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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0" title="최남선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="최남선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Choe Nam-seon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تشو نام سيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشو نام سيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Korean historian (1890–1957)</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Choe Nam-seon</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg/220px-%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg/330px-%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg/440px-%EC%B5%9C%EB%82%A8%EC%84%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="859" /></a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">최남선</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B4%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:崔">崔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:善">善</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Choe Salsal</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Ch'oe Namsŏn</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">육당</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:六">六</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:堂">堂</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Yukdang</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Yuktang</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">공륙</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:公">公</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:六">六</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gongnyuk</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Kongnyuk</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a>, the family name is <i> <a href="/wiki/Choi_(Korean_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choi (Korean name)">Choe</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Choe Nam-seon</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">최남선</span></span>; April 26, 1890 – October 10, 1957), also known by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> pronunciation of his name <b>Sai Nanzen</b>, was a Korean historian, political activist, poet, and publisher who was best remembered as a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Nam-seon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born into a <i><a href="/wiki/Jungin" title="Jungin">jungin</a></i> (class between aristocrats and commoners) family in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, under the late <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty">Joseon Dynasty</a>, and educated in Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-ChoiHakJoo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChoiHakJoo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904 he went to study in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and was greatly impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Korea, Choe became active in the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement, which sought to modernize Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Nam-seon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Choe published Korea's first successful modern magazine, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonyeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonyeon (page does not exist)">Sonyeon</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">소년</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Youth), through which he sought to bring modern knowledge about the world to Korea's youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a></i> for the Korean alphabet and promoted it as a literary medium through his magazines. The author of the first “new-style” poem, “<i>From the Ocean to the Youth</i>” (해(海)에게서 소년에게, 1908), he is widely credited with pioneering modern Korean poetry. Choe sought to create a new style of literary Korean that would be more accessible to ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But at the same time, he was proud of classical Korean literature and he founded the Association of Korea's Glorious Literature in 1910 that sought to encourage ordinary people to read the classics of Korean literature that until then had been mostly read by the elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the work of the Chinese nationalist writer <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, Choe learned of the Western theories of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a> and the idea that history was nothing more than an endless struggle between various people to dominate each other with only the fittest surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choe believed that this competition would only end with Korea ruling the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990790_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990790-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1906 essay he wrote: </p><blockquote><p>"How long will it take us to accomplish the goal of flying our sacred national flag above the world and having people of the five continents kneeling down before it? Exert yourselves, our youth!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Choe's magazine <i>Sonyeon</i> was intended to popularize Western ideas about science and technology though a more readable Korean that would modernize the Korean nation for Social Darwinist competition for world domination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910 accelerated the independence movement. Influenced by Social Darwinist theories, Choe urged in numerous articles that the Koreans would have to modernize in order to be strong to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1917 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Hwangs%C5%8Fng_Sinmun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwangsŏng Sinmun">Hwangsǒng sinmun</a></i>, Choe wrote:</p><blockquote><p>"The modern age is the age of power in which the powerful survive while the weak perish. This competition continues until death. But why? Because the struggle to be a victor and a survivor never ends. But how? It is a competition of intelligence, physical fitness, material power, economic power, the power of idea and confidence, and of organizational power. Everywhere this competition is underway daily."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Since Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910, for Choe the best way of preserving Korea was giving the Koreans a glorious history that would ensure that the Koreans are at least had the necessary mentality to survive in a harsh world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990791_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990791-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Choe, together with Choe Rin, organized the <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a>, a non-violent movement to regain Korean sovereignty and independence. For his drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Korean Declaration of Independence">Korean Declaration of Independence</a>, he was arrested by authorities and imprisoned until 1921. In 1928 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Korean_History_Compilation_Committee" title="Korean History Compilation Committee">Korean History Compilation Committee</a>, which was established by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Korea">Governor-General of Korea</a> and commissioned to compile the history of Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he sought to refute the Japanese imperialist interpretations of ancient Korean history by arguing that ancient Korea was not an impoverished backwater existing in the shadow of Japan, but rather the center of a vibrant civilization. Choe embarked on a re-examination of Korean history. Choe mostly ignored the <i><a href="/wiki/Samguk_Sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Sagi">Samguk Sagi</a></i>, and instead chose to draw his history from <i><a href="/wiki/Samguk_Yusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Yusa">Samguk Yusa</a></i>, a collection of folktales, stories, and legends, previously disregarded by historians. A major theme of his scholarship was that Korea was always a major center of Asian civilization, instead being in the periphery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010177_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010177-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choe claimed in his 1926 book <i>Treatise on Dangun</i> (단군논, <i>Dangunnon</i>) that ancient Korea had outshone both Japan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of legendary Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a> as one of the central figures of Korean history was largely due to Choe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990794_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990794-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choe did not accept the Tan'gun legend as written, but he argued that the Tan'gun story reflected the shamanistic religion of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Korea">ancient Korea</a>, and that Dangun was a legendary figure based on a real shaman-ruler who lived sometime in the very distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990795_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990795-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Choe claimed that civilizations of ancient India, Greece, the Middle East, Italy, northern Europe, and the Mayas all had their origins in the ancient civilization of Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990799_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990799-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Choe started to write articles supporting Japan's aggression against China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939 he became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> Jianguo University. In November 1943, Choe attended the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a> in Tokyo, which was intended by the Japanese government to mobilize support for the war throughout Asia for its Pan-Asian war goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conference, Choe delivered a speech to a group of Korean students studying in Japan calling the "Anglo-Saxon" powers Britain and America the most deadly enemies of Asians everywhere, and urged the students to do everything in their power to support the war against the "Anglo-Saxons", saying that there was no higher honor for a Korean than to die fighting for Japan's efforts to create the "<a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his speech, Choe praised Japanese imperialism and stated that the Koreans were fortunate to be colonized by Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choe also claimed that originally Korean culture had been violent and militaristic much like Japanese culture, but then had gone "soft" under Chinese influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Choe suggested that his historical research had established that the Japanese were the descendants of immigrants from Korea, and the samurai being of Korean descent had preserved the true, violent essence of ancient Korean culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Korean historian Kyung Moon Hwang wrote that there is a striking contrast between Choe, the passionate patriot who penned the Declaration of Independence in 1919 vs. Choe, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Chinilpa</a></i> collaborator of 1943 urging Korean university students to enlist in the Imperial Japanese Army and die for the Emperor of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kyung suggested that the change in Choe was caused by the fact that Japan had occupied Korea in 1904 during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russian-Japanese War</a> and by the early 1940s, the "permanence" of Japanese rule was assumed by most Koreans as every attempt to win independence had always ended in failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this situation, Koreans like Choe had lost their youthful idealism and abandoned their dreams of freedom, simply hoping to reach an accommodation with the Japanese that might at least preserve some sort of Korean cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a>’s government arrested Choe for collaboration with the Japanese during the colonial period, but he was released when the trial was suspended. During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Choe served on the Naval History Committee; after the war, he served on the Seoul City History Committee. He died in October 1957 after struggles with diabetes and hypertension. Choe remains a deeply controversial figure in Korea today, being respected for his historical work and his efforts to create the modern Korean language while being condemned for his wartime statements supporting Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representative_works">Representative works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Nam-seon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Representative works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to a large body of historical works, Choe’s writings range from poetry, song lyrics, travelogues, to literary, social, and cultural criticism. His representative books include: </p> <ul><li><i>The History of Chosŏn</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>The Encyclopedia of Korean History</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>The Annotated Samgukyusa</i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Simchun Sulle</i> (The Pilgrimage in Search of Spring, 1925)</li> <li><i>Paektusan Kunchamgi</i> (The Travels to Paektu Mountain, 1926)</li> <li><i>Kumkang Yechan</i> (A Paean to Kumgang, 1928)</li> <li><i>Paekpal Ponnoe</i> (One-Hundred-and-Eight Agonies, 1926)</li> <li><i>Kosatong</i> (A Collection of Ancient Stories, 1943)</li> <li><i>Simundokpon</i> (A Reader of Modern Writing, 1916)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Nam-seon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Nam-seon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ChoiHakJoo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChoiHakJoo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChoi2012" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Hak Joo (2012-07-01). "Yuktang Ch'oe Nam-son and Korean Modernity". YBM, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8917214338" title="Special:BookSources/978-8917214338"><bdi>978-8917214338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yuktang+Ch%27oe+Nam-son+and+Korean+Modernity&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.isbn=978-8917214338&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hak+Joo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoe+Nam-seon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990787_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 787.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990789_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 789.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990790-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990790_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 790.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990791-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990791_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990788_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 788.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010177-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010177_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHwang2010">Hwang 2010</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990794-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990794_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990795-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990795_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 795.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1990799-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1990799_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1990">Allen 1990</a>, p. 799.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010191_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHwang2010">Hwang 2010</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang2010192_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHwang2010">Hwang 2010</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Nam-seon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Chizuko T. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2058236">"Northeast Asia Centered Around Korea: Ch'oe Namsŏn's View of History"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 787–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2058236">10.2307/2058236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2058236">2058236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Northeast+Asia+Centered+Around+Korea%3A+Ch%27oe+Nams%C5%8Fn%27s+View+of+History&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=787-806&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2058236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2058236&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Chizuko+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2058236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoe+Nam-seon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang2010" class="citation book cs1">Hwang, Kyung Moon (2010-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zNtLSAAACAAJ"><i>A History of Korea</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20545-1"><bdi>978-0-230-20545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20545-1&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Kyung+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNtLSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoe+Nam-seon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82232677">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135944173">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135944173">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00316294">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002159074&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p269903585">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201109675">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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