese landownership soared, as did the amount of land taken over by private Japanese companies.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Many former Korean landowners, as well as agricultural workers, became <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a>, having lost their <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">entitlements</a> almost overnight because they could not pay for the land reclamation and irrigation improvements forced on them.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Compounding the economic stresses imposed on the Korean peasantry, the authorities forced Korean peasants to do long days of compulsory labor to build irrigation works; Japanese imperial officials made peasants pay for these projects in the form of heavy taxes, impoverishing many of them and causing even more of them lose their land.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Although many other subsequent developments placed ever greater strain on Korea's peasants, Japan's rice shortage in 1918 was the greatest catalyst for hardship. During that shortage, Japan looked to Korea for increased rice cultivation; as Korean peasants started producing more for Japan, however, the amount they took to eat dropped precipitously, causing much resentment among them.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> By 1910 an estimated 7 to 8% of all <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> in Korea had come under Japanese control. This ratio increased steadily; as of the years 1916, 1920, and 1932, the ratio of Japanese land ownership increased from 36.8 to 39.8 to 52.7%. The level of tenancy was similar to that of farmers in Japan itself; however, in Korea, the landowners were mostly Japanese, while the tenants were all Koreans. As often occurred in Japan itself, tenants had to pay over half their crop in rent.<a href="#cite_note-Japan_Focus-65">[64]</a> By the 1930s the growth of the urban economy and the exodus of farmers to the cities had gradually weakened the hold of the landlords. With the growth of the wartime economy throughout the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the government recognized <a href="/wiki/Landlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlordism">landlordism</a> as an impediment to increased agricultural productivity, and took steps to increase control over the rural sector through the formation in Japan in 1943 of the Central Agricultural Association (中央農会, chūō nōkai), a compulsory organization under the wartime <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Japanese government had hoped emigration to its colonies would mitigate the population boom in the <a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a>(内地),<a href="#cite_note-kimura-66">[65]</a> but had largely failed to accomplish this by 1936.<a href="#cite_note-porter-67">[66]</a> According to figures from 1934, Japanese in Chōsen numbered approximately 561,000 out of a total population of over 21 million, less than 3%. By 1939 the Japanese population increased to 651,000, mostly from Japan's western prefectures. During the same period, the population in Chōsen grew faster than that in the naichi. Koreans also migrated to the naichi in large numbers, especially after 1930; by 1939 there were over 981,000 Koreans living in Japan. Challenges which deterred Japanese from migrating into Chōsen included lack of arable land and population density comparable to that of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-porter-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-kimura-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology_and_cultural_heritage">Anthropology and cultural heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anthropology and cultural heritage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_History_Compilation_Committee" title="Korean History Compilation Committee">Korean History Compilation Committee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg/220px-Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg/330px-Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg/440px-Hyochangwon_as_Korea%27s_first_golf_course.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>In 1921, Japan turned a Korean royal cemetery into a golf course, with the graves still directly on the course. This occurred at what is now <a href="/wiki/Hyochang_Park" title="Hyochang Park">Hyochang Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-70">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> Japan sent anthropologists to Korea who took photos of the traditional state of Korean villages, serving as evidence that Korea was "backwards" and needed to be modernized.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In 1925, the Japanese government established the <a href="/wiki/Korean_History_Compilation_Committee" title="Korean History Compilation Committee">Korean History Compilation Committee</a>, and it was administered by the Governor-General and engaged in collecting Korean historical materials and compiling Korean history.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a>, some mythology was incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-Korean_History_Compilation_Committee-73">[72]</a> The committee supported the theory of a Japanese colony on the Korean Peninsula called <a href="/wiki/Mimana" title="Mimana">Mimana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Korean_History_Compilation_Committee-73">[72]</a> which, according to E. Taylor Atkins, is "among the most disputed issues in East Asian historiography."<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Japan executed the first modern archaeological excavations in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The Japanese administration also relocated some artifacts; for instance, a stone monument (棕蟬縣神祠碑), which was originally located in the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, then under <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Japanese control</a>, was taken out of its context and moved to <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> As of April 2020, 81,889 Korean cultural artifacts are in Japan. According to the Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, not all the artifacts were moved illegally. Adding to the challenge of repatriating illegally exported Korean cultural properties is the lack of experts in Korean art at overseas museums and institutions, alterations made to artifacts that obscure their origin, and that moving Korean artifacts within what was previously internationally recognized Japanese territory was lawful at the time.<a href="#cite_note-The_Korea_Times-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-tussle-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The South Korean government has been continuing its efforts to repatriate Korean artifacts from museums and private collections overseas.<a href="#cite_note-The_Korea_Times-77">[76]</a> The royal palace <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> was partially destroyed beginning in the 1910s, in order to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_General_Government_Building,_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese General Government Building, Seoul">Japanese General Government Building</a> as well as the colonial <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Industrial_Exhibition" title="Chōsen Industrial Exhibition">Chōsen Industrial Exhibition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[80]</a> Hundreds of historic buildings in <a href="/wiki/Deoksugung" title="Deoksugung">Deoksugung</a> were also destroyed to make way for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yi_Royal_Family_Museum_of_Fine_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yi Royal Family Museum of Fine Art (page does not exist)">Yi Royal Family Museum of Fine Art</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%99%95%EA%B0%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0%EA%B4%80" class="extiw" title="ko:이왕가미술관">ko</a>]. The displays in the museum reportedly intentionally contrasted traditional Korean art with examples of modern Japanese art, in order to portray Japan as progressive and legitimize Japanese rule.<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Palace Museum of Korea">National Palace Museum of Korea</a>, originally built as the Korean Imperial Museum in 1908 to preserve the treasures in the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a>, was retained under the Japanese administration but renamed Museum of the Yi Dynasty in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The Governor-General instituted a law in 1933 in order to preserve Korea's most important historical artifacts. The system established by this law, retained as the present-day <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of South Korea">National Treasures of South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of North Korea">National Treasures of North Korea</a>, was intended to preserve Korean historical artifacts, including those not yet unearthed. Japan's 1871 Edict for the Preservation of Antiquities and Old Items could not be automatically applied to Korea due to Japanese law, which required an imperial ordinance to apply the edict in Korea. The 1933 law to protect Korean cultural heritages was based on the Japanese 1871 edict.<a href="#cite_note-hamada.u-shimane.ac.jp-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Chinese_riots_of_1931">Anti-Chinese riots of 1931</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-Chinese riots of 1931">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg/220px-Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg/330px-Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg/440px-Chinese_anti-Japanese_poster_published_after_the_revenge_by_Koreans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Chinese anti-Japanese poster published after reprisals by Koreans</figcaption></figure> Due to a waterway construction permit, in the small town of Wanpaoshan in Manchuria near <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, "violent clashes" broke out between the local Chinese and Korean immigrants on 2 July 1931. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>, a major Korean newspaper, misreported that many Koreans had died in the clashes, sparking a Chinese exclusion movement in urban areas of the Korean Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The worst of the rioting occurred in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> on 5 July. Approximately 127 Chinese people were killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties were destroyed by Korean residents.<a href="#cite_note-Wanpaoshan-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> further alleged the Japanese authorities in Korea did not take adequate steps to protect the lives and property of the Chinese residents, and blamed the authorities for allowing inflammatory accounts to be published. As a result of this riot, the Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a>, who insisted on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean harmony, lost his position.<a href="#cite_note-Wanpaoshan-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_to_change_names">Order to change names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Order to change names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a></div> In 1911, the proclamation "Matter Concerning the Changing of Korean Names" (朝鮮人ノ姓名改称ニ関スル件) was issued, barring ethnic Koreans from taking Japanese names and retroactively reverting the names of Koreans who had already registered under Japanese names back to the original Korean ones.<a href="#cite_note-Mizuno1-86">[85]</a> By 1939, however, this position was reversed and Japan's focus had shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> of the Korean people; Imperial Decree 19 and 20 on Korean Civil Affairs (<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="創氏改名">Sōshi-kaimei</a>) went into effect, whereby ethnic Koreans were forced to surrender their traditional use of clan-based <a href="/wiki/Korean_name#Family_names" title="Korean name">Korean family name</a> system, in favor of a new surname to be used in the family register. The surname could be of their own choosing, including their native clan name, but in practice many Koreans received a Japanese surname. There is controversy over whether or not the adoption of a Japanese surname was effectively mandatory, or merely strongly encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption>Number of renaming applications in 1940<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month</th> <th>household</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr><td>Feb.</td> <td>15,746</td> <td>0.4％ </td></tr> <tr><td>Mar.</td> <td>61,579</td> <td>1.5％ </td></tr> <tr><td>Apr.</td> <td>157,074</td> <td>3.9％ </td></tr> <tr><td>May.</td> <td>500,840</td> <td>12.5％ </td></tr> <tr><td>Jun.</td> <td>1,081,564</td> <td>27.0％ </td></tr> <tr><td>Jul.</td> <td>2,153,393</td> <td>53.7％ </td></tr> <tr><td>Aug.</td> <td>3,220,693</td> <td>80.3％ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Mobilization_Law">National Mobilization Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National Mobilization Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Koreans in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forcing_of_labor_and_migration">Forcing of labor and migration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Forcing of labor and migration">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png/143px-Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png/215px-Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png/286px-Japan-Korea_Cooperative_Unity_World_Leader_Postcard_1920s.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Japan-Korea Cooperative Unity, World Leader. – The notion of racial and imperial unity of Korea and Japan gained widespread following among the literate minority of the middle and upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg/160px-Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg/240px-Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg/320px-Kuniaki_Koiso_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a>, Governor-General of Chōsen from 1942 to 1944, implemented a draft of Koreans for wartime labor.</figcaption></figure> From 1939, <a href="/wiki/Labour_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour shortage">labor shortages</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> of Japanese men for the military efforts of World War II led to organized official recruitment of Koreans to work in mainland Japan, initially through civilian agents, and later directly, often involving elements of coercion. As the labor shortage increased, by 1942, the Japanese authorities extended the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="National Mobilization Law">National Mobilization Law</a> to include the conscription of Korean workers for factories and mines in Korea, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, and the involuntary relocation of workers to Japan itself as needed. The combination of immigrants and forced laborers during World War II brought the total to over 2 million Koreans in Japan by the end of the war, according to estimates by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ryang2000-Ch2-91">[90]</a> Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto Prefecture</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, now part of Russia) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were often forced to work under conditions that have been described as appalling and dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Although Koreans were reportedly treated better than laborers from other countries, large numbers still died. In Japan, 60,000 of the 670,000 mobilized laborers died. In Korea and Manchuria, estimates of deaths range between 270,000 and 810,000.<a href="#cite_note-Rummel_1999-93">[92]</a> Korean laborers were also found as far as the <a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa Atoll</a>, where during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Battle of Tarawa</a> only 129 of the 1200 laborers survived.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> According to testimonies in Japanese records, Korean laborers on the <a href="/wiki/Mili_Atoll" title="Mili Atoll">Mili Atoll</a> were given "whale meat" to consume, which was actually human flesh from other dead Koreans. They rebelled after learning the truth, and were killed by the dozens in the aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-:32-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-97">[96]</a> Korean laborers also worked in Korea itself, notably in <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju</a> where in the later stages of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, Korean laborers expanded airfields and built facilities at <a href="/wiki/Altteureu_Airfield" title="Altteureu Airfield">Altteureu Airfield</a> in order to block a US invasion of the Japanese mainland and in 1945 laborers on <a href="/wiki/Songaksan_(Jeju)" title="Songaksan (Jeju)">Songak Mountain</a> (where several airstrips were located) were ordered to smooth down the slope in order to prevent American tanks being able to go up.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Most Korean atomic-bomb victims in Japan had been drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-99">[98]</a> In the name of humanitarian assistance, Japan paid South Korea four billion yen (approx. thirty five million dollars) and built a welfare center for those suffering from the effects of the atomic bomb.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Hippin-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_service_in_the_Japanese_military">Korean service in the Japanese military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Korean service in the Japanese military">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:left;"> <caption>Korean military participation until 1943<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Applicants</th> <th>Applicants accepted</th> <th>Acceptance rate [%]</th></tr> <tr><td>1938</td> <td>2,946</td> <td>406</td> <td>13.8 </td></tr> <tr><td>1939</td> <td>12,348</td> <td>613</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr><td>1940</td> <td>84,443</td> <td>3,060</td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr><td>1941</td> <td>144,743</td> <td>3,208</td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr><td>1942</td> <td>254,273</td> <td>4,077</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr><td>1943</td> <td>303,294</td> <td>6,300<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Japan_%26_Korea_Imperial_family_Yasukuni_1938-10_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Korean royalty of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Yi" title="House of Yi">House of Yi</a> (front row, right to left): <a href="/wiki/Yi_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Wu">Yi Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Geon" title="Yi Geon">Yi Geon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yi_Un" title="Yi Un">Yi Un</a> as officers of the Imperial Japanese Army, together with members of the Japanese imperial family at the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of World War II turned against it. Until 1944, enlistment in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> by ethnic Koreans was voluntary, and highly competitive. From a 14% acceptance rate in 1938, it dropped to a 2% acceptance rate in 1943 while the raw number of applicants increased from 3000 per annum to 300,000 in just five years during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> While the statistics appear to indicate that Koreans willingly joined the Japanese military, these numbers were artificially inflated using force. Japanese officials pressed illiterate peasants to sign applications and deliberately inflate statistics. This is also known in mainland Japan,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and according to a 1941 survey, over half of applications were forced. The remaining applicants voluntarily applied due a variety of reasons, largely economic, while a small number were genuine supporters of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right;"> <caption>Motivation of Korean Applicants in 1941<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>age</th> <th>Applicants</th> <th>Compulsion</th> <th>Etc.</th> <th>Total</th></tr> <tr><td>17</td> <td>5,673</td> <td>9,355</td> <td>1,915</td> <td>16,943 </td></tr> <tr><td>18</td> <td>6,943</td> <td>11,089</td> <td>2,012</td> <td>20,044 </td></tr> <tr><td>19</td> <td>7,771</td> <td>12,117</td> <td>2,318</td> <td>22,206 </td></tr> <tr><td>20</td> <td>7,591</td> <td>11,844</td> <td>2,125</td> <td>21,560 </td></tr> <tr><td>21</td> <td>6,486</td> <td>10,704</td> <td>1,742</td> <td>18,932 </td></tr> <tr><td>22</td> <td>5,357</td> <td>8,722</td> <td>1,610</td> <td>15,689 </td></tr> <tr><td>23</td> <td>3,965</td> <td>6,682</td> <td>1,132</td> <td>11,779 </td></tr> <tr><td>24</td> <td>2,694</td> <td>4,347</td> <td>1,146</td> <td>8,187 </td></tr> <tr><td>25+</td> <td>3,704</td> <td>4,812</td> <td>1,190</td> <td>9,706 </td></tr> <tr><td>Total</td> <td>50,184</td> <td>79,672</td> <td>15,190</td> <td>145,046 </td></tr> <tr><td>%</td> <td>34.6%</td> <td>55.0%</td> <td>10.4%</td> <td>100% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Japan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Park_Japan.JPG/160px-Park_Japan.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Park_Japan.JPG/240px-Park_Japan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Park_Japan.JPG/320px-Park_Japan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a>, future leader of South Korea, as a soldier of the Manchukuo Imperial Army</figcaption></figure> Other Korean officers who served Japan moved on to successful careers in post-colonial South Korea. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a>, who became president of South Korea; <a href="/wiki/Chung_Il-kwon" title="Chung Il-kwon">Chung Il-kwon</a>, prime minister from 1964 to 1970; <a href="/wiki/Paik_Sun-yup" title="Paik Sun-yup">Paik Sun-yup</a>, South Korea's youngest general who was famous for his command of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="1st Infantry Division (South Korea)">1st Infantry Division</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">defense of the Pusan Perimeter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Suk-won_(general)" title="Kim Suk-won (general)">Kim Suk-won</a>, a colonel of the Imperial Japanese Army who subsequently became a general of the South Korean army. The first ten of the Chiefs of Army Staff of South Korea graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and none from the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Officer cadets had been joining the Japanese Army since before the annexation by attending the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Enlisted Soldier recruitment began as early as 1938, when the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> in Manchuria began accepting pro-Japanese Korean volunteers into the army of Manchukuo, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a>. Koreans in this unit specialized in counter-insurgency operations against communist guerillas in the region of <a href="/wiki/Jiandao" title="Jiandao">Jiandao</a>. The size of the unit grew considerably at an annual rate of 700 men, and included such notable Koreans as General <a href="/wiki/Paik_Sun-yup" title="Paik Sun-yup">Paik Sun-yup</a>, who served in the Korean War. Historian Philip Jowett noted that during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, the <a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a> "earned a reputation for brutality and was reported to have laid waste to large areas which came under its rule."<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Starting in 1944, Japan started the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean men were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944. Before 1944, 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army. Koreans provided workers to mines and construction sites around Japan. The number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in 1944 in preparation for war.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> From 1944, about 200,000 Korean men were inducted into the army.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During World War II, American soldiers frequently encountered Korean soldiers within the ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army. Most notably was in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Battle of Tarawa</a>, which was considered during that time to be one of the bloodiest battles in U.S. military history. A fifth of the Japanese garrison during this battle consisted of Korean laborers, where on the last night of the battle a combined 300 Japanese soldiers and Korean laborers did a last ditch charge. Like their Japanese counterparts, many of them were killed.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The Japanese, however, did not always believe they could rely on Korean laborers to fight alongside them. In Prisoners of the Japanese, author Gaven Daws wrote, "[O]n <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a> there were five thousand Korean laborers and so as not to have hostiles at their back when the Americans invaded, the Japanese killed them."<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> After the war, 148 Koreans were convicted of Class B and C <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>, 23 of whom were sentenced to death (compared to 920 Japanese who were sentenced to death), including Korean prison guards who were particularly notorious for their brutality during the war. The figure is relatively high considering that ethnic Koreans made up a small percentage of the Japanese military. Judge <a href="/wiki/Bert_R%C3%B6ling" title="Bert Röling">Bert Röling</a>, who represented the Netherlands at the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>, noted that "many of the commanders and guards in POW camps were Koreans – the Japanese apparently did not trust them as soldiers – and it is said that they were sometimes far more cruel than the Japanese."<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In his memoirs, Colonel Eugene C. Jacobs wrote that during the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>, "the Korean guards were the most abusive. The Japanese didn't trust them in battle, so used them as service troops; the Koreans were anxious to get blood on their bayonets; and then they thought they were veterans."<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Korean guards were sent to the remote jungles of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, where Lt. Col. William A. (Bill) Henderson wrote from his own experience that some of the guards overseeing the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Railway" title="Burma Railway">Burma Railway</a> "were moronic and at times almost bestial in their treatment of prisoners. This applied particularly to Korean private soldiers, conscripted only for guard and sentry duties in many parts of the Japanese empire. Regrettably, they were appointed as guards for the prisoners throughout the camps of Burma and Siam."<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The highest-ranking Korean to be prosecuted after the war was Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Hong_Sa-ik" title="Hong Sa-ik">Hong Sa-ik</a>, who was in command of all the Japanese prisoner-of-war camps in the Philippines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comfort_women">Comfort women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comfort women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png/220px-Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png/330px-Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png/440px-Korean_Comfort_Women_recorded_by_U.S._Marine_Corps.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>Korean comfort women on Okinawa being interviewed by U.S. marines after liberation</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many ethnic Korean girls and women (mostly aged 12–17) were forced by the Japanese military to become sex slaves on the pretext of being hired for jobs, such as a seamstresses or factory workers, and were forced to provide sexual service for Japanese soldiers by agencies or their families against their wishes.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> These women were euphemistically called "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>". According to an interrogation report by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> in 1944, comfort women were in good physical health. They were able to have a periodic checkup once a week and to receive treatment in case of spreading disease to the Japanese soldiers, but not for their own health.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> However, a 1996 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Report detailed that "large numbers of women were forced to submit to prolonged prostitution under conditions which were frequently indescribably traumatic". Documents which survived the war revealed "beyond doubt the extent to which the Japanese forces took direct responsibility for the comfort stations" and that the published practices were "in stark contrast with the brutality and cruelty of the practice."<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chizuko_Ueno" title="Chizuko Ueno">Chizuko Ueno</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a> cautions against the claim that women were not forced as the fact that "no positive sources exist supporting claims that comfort women were forced labor" must be treated with doubt, as "it is well known that the great majority of potentially damaging official documents were destroyed in anticipation of the Allied occupation".<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Women%27s_Fund" title="Asian Women's Fund">Asian Women's Fund</a> claimed that during World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army recruited anywhere from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of women from occupied territories to be used as sex slaves.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoshimi_Yoshiaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshimi Yoshiaki">Yoshimi Yoshiaki</a> asserted that possibly hundreds of thousands of girls and women, mainly from China and the Korean Peninsula but also Southeast Asian countries occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Australia and the Netherlands, were forced to serve as comfort women. According to testimonies, young women were abducted from their homes in countries under Imperial Japanese rule. In many cases, women were lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants. In some cases propaganda advocated equity and the sponsorship of women in higher education. Other enticements were false advertising for nursing jobs at outposts or Japanese army bases; once recruited, they were incarcerated in comfort stations both inside their nations and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> From the early nineties onward, former Korean comfort women have continued to protest against the Japanese government for apparent historical negationism of crimes committed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, and have sought compensation for their sufferings during the war.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> There has also been international support for compensation, such as from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> the Netherlands, Canada and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The United States passed <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_House_Resolution_121" title="United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121">House of Representatives House Resolution 121</a> on 30 July 2007, asking the Japanese government to redress the situation and to incorporate comfort women into school curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirofumi_Hayashi" title="Hirofumi Hayashi">Hirofumi Hayashi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> argues that the resolution has helped to counter the "arguments of ultrarightists flooding the mainstream mass media" and warned against the rationalization of the comfort women system.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_ideology">Religion and ideology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion and ideology">edit</a>]</div> Protestant Christian missionary efforts in Asia were quite successful in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. They served as medical and educational missionaries, establishing schools and hospitals in numerous cities. In the years when Korea was under Japanese control, some Koreans adopted Christianity as an expression of nationalism in opposition to the Japan's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion.<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Kane_2009_pp_365-137">[136]</a> In 1914 of 16 million Koreans, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics. By 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000, respectively. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_independence_movement">Korean independence movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Korean independence movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerrilla_resistance_in_Manchuria_and_Russia">Guerrilla resistance in Manchuria and Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Guerrilla resistance in Manchuria and Russia">edit</a>]</div> Since the early 1900s, Koreans in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a> in Russia waged a guerrilla war against the Japanese occupation. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1932 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a> deprived many of these groups of their bases of operation and supplies. Many were forced to either flee elsewhere in China, or to join the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>-backed forces in eastern Russia. One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders in this region was the future leader of North Korea, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>. These experiences served as a base for Kim's legitimacy after the liberation of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_1st_Movement">March 1st Movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: March 1st Movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement)_(KADA-shyun15-012~20)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%28Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement%29_%28KADA-shyun15-012~20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-%28Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement%29_%28KADA-shyun15-012~20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%28Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement%29_%28KADA-shyun15-012~20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/267px-%28Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement%29_%28KADA-shyun15-012~20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%28Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement%29_%28KADA-shyun15-012~20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/356px-%28Red_Cross_pamphlet_on_March_1st_Movement%29_%28KADA-shyun15-012~20%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Korean Christians were <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a> in the aftermath of the March 1st Movement protests (1919).</figcaption></figure> In January 1919, Emperor Gojong died suddenly, which led to widespread <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gojong_poisoning_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gojong poisoning conspiracy theories (page does not exist)">theories that he had been poisoned by Japan</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A2%85_%EB%8F%85%EC%82%B4%EC%84%A4" class="extiw" title="ko:고종 독살설">ko</a>]. Anti-Japanese sentiment flared amongst Koreans. In Tokyo, Korean students issued a <a href="/wiki/February_8_Declaration_of_Independence" title="February 8 Declaration of Independence">February 8 Declaration of Independence</a> that declared Korea independent from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:24-140">[139]</a> Inspired by this, Koreans in Seoul issued their own <a href="/wiki/Korean_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Korean Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a>, which was prominently read aloud in <a href="/wiki/Tapgol_Park" title="Tapgol Park">Tapgol Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> This gave rise to the nation-wide March 1 Movement peaceful protests; it is estimated that 2 million people took part in these rallies. However, they were violently suppressed by Japan; according to Korean records, over a year of demonstrations, 46,948 were arrested, 7,509 killed and 15,961 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[142]</a> According to Japanese figures, 8,437 were arrested, 553 killed and 1,409 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg/220px-Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg/330px-Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg/440px-Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Early members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></div> After the repression of the March 1st Movement protests, Koreans fled the peninsula. A number of them congregated in Shanghai a month after the protests and founded a government-in-exile: the Korean Provisional Government (KPG).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200752–53-144">[143]</a> The government was highly diverse, with both left- and right-leaning members, and engaged in a range of political and militant efforts that advocated for Korea's independence.<a href="#cite_note-:42-145">[144]</a> In 1931, member <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Patriotic_Organization" title="Korean Patriotic Organization">Korean Patriotic Organization</a> (KPO), a militant arm of the KPG. The KPO planned a number of attacks on Japanese government and colonial officials, including a <a href="/wiki/Sakuradamon_incident_(1932)" title="Sakuradamon incident (1932)">1932 assassination attempt on Emperor Hirohito</a> and a bombing at a <a href="/wiki/Hongkou_Park_Incident" title="Hongkou Park Incident">military rally in Shanghai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-146">[145]</a> After the Shanghai bombing, they were forced to flee the city, and eventually settled in Chongqing,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_KLA-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-146">[145]</a> where they received support from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-146">[145]</a> There, Kim Ku, then the leader of the KPG, founded the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a> (KLA). The army fought in China and Burma, and prepared for its return to Korea as the tide of World War II turned against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_KLA-147">[146]</a> This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Project" title="Eagle Project">Eagle Project</a>, a mission for the KPG and KLA to return to the peninsula and fight the Japanese. Ultimately, with the surprise of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bomb droppings on Nagasaki and Hiroshima</a> and the sudden end of the war, the mission did not come to pass.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_within_Korea">Resistance within Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resistance within Korea">edit</a>]</div> Within Korea itself, anti-Japanese rallies continued on occasion. Most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Students_Anti-Japanese_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangju Students Anti-Japanese Movement">Kōshū Students Anti-Japanese Movement</a> on 3 November 1929 led to the strengthening of Japanese military rule in 1931, after which freedom of the press and freedom of expression were curbed. Many witnesses, including Catholic priests, reported that Japanese authorities dealt with insurgency severely. When villagers were suspected of hiding rebels, entire village populations are said to have been herded into public buildings (especially churches) and massacred when the buildings were set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In the village of Teigan, Suigen District, Keiki Prefecture (now Jeam-ri, <a href="/wiki/Hwaseong_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaseong City">Hwaseong</a>, Gyeongggi Province) for example, a group of 29 people were gathered inside a church which was then set afire.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> On 10 December 1941, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a>, declared war on Japan and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_and_division_of_Korea">Independence and division of Korea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Independence and division of Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>, and the impending overrun of the Korean Peninsula by U.S. and Soviet forces, Japan <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrendered</a> to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese colonial rule, though Japanese troops remained in Southern Korea for several more weeks until fully withdrawing by mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> American forces under General <a href="/wiki/John_R._Hodge" title="John R. Hodge">John R. Hodge</a> arrived at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula on 8 September 1945, while the Soviet Army and some Korean Communists had stationed themselves in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. U.S. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> proposed to Chischakov, the Soviet military administrator of northern Korea, that Korea should be split at the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>. This proposal was made at an emergency meeting to determine postwar <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division of Korea</a>. After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, the "Name Restoration Order" was issued on 23 October 1946 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>, enabling Koreans to restore their names if they wished. Many <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Koreans in Japan</a> chose to retain their Japanese names, either to avoid discrimination, or later, to meet the requirements for naturalization as Japanese citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Han-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea#Provinces_of_Chōsen" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea § Provinces of Chōsen</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (April 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png/220px-Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png/330px-Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png/440px-Provinces_of_Chosen_Korea.png 2x" data-file-width="4518" data-file-height="5647" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Korea during Japanese rule</figcaption></figure> There were 13 provinces in Korea during Japanese rule: <a href="/wiki/Keiki-d%C5%8D" title="Keiki-dō">Keiki-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōgen-dō">Kōgen-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABseihoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūseihoku-dō">Chūseihoku-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABseinan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūseinan-dō">Chūseinan-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenrahoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenrahoku-dō">Zenrahoku-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenranan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenranan-dō">Zenranan-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keish%C5%8Dhoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Keishōhoku-dō">Keishōhoku-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keish%C5%8Dnan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Keishōnan-dō">Keishōnan-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heian%27nan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Heian'nan-dō">Heian'nan-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heianhoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Heianhoku-dō">Heianhoku-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkai-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōkai-dō">Kōkai-dō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanky%C5%8Dnan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankyōnan-dō">Kankyōnan-dō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanky%C5%8Dhoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankyōhoku-dō">Kankyōhoku-dō</a>. The administrative capital Keijō was in Keiki-dō. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan%2C_1901.jpg/220px-Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan%2C_1901.jpg/330px-Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan%2C_1901.jpg/440px-Groundbreaking_ceremony_of_Gyeongbu_Line_at_Busan%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>Groundbreaking ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a>–<a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Fuzan</a> railway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png/220px-Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png/330px-Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png/440px-Production_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Production in Korea under Japanese rule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/220px-Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/330px-Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/440px-Industrialization_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Industrialization of Korea under Japanese rule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png/220px-Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png/330px-Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png/440px-Population_of_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Population of Korea under Japanese rule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/220px-Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/330px-Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/440px-Railway_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Km of railway in Korea under Japanese rule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/220px-Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/330px-Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg/440px-Telephone_subscribers_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Telephone subscribers in Korea under Japanese rule</figcaption></figure> Economic output in terms of agriculture, fishery, forestry and industry increased by tenfold from 1910 to 1945 as illustrated on the chart to the right.<a href="#cite_note-GGK1942-155">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atul_Kohli" title="Atul Kohli">Atul Kohli</a> concluded that the economic development model the Japanese instituted played the crucial role in Korean economic development, a model that was maintained by the Koreans in the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Randall S. Jones wrote that "economic development during the colonial period can be said to have laid the foundation for future growth in several respects."<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> A 2017 study found that the gradual removal of trade barriers (almost fully completed by 1923) after Japan's annexation of Korea "increased population growth rates more in the regions close to the former border between Japan and Korea than in the other regions. Furthermore, after integration, the regions close to Korea that specialized in the fabric industry, whose products were the primary goods exported from Japan to Korea, experienced more population growth than other regions close to Korea did."<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> There were some modernization efforts by the late 19th century prior to annexation. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to have electricity, trolley cars, water, telephone, and telegraph systems all at the same time,<a href="#cite_note-Summer_Institute_Summaries-159">[158]</a> but Korea remained a largely backward agricultural economy around the start of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-LoC_Economic_Development-160">[159]</a> "Japan's initial colonial policy was to increase agricultural production in Korea to meet Japan's growing need for rice. Japan also began to build large-scale industries in Korea in the 1930s as part of the empire-wide program of economic self-sufficiency and war preparation."<a href="#cite_note-LoC_Japanese_rule-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In terms of exports, "Japanese industry as a whole gained little ... and this is certainly true for the most important manufacturing sector, cotton textiles. This export trade had little impact, positive or negative, on the welfare of Japanese consumer."<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Likewise in terms of the profitability of Japanese investors: colonial Korea made no significant impact.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Donald_Stone_Macdonald" title="Donald Stone Macdonald">Donald S. Macdonald</a>, "for centuries most Koreans lived as subsistence farmers of rice and other grains and satisfied most of their basic needs through their own labor or through barter. The manufactures of traditional Korea – principally cloth, cooking and eating utensils, furniture, jewelry, and paper – were produced by artisans in a few population centers."<a href="#cite_note-LoC_Economic_Development-160">[159]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">During the early period of Japanese rule, the Japanese government attempted to completely integrate the Korean economy with Japan, and thus introduced many modern economic and social institutions and invested heavily in infrastructure, including schools, railroads and utilities. Most of these physical facilities remained in Korea after the Liberation. The Japanese government played an even more active role in developing Korea than it had played in developing the Japanese economy in the late nineteenth century. Many programs drafted in Korea in the 1920s and 1930s originated in policies drafted in Japan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). The Japanese government helped to mobilize resources for development and provided entrepreneurial leadership for these new enterprises. Colonial economic growth was initiated through powerful government efforts to expand the economic infrastructure, to increase investment in human capital through health and education and to raise productivity.<a href="#cite_note-LoC_Economic_Development-160">[159]</a></blockquote> However, under Japanese rule, many Korean resources were only used for Japan.<a href="#cite_note-economic-13">[12]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Suh_Sang-chul" title="Suh Sang-chul">Suh Sang-chul</a> points out that the nature of industrialization during the period was as an "imposed enclave", so the impact of colonialism was trivial. Another scholar, Song Byung-nak, states that the economic condition of average Koreans deteriorated during the period despite the economic growth. Cha primarily attributed this deterioration to global economic shocks and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> policies, as well as Chōsen's rapid population growth; the colonial government's attempts to mitigate this problem were inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-shocks-14">[13]</a> Most Koreans at the time could access only a primary school education under restriction by the Japanese, and this prevented the growth of an indigenous entrepreneurial class. A 1939 statistic shows that among the total capital recorded by factories, about 94 percent was Japanese-owned. While Koreans owned about 61 percent of small-scale firms that had 5 to 49 employees, about 92 percent of large-scale enterprises with more than 200 employees were Japanese-owned.<a href="#cite_note-Jin_W._Cyhn-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Virtually all industries were owned either by Japan-based corporations or by Japanese corporations in Korea. As of 1942, indigenous capital constituted only 1.5 percent of the total capital invested in Korean industries. Korean entrepreneurs were charged interest rates 25 percent higher than their Japanese counterparts, so it was difficult for large Korean enterprises to emerge. More and more farmland was taken over by the Japanese, and an increasing proportion of Korean farmers either became sharecroppers or migrated to Japan or Manchuria as laborers. As greater quantities of Korean rice were exported to Japan, per capita consumption of rice among the Koreans declined; between 1932 and 1936, per capita consumption of rice declined to half the level consumed between 1912 and 1916. Although the government imported coarse grains from Manchuria to augment the Korean food supply, per capita consumption of food grains in 1944 was 35 percent below that of 1912 to 1916.<a href="#cite_note-LoC_Japanese_rule-161">[160]</a></blockquote> In addition, 70% of the agricultural workers who made up most of Korea's population at the time were reduced to tenants of Japanese and Korean landlords who purchased land at low prices, and they had to pay high rents of 50–70%. As a result, many Koreans left for Manchuria and settled down, becoming the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Korean_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean in China">Korean in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The Japanese government created a system of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, requiring construction of significant <a href="/wiki/Transportation_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation infrastructure">transportation infrastructure</a> on the Korean Peninsula for the purpose of extracting and exploiting resources such as raw materials (timber), foodstuff (mostly rice and fish), and mineral resources (coal and iron ore). The Japanese developed port facilities and an extensive railway system which included a main trunk railway from the southern port city of <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Pusan</a> through the capital of Seoul and north to the Chinese border. This infrastructure was intended not only to facilitate a colonial mercantilist economy, but was also viewed as a strategic necessity for the Japanese military to control Korea and to move large numbers of troops and materials to the Chinese border at short notice. From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, particularly during the tenure of Japanese Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Kazushige Ugaki</a>, concentrated efforts were made to build up the industrial base in Korea. This was especially true in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>, such as chemical plants and steel mills, and <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munitions</a> production. The Japanese military felt it would be beneficial to have production closer to the source of raw materials and closer to potential front lines for a future war with China.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Young-hoon" title="Lee Young-hoon">Lee Young-hoon</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a> states that less than 10% of arable land actually came under Japanese control and rice was normally traded, not robbed. He also insists that Koreans' knowledge about the era under Japanese rule is mostly made up by later educators.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Many of Lee's arguments, however, have been contested.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alleyne_Ireland" title="Alleyne Ireland">Alleyne Ireland</a>, a British author, referred to conditions in Korea under Japanese rule in 1926. He wrote in his book The New Korea, "looking forward from 1910, one thing was clear where many things were obscure, namely that Japan, having decided to make Korea part of her Empire, would deem the permanence of her occupation to be a major element of her national policy, to be held intact, at whatever cost, against internal revolt or foreign intrigue.<a href="#cite_note-Alleyne-175">[174]</a> The Japanese refer with pride to their effective protection of life and property throughout a country but recently overrun by bandits, to the enormous increase during the past fifteen years in every branch of production, with its connotation of increased employment for Koreans, to the constantly mounting number of Koreans appointed to the government service are facts, that cannot be gainsaid. However, the Korean nationalists attribute to them a sinister significance."<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trade">Drug trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Drug trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_stamps_released_by_Japan%27s_colonial_rule_of_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Commemorative_stamps_released_by_Japan%27s_colonial_rule_of_Korea.jpg/241px-Commemorative_stamps_released_by_Japan%27s_colonial_rule_of_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Commemorative_stamps_released_by_Japan%27s_colonial_rule_of_Korea.jpg/362px-Commemorative_stamps_released_by_Japan%27s_colonial_rule_of_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Commemorative_stamps_released_by_Japan%27s_colonial_rule_of_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>1946 saw the issue of commemorative stamps bearing the dove of peace celebrating the end of Japanese rule.</figcaption></figure> Korea produced a small amount of opium during the earlier years of the colonial period, but by the 1930s, Korea became a major exporter of both opium and narcotics, becoming a significant supplier to the illicit drug trade, specifically to the opium monopoly created by the Japanese-sponsored Manchukuo government.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Government-General developed facilities dedicated to the production of morphine and heroin.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Emigrant Koreans played an extensive role in drug trafficking in China, especially in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, where they were employed as poppy farmers, drug peddlers, or proprietors of opium dens — disreputable jobs that were at the bottom rung of the drug trafficking ladder.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The initiation of opium and narcotic production in Korea was motivated by the worldwide shortage of opium and Japan's unfavorable environment for poppy cultivation, making the Japanese entirely dependent on foreign imports to meet domestic demand for medical opium.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Japanese discovered that Korea provided favorable climate and soil conditions for poppy cultivation; not only were the climate and soil conditions more suitable, but land and labor costs were lower than in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Farmers in Korea were aware of the global demand for opium, and welcomed the idea of increasing the amount of land for poppy cultivation, an idea that was introduced to them by Japanese pharmaceutical companies.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The sale and consumption of drugs were pervasive in Korea, where the country faced a substantial domestic drug abuse problem, appearing in the form of opium-smoking and morphine addiction.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Within Korea, most illicit narcotics were supplied by Japanese druggists.<a href="#cite_note-:6-177">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_censorship">Newspaper censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Newspaper censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_newspapers_in_Korea#Japanese_colonial_period" title="History of newspapers in Korea">History of newspapers in Korea § Japanese colonial period</a></div> In 1907, the Resident-General of Korea passed the Newspaper Act,<a href="#cite_note-:2-178">[177]</a> which effectively prevented the publication of local papers. Only the English-language <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Daily_News" title="The Korea Daily News">The Korea Daily News</a> and its Korean-language counterpart Daehan Maeil Sinbo continued their publication, because they were run by the foreigner <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bethell" title="Ernest Bethell">Ernest Bethell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-:06-180">[179]</a> However, after continued Japanese pressure on the paper's staff and Bethell's death in 1909, even these papers became owned by the Japanese government.<a href="#cite_note-:12-179">[178]</a> The newspaper's Korean-language successor, <a href="/wiki/Maeil_Sinbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeil Sinbo">Maeil Sinbo</a>, was subordinated to the Japanese-language <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Nipp%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Keijō Nippō">Keijō Nippō</a>. These two papers, along with the English-language newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Seoul_Press" title="The Seoul Press">The Seoul Press</a>, were effectively backed by the colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-:13-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-182">[181]</a> Concurrently, the colonial government published an <a href="/wiki/Government_gazette" title="Government gazette">official gazette</a>, entitled the <a href="/wiki/Government-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen_Gazette" title="Government-General of Chōsen Gazette">Government-General of Chōsen Gazette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:07-183">[182]</a> By 1910, the only major privately owned Korean newspaper allowed to publish was the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongnam_Ilbo" title="Gyeongnam Ilbo">Gyeongnam Ilbo</a>. However, this paper was pressured to close by 1915, leaving only the Maeil Sinbo left. However, restrictions were eased upon the 1919 March First Movement and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural rule (page does not exist)">cultural rule</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="extiw" title="ja:文化政治">ja</a>; <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94_%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98" class="extiw" title="ko:문화 통치">ko</a>] policy, which led to the establishment of the historic Korean papers <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-181">[180]</a> In 1932, Japan relaxed restrictions on the publication of Korean newspapers. Despite this, the government continued to seize newspapers without warning: there are over a thousand recorded seizures between 1920 and 1939. Revocation of publishing rights was relatively rare, and only three magazines had their rights revoked over the entire colonial period. In 1940, as the Pacific War increased in intensity, Japan shut down all Korean language newspapers again.<a href="#cite_note-robinson-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg/250px-Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg/375px-Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg/500px-Keijo_Imperial_University-old1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Imperial_University" title="Keijō Imperial University">Keijō Imperial University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg/250px-Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg/375px-Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg/500px-Public_primary_school_in_Korea_under_Japanese_rule-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Number of public regular schools (公立普通学校) and students under Japanese rule<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg/250px-Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg/375px-Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg/500px-Public_regular_school_enrollment_rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Enrollment rate of public regular schools (公立普通学校) under Japanese rule<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the annexation of Korea, the Japanese administration introduced a public education system modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Japanese school system</a> with a pyramidal hierarchy of elementary, middle and high schools, culminating at the <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Imperial_University" title="Keijō Imperial University">Keijō Imperial University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a>. As in Japan itself, education was viewed primarily as an instrument of "the Formation of the Imperial Citizen" (황민화; 皇民化; Kōminka) with a heavy emphasis on moral and political instruction.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Japanese religious groups such as Protestant Christians willingly supported the Japanese authorities in their effort to assimilate Koreans through education.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> During colonial times, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">elementary schools</a> were known as "Citizen Schools" (국민학교; 国民学校; kokumin gakkō) as in Japan, as a means of forming proper "Imperial Citizens" (황국민; 皇国民; kōkokumin) from early childhood. Elementary schools in South Korea today are known by the name chodeung hakgyo (초등학교; 初等學校) ("elementary school") as the term gukmin hakgyo/kokumin gakkō has recently become a <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">politically incorrect</a> term. During the colonial period, Japan established an officially equal educational system in Korea, but it strictly limited the rate of coed education. After the Korean Educational Ordinance was published in 1938, this situation changed slightly. "Primary education consisted of a mandated four years of primary school (futsu gakkō). Secondary education included four years of middle school for boys (koto futsu gakkō) and three years for girls (joshi koto futsu gakko) or two to three years of vocational school (jitsugyo gakkō). 1915, the Japanese announced the Regulations for Technical Schools (senmon gakko kisoku), which legalized technical schools (senmon gakkō) as post-secondary educational institutions."<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In addition, modernized (for the time) Korean educational institutions were excluded from the colonial system. 1911, Japanese government set The Regulations for Private Schools (Shiritsu gakko kisoku) which was aimed at undermining these facilities, which showed patriotic awakening.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> The public curriculum for most of the period was taught by Korean educators under a hybrid system focused on assimilating Koreans into the Japanese Empire while emphasizing Korean cultural education. This focused on the history of the Japanese Empire as well as inculcating reverence for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a> and instruction in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a>. Integration of Korean students into Japanese-language schools and Japanese students in Korean-language schools was discouraged but steadily increased over time. While official policy promoted equality between ethnic Koreans and ethnic Japanese, in practice this was rarely the case.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Korean history and language studies would be taught side by side with Japanese history and language studies until the early 1940s under a new education ordinance that saw wartime efforts increased and the hybrid system slowly weakened.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Academic Status of under Japanese rule in 1944<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Academic ability</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr><td>University</td> <td>7,374</td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr><td>Vocational school</td> <td>22,064</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr><td>Middle & high school</td> <td>199,642</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr><td>elementary school</td> <td>1,941,789</td> <td>8.5% </td></tr> <tr><td>temporary school & <a href="/wiki/Seodang" title="Seodang">Seodang</a></td> <td>980,122</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr><td>Uneducated</td> <td>19,642,775</td> <td>86.2% </td></tr> <tr><td>Total</td> <td>22,793,766</td> <td>100% </td></tr> </tbody></table> One point of view is that, although the Japanese education system in Korea was detrimental towards Korea's cultural identity, its introduction of public education as universal was a step in the right direction to improve Korea's <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>. Towards the end of Japanese rule, Korea saw elementary school attendance at 38 percent. Children of elite families were able to advance to higher education, while others were able to attend technical schools, allowing for "the emergence of a small but important class of well-educated white collar and technical workers ... who possessed skills required to run a modern industrial economy." The Japanese education system ultimately produced hundreds of thousands of educated South Koreans who later became "the core of the postwar political and economic elite."<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Another point of view is that it was only after the end of Japanese rule with World War II that Korea saw true, democratic rise in public education as evidenced by the rise of adult literacy rate from 22 percent in 1945 to 87.6 percent by 1970 and 93% by the late 1980s. Though public education was made available for elementary schools during Japanese rule, Korea as a country did not experience secondary-school enrollment rates comparable to those of Japan prior to the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> For example, according to the statistics of the Japanese Government-General of Korea in 1944, which was prepared just before independence, only 8.5% of the total population entered elementary school, and the middle school enrollment rate was only 0.9%. The literacy rate was also very low, so only 30% of the population could read letters, compared to a sharp rise to 90% in 1955, 10 years after independence.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_language">Korean language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Korean language">edit</a>]</div> In the initial phase of Japanese rule, students were taught in Korean in public schools established by ethnic Korean officials who worked for the colonial government. Prior to this period, Korean education relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>, Chinese characters, for written communication. However, during this time the Korean language transitioned to a <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">mixed Hanja–Korean script</a> influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a>, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Korean script.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt-201">[200]</a> Korean textbooks from this era included excerpts from traditional Korean stories such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heungbujeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heungbujeon (page does not exist)">Heungbujeon</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%A5%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%84" class="extiw" title="ko:흥부전">ko</a>] (興夫伝; Kōfuden).<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> In 1921, government efforts were strengthened to promote Korean media and literature throughout Korea and also in Japan. The Japanese government also created incentives to educate ethnic Japanese students in the Korean language.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Language_Society" title="Korean Language Society">Korean Language Society</a> inaugurated <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Day" title="Hangul Day">Hangul Day</a> (9 October), which was meant to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Korean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean alphabet">Korean alphabet</a> in the face of accelerating Japanization of Korean culture.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> And in 1933, the foundation of modern South and North Korean spelling was completed. The Japanese administrative policy shifted more aggressively towards cultural assimilation in 1938 (Naisen ittai) with a new government report advising reform to strengthen the war effort. Under this influence, in 1940, all Korean newspapers except the Japanese government's official newspaper were eliminated. In 1942, Japanese authorities caused the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Language_Society_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Language Society Incident">Korean Language Society Incident</a> and closed the society by applying suspicion of rebellion to scholars. This left less room for Korean language studies and by 1943 all Korean language courses had been phased out. Teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-Hopfner-205">[204]</a> Although the government report advised further, more radical reform, the 10-year plan would never fully go into effect.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taking_of_historical_artifacts">Taking of historical artifacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Taking of historical artifacts">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese rule of Korea also resulted in the relocation of tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifacts</a> to Japan. This removal of Korean cultural property was against a long tradition of such actions dating at least since the sixteenth century wars between Korea and Japan, though in the 20th century colonial period it was a systematised and regulated activity covered by rules issued 1916–1933.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The issue over where these artifacts should be located began during the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TIME-208">[207]</a> In 1965, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea">Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea</a>, Japan returned roughly 1,400 artifacts to Korea, and considered the diplomatic matter to have been resolved.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Korean artifacts are retained in the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tōkyō National Museum</a> and in the hands of many private collectors.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-210">[209]</a> The primary building of <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> Palace was demolished and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_General_Government_Building,_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese General Government Building, Seoul">Japanese General Government Building</a> was built in its exact location. The Japanese colonial authorities destroyed 85 percent of all the buildings in Gyeongbokgung.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sungnyemun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungnyemun">Sungnyemun</a>, the gate in Gyeongsong that was a symbol of Korea, was altered by the addition of large, Shinto-style golden horns near the roofs, later removed by the South Korean government after independence. According to the South Korean government, there are 75,311 cultural artifacts that were taken from Korea. Japan has 34,369, the United States has 17,803,<a href="#cite_note-Chosun_Ilbo_2006-10-17-212">[211]</a> and France had several hundred, which were seized in the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea_(1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea (1866)">French campaign against Korea</a> and loaned back to Korea in 2010 without an apology.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> In 2010, Prime Minister of Japan <a href="/wiki/Naoto_Kan" title="Naoto Kan">Naoto Kan</a> expressed "deep remorse" for the removal of artifacts,<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> and arranged an initial plan to return the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty and over 1,200 other books, which was carried out in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> As Japan established the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, Korea became more vital to the internal communications and defense of the Japanese empire against the Soviet Union. Japan decided in the 1930s to make the Koreans become more loyal to the Emperor by requiring Korean participation in the <a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_Korea" title="Shinto in Korea">State Shinto</a> devotions, and by weakening the influences of both Christianity and traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-Wi_Jo_Kang_1997_62-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Shinto shrines were established throughout the peninsula, including <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Shrine" title="Chōsen Shrine">Chōsen Shrine</a> on the mountain Namsan in Seoul and <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Heijō Shrine">Heijō Shrine</a> in Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-:02-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-神社참배_거부_18개교_日帝,_가차_없이_폐교｜주간동아-218">[217]</a> Shrines such as these were destroyed shortly after Korea was liberated in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-神社참배_거부_18개교_日帝,_가차_없이_폐교｜주간동아-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity_and_communism">Christianity and communism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Christianity and communism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism#Korea" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism § Korea</a></div> Protestant missionary efforts in Asia were nowhere more successful than in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. During the Japanese colonial period, Christianity became an expression of Korean nationalist opposition to Japan and its assimilation policies.<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Kane_2009_pp_365-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grayson-219">[218]</a> In 1914, out of 16 million people, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics; by 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. Catholics tolerated Shinto rites; Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Missionaries expressed alarm at the rise in communist activity during the 1920s. With the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> in 1925, communist literature was banned throughout the Empire of Japan, including Chōsen; in order to avoid suspicion and permit dissemination, it was often disguised as Christian literature addressed to missionaries. Communist concepts, such as class struggle, and its partner nationalist movement were resonating well with some of the peasants and lower-class citizens of Chōsen; this was worrying to some missionaries because of communism's <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">atheist components</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> At one point, communist students in Keijō held an "anti-Sunday School conference" and loudly protested religion in front of churches. This protest renewed Japanese governmental interest in censorship of communist ideas and language.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_diaspora">Korean diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Korean diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Koreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Zainichi Koreans">Zainichi Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a></div> A number of groups in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a> formed because of the Japanese colonial period. Zainichi Koreans descend from the population of around 600,000 Koreans who remained in Japan, often not by choice.<a href="#cite_note-:142-223">[222]</a> After Sakhalin was transferred from Japan to the Soviet Union, most of the 43,000 ethnic Koreans there were refused permission to repatriate back to Japan or Korea, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin. Many remained stateless. They now form the Sakhalin Korean population.<a href="#cite_note-Lankov-224">[223]</a> Many Koreans had also escaped to Russia and the Soviet Union because of Japanese activities, and were eventually <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">forced to move to Central Asia</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> They became a part of the population of Koryo-saram throughout the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:52-226">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_laborers,_comfort_women,_and_Unit_731">Forced laborers, comfort women, and Unit 731</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Forced laborers, comfort women, and Unit 731">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women#Legacy_in_South_Korea" title="Comfort women">Comfort women § Legacy in South Korea</a></div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, about 450,000 Korean male laborers were involuntarily sent to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a>, who served in Japanese military brothels as a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>, came from all over the Japanese empire. Historical estimates range from 10,000 to 200,000, including an unknown number of Koreans. However, 200,000 is considered to be a conservative number by modern historians, and up to 500,000 comfort women are estimated to be taken.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> These women faced an average of 29 men and up to 40 men per day, according to one surviving comfort woman.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> However, of the 500,000, less than 50 are alive today<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit">[update]</a>. Comfort women were often recruited from rural locales with the promise of factory employment; business records, often from Korean subcontractees of Japanese companies, showed them falsely classified as nurses or secretaries.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> There is evidence that the Japanese government intentionally destroyed official records regarding comfort women.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_slaves-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_Times-233">[232]</a> Koreans, along with many other Asians, were experimented on in <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>, a secret military medical experimentation unit in World War II. The victims who died in the camp included at least 25 victims from the former Soviet Union and Korea.<a href="#cite_note-People's_daily-234">[233]</a> Some historians estimate up to 250,000 total people were subjected to human experiments.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-235">[234]</a> A Unit 731 veteran attested that most that were experimented on were Chinese, Koreans, and Mongolians.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-236">[235]</a> The Tokyo trials convened on 29 April 1946 to try Japanese personnel on Class A, B, and C charges for <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">crimes against peace</a>, conventional <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> respectively. Class C was created mainly to address atrocities committed by Japan against its nationals or allied citizens in times of peace or war since the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">law of war</a> only covers enemy and neutral nationals in interstate armed conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> However, the principal Allied powers realized they had colonies themselves and never pressed on the Class C charges as they did not want to risk their own colonial atrocities being subject to prosecution. This left the Korean and Taiwanese victims of Japanese colonial atrocities without any recourse in the international legal system.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> In 2002, South Korea started an investigation of Japanese collaborators. Part of the investigation was completed in 2006 and a list of names of individuals who profited from exploitation of fellow Koreans were posted.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> The collaborators not only benefited from exploiting their countrymen, but the children of these collaborators benefited further by acquiring higher education with the exploitation money they had amassed.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The "Truth Commission on Forced Mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism Republic of Korea" investigated the received reports of damage from 86 people among the 148 Koreans who were accused of being Class B and C criminals while serving as prison guards for the Japanese military during World War II. The commission, which was organized by the South Korean government, announced that they acknowledged 83 people among them as victims. The commission said that although the people reluctantly served as guards to avoid the draft, they took responsibility for the mistreatment by the Japanese against prisoners of war. Lee Se-il, leader of the investigation, said that examination of the military prosecution reports for 15 Korean prison guards, obtained from <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> of the United Kingdom, confirmed that they were convicted without explicit evidence.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Result_of_the_name_changes">Result of the name changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Result of the name changes">edit</a>]</div> Although officially voluntary, and initially resisted by the Japanese Colonial Government, 80% of Koreans voluntarily changed their name to Japanese in 1940. Many community leaders urged the adoption of Japanese names to make it easy for their children to succeed in society and overcome discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> A study conducted by the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> states that "the Korean culture was quashed, and Koreans were required to speak Japanese and take Japanese names".<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> This name change policy, called <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">sōshi-kaimei</a> (창씨개명; 創氏改名), was part of Japan's assimilation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> This was heavily resisted by the Korean people. Those Koreans who retained their Korean names were not allowed to enroll at school, were refused service at government offices, and were excluded from the lists for food rations and other supplies. Faced with such compulsion, many Koreans ended up complying with the Name Change Order. Such a radical policy was deemed to be symbolically significant in the war effort, binding the fate of Korea with that of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_against_Korean_leprosy_patients_by_Japan">Discrimination against Korean leprosy patients by Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Discrimination against Korean leprosy patients by Japan">edit</a>]</div> Colonial Korea was subject to the same <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a> Prevention Laws of 1907 and 1931 as the Japanese home islands. These laws directly and indirectly permitted the <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> of patients in sanitariums, where forced <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> and sterilization were common. The laws authorized punishment of patients "disturbing the peace", as most Japanese leprologists believed that vulnerability to the disease was inheritable.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> In Korea, many leprosy patients were also subjected to hard labor.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> The Japanese government compensated inpatients.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bomb_casualties">Atomic bomb casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Atomic bomb casualties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> Many Koreans were drafted for work at military industrial factories in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-99">[98]</a> According to the secretary-general of a group named Peace Project Network, "there were a total of 70,000 Korean victims in both cities". Japan paid South Korea 4 billion yen and built a welfare center in the name of humanitarian assistance, not as compensation to the victims.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Hippin-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korean_presidential_investigation_commission_on_pro-Japanese_collaborators">South Korean presidential investigation commission on pro-Japanese collaborators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: South Korean presidential investigation commission on pro-Japanese collaborators">edit</a>]</div> Collaborators of the Imperial Japanese Army were prosecuted in the postwar period as <a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Chinilpa</a>, or "friendly to Japanese".<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korean president</a> <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a> appointed an investigation commission into the issue of locating descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators from the times of the 1890s until the collapse of Japanese rule in 1945. In 2010, the commission concluded its five-volume report. As a result, the land property of 168 South Korean citizens has been confiscated by the government, these citizens being descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_justification_of_the_colonization">Modern justification of the colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Modern justification of the colonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></div> Some conservative Japanese nationalists have since attempted to more positively portray the colonization and Japan's intentions. Claims such as "Japan did not want to annex Korea" and "Koreans came to Japan and asked to be annexed" have been forwarded, and efforts are made to highlight Korea's economic development during this period. However, the scholar Mark Caprio writes skeptically of such viewpoints:<a href="#cite_note-Caprio_Interpretations-255">[254]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">While acknowledging that Japanese policy benefited pockets of Korean society, a responsible argument must also acknowledge that Japan's colonial policies systematically excluded the majority of Koreans from these institutions of modernity. Reliance on a minority sample to explain the entirety of Japan's colonial rule grossly neglects the fact that Japan's administrative decisions forced a large number of participants to act against their volition... [N]eo-conservatives neglect to consider that Japan's history of expansion in East Asia did not end with the emperor's declaration on August 15, 1945, nor did it end with treaties of normalization. This history lives within the people it affected. Denial and beautification of this history disturbs the efforts of its surviving victims to distance themselves from this past, and serves as a painful reminder of Japan's unwillingness to accept responsibility for the injustices that Japanese rule inflicted upon them.<a href="#cite_note-Caprio_Interpretations-255">[254]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_governors-general_of_Korea">List of governors-general of Korea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: List of governors-general of Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_governors-general_of_Korea" title="List of Japanese governors-general of Korea">List of Japanese governors-general of Korea</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a> (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_Yoshimichi" title="Hasegawa Yoshimichi">Hasegawa Yoshimichi</a> (1916–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō Makoto</a> (1929–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Kazushige Ugaki</a> (1931–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Hanz%C5%8D" title="Yamanashi Hanzō">Yamanashi Hanzō</a> (1927–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Minami" title="Jirō Minami">Jirō Minami</a> (1936–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Nobuyuki Abe</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Oh" title="Madam Oh">Madam Oh</a>, 1965 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Blood" title="Sea of Blood">Sea of Blood</a>, 1971 North Korean opera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flower_Girl" title="The Flower Girl">The Flower Girl</a>, 1972 North Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_O%27_The_Forest!" title="Tell O' The Forest!">Tell O' The Forest!</a>, 1972 North Korean opera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_Fatale:_Bae_Jeong-ja" title="Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja">Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja</a>, 1973 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(film)" title="Mulberry (film)">Mulberry</a>, 1986 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Boy" title="Modern Boy">Modern Boy</a>, 2008 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Scandal" title="Capital Scandal">Capital Scandal</a>, 2008 South Korea TV drama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad,_the_Weird" title="The Good, the Bad, the Weird">The Good, the Bad, the Weird</a>, 2008 South Korea film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Way_(2011_film)" title="My Way (2011 film)">My Way</a>, 2011 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Mask" title="Bridal Mask">Bridal Mask</a>, 2012 South Korean TV drama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_(2015_film)" title="Assassination (2015 film)">Assassination</a>, 2015 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silenced" title="The Silenced">The Silenced</a>, 2015 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirits%27_Homecoming" title="Spirits' Homecoming">Spirits' Homecoming</a>, 2016 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaiden" title="The Handmaiden">The Handmaiden</a>, 2016 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Princess_(film)" title="The Last Princess (film)">The Last Princess</a>, 2016 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Shadows" title="The Age of Shadows">The Age of Shadows</a>, 2016 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love,_Lies_(2016_film)" title="Love, Lies (2016 film)">Love Lies</a>, 2016 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Typewriter_(TV_series)" title="Chicago Typewriter (TV series)">Chicago Typewriter</a>, 2017 South Korean TV show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Island_(2017_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleship Island (2017 film)">Battleship Island</a>, 2017 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_from_Colony" title="Anarchist from Colony">Anarchist from Colony</a>, 2017 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Sunshine_(2018_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Sunshine (2018 TV series)">Mr. Sunshine</a>, 2018 South Korean TV show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_(novel)" title="Pachinko (novel)">Pachinko</a>, 2017 novel by <a href="/wiki/Min_Jin_Lee" title="Min Jin Lee">Min Jin Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hymn_of_Death" title="The Hymn of Death">The Hymn of Death</a>, 2018 South Korean TV show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Different_Dreams" title="Different Dreams">Different Dreams</a>, 2019 South Korean TV show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle:_Roar_to_Victory" title="The Battle: Roar to Victory">The Battle: Roar to Victory</a>, 2019 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Resistance" title="A Resistance">A Resistance</a>, 2019 South Korean film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_Star:_The_Gyeongseong_Mermaid" title="Whale Star: The Gyeongseong Mermaid">Whale Star: The Gyeongseong Mermaid</a>, 2019 webtoon by Na Yoonhee</li> <li>Beasts of a Little Land, 2021 novel by Juhea Kim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_(TV_series)" title="Pachinko (TV series)">Pachinko</a>, 2022 Apple TV+ drama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Nine-Tailed_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="Tale of the Nine-Tailed 1938">Tale of the Nine-Tailed 1938</a>, 2023</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashima_Island" title="Hashima Island">Hashima Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes" title="Japan–Korea disputes">Japan–Korea disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Chōsen" was recognized as Korea's name internationally until the end of colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-edict-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-9">[9]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html">Country Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fkrtoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div 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No. 29 August 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211024916/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81844750/times-union/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Times+Union&rft.atitle=News+Jottings%3A+Korea+Now+Cho-Sen&rft.issue=29+August+1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F81844750%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81844904/">"Aero Meet for Fleet"</a>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002679039">왜정시대, 일제식민지시대, 일제강점기</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306193102/https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002679039">Archived</a> 6 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology_Information" title="Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information">Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_33-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200707220222.html">A reckless adventure in Taiwan amid Meiji Restoration turmoil</a>, The Asahi Shimbun, Retrieved on 22 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031070532/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200707220222.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marius_B._Jansen-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_B._Jansen_34-8">i</a> Marius B. Jansen (April 1989). The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22356-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22356-3">0-521-22356-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-故広戸一等巡査外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀p.6_left-35"><a href="#cite_ref-故広戸一等巡査外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀p.6_left_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647000">Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413204452/http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647000">Archived</a> 13 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 6 left 陸軍外務両者上申故陸軍工兵中尉堀本禮造外二名並朝鮮国二於テ戦死ノ巡査及公使館雇ノ者等靖国神社ヘ合祀ノ事 </li> <li id="cite_note-故広戸一等巡査外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀p.2_left-36"><a href="#cite_ref-故広戸一等巡査外五名靖国神社ヘ合祀p.2_left_36-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647000">Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov. 1882</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413204452/http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647000">Archived</a> 13 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 2 left </li> <li id="cite_note-朝鮮国ニ於テ戦死セシ語学生靖国神社ヘ合祀ヲ許サス-37"><a href="#cite_ref-朝鮮国ニ於テ戦死セシ語学生靖国神社ヘ合祀ヲ許サス_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116192426/http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647100"><bdi lang="ja">国立公文書館アジア歴史資料センター</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647100">the original</a> on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8+%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacar.go.jp%2FDAS%2Fmeta%2FlistPhoto%3FIS_STYLE%3Ddefault%26REFCODE%3DA03023647100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dong-a_2002-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dong-a_2002_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dong-a_2002_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dong-a_2002_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark_Jong-hyo_(박종효Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text)_former_professor_at_Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Park Jong-hyo (박종효) former professor at <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomonosov Moscow State University">Lomonosov Moscow State University</a> (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2004/11/09/200411090500053/200411090500053_1.html"><bdi lang="ko">일본인 폭도가 가슴을 세 번 짓밟고 일본도로 난자했다</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a> (in Korean) (508): 472–485. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314035233/http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2004/11/09/200411090500053/200411090500053_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dong-A+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%B8+%ED%8F%AD%EB%8F%84%EA%B0%80+%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%B4%EC%9D%84+%EC%84%B8+%EB%B2%88+%EC%A7%93%EB%B0%9F%EA%B3%A0+%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C+%EB%82%9C%EC%9E%90%ED%96%88%EB%8B%A4&rft.issue=508&rft.pages=472-485&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.au=Park+Jong-hyo+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Korean-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ko%22%3E%EB%B0%95%EC%A2%85%ED%9A%A8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Korean-language+text%29+former+professor+at+Lomonosov+Moscow+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donga.com%2Fdocs%2Fmagazine%2Fshin%2F2004%2F11%2F09%2F200411090500053%2F200411090500053_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> See Russian eyewitness account of surrounding circumstances at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201010304/http://koreanstudies.com/ks/ksr/queenmin.txt">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koreanstudies.com/ks/ksr/queenmin.txt">the original</a> on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreanstudies.com%2Fks%2Fksr%2Fqueenmin.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Gari_Ledyard" title="Gari Ledyard">Gari Ledyard</a>, Sejong Professor of Korean History Emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-40"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">이, 원순. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0003939"><bdi lang="ko">고종 (高宗)</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EC%A2%85+%28%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97%29&rft.aulast=%EC%9D%B4&rft.aufirst=%EC%9B%90%EC%88%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0003939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0015993"><bdi lang="ko">독립협회 (獨立協會)</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> (in Korean). Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C+%28%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0015993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-42"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ht/view.do?levelId=ht_003_0020_0020_0020"><bdi lang="ko">환구단에서 황제에 오르다</bdi></a>. 우리역사넷. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%84%B7&rft.atitle=%ED%99%98%EA%B5%AC%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C+%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C%EC%97%90+%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Fmobile%2Fht%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dht_003_0020_0020_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-43"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeff2022" class="citation web cs1">Neff, Robert (15 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2023/08/721_337895.html">"The emperor is crowned: Part 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=The+emperor+is+crowned%3A+Part+1&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.aulast=Neff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fopinion%2F2023%2F08%2F721_337895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Anglo-Japanese Gazette; London, October 1904 </li> <li id="cite_note-chosondy-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chosondy_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chosondy_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chosondy_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chosondy_45-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadar" class="citation web cs1">Hadar, Oren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kr0017)">"South Korea; The Choson Dynasty"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921102052/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+kr0017%29">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=South+Korea%3B+The+Choson+Dynasty&rft.aulast=Hadar&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bkr0017%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Straight/aroosevelt.html">Cornell University Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050832/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Straight/aroosevelt.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Willard_Dickerman_Straight" title="Willard Dickerman Straight">Willard Dickerman Straight</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://10mag.com/alice-roosevelts-visit-to-joseon-korea/">"Alice Roosevelt's Visit to Joseon Korea In 1905"</a>. 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102165931/https://10mag.com/alice-roosevelts-visit-to-joseon-korea/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alice+Roosevelt%27s+Visit+to+Joseon+Korea+In+1905&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F10mag.com%2Falice-roosevelts-visit-to-joseon-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Dept of State Correspondence #856 dtd 6 January 1905 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert1999" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, H. B. (1999). History of Korea. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0700-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0700-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-0700-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0700-3&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2005" class="citation book cs1">Keene, D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen">Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12340-2"><bdi>978-0-231-12340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Japan%3A+Meiji+and+His+World%2C+1852%E2%80%931912&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12340-2&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorofjapanme00keen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> 統監府文書7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.history.go.kr/id/jh_097r_0010_1440">NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF KOREAN HISTORY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006102940/https://db.history.go.kr/id/jh_097r_0010_1440">Archived</a> 6 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" title="Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty">Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kzb_10212004_001">Annals of King Sunjong3 4 December 1909</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006102942/https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kzb_10212004_001">Archived</a> 6 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1xx4cs">"Populist collaborators : the Ilchinhoe and the Japanese colonization of Korea, 1896-1910/Yumi Moon 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1xx4cs">10.7591/j.ctt1xx4cs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006102940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1xx4cs">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populist+collaborators+%3A+the+Ilchinhoe+and+the+Japanese+colonization+of+Korea%2C+1896-1910%2FYumi+Moon+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1xx4cs%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1xx4cs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=ff7c98c7d5c5d032ffe0bdc3ef48d419">(A) study on the Ilchinhoe[a pro-Japanese group] at the end of the Great Han Empire[1904–1910]</a>Jongjun Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006102942/http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=ff7c98c7d5c5d032ffe0bdc3ef48d419">Archived</a> 6 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_047_0020_0010_0020_0010">"(1) 헌병경찰체제"</a>. 우리역사넷. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516142459/http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_047_0020_0010_0020_0010">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%84%B7&rft.atitle=%281%29+%ED%97%8C%EB%B3%91%EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fnh%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dnh_047_0020_0010_0020_0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=014&aid=0002291898">"韓日 지식인 "1910년 한일병합조약 무효"..공동선언"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309024737/https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=014&aid=0002291898">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%93%E6%97%A5+%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B8+%221910%EB%85%84+%ED%95%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%91%ED%95%A9%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD+%EB%AC%B4%ED%9A%A8%22..%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%84%A0%EC%96%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D102%26oid%3D014%26aid%3D0002291898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=001&aid=0004599216"><bdi lang="ko">'한일병합 무효' 입증 문건 처음으로 확인</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160300/https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=001&aid=0004599216">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. 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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 34 (2): 183–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271620903400222">10.1177/000271620903400222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1011225">1011225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Japanese+Immigration+into+Korea&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-189&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271620903400222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1011225%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1011225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://busan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=busan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC04200618"><bdi lang="ko">토지 조사 사업(土地調査事業) – 부산역사문화대전</bdi></a>. busan.grandculture.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521142241/http://busan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=busan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC04200618">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220">the original</a> on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Categories%2C+Demographic+Change+and+Japan%27s+Korean+Residents+in+the+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.aulast=Nozaki&rft.aufirst=Yoshiko&rft.au=Hiromitsu+Inokuchi&rft.au=Tae-young+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2Fproducts%2Fdetails%2F2220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimura-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimura_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimura_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimura1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kimura, Mitsuhiko (August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2598181">"The Economics of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, 1910–1939"</a>. The Economic History Review. 48 (3). Wiley: 564–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2598181">10.2307/2598181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598181">2598181</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211024919/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598181">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Japanese+Imperialism+in+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=564-566&rft.date=1995-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2598181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2598181%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kimura&rft.aufirst=Mitsuhiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F2598181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-porter-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-porter_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-porter_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1936" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Catherine (22 April 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021667">"Korea and Formosa as Colonies of Japan"</a>. Far Eastern Survey. 5 (9). Institute of Pacific Relations: 87–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3021667">10.2307/3021667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021667">3021667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028014301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021667">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=Korea+and+Formosa+as+Colonies+of+Japan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=87-88&rft.date=1936-04-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3021667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3021667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3021667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-68"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounRyoo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Youn, Hyun-Chul; Ryoo, Seong-Lyong (20 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbuildings11110561">"VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea"</a>. Buildings. 11 (11): 561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbuildings11110561">10.3390/buildings11110561</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2075-5309">2075-5309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buildings&rft.atitle=VR+and+AR+Restoration+of+Urban+Heritage%3A+A+Virtual+Platform+Mediating+Disagreement+from+Spatial+Conflicts+in+Korea&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=561&rft.date=2021-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbuildings11110561&rft.issn=2075-5309&rft.aulast=Youn&rft.aufirst=Hyun-Chul&rft.au=Ryoo%2C+Seong-Lyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fbuildings11110561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-69"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF노2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">노, 형석 (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847064.html"><bdi lang="ko">왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년'</bdi></a> [Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace']. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717063311/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/847064.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=%EC%99%95%EC%8B%A4%EB%AC%98%E2%86%92%EA%B3%A8%ED%94%84%EC%9E%A5%E2%86%92%EC%9C%A0%EC%9B%90%EC%A7%80%E2%86%92%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%ED%88%AC%EC%82%AC+%EB%AC%98%EC%A7%80+%27%EC%98%81%EC%9A%95%EC%9D%98+232%EB%85%84%27&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=%EB%85%B8&rft.aufirst=%ED%98%95%EC%84%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fsociety%2Fsociety_general%2F847064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-70"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF신2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">신, 병주 (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006866"><bdi lang="ko">'옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에?</bdi></a> ['Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'?]. mediahub.seoul.go.kr (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Government" title="Seoul Metropolitan Government">Seoul Metropolitan Government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717055039/https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006866">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediahub.seoul.go.kr&rft.atitle=%27%EC%98%B7%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%A4%27+%EC%84%B1%EB%8D%95%EC%9E%84%EA%B3%BC+%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%98+%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%98+%EB%AC%98%EA%B0%80+%27%ED%9A%A8%EC%B0%BD%EA%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%27%EC%97%90%3F&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft.aulast=%EC%8B%A0&rft.aufirst=%EB%B3%91%EC%A3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediahub.seoul.go.kr%2Farchives%2F2006866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, E. Taylor (2010). Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26674-2"><bdi>978-0-520-26674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Selves%3A+Koreana+in+the+Japanese+Colonial+Gaze%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26674-2&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=E.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/personal/yokoyama/jpmem/2001/page2001_02.html">"Hakoishi report" <bdi lang="ja">韓国・国史編纂委員会所蔵</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125011205/http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/personal/yokoyama/jpmem/2001/page2001_02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 8 September 2008. <q>第一条朝鮮史編修会ハ朝鮮総督ノ管理ニ属シ朝鮮史料ノ蒐集及編纂並朝鮮史ノ編修ヲ掌ル</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hakoishi+report+%E9%9F%93%E5%9B%BD%E3%83%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5&rft.pub=Historiographical+Institute+of+the+University+of+Tokyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fpersonal%2Fyokoyama%2Fjpmem%2F2001%2Fpage2001_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korean_History_Compilation_Committee-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korean_History_Compilation_Committee_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korean_History_Compilation_Committee_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=138719"><bdi lang="ko">조선사편수회</bdi></a>. Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211024925/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1141830&cid=40942&categoryId=33384">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%82%AC%ED%8E%B8%EC%88%98%ED%9A%8C&rft.btitle=Naver%2FDoosan+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F100.naver.com%2F100.nhn%3Fdocid%3D138719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Taylor_Atkins2010" class="citation book cs1">E. Taylor Atkins (10 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdskbM_VgAC&pg=PT177">Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945</a>. University of California Press. pp. 177–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94768-9"><bdi>978-0-520-94768-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519052545/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdskbM_VgAC&pg=PT177">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Selves%3A+Koreana+in+the+Japanese+Colonial+Gaze%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=177-180&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94768-9&rft.au=E.+Taylor+Atkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmdskbM_VgAC%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eak/ht11eak.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010825/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/eak/ht11eak.htm">Archived</a> 3 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF리순진2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">리순진 (2001). <bdi lang="ko">평양일대 락랑무덤에 대한 연구</bdi> [A Research about the Tombs of Nangnang around Pyongyang]. 서울: 중심. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-89524-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-89524-05-2"><bdi>978-89-89524-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%9D%BC%EB%8C%80+%EB%9D%BD%EB%9E%91%EB%AC%B4%EB%8D%A4%EC%97%90+%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C+%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC&rft.place=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8&rft.pub=%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-89-89524-05-2&rft.au=%EB%A6%AC%EC%88%9C%EC%A7%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Korea_Times-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Korea_Times_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Korea_Times_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2020/07/135_292925.html">"Korea ramps up efforts to bring back looted treasures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. 16 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002200841/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2020/07/135_292925.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Korea+ramps+up+efforts+to+bring+back+looted+treasures&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fculture%2F2020%2F07%2F135_292925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-dec-05-la-ca-cultural-exchange-korea-20101205-story.html">"Recovering South Korea's Lost Treasures"</a>. The Los Angeles Times. 5 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002202758/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-dec-05-la-ca-cultural-exchange-korea-20101205-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Recovering+South+Korea%27s+Lost+Treasures&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2010-dec-05-la-ca-cultural-exchange-korea-20101205-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tussle-79"><a href="#cite_ref-tussle_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/korea-tussle-over-treasures-122061">"Korea: A Tussle Over Treasures"</a>. Newsweek. 20 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002203114/https://www.newsweek.com/korea-tussle-over-treasures-122061">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Korea%3A+A+Tussle+Over+Treasures&rft.date=2005-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fkorea-tussle-over-treasures-122061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Kim2017" class="citation journal cs1">Christine Kim (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44504065">"Colonial Plunder and the Failure of Restitution in Postwar Korea"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 52 (3): 607–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009417692410">10.1177/0022009417692410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44504065">44504065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159549648">159549648</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002204018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44504065">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Colonial+Plunder+and+the+Failure+of+Restitution+in+Postwar+Korea&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=607-624&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159549648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44504065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009417692410&rft.au=Christine+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44504065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeRajguru2022" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Yunah; Rajguru, Megha (20 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plWHEAAAQBAJ&dq=gyeongbokgung+1915+destroyed+japanese&pg=PA90">Design and Modernity in Asia: National Identity and Transnational Exchange 1945–1990</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-09146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-09146-7"><bdi>978-1-350-09146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+Modernity+in+Asia%3A+National+Identity+and+Transnational+Exchange+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.isbn=978-1-350-09146-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yunah&rft.au=Rajguru%2C+Megha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplWHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgyeongbokgung%2B1915%2Bdestroyed%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184147/http://www.gogung.go.kr/introduce/history.jsp">"history of the museum"</a> (in Korean). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamada.u-shimane.ac.jp/research/32kiyou/10sogo/seisaku08.data/seisaku0809.pdf">A Study on the Development of the Cultural Properties Policy in Korea from 1902 until 1962</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013112500/http://hamada.u-shimane.ac.jp/research/32kiyou/10sogo/seisaku08.data/seisaku0809.pdf">Archived</a> 13 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 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Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%ED%99%A9%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%A0%EB%AF%BC%ED%99%94%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C%ED%95%B4%EC%84%A4&rft.au=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Korean-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ko%22%3E%EC%9C%A4%ED%95%B4%EB%8F%99%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Korean-language+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kstudy.com%2Fjapan%2Fhtml%2Fhwangkook_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033127/http://www.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~mizna/soushi.htm"><bdi lang="ja">水野直樹「『創氏改名』の実施過程について」『朝鮮史研究会会報』154号、2004年</bdi></a> (in Japanese). 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Retrieved 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E6%A8%B9%E3%80%8C%E3%80%8E%E5%89%B5%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E6%96%BD%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8E%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8F154%E5%8F%B7%E3%80%812004%E5%B9%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2F~mizna%2Fsoushi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> 朝鮮総督府法務局「第79回朝鮮総督府帝国議会説明資料」｣ </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2011" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Brian R. (2011). The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves – And Why It Matters (Paperback ed.). Melville House. pp. 26–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cleanest+Race%3A+How+North+Koreans+See+Themselves+%E2%80%93+And+Why+It+Matters&rft.pages=26-29&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryang2000-Ch2-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Ryang2000-Ch2_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyang2000" class="citation book cs1">Ryang, Sonia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUVGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">"The North Korean homeland of Koreans in Japan"</a>. In Ryang, Sonia (ed.). Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-35312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-35312-3"><bdi>978-1-136-35312-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224024930/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUVGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. 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Lit Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4010-5"><bdi>978-3-8258-4010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Democide%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+Since+1990&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4010-5&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> Available online: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM">"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=HyperWar%3A+The+Battle+for+Tarawa+%5BAppendix+C%3A+Japanese+Casualties%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-M-Tarawa%2FUSMC-M-Tarawa-C.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-95"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2024" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Hyeong-Ju (8 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20240608/4991614/1">"218 victims of 'Mili Atoll incident' disclosed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dong-A+Ilbo&rft.atitle=218+victims+of+%27Mili+Atoll+incident%27+disclosed&rft.date=2024-06-08&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hyeong-Ju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.donga.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fall%2F20240608%2F4991614%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-96"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2024" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Jeong-yoon (7 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240607050534">"Japanese researcher reveals 'massacre' of Koreans in Mili Atoll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Japanese+researcher+reveals+%27massacre%27+of+Koreans+in+Mili+Atoll&rft.date=2024-06-07&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Jeong-yoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20240607050534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-97"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20101005002600315">"Gov't report confirms Japan's massacre of forced Korean laborers at Marshall Islands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+report+confirms+Japan%27s+massacre+of+forced+Korean+laborers+at+Marshall+Islands&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20101005002600315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/811245.html">"[Reporter's notebook] Vestiges of forced labor still remain on Jeju Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121090528/https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/811245.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=%5BReporter%27s+notebook%5D+Vestiges+of+forced+labor+still+remain+on+Jeju+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_international%2F811245.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1364728.stm">"Japan compensates Korean A-bomb victim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 1 June 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211024919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1364728.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+compensates+Korean+A-bomb+victim&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F1364728.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreas_Hippin-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_Hippin_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_Hippin_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Hippin2005" class="citation news cs1">Andreas Hippin (2 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20050802zg.html">"The end of silence: Korea's Hiroshima, Korean A-bomb victims seek redress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219024113/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20050802zg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=The+end+of+silence%3A+Korea%27s+Hiroshima%2C+Korean+A-bomb+victims+seek+redress&rft.date=2005-08-02&rft.au=Andreas+Hippin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffl20050802zg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> 太平洋戦争下の朝鮮及び台湾、友邦協会､1961, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2006" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zvDJV3s6tAC&pg=PA115">Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire</a>. NUS Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971693336" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971693336"><bdi>978-9971693336</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172155/https://books.google.com/books?id=-zvDJV3s6tAC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Labor+in+the+Wartime+Japanese+Empire&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9971693336&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zvDJV3s6tAC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018102836/http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/image_B02031284700?IS_KIND=RefSummary&IS_KEY_S1=b02031284700&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=reference_code&">"Current state of Korea and Taiwan: Imperial Army Special volunteer system"</a>. administrative bureau. October 1943. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/image_B02031284700?IS_KIND=RefSummary&IS_KEY_S1=b02031284700&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=reference_code&">the original</a> on 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+state+of+Korea+and+Taiwan%3A+Imperial+Army+Special+volunteer+system&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=administrative+bureau&rft.date=1943-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacar.go.jp%2FDAS%2Fmeta%2Fimage_B02031284700%3FIS_KIND%3DRefSummary%26IS_KEY_S1%3Db02031284700%26IS_STYLE%3Ddefault%26IS_TAG_S1%3Dreference_code%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_B02031288800?IS_KEY_S1=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%20%E5%BF%97%E9%A1%98%E5%85%B5&IS_KIND=detail&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=InD&">JACAR(Japan Center for Asian Historical Records)Ref.B02031288800、本邦内政関係雑纂／植民地関係第四巻(A-5-0-0-1_1_004)(外務省外交史料館)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211024922/https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/das/image/B02031288800?IS_KEY_S1=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE+%E5%BF%97%E9%A1%98%E5%85%B5&IS_KIND=detail&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TAG_S1=InD">Archived</a> 11 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, July 1944. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teikokugikai-i.ndl.go.jp/#/detail?minId=008103596X00219430226&current=1">"第81回帝国議会貴族院予算委員第三分科会（内務省、文部省、厚生省）第2号昭和18年2月26日(1943. 2. 26)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629053137/https://teikokugikai-i.ndl.go.jp/#/detail?minId=008103596X00219430226&current=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC81%E5%9B%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A+%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%99%A2+%E4%BA%88%E7%AE%97%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%88%86%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%9A%EF%BC%88%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E3%80%81%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81%E3%80%81%E5%8E%9A%E7%94%9F%E7%9C%81%EF%BC%89%E7%AC%AC2%E5%8F%B7+%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C18%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%281943.+2.+26%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteikokugikai-i.ndl.go.jp%2F%23%2Fdetail%3FminId%3D008103596X00219430226%26current%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Brandon Palmer, Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's war 1937~1945 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> 朝鮮總督府(1941.12), ｢第79回帝國議會說明資料｣ </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil.kr/intro/intro1_3_5b.htm"><bdi lang="ko">육군 참모총장, The Republic of Korea Army</bdi></a> (in Korean). Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0+%EC%B0%B8%EB%AA%A8%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5%2C+The+Republic+of+Korea+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil.kr%2Fintro%2Fintro1_3_5b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712064844/http://news.naver.com/news/read.php?mode=LSD&office_id=079&article_id=0000056180"><bdi lang="ko">초기 육군 총장들은 일본 육사 출신, 여야 설전</bdi></a>. CBS Nocut News/Naver (in Korean). 26 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/news/read.php?mode=LSD&office_id=079&article_id=0000056180">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+Nocut+News%2FNaver&rft.atitle=%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0+%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0+%EC%B4%9D%EC%9E%A5%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%80+%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8+%EC%9C%A1%EC%82%AC+%EC%B6%9C%EC%8B%A0%2C+%EC%97%AC%EC%95%BC+%EC%84%A4%EC%A0%84&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fnews%2Fread.php%3Fmode%3DLSD%26office_id%3D079%26article_id%3D0000056180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_S._Jowett2004" class="citation book cs1">Philip S. Jowett (2004). Rays of the Rising Sun. West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rays+of+the+Rising+Sun&rft.place=West+Midlands&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Philip+S.+Jowett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413200013/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/033rd_issue/98031103.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/033rd_issue/98031103.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.korea-np.co.jp%2Fpk%2F033rd_issue%2F98031103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_tarawa.htm">"Pride and Patriotism: Stamford's Role in World War II: The Battle of Tarawa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085435/http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_tarawa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pride+and+Patriotism%3A+Stamford%27s+Role+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Battle+of+Tarawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stamfordhistory.org%2Fww2_tarawa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwar2database.com/node/995">"The Battle of Tarawa, November 20–24, 1943"</a>. World War II Multimedia Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412155451/http://worldwar2database.com/node/995">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Multimedia+Database&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Tarawa%2C+November+20%E2%80%9324%2C+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwar2database.com%2Fnode%2F995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavan_Daws1994" class="citation book cs1">Gavan Daws (1994). Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11812-9"><bdi>978-0-688-11812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+the+Japanese%3A+POWs+of+World+War+II+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-688-11812-9&rft.au=Gavan+Daws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._V._A_Roling_and_Antonio_Cassese1993" class="citation book cs1">B. V. A Roling and Antonio Cassese (1993). The Tokyo Trial and Beyond. Oxford, UK: Polity Press. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tokyo+Trial+and+Beyond&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=B.+V.+A+Roling+and+Antonio+Cassese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506093620/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext05/blbro10.htm">"Blood Brothers A Medic's Sketch Book / Jacobs, Colonel Eugene C."</a> Project Gutenberg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext05/blbro10.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+Brothers+A+Medic%27s+Sketch+Book+%2F+Jacobs%2C+Colonel+Eugene+C.&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfomotions.com%2Fetexts%2Fgutenberg%2Fdirs%2Fetext05%2Fblbro10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1985" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Eugene C. (1985). Blood brothers: a medic's sketch book. Carlton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8062-2300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8062-2300-1"><bdi>978-0-8062-2300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+brothers%3A+a+medic%27s+sketch+book&rft.pub=Carlton+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8062-2300-1&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828015402/http://www.mekongexpress.com/thailand/photoalbum/bridgechapt8.htm">"Bridge Over the River Kwai – Chapter 8"</a>. Mekong Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mekongexpress.com/thailand/photoalbum/bridgechapt8.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bridge+Over+the+River+Kwai+%E2%80%93+Chapter+8&rft.pub=Mekong+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekongexpress.com%2Fthailand%2Fphotoalbum%2Fbridgechapt8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The Dong-a Ilbo 5 May 1933　"民籍을僞造　醜業을强制　악마 길은 유팍업자의 소행　犯人은警察 에被逮" </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The Dong-a Ilbo 30 June 1933 "路上에少女掠取　醜業<a href="/wiki/Chungin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungin">中人</a>에賣渡　金神通 팔아먹은 男女檢擧判明 된誘引魔手段" </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> The Dong-a Ilbo 16 July 1934 "팔린養女 눈물로 呼称　十一歳少女賣春强要" </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdh-fact.com/book-article/1168/">"Ko Bunyu's Defining History – Entire translation"</a>. sdh-fact.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919185934/http://www.sdh-fact.com/book-article/1168/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdh-fact.com&rft.atitle=Ko+Bunyu%27s+Defining+History+%E2%80%93+Entire+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdh-fact.com%2Fbook-article%2F1168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2018" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Jason (24 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2018/03/beijing-weaponizes-comfort-women-propaganda-tool/">"How Beijing weaponizes 'comfort women' as propaganda tool"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028150016/https://asiatimes.com/2018/03/beijing-weaponizes-comfort-women-propaganda-tool/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=How+Beijing+weaponizes+%27comfort+women%27+as+propaganda+tool&rft.date=2018-03-24&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2Fbeijing-weaponizes-comfort-women-propaganda-tool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Japanese_Prisoner_of_War_Interrogation_Report_49">Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report 49</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012083101/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Japanese_Prisoner_of_War_Interrogation_Report_49">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Prisoner+of+War+Interrogation+Report+49&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FJapanese_Prisoner_of_War_Interrogation_Report_49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/commission/country52/53-add1.htm">"UN Commission on Human Rights – Report on mission to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Jan 96)"</a>. hrlibrary.umn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206033948/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/commission/country52/53-add1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrlibrary.umn.edu&rft.atitle=UN+Commission+on+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Report+on+mission+to+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea+%28Jan+96%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrlibrary.umn.edu%2Fcommission%2Fcountry52%2F53-add1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChizukoSand1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chizuko, Ueno; Sand, Jordan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129">"The Politics of Memory: Nation, Individual and Self"</a>. History and Memory. 11 (2): 129–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fhis.1999.11.2.129">10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-560X">0935-560X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129">10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21268430">21268430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1765052">1765052</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113050828/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Memory&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Memory%3A+Nation%2C+Individual+and+Self&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-152&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1765052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fhis.1999.11.2.129&rft.issn=0935-560X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fhis.1999.11.2.129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21268430&rft.aulast=Chizuko&rft.aufirst=Ueno&rft.au=Sand%2C+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fhis.1999.11.2.129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The "Comfort Women" Issue and the Asian Women's Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/0170.pdf">https://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/0170.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109152657/https://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/0170.pdf">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2000), Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II, Asia Perspectives, translation: Suzanne O'Brien, New York: Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12033-3">978-0-231-12033-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 women across Asia, predominantly Korean and Chinese, are believed to have been forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese military brothels", BBC 2000-12-08;"Historians say thousands of women; as many as 200,000 by some accounts; mostly from Korea, China and Japan worked in the Japanese military brothels", Irish Examiner 2007-03-08;AP 2007-03-07;CNN 2001-03-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/29/japan.comfort.women/index.html">Japan court rules against 'comfort women'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060922051632/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/29/japan.comfort.women/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN, 2001-03-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/10/15/congress_backs_off_of_wartime_japan_rebuke/">Congress backs off of wartime Japan rebuke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182502/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/10/15/congress_backs_off_of_wartime_japan_rebuke/">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Boston Globe, 2006-10-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091103220622/http://www.comfort-women.org/">"Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comfort-women.org/">the original</a> on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+Coalition+for+Comfort+Women+Issues%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comfort-women.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2007-0632+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN">"Texts adopted – Thursday, 13 December 2007 – Comfort women – P6_TA(2007)0632"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615113606/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+TA+P6-TA-2007-0632+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Texts+adopted+%E2%80%93+Thursday%2C+13+December+2007+%E2%80%93+Comfort+women+%E2%80%93+P6_TA%282007%290632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3FpubRef%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BTA%2BP6-TA-2007-0632%2B0%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/52000/asa350012008eng.pdf">Open Letter: House Resolution 124 Calling on the Government of Japan to Apologize for the System of Military Sexual Slavery Before and During World War I </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509223827/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/52000/asa350012008eng.pdf">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Kinue-TOKUDOME/2510/article.html">"Passage of H.Res. 121 on "Comfort Women", the US Congress and Historical Memory in Japan"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126190423/https://apjjf.org/-Kinue-TOKUDOME/2510/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. 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Sthele Press. <q>Assertion that the emperor's surrender 'abruptly' ended Japan's occupation of the peninsula, which in fact continued in the southern part for more than three weeks?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sthele+Press&rft.atitle=The+Power+to+Mystify&rft.date=2023-12-16&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsthelepress.com%2Findex.php%2F2023%2F12%2F16%2Fccc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/korean-war/surrender-japan-korea.html">"Surrender of Japan in Korea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surrender+of+Japan+in+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fmuseums%2Fnmusn%2Fexplore%2Fphotography%2Fkorean-war%2Fsurrender-japan-korea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Han-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Han_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuoka,_Yasunori1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fukuoka, Yasunori (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96b.html">"Beyond Assimilation and Dissimilation: Diverse Resolutions to Identity Crises among Younger Generation Koreans in Japan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saitama_University" title="Saitama University">Saitama University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123113014/http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beyond+Assimilation+and+Dissimilation%3A+Diverse+Resolutions+to+Identity+Crises+among+Younger+Generation+Koreans+in+Japan&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Fukuoka%2C+Yasunori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.han.org%2Fa%2Ffukuoka96b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-GGK1942-155"><a href="#cite_ref-GGK1942_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1454691">"朝鮮総督府統計年報昭和１７年 [Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1942]"</a>. Governor-General of Korea. March 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116173452/http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1454691">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%B9%B4%E5%A0%B1+%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%97%E5%B9%B4+%5BGovernor-General+of+Korea+Statistical+Yearbook+1942%5D&rft.pub=Governor-General+of+Korea&rft.date=1944-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkindai.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1454691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohli2004" class="citation book cs1">Kohli, Atul (2004). State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA27&dq=%22extensive+use%22">27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_r7wLD--VoC&pg=PA56&dq=%22highly+cohesive%22">56</a>. <q>[T]he Japanese made extensive use of state power for their own economic development and then used the same state power to pry open and transform Korea in a relatively short period of time. . . . The highly cohesive and disciplining state that the Japanese helped to construct in colonial Korea turned out to be an efficacious economic actor. The state utilised its bureaucratic capacities to undertake numerous economic tasks: collecting more taxes, building infrastructure, and undertaking production directly. More important, this highly purposive state made increasing production one of its priorities and incorporated property-owning classes into production-oriented alliances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Directed+Development%3A+Political+Power+and+Industrialization+in+the+Global+Periphery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=27%2C+56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Atul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Randall S. Jones. The economic development of colonial Korea. University of Michigan, 1984. p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakajimaOkazaki2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nakajima, Kentaro; Okazaki, Tetsuji (2018). "The expanding Empire and spatial distribution of economic activity: the case of Japan's colonization of Korea during the prewar period". The Economic History Review. 71 (2): 593–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fehr.12535">10.1111/ehr.12535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0289">1468-0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157334108">157334108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+expanding+Empire+and+spatial+distribution+of+economic+activity%3A+the+case+of+Japan%27s+colonization+of+Korea+during+the+prewar+period&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=593-616&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157334108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-0289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fehr.12535&rft.aulast=Nakajima&rft.aufirst=Kentaro&rft.au=Okazaki%2C+Tetsuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summer_Institute_Summaries-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Summer_Institute_Summaries_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812195235/http://orias.berkeley.edu/summer2007/Summer2007Summaries.htm">"Summer Institute Summaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orias.berkeley.edu/summer2007/Summer2007Summaries.htm">the original</a> on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summer+Institute+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forias.berkeley.edu%2Fsummer2007%2FSummer2007Summaries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC_Economic_Development-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_Economic_Development_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_Economic_Development_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_Economic_Development_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavadaShaw1990" class="citation web cs1">Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html#kr0086">"A Country Study: South Korea, The Japanese Role in Korea's Economic Development"</a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211124442/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html#kr0086">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+South+Korea%2C+The+Japanese+Role+in+Korea%27s+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fkrtoc.html%23kr0086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC_Japanese_rule-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_Japanese_rule_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_Japanese_rule_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavadaShaw1990" class="citation web cs1">Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/7.htm">"Korea Under Japanese Rule"</a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103013022/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea+Under+Japanese+Rule&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsouth-korea%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimura1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kimura, Mitsuhiko (1995). "The Economics of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, 1910–1939". <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a>. 48 (3): 555–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2598181">10.2307/2598181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598181">2598181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Japanese+Imperialism+in+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=555-574&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2598181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2598181%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kimura&rft.aufirst=Mitsuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> See p. 558: "Japan faced shortages of rice as domestic production lagged behind demand. The government had three alternatives to deal with this problem: (a) increasing productivity of domestic agriculture, (b) importing foreign rice (gaimai) from south-east Asia, and (c) importing colonial rice. The first was most costly and its success was not assured. The second implied loss of foreign exchange and also dependence on foreign producers for the imperial staple, which would seriously weaken the political power of the empire vis-à-vis the West. It also involved a quality problem in that foreign rice of the indica variety did not suit Japanese taste. The third alternative seemed best to the Japanese administration." </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Kimura (1995), p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Kimura (1995), p. 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jin_W._Cyhn-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Jin_W._Cyhn_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyhn2002" class="citation book cs1">Cyhn, Jin W. (2002). Technology Transfer and International Production: The Development of the Electronics Industry in Korea. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KQlbJWrh3IC&pg=PA78">78</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+Transfer+and+International+Production%3A+The+Development+of+the+Electronics+Industry+in+Korea&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cyhn&rft.aufirst=Jin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Suh, Sang-Chul (1978), Growth and Structural Changes in the Korean Economy, 1910–1940: The Korean. Economy under the Japanese Occupation, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36439-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36439-2">0-674-36439-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Song, Byung-Nak (1997) The Rise of the Korean Economy. 2nd ed. Hong Kong; Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-590049-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-590049-9">0-19-590049-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Kim, yong-dalment, The Korean peasants movement and agriculture policies of the Japanese govern(2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2007" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith (2007). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-335-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everlasting+Flower%3A+A+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-335-2&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Yong Hoon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chosunonline.com/svc/auth/index_login.html?contid=2004112063000&code=news">"ソウル大教授「日本による収奪論は作られた神話」["It is a Myth Made up afterward that Japan Deprived Korea of Land and Food" Professor at Seoul University]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603012115/http://www.chosunonline.com/svc/auth/index_login.html?contid=2004112063000&code=news">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E3%80%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%8F%8E%E5%A5%AA%E8%AB%96%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%9C%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E3%80%8D%5B%22It+is+a+Myth+Made+up+afterward+that+Japan+Deprived+Korea+of+Land+and+Food%22+Professor+at+Seoul+University%5D&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yong+Hoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosunonline.com%2Fsvc%2Fauth%2Findex_login.html%3Fcontid%3D2004112063000%26code%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> Registration required. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618223905/http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/200411/h2004111817411822040.htm"><bdi lang="ko">일제 토지ㆍ식량 수탈론은 상상된 신화</bdi></a>. Hankooki.com. 18 November 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/200411/h2004111817411822040.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C+%ED%86%A0%EC%A7%80%E3%86%8D%EC%8B%9D%EB%9F%89+%EC%88%98%ED%83%88%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%80+%EC%83%81%EC%83%81%EB%90%9C+%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94&rft.pub=Hankooki.com&rft.date=2004-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.hankooki.com%2Flpage%2Fsociety%2F200411%2Fh2004111817411822040.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Yong Hoon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chosunonline.com/svc/auth/index_login.html?contid=2007060363016&code=news">"李栄薫教授「厳格なジャッジなき学界が歴史を歪曲」["Congress without Strict Judgment Distorts History" Lee Yong Hoon Professor]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603004654/http://www.chosunonline.com/svc/auth/index_login.html?contid=2007060363016&code=news">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013. 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Governor-General of Korea. pp. 264–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F1454691">10.11501/1454691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113051324/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1454691/113">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%B9%B4%E5%A0%B1+%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C17%E5%B9%B4&rft.pages=264-265&rft.pub=Governor-General+of+Korea&rft.date=1944-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F1454691&rft.au=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%B7%8F%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1454691%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInoue1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Inoue, Kaoru (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2115/29532">"日本統治下末期の朝鮮における日本語普及・強制政策 : 徴兵制度導入に至るまでの日本語常用・全解運動への動員"</a> [Language Policy in Korea under the Last Stage of Japanese Occupation: The Mobilization to the Movement for Daily Use and Understanding of Japanese before the Introduction of a Draft System]. The Annual Reports on Educational Science (in Japanese). 73. <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_University" title="Hokkaido University">Hokkaido University</a>: 111. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2115%2F29532">2115/29532</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113051328/https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/29532">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+Reports+on+Educational+Science&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E6%9C%AB%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%99%AE%E5%8F%8A%E3%83%BB%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96+%3A+%E5%BE%B4%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%8E%E5%85%A5%E3%81%AB%E8%87%B3%E3%82%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E3%83%BB%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%A3%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2115%2F29532&rft.aulast=Inoue&rft.aufirst=Kaoru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2115%2F29532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABE1971" class="citation journal cs1">ABE, Hiroshi (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.1971.tb00468.x">"Higher Learning in Korea Under Japanese Rule"</a>. The Developing Economies. 9 (2): 175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.1971.tb00468.x">10.1111/j.1746-1049.1971.tb00468.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Developing+Economies&rft.atitle=Higher+Learning+in+Korea+Under+Japanese+Rule&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.1971.tb00468.x&rft.aulast=ABE&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1746-1049.1971.tb00468.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhaus2016" class="citation journal cs1">Neuhaus, Dolf-Alexander (2016). "Assimilating Korea: Japanese Protestants, "East Asian Christianity" and the education of Koreans in Japan, 1905–1920". Paedagogica Historica. 52 (6): 614–628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230.2016.1224262">10.1080/00309230.2016.1224262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151584389">151584389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=Assimilating+Korea%3A+Japanese+Protestants%2C+%22East+Asian+Christianity%22+and+the+education+of+Koreans+in+Japan%2C+1905%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=614-628&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00309230.2016.1224262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151584389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Neuhaus&rft.aufirst=Dolf-Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Solomon, Deborah B. (August 2014). Lee, Hong Yung; Ha, Yong-Chool; Sorensen, Clark W. (eds.). "Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910–1945". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a>. 73 (3). Seattle University of Washington Press, 2013. 350 pp.: 827–829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911814000837">10.1017/s0021911814000837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162206825">162206825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+Rule+and+Social+Change+in+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=827-829&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162206825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021911814000837&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Deborah+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Jeong-Kyu (7 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14507%2Fepaa.v10n14.2002">"Japanese Higher Education Policy in Korea (1910–1945)"</a>. Education Policy Analysis Archives. 10: 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14507%2Fepaa.v10n14.2002">10.14507/epaa.v10n14.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1068-2341">1068-2341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Policy+Analysis+Archives&rft.atitle=Japanese+Higher+Education+Policy+in+Korea+%281910%E2%80%931945%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2002-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14507%2Fepaa.v10n14.2002&rft.issn=1068-2341&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jeong-Kyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14507%252Fepaa.v10n14.2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaprio2009" class="citation book cs1">Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Post-March First Policy Reform and Assimilation". Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. University of Washington Press. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98900-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98900-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-March+First+Policy+Reform+and+Assimilation&rft.btitle=Japanese+Assimilation+Policies+in+Colonial+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98900-6&rft.aulast=Caprio&rft.aufirst=Mark+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaprio2009" class="citation book cs1">Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Radical Assimilation under Wartime Conditions". Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. University of Washington Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98900-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98900-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radical+Assimilation+under+Wartime+Conditions&rft.btitle=Japanese+Assimilation+Policies+in+Colonial+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98900-6&rft.aulast=Caprio&rft.aufirst=Mark+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> 1944 人口調査結果報告其ノ二, ｢第79回帝國議會說明資料｣ </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN4406&conn_path=I2">"Statistics Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006102942/https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN4406&conn_path=I2">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosis.kr%2FstatHtml%2FstatHtml.do%3ForgId%3D101%26tblId%3DDT_1IN4406%26conn_path%3DI2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> ed. Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie, The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945, Princeton University Press (1996), p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Andrea Matles Savada and William Shaw, editors. South Korea: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN3015&conn_path=I2">"KOSIS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818140610/https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1IN3015&conn_path=I2">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KOSIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosis.kr%2FstatHtml%2FstatHtml.do%3ForgId%3D101%26tblId%3DDT_1IN3015%26conn_path%3DI2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Huh, Soo-Youl, Some issues on the theory of colonial modernization(2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_201-0">^</a> Pratt, Rutt, Hoare, 1999. Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Hyŏng-gyu Pak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/665069316">"Na ŭi midŭm ŭn kil wi e itta : Pak Hyŏng-gyu hoegorok"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114020432/http://www.worldcat.org/title/na-ui-midum-un-kil-wi-e-itta-pak-hyong-gyu-hoegorok/oclc/665069316">Archived</a> 14 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Seoul: Ch'angbi, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8936471866" title="Special:BookSources/978-8936471866">978-8936471866</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaprio2009" class="citation book cs1">Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Post-March First Policy Reform and Assimilation". Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. University of Washington Press. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98900-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98900-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98900-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-March+First+Policy+Reform+and+Assimilation&rft.btitle=Japanese+Assimilation+Policies+in+Colonial+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98900-6&rft.aulast=Caprio&rft.aufirst=Mark+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2006" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). "Colonial Racism and Nationalism". Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. Stanford University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5408-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-5408-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+Racism+and+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Nationalism+in+Korea%3A+Genealogy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5408-8&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Gi-Wook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopfner-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopfner_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfner2009" class="citation book cs1">Hopfner, Jonathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhXrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Moon Living Abroad in South Korea</a>. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/Moon_Publications" title="Moon Publications">Moon Publications</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59880-250-4"><bdi>978-1-59880-250-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120130247/https://books.google.com/books?id=EhXrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. 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Retrieved 26 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Stateless+in+Sakhalin&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimes.hankooki.com%2Flpage%2Fopinion%2F200601%2Fkt2006010516434554130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1999" class="citation cs2">Pohl, J. Otto (1999), Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949, Greenwood, pp. 10, 13, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30921-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30921-3"><bdi>0-313-30921-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+USSR%2C+1937%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=10%2C+13&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-313-30921-3&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=J.+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-226"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lankov" title="Andrei Lankov">Lankov, Andrei</a> (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142343/http://via.sawd.ch/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3JidGguYXNpYS9hcnRpY2xlcy8yMDEyLzA4LzIxL2tvcmVhbl9jYXJyb3RfMTY0MDUuaHRtbA%3D%3D">"Korean carrot"</a>. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://via.sawd.ch/index.php?q=aHR0cDovL3JidGguYXNpYS9hcnRpY2xlcy8yMDEyLzA4LzIxL2tvcmVhbl9jYXJyb3RfMTY0MDUuaHRtbA%3D%3D">the original</a> on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+carrot&rft.pub=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvia.sawd.ch%2Findex.php%3Fq%3DaHR0cDovL3JidGguYXNpYS9hcnRpY2xlcy8yMDEyLzA4LzIxL2tvcmVhbl9jYXJyb3RfMTY0MDUuaHRtbA%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Seong-hwan2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kim Seong-hwan (2004). <bdi lang="ko">일제의 침략 전쟁과 병참기지화</bdi>. SaKyejul. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-5828-032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-5828-032-3"><bdi>978-89-5828-032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%98+%EC%B9%A8%EB%9E%B5+%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81%EA%B3%BC+%EB%B3%91%EC%B0%B8%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%99%94&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=SaKyejul&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-89-5828-032-3&rft.au=Kim+Seong-hwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn02-2005/nn20050228a6.htm">"U.S. playwright takes up 'comfort women' cause"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050421183515/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn02-2005/nn20050228a6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+playwright+takes+up+%27comfort+women%27+cause&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fprint%2Fnews%2Fnn02-2005%2Fnn20050228a6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060922051632/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/29/japan.comfort.women/index.html">"Japan court rules against 'comfort women'"</a>. CNN.com. 29 March 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/03/29/japan.comfort.women/index.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Japan+court+rules+against+%27comfort+women%27&rft.date=2001-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Feast%2F03%2F29%2Fjapan.comfort.women%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/12/29/10682830/comfort-women-japan-survivors">"Life as a "comfort woman": Survivors remember a WWII atrocity that was ignored for decades"</a>. 29 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220830/https://www.vox.com/2015/12/29/10682830/comfort-women-japan-survivors">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+as+a+%22comfort+woman%22%3A+Survivors+remember+a+WWII+atrocity+that+was+ignored+for+decades&rft.date=2015-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F12%2F29%2F10682830%2Fcomfort-women-japan-survivors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYun-deok2005" class="citation news cs1">Yun-deok, Kim (11 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017182428/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200501/200501110028.html">"Military Record of 'Comfort Woman' Unearthed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200501/200501110028.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Military+Record+of+%27Comfort+Woman%27+Unearthed&rft.date=2005-01-11&rft.aulast=Yun-deok&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.chosun.com%2Fw21data%2Fhtml%2Fnews%2F200501%2F200501110028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_slaves-232"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_slaves_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2005" class="citation news cs1">Horsley, William (9 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4749467.stm">"Korean World War II sex slaves fight on"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115032249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4749467.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Korean+World+War+II+sex+slaves+fight+on&rft.date=2005-08-09&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F4749467.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_Times-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_Times_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=1846">"Japan Boiled Comfort Woman to Make Soup"</a>. The Seoul Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041645/http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D1846">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seoul+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+Boiled+Comfort+Woman+to+Make+Soup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheseoultimes.com%2FST%2F%3Furl%3D%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D1846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-People's_daily-234"><a href="#cite_ref-People's_daily_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213061242/http://english.people.com.cn/200508/03/eng20050803_200004.html">"Archives give up secrets of Japan's Unit 731"</a>. China Daily (published by People's Daily Online). 3 August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200508/03/eng20050803_200004.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2009. <q>The files include full descriptions of 318 cases, including at least 25 people from the former Soviet Union and Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives+give+up+secrets+of+Japan%27s+Unit+731&rft.pub=China+Daily+%28published+by+People%27s+Daily+Online%29&rft.date=2005-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200508%2F03%2Feng20050803_200004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-235"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2011" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/21/japan-excavates-site-human-experiments">"Japan unearths site linked to human experiments"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305042608/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/21/japan-excavates-site-human-experiments">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan+unearths+site+linked+to+human+experiments&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fjapan-excavates-site-human-experiments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-236"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof1995" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas D. (17 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html?pagewanted=1">"Unmasking Horror – A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210063516/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unmasking+Horror+%E2%80%93+A+special+report.%3B+Japan+Confronting+Gruesome+War+Atrocity&rft.date=1995-03-17&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Funmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_Fleck,_Terry_D._Gill2015" class="citation book cs1">Dieter Fleck, Terry D. Gill, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ0HCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA548">The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 548–549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1987-4462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1987-4462-7"><bdi>978-0-1987-4462-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160624/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ0HCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA548">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+the+International+Law+of+Military+Operations&rft.pages=548-549&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-1987-4462-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQ0HCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadoka_Futamura2007" class="citation book cs1">Madoka Futamura (11 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZt8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT116">War Crimes Tribunals and Transitional Justice: The Tokyo Trial and the Nuremberg Legacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7811-3409-1317" title="Special:BookSources/9-7811-3409-1317"><bdi>9-7811-3409-1317</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=tZt8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT116">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+Tribunals+and+Transitional+Justice%3A+The+Tokyo+Trial+and+the+Nuremberg+Legacy&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft.isbn=9-7811-3409-1317&rft.au=Madoka+Futamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZt8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_F._Carey,_Stacey_M._Mitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Henry F. Carey, Stacey M. Mitchell, ed. (14 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUSAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Trials and Tribulations of International Prosecution</a>. Lexington Books. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7807-3916-9414" title="Special:BookSources/9-7807-3916-9414"><bdi>9-7807-3916-9414</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160548/https://books.google.com/books?id=YWUSAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trials+and+Tribulations+of+International+Prosecution&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.isbn=9-7807-3916-9414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWUSAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004181952/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=23332&categoryCode=117">"List of Japanese Collaborators Released"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=23332&categoryCode=117">the original</a> on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Japanese+Collaborators+Released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fnation_view.asp%3FnewsIdx%3D23332%26categoryCode%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004182014/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=2202&categoryCode=117">"Government to Seize Assets of Collaborators in Colonial Era"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+to+Seize+Assets+of+Collaborators+in+Colonial+Era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fnation_view.asp%3FnewsIdx%3D2202%26categoryCode%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoe,_Gwang-Suk_(최광숙)2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Choe, Gwang-Suk (최광숙) (13 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=081&aid=0000110388"><bdi lang="ko">강제동원 '조선인 전범' 오명 벗었다</bdi></a> [The forcefully mobilized Koreans cleared their disgrace as the war criminals.] (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Naver" title="Naver">Naver</a> / Seoul Sinmun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018102836/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=081&aid=0000110388">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015. 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Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+III%3A+The+problem+from+a+historical+perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaga.dhs.org%2Fdaga%2Fpress%2Furm%2Ffingerprinting%2Fchap03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuoka" class="citation web cs1">Fukuoka, Yasunori. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96a.html">"Koreans in Japan: Past and Present"</a>. Saitama University Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606063047/http://www.han.org/a/fukuoka96a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saitama+University+Review&rft.atitle=Koreans+in+Japan%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.aulast=Fukuoka&rft.aufirst=Yasunori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.han.org%2Fa%2Ffukuoka96a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF56.htm">"Japan's minorities yet to find their place in the sun"</a>. SAHRDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415033925/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF56.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2007. 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Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History.+2001.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F67%2F2493.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakHwang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pak, Soon-Yong; Hwang, Keumjoong (2011). "Assimilation and segregation of imperial subjects: "educating" the colonised during the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial rule of Korea". Paedagogica Historica. 47 (3): 377–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230.2010.534104">10.1080/00309230.2010.534104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145280988">145280988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=Assimilation+and+segregation+of+imperial+subjects%3A+%22educating%22+the+colonised+during+the+1910%E2%80%931945+Japanese+colonial+rule+of+Korea&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-397&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00309230.2010.534104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145280988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pak&rft.aufirst=Soon-Yong&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Keumjoong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Michio Miyasaka, A Historical and Ethical Analysis of Leprosy Control Policy in Japan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113060946/http://www.clg.niigata-u.ac.jp/~miyasaka/hansen/leprosypolicy.html">"Leprosy Control Policy in Japan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clg.niigata-u.ac.jp/~miyasaka/hansen/leprosypolicy.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leprosy+Control+Policy+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clg.niigata-u.ac.jp%2F~miyasaka%2Fhansen%2Fleprosypolicy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Korean Hansens patients seek redress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html">http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120605020715/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html">Archived</a> 5 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20160512154500004"><bdi lang="ko">일제강점기 소록도 수용 한센인 590명, 日정부서 보상받아 – 연합뉴스</bdi></a>. 12 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713182110/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20160512154500004">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%90%EA%B8%B0+%EC%86%8C%EB%A1%9D%EB%8F%84+%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9+%ED%95%9C%EC%84%BC%EC%9D%B8+590%EB%AA%85%2C+%E6%97%A5%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EC%84%9C+%EB%B3%B4%EC%83%81%EB%B0%9B%EC%95%84+%E2%80%93+%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAKR20160512154500004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Ko Wŏn-Sŏp. Panminnja Choesanggi (A record of charges against the anti-nationalists). Seoul: Paegyŏp Munhwasa, 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/7890316/South-Korea-targets-Japanese-collaborators-descendants.html">"South Korea targets Japanese collaborators' descendants"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428103630/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/7890316/South-Korea-targets-Japanese-collaborators-descendants.html">Archived</a> 28 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Telegraph, 14 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Caprio_Interpretations-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caprio_Interpretations_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caprio_Interpretations_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaprio2010" class="citation journal cs1">Caprio, Mark (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/mark-caprio/3438/article">"Neo-Nationalist Interpretations Of Japan's Annexation Of Korea: The Colonization Debate In Japan And South Korea"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 8 (44).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=Neo-Nationalist+Interpretations+Of+Japan%27s+Annexation+Of+Korea%3A+The+Colonization+Debate+In+Japan+And+South+Korea&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=44&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.aulast=Caprio&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2Fmark-caprio%2F3438%2Farticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Michael E. (30 April 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZlhkifQOksC">Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History</a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3174-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Twentieth-Century+Odyssey%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZlhkifQOksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brudnoy, David. "Japan's experiment in Korea." Monumenta Nipponica 25.1/2 (1970): 155–195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383744">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carter_Eckert" title="Carter Eckert">Eckert, Carter J.</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173939/http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/ECKOFF.html">Offspring of Empire: The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876–1945</a>, Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies (Paperback ed.), Seattle: University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97533-7"><bdi>978-0-295-97533-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/ECKOFF.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offspring+of+Empire%3A+The+Koch%27ang+Kims+and+the+Colonial+Origins+of+Korean+Capitalism%2C+1876%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=Korean+Studies+of+the+Henry+M.+Jackson+School+of+International+Studies&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97533-7&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Carter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fuwpress%2Fsearch%2Fbooks%2FECKOFF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland1926" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Alleyne (1926). The New Korea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Korea&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Alleyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildi2001" class="citation cs2">Hildi, Kang (2001), Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, 1910–1945, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7270-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7270-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-7270-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Black+Umbrella%3A+Voices+from+Colonial+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7270-1&rft.aulast=Hildi&rft.aufirst=Kang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1920" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, F.A. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023276326/page/n6">Korea's Fight for Freedom</a>. New York, Chicago [etc.] Fleming H. Revell company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Fight+for+Freedom&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Chicago+%5Betc.%5D+Fleming+H.+Revell+company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023276326%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStucke2011" class="citation book cs1">Stucke, Walter (2011). The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884–1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Direct+and+Indirect+Contributions+of+Western+Missionaries+to+Korean+Nationalism+During+the+Late+Choson+and+Early+Japanese+Annexation+Periods%2C+1884%E2%80%931920&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stucke&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchida2011" class="citation book cs1">Uchida, Jun (2011). Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06253-5"><bdi>978-0-674-06253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brokers+of+Empire%3A+Japanese+Settler+Colonialism+in+Korea%2C+1876%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Harvard+East+Asian+Monographs&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06253-5&rft.aulast=Uchida&rft.aufirst=Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+under+Japanese+rule" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_under_Japanese_rule&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Korea_under_Japanese_rule" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Korea+under+Japanese+rule&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Korea+under+Japanese+rule">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Korea+under+Japanese+rule&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Lucy_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella Lucy Bird">Isabella Lucy Bird</a> (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreaandherneig00birdgoog">Korea and Her Neighbours: A Narrative of Travel, with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Newton_Allen" title="Horace Newton Allen">Horace Newton Allen</a> (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thingskoreanaco00allegoog">Things Korean: A Collection of Sketches and Anecdotes, Missionary and Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8017/1/HJeco0130100400.pdf">Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Consumer Prices and Real Wages in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule" Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 13(1): 40–56</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/7960/1/HJeco0200100010.pdf">Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Economic Growth of Korea under the Japanese Occupation – Background of Industrialization of Korea 1911–1940" Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 20(1): 1–19</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8007/1/HJeco0140200370.pdf">Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Foreign Trade in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule" Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 14(2): 37–53</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604231526/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=young_kim">Kim, Young-Koo, The Validity of Some Coerced Treaties in the Early 20th Century: A Reconsideration of the Japanese Annexation of Korea in Legal Perspective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/76_S4.pdf">Matsuki Kunitoshi, "Japan's Annexation of Korea"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231163512/http://www.sdh-fact.com/index.html">Society the Dissemination of Historical Fact</a></li> <li>Walter Stucke (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2529&context=etd">The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884–1920</a></li></ul> <style 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Korea_under_Japanese_rule" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Template:Korea under Japanese rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Template talk:Korea under Japanese rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korea under Japanese rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Korea_under_Japanese_rule" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Colony of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> from 1910 to 1945</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Governor-General of Chōsen">Governor-General of Chōsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_governors-general_of_Korea" title="List of Japanese governors-general of Korea">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Korean_Army" title="Japanese Korean Army">Japanese Korean Army</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Goshichi_no_kiri.svg/80px-Goshichi_no_kiri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Goshichi_no_kiri.svg/120px-Goshichi_no_kiri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Goshichi_no_kiri.svg/160px-Goshichi_no_kiri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Art_Exhibition" title="Chōsen Art Exhibition">Chōsen Art Exhibition</a> (1922–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chosun_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosun Exhibition">Chosun Exhibition</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_Clothes_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored Clothes Campaign">Colored Clothes Campaign</a> (1920–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Yi_Dynasty" title="Office of the Yi Dynasty">Office of the Yi Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_Korea" title="Shinto in Korea">Shinto in Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea_(1909%E2%80%931950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Korea (1909–1950)">Bank of Korea (1909–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwacheon_Dam" title="Hwacheon Dam">Hwacheon Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_yen" title="Korean yen">Korean yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sup%27ung_Dam" title="Sup'ung Dam">Sup'ung Dam</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Companies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Anthracite_Company" title="Chōsen Anthracite Company">Chōsen Anthracite Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Government_Railway" title="Chōsen Government Railway">Chōsen Government Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chosen_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosen Railway">Chosen Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Development_Company" title="Oriental Development Company">Oriental Development Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_former_comfort_women#Korea" title="List of former comfort women">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forced labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aso_Mining_forced_labor_controversy" title="Aso Mining forced labor controversy">Aso Mining forced labor controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashima_Island" title="Hashima Island">Hashima Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Women%27s_Volunteer_Labour_Corps" title="Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps">Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan#World_War_II" title="Slavery in Japan">Slavery during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utoro,_Uji" title="Utoro, Uji">Utoro, Uji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/105-Man_Incident" title="105-Man Incident">105-Man Incident</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeamri_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeamri Massacre">Jeamri Massacre</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fengwudong" title="Battle of Fengwudong">Battle of Fengwudong</a> (1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samdunja" title="Battle of Samdunja">Battle of Samdunja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qingshanli" title="Battle of Qingshanli">Battle of Qingshanli</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Massacre" title="Gando Massacre">Gando Massacre</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinano_River_incident" title="Shinano River incident">Shinano River incident</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Tenth_Movement" title="June Tenth Movement">June Tenth Movement</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Student_Independence_Movement" title="Gwangju Student Independence Movement">Gwangju Student Independence Movement</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongkou_Park_Incident" title="Hongkou Park Incident">Hongkou Park Incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pochonbo" title="Battle of Pochonbo">Battle of Pochonbo</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Language_Society_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Language Society Incident">Korean Language Society Incident</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eulsa_Traitors" title="Five Eulsa Traitors">Five Eulsa Traitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Sa-ik" title="Hong Sa-ik">Hong Sa-ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iljinhoe" title="Iljinhoe">Iljinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_History_Compilation_Committee" title="Korean History Compilation Committee">Korean History Compilation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Yeong-hyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Yeong-hyo">Park Yeong-hyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrain_Club" title="Refrain Club">Refrain Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Park_Jung-yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Jung-yang">Park Jung-yang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Byeong-jun" title="Song Byeong-jun">Song Byeong-jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Yun-yong_(general)" title="Yi Yun-yong (general)">Yi Yun-yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Independence movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Korean Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Association" title="Korean National Association">Korean National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_militant_Korean_independence_activist_organizations" title="List of militant Korean independence activist organizations">List of militant independence organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_independence_activists" title="List of Korean independence activists">List of independence activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altteureu_Airfield" title="Altteureu Airfield">Altteureu Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-General_Museum_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Government-General Museum of Chōsen">Government-General Museum of Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Heijō Shrine">Heijō Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyochang_Park" title="Hyochang Park">Hyochang Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_General_Government_Building,_Seoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese General Government Building, Seoul">Japanese General Government Building, Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D" title="Keijō">Keijō</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Post_Office" title="Keijō Post Office">Keijō Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Keijō Shrine">Keijō Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keij%C5%8D_Imperial_University" title="Keijō Imperial University">Keijō Imperial University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seodaemun_Prison" title="Seodaemun Prison">Seodaemun Prison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine">Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes" title="Japan–Korea disputes">Japan–Korea disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">Japan–North Korea relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Japan–South Korea relations">Japan–South Korea relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_apology_statements_issued_by_Japan" title="List of war apology statements issued by Japan">List of war apology statements issued by Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> (1945–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Koreans in Japan</a> (1945–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</a> (1945–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_Between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea">Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall_of_Korea" title="Independence Hall of Korea">Independence Hall of Korea</a> (1987–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murayama_Statement" title="Murayama Statement">Murayama Statement</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Law_to_Redeem_Pro-Japanese_Collaborators%27_Property" title="Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property">Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Japanese_Colonial_History_in_Korea" title="Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea">Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea</a> (2018–)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Comfort_women" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsukaichi_Rest_Home" title="Futsukaichi Rest Home">Futsukaichi Rest Home</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Korean_Council_for_the_Women_Drafted_for_Military_Sexual_Slavery_by_Japan" title="The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan">The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_demonstration" title="Wednesday demonstration">Wednesday demonstration</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_Statement" title="Kono Statement">Kono Statement</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Women%27s_Fund" title="Asian Women's Fund">Asian Women's Fund</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Shimonoseki_Trial" title="1998 Shimonoseki Trial">Shimonoseki Trial</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_War_Crimes_Tribunal_on_Japan%27s_Military_Sexual_Slavery" title="Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery">Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_House_Resolution_121" title="United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121">United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_Comfort_Women_Agreement" title="Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement">Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_external_territories_(gaichi)_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaichi" title="Template:Gaichi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaichi" title="Template talk:Gaichi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaichi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaichi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_external_territories_(gaichi)_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former external territories (gaichi) of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mainland_Japan" title="Mainland Japan">naichi</a> after 1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture#Government" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto Civil Administration Office</a> → <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto Prefecture</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%8A%E5%8E%9F%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Toyohara Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%8A%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Ōtomari Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%8A%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Rūtaka Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B7%E9%A6%99%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Shikuka Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B7%E9%A6%99%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Motodomari Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%B2%A1%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Maoka Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E5%B1%85%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Tomarioru Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%B2%A1%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Honto Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%B5%E9%A0%88%E5%8F%96%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Esutoru Subprefecture</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E5%B1%85%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%81">Ushiro Subprefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Governor-General of Chōsen">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiki-d%C5%8D" title="Keiki-dō">Keiki-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōgen-dō">Kōgen-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABseihoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūseihoku-dō">Chūseihoku-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABseinan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūseinan-dō">Chūseinan-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenrahoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenrahoku-dō">Zenrahoku-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenranan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenranan-dō">Zenranan-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keish%C5%8Dhoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Keishōhoku-dō">Keishōhoku-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keish%C5%8Dnan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Keishōnan-dō">Keishōnan-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian%27nan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Heian'nan-dō">Heian'nan-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heianhoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Heianhoku-dō">Heianhoku-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkai-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōkai-dō">Kōkai-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanky%C5%8Dnan-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankyōnan-dō">Kankyōnan-dō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanky%C5%8Dhoku-d%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankyōhoku-dō">Kankyōhoku-dō</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Taiwan" title="Governor-General of Taiwan">Governor-General</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Taihoku_Prefecture" title="Taihoku Prefecture">Taihoku Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinchiku_Prefecture" title="Shinchiku Prefecture">Shinchiku Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taich%C5%AB_Prefecture" title="Taichū Prefecture">Taichū Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainan_Prefecture" title="Tainan Prefecture">Tainan Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takao_Prefecture" title="Takao Prefecture">Takao Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenk%C5%8D_Prefecture" title="Karenkō Prefecture">Karenkō Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D_Prefecture" title="Taitō Prefecture">Taitō Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dko_Prefecture" title="Hōko Prefecture">Hōko Prefecture</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_South_Seas_Mandate" title="Governor of the South Seas Mandate">Governor</a> <li>Civil Affairs Bureau of <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E9%98%B2%E5%82%99%E9%9A%8A">Temporary Nan'yō Islands Defense Unit</a> → <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō Government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Saipan Subprefecture</a> | <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Parao Subprefecture</a> | <a href="/wiki/Yap_State" title="Yap State">Yappu Subprefecture</a> | <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Torakku Subprefecture</a> | <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei_State" title="Pohnpei State">Ponape Subprefecture</a> | <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Yarūto Subprefecture</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory#Governors-General" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Governor-General</a> Kantō Bureau: <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dairen</a> Civil Affairs Bureau | <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Ryojun</a> Civil Affairs Bureau | <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinzhou District">Kinshū</a> Civil Affairs Bureau | <a href="/wiki/Pulandian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulandian District">Furanten</a> Civil Affairs Bureau | <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8F%A3%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93">Hishika</a> Civil Affairs Bureau</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template talk:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albanian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence" title="Belarusian Home Defence">Belarusian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> (until 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmykian Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Committee of Azerbaijan">National Committee of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Iraqi Army">Royal Iraqi Army</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Slovak Expeditionary Army Group">Slovak Expeditionary Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_enrolment_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Military enrolment in German-occupied Poland">Polish Wehrmacht Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arakan Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Central Asian collaborators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chin Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Defenders of the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakutotai" title="Gakutotai">Gakutotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Malayan Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Asano Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwanese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnamese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis countries">Axis countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Albania">German Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Byelorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> (limited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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