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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="klPnv4blroEUL5AXVIoFfm+EkZ8dV1uU37M9kFAvLyGlfvAmhXita7pb7+3vuBxSRTzvGDnHJNCagcedjUmLAA==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Melanie Smallman" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Koen Beumer" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="There is growing evidence that technology-driven economic growth has a signficant role to play in growing inequality in industrialised countries. Examining innovation policies in South Africa (the G20 Country with the highest levels of inequality)" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="There is growing evidence that technology-driven economic growth has a signficant role to play in growing inequality in industrialised countries. Examining innovation policies in South Africa (the G20 Country with the highest levels of inequality)" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://ucl.academia.edu/MelanieSmallman" /> <meta name="description" content="There is growing evidence that technology-driven economic growth has a signficant role to play in growing inequality in industrialised countries. Examining innovation policies in South Africa (the G20 Country with the highest levels of inequality)" /> <title>(PDF) Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa | Melanie Smallman - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732783923000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732783923000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"There is growing evidence that technology-driven economic growth has a signficant role to play in growing inequality in industrialised countries. Examining innovation policies in South Africa (the G20 Country with the highest levels of inequality) and the UK (inequality at the G20 average), we ask whether the role of innovation in driving inequality is being addressed in STI policy, what measures might be neglected, and why innovation and distribution sensitive policies take the form they do. We find that the distributional consequences of innovation do receive attention in innovation policies in the two countries, albeit in different (and sometimes suprising) ways. However, the approaches taken are limited to a focus on the ‘firm’ as the model for technology transfer, with little evidence of moves to share assets. These differences and oversights, we argue, are the result of particular sociotechnical imaginaries shaping the role of science and innovation in national life.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Melanie Smallman"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-02-08","dateModified":null,"datePublished":null,"headline":"Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Inequality"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Center for Open Science"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ucl"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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that technology-driven economic growth has a signficant role to play in growing inequality in industrialised countries. Examining innovation policies in South Africa (the G20 Country with the highest levels of inequality) and the UK (inequality at the G20 average), we ask whether the role of innovation in driving inequality is being addressed in STI policy, what measures might be neglected, and why innovation and distribution sensitive policies take the form they do. We find that the distributional consequences of innovation do receive attention in innovation policies in the two countries, albeit in different (and sometimes suprising) ways. However, the approaches taken are limited to a focus on the ‘firm’ as the model for technology transfer, with little evidence of moves to share assets. These differences and oversights, we argue, are the result of particular sociotechnical imaginaries shaping the role of science and innovation in national life.","publisher":"Center for Open Science"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [15744269]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":98410801,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98410801/mini_magick20230208-1-oyes54.png?1675866788" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Economic Inequality and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: the cases of the United Kingdom and South Africa</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15744269" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/MelanieSmallman"><img alt="Profile image of Melanie Smallman" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Melanie Smallman</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">There is growing evidence that technology-driven economic growth has a signficant role to play in growing inequality in industrialised countries. Examining innovation policies in South Africa (the G20 Country with the highest levels of inequality) and the UK (inequality at the G20 average), we ask whether the role of innovation in driving inequality is being addressed in STI policy, what measures might be neglected, and why innovation and distribution sensitive policies take the form they do. We find that the distributional consequences of innovation do receive attention in innovation policies in the two countries, albeit in different (and sometimes suprising) ways. However, the approaches taken are limited to a focus on the ‘firm’ as the model for technology transfer, with little evidence of moves to share assets. These differences and oversights, we argue, are the result of particular sociotechnical imaginaries shaping the role of science and innovation in national life.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":98410801,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":98410801,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="98410801" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/96540048/Economic_Inequality_and_Science_Technology_and_Innovation_Policy_the_cases_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_South_Africa" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="12878281" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12878281/Inclusive_innovation_and_inequality_in_South_Africa_a_case_for_transformative_social_policy">Inclusive innovation and inequality in South Africa: a case for transformative social policy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3458386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MadalitsoPhiri">Madalitso Phiri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">South Africa’s quest for inclusive innovation is encumbered by the triple challenges of poverty, inequality and unemployment. 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translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59986912/Rhetoric_and_Change_in_Innovation_Policy_The_Case_of_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="99544130" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99544130/Innovation_and_welfare_regimes_Capturing_income_inequality_in_theories_of_technological_change">Innovation and welfare regimes: Capturing income inequality in theories of technological change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6560909" href="https://open.academia.edu/SmitaSrinivas">Smita Srinivas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As various scholars have pointed out, there is nothing intrinsically welfare enhancing or necessarily income equalizing about technological change. How should we think of market creation and regulation for innovations? What is the state‟s role in institutionalizing demand either through product costs, income levels, or non-income supports? Alternately, how do income-enhancing institutions of social protection affect the market for innovations? Institutions are understood here beyond statutory and legal ones, to contain behavioural and cognitive elements, as well as associative and cooperative features. Institutions such as firms and universities are also organisations and as such, have distinct spatial characteristics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Innovation and welfare regimes: Capturing income inequality in theories of technological change","attachmentId":100604253,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99544130/Innovation_and_welfare_regimes_Capturing_income_inequality_in_theories_of_technological_change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99544130/Innovation_and_welfare_regimes_Capturing_income_inequality_in_theories_of_technological_change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="101962736" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101962736/Innovation_and_income_inequality_12">Innovation and income inequality 12</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2804140" href="https://uni-goettingen.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGehringer">Agnieszka Gehringer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper articulates and tests the hypothesis that innovation is a major factor in the reduction of income inequalities. The relationship between the pace of technological change and the dynamics of income inequalities has been first suggested by Kuznets (1955), but found little elaboration and empirical investigation in the subsequent literature. The evidence of a large data set including advanced countries, such as the US, Canada and the members of the European Union, as well as the newly industrializing BRIC members, in the years 1995-2011, confirms the virtuous circle between technological change and income inequalities. JEL classification: N30, O33</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Innovation and income inequality 12","attachmentId":102356914,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101962736/Innovation_and_income_inequality_12","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101962736/Innovation_and_income_inequality_12"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="38670143" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38670143/Innovation_How_Technology_Can_Reconcile_Progress_and_Economic_Justice">Innovation – How Technology Can Reconcile Progress and Economic Justice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52061735" href="https://ritsumei.academia.edu/JamesCusickPMP">James Cusick, PMP</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Voices in Economics, Henry George School, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper the nature of innovation will be defined and explored especially as it relates to Economic outcomes such as wealth and income distribution. The nature of innovation, its lifecycle, and its methods are presented and discussed. Key concepts such as the S-curve of innovation, the "Innovator's Dilemma", and Scientific Revolutions are also presented. Following this an exploration of how Economics views Innovation especially by Henry George who saw innovation as key to our survival and Joseph Schumpeter who saw it as required by capitalism. This discussion will show the connection between innovation cycles on a product or technology level and on the long-range economic scale. Examples of expanding and declining technologies demonstrate these cycles. Finally, data is shared around innovation, wealth, and income distribution across societies. Conclusions of the talk include the relationship between policy and innovation, the linkage between R&D and wealth creation, and the correlation between innovation and reduced wealth disparity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Innovation – How Technology Can Reconcile Progress and Economic Justice","attachmentId":58750590,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38670143/Innovation_How_Technology_Can_Reconcile_Progress_and_Economic_Justice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38670143/Innovation_How_Technology_Can_Reconcile_Progress_and_Economic_Justice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="78615912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78615912/Innovation_and_Income_Inequality_World_Evidence">Innovation and Income Inequality: World Evidence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45509074" href="https://lastamp.academia.edu/NikosBenos">Nikos Benos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper we explore the effect of innovation on income inequality using annual country panel data for 29 countries. We demonstrate that innovation activities reduce personal income inequality by matching patents from the European Patent Office with their inventors. Our findings are supported by instrumental variable estimations to tackle endogeneity. The results are also robust with respect to various inequality measures, alternative quality indexes of innovation, truncation bias, the use of patent applications together with granted patents and different ways to split or allocate patents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Innovation and Income Inequality: World Evidence","attachmentId":85602356,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78615912/Innovation_and_Income_Inequality_World_Evidence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78615912/Innovation_and_Income_Inequality_World_Evidence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="98191961" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98191961/Testing_Schumpeterian_growth_theory_the_role_of_income_inequality_as_a_determinant_of_research_and_development_expenditures_developed_economies_and_successful_technology_transfers_developing_econo">Testing Schumpeterian growth theory: the role of income inequality as a determinant of research and development expenditures (developed economies) and successful technology transfers (developing econo</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29353843" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioMarasco">Antonio Marasco</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper tests a strand of Schumpeterian growth theory that predicts a role for income inequality as a determinant of technology-enhancing activities, in the shape of innovation in the North and of technology transfers in the South. The analysis is conducted at three different levels: by world region, by industrial sector and by country. While the analysis by world region does not produce any clear cut evidence, the analysis by sector yields some evidence that income inequality in the South may have a positive effect on research and development (RnD) expenditures in some industrial sectors located in the North, such as non electricals and pharmaceuticals. Income inequality in both world regions seems also to play a role on the amount of technology that is transferred to the developing world. The sign of the effect might be positive for some sectors and negative for others, but the overall impact is probably negative in the case of Northern income inequality and positive with respe...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Testing Schumpeterian growth theory: the role of income inequality as a determinant of research and development expenditures (developed economies) and successful technology transfers (developing econo","attachmentId":99610627,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98191961/Testing_Schumpeterian_growth_theory_the_role_of_income_inequality_as_a_determinant_of_research_and_development_expenditures_developed_economies_and_successful_technology_transfers_developing_econo","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98191961/Testing_Schumpeterian_growth_theory_the_role_of_income_inequality_as_a_determinant_of_research_and_development_expenditures_developed_economies_and_successful_technology_transfers_developing_econo"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98410801,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98410801,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_98410801" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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