Invertébrés - Classification thématique

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id="classification-sous-themes" class="anchor"></i> <h2 class="minor">Sous-thèmes</h2> <div class="list-group"> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Acanthocéphales" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/acanthocephales/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Acanthocéphales </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 4 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Annélides" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/annelides/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Annélides </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 14 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Arthropodes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/arthropodes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Arthropodes </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 10 sous-thèmes </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 72 articles </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 217 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Chétognathes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/chetognathes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Chétognathes </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 média </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Cnidaires" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/cnidaires/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Cnidaires </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 7 articles </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 31 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Cténaires" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/ctenaires/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Cténaires </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 4 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Lophophoriens" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/lophophoriens/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Lophophoriens </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 3 articles </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 7 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Mollusques" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/mollusques/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Mollusques </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 8 articles </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 34 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Némathelminthes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/nemathelminthes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Némathelminthes </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 3 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Onychophores ou péripates" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/onychophores-ou-peripates/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Onychophores ou péripates </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Plathelminthes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/plathelminthes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Plathelminthes </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 5 articles </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 13 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Pogonophores" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/pogonophores/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Pogonophores </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 4 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Rotifères" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/rotiferes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Rotifères </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Spongiaires" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/spongiaires/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Spongiaires </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 6 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Stomocordés ou hémicordés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/stomocordes-ou-hemicordes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Stomocordés ou hémicordés </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 2 médias </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Tardigrades" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/tardigrades/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Tardigrades </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 média </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Échinodermes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/echinodermes/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Échinodermes </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 6 articles </span> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 15 médias </span> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="classification-articles" class="anchor"></i> <h2 class="minor"> Articles </h2> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/archaeocyathides/"> <span class="rg">ARCHÆOCYATHIDÉS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre CLAIRAMBAULT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">345 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Groupe d'organismes dont la position systématique et les affinités phylétiques sont encore incertaines, les Archæocyathidés présentent un intérêt géologique de premier plan. Ce sont en effet les premiers constructeurs de récifs connus. Depuis le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Cambrien est le nom donné, au xix e siècle, par Adam Sedgwick à une série stratigraphique du nord du pays de Galles. Ce nom vient de Cambria / Cumbria , formes latines du mot celte qui désigne cette région. Le Cambrien correspond au premier système de l'ère paléozoïque (ère primaire) et s'étend de — 542 millions d'années (+/— 1 Ma) à — 488,3 Ma (+/— 1..." title="Article : CAMBRIEN" href="/encyclopedie/cambrien/">Cambrien</a> inférieur (peut-être même dès...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/constructions-animales/"> <span class="rg">CONSTRUCTIONS ANIMALES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Rémy CHAUVIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 164 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CONSTRUCTIONS ANIMALES" href="/encyclopedie/constructions-animales/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Hutte de castor - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/f/csm_v060440_c7328e62ba.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le domaine des constructions animales est resté, paradoxalement, assez peu exploré par les éthologistes. C'est pourtant là que les comportements les plus complexes apparaissent. Mais le point curieux est que les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'état actuel des connaissances, définir scientifiquement ces vertébrés que l'on nomme couramment mammifères est une véritable gageure que nous ne nous proposons pas de tenir. Il semble pourtant, a priori, parfaitement possible, voire facile, de trouver des caractères généraux et communs à l'homme, au cheval et au rat . D'une façon plus générale, il est possible de définir..." title="Article : MAMMIFÈRES" href="/encyclopedie/mammiferes/">Mammifères</a> et principalement les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Au sein des Mammifères , l'ordre des Primates occupe une place particulière dans la mesure où il inclut l'Homme. Mais il présente une hétérogénéité suffisante pour nourrir les débats relatifs aux traits qui sont censés différencier à coup sûr les Primates des autres Mammifères.. L'hétérogénéité de l'ordre est souvent associée à un gradient scala naturae , allant d'espèc..." title="Article : PRIMATES" href="/encyclopedie/primates/">Primates</a>, dont le psychisme est par ailleurs...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/graptolithes/"> <span class="rg">GRAPTOLITHES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Geneviève TERMIER</span> et <span rel="author">Henri TERMIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">829 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : GRAPTOLITHES" href="/encyclopedie/graptolithes/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Dendrograptus - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/2/csm_v100757a_3b05d7ff4d.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Aussi élégantes qu'énigmatiques, les empreintes des colonies de Graptolithes, plus ou moins rameuses, groupant des animaux minuscules (zoïdes) non conservés, sont connues depuis le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Cambrien est le nom donné, au xix e siècle, par Adam Sedgwick à une série stratigraphique du nord du pays de Galles. Ce nom vient de Cambria / Cumbria , formes latines du mot celte qui désigne cette région. Le Cambrien correspond au premier système de l'ère paléozoïque (ère primaire) et s'étend de — 542 millions d'années (+/— 1 Ma) à — 488,3 Ma (+/— 1..." title="Article : CAMBRIEN" href="/encyclopedie/cambrien/">Cambrien</a> moyen (IV) jusqu'au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="C'est dès le xviii e siècle que Richard Kirwan a introduit le terme carbonifère pour désigner des roches productrices de charbon et le mot a désigné les dépôts houillers de Grande-Bretagne et d'Europe occidentale à partir du xix e siècle. Aujourd'hui, le Carbonifère représente un système de l'ère paléozoïque (ère primaire) qui succède au Dévonien (système pr�..." title="Article : CARBONIFÈRE" href="/encyclopedie/carbonifere/">Carbonifère</a> inférieur (XXIV) ; ces <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu'à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l'histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l'Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc..." title="Article : FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/">fossiles</a> occupent une place importante...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/hormones/"> <span class="rg">HORMONES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques DECOURT</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Yves-Alain FONTAINE</span> , <span rel="author">René LAFONT</span> et <span rel="author">Jacques YOUNG</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 354 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">11 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : HORMONES" href="/encyclopedie/hormones/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Système endocrinien - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/c/csm_vi010002_fcd8d50b73.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La coordination des fonctions exercées par les différents organes qui composent le corps des animaux repose sur des systèmes de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si le mot « communication » existe dans la langue française depuis plusieurs siècles, ce n'est pas avant la seconde moitié du xx e siècle qu'il s'installe avec force dans le discours médiatique et politique, qu'il désigne un champ d'étude et de recherche de plus en plus vaste et qu'il devient l'objet d'une conceptualisation toujours plus poussée. Les rapports entre communication et ..." title="Article : COMMUNICATION" href="/encyclopedie/communication/">communication</a> qui opèrent au sein de l'organisme pour maintenir l'équilibre fonctionnel indispensable à la vie.</p><p>L'un de ces systèmes est dit endocrinien,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/motricite/"> <span class="rg">MOTRICITÉ</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre BUSER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 906 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : MOTRICIT&Eacute;" href="/encyclopedie/motricite/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Musculature - crédits : Planeta Actimedia S.A.© Encyclopædia Universalis France pour la version française." width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/d/csm_vi990016_dbadcfddf7.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'activité motrice d'un organisme suppose un ensemble de mécanismes qui lui permettent de mouvoir un ou plusieurs de ses segments et ainsi, éventuellement, de se détacher par rapport au substrat, ce qui, à quelques rares exceptions près, est une caractéristique des animaux. Certes, on décrit des mouvements...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/nerveux-systeme-neurogenese-et-evolution/"> <span class="rg">NERVEUX (SYSTÈME) - </span><span class="rm">Neurogenèse et évolution</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul LAGET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 367 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : NERVEUX (SYST&Egrave;ME) - Neurogen&egrave;se et &eacute;volution" href="/encyclopedie/nerveux-systeme-neurogenese-et-evolution/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Neurone unipolaire vrai - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/5/csm_v160211b_e017e9ffb5.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L' évolution phylogénétique du système nerveux des métazoaires, évolution si remarquable par la croissante complexité d'organisation et de fonctionnement qui la caractérise, offre au naturaliste un champ d'étude à l'intérêt fascinant. Cependant, malgré l'emploi de techniques d'examen et d'expérimentation...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/pentastomides-linguatulides/"> <span class="rg">PENTASTOMIDES </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">LINGUATULIDES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Andrée TÉTRY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">288 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Les pentastomides, ou linguatulides, englobent uniquement des animaux parasites de poumons ou de cavités nasopharyngiennes de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les Reptiles actuels sont des Vertébrés terrestres poïkilothermes au corps allongé recouvert d'une peau écailleuse, souvent ornée ou brillamment colorée, qui n'empêche pas cependant les échanges avec le milieu extérieur ; des mues ont lieu pendant la croissance. À l'exception des Tortues qui possèdent un bec corné, tous les Reptiles ont des dents coniques, aux deux mâchoires...." title="Article : REPTILES" href="/encyclopedie/reptiles/">reptiles</a> et parfois d'oiseaux et de mammifères. Leur aspect rappelle celui d'un cestode : corps vermiforme, cylindrique ou aplati, ce qui leur a valu leur autre nom : linguatulides...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/pheromones/"> <span class="rg">PHÉROMONES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Charles DESCOINS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 572 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le transfert d'informations par signaux chimiques entre individus d'espèces différentes ou entre individus de la même espèce est courant chez les êtres vivants. Cependant, on réserve le terme de « phéromone », du grec <em>pherein</em> (transporter) et <em>hormân</em> (exciter), aux signaux chimiques...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/predation/"> <span class="rg">PRÉDATION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Rémy CHAUVIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 952 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : PR&Eacute;DATION" href="/encyclopedie/predation/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Agélène (<it>Agelena labyrinthica</it>), araignée - crédits : Christoph Burki/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/b/csm_ph991018_4fa6b805c6.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La prédation, activité qu'il ne faut pas confondre avec l'agression, met en jeu des comportements très complexes et très différents suivant les espèces. Elle pose de graves problèmes aussi bien à l' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L 'éthologie est la science qui étudie l'évolution du comportement animal . Raymond Campan et Felicita Scapini (2002) ajoutent que l'éthologie est l'étude du comportement dans toutes ses manifestations et à tous les niveaux (de la cellule à l'organisme entier, dans les sociétés animales), des causes qui le déterminent et de ses fonctions. Vaste programme qui illustre à lui seul la ..." title="Article : ÉTHOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/ethologie/">éthologie</a> qu'à la science de l'évolution.</p><p>Les éthologistes ont mis...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/regeneration-et-cicatrisation/"> <span class="rg">RÉGÉNÉRATION ET CICATRISATION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alan H. CRUICKSHANK</span> , <span rel="author">André PARAF</span> et <span rel="author">Catherine ZILLER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 119 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Tous les êtres vivants sont capables, à des degrés divers, de réparer les dommages causés à leur organisme. Dans son sens le plus large, le terme de régénération désigne tous les phénomènes de réparation au cours desquels un individu retrouve son intégrité ; c'est le remplacement par l'organisme d'une...</p> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="row"> <div class="col mt-3"> <ul class="d-print-none pagination justify-content-center"> <li class="page-item active"> <span class="page-link">1</span> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/invertebres/2/"> 2 </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="classification-medias" class="anchor"></i> <h2 class="minor"> Médias </h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V230492A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Échinodère" href="/media/echinodere-v230492a/"> <img id="V230492A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/d/csm_v230492a_19ca68bb4e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Échinodère - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Un Échinodère : Echinoderella, vue latérale (d'après Puget)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="994" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Échinodère </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V230492C" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Échiurien" href="/media/echiurien-v230492c/"> <img id="V230492C" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/b/csm_v230492c_f044f94ced.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Échiurien - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Un Échiurien : Echiurus pallasi (face ventrale)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1159" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Échiurien </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V230491B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Gastérotriche" href="/media/gasterotriche-v230491b/"> <img id="V230491B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/d/csm_v230491b_f88fc039b8.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gastérotriche - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Un Gastérotriche : Chaetonotus (d'après Hyman)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1265" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gastérotriche </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V220250A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Invertébrés de la faune interstitielle" href="/media/invertebres-de-la-faune-interstitielle-v220250a/"> <img id="V220250A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/5/csm_v220250a_0a20822e55.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Invertébrés de la faune interstitielle - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Aspect caractéristique de quelques Invertébrés de la faune interstitielle : une Annélide, « Protodrilus chaetifer » (a) ; 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Les neurones le composant possèdent deux (neurones bipolaires) ou plusieurs (neurones multipolaires) prolongements identiques. 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En a, chez les turbellariés (plathelminthes), on trouve 4 chaînes nerveuses paires ; en b chez les mollusques amphineures, en c chez les nématodes…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1094" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Théorie de l'orthogone </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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