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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Diagnose" href="/encyclopedie/primates/"> 1. Diagnose </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Classification" href="/encyclopedie/primates/2-classification/"> 2. Classification </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Catégories systématiques (groupes zoologiques)" href="/encyclopedie/primates/3-categories-systematiques-groupes-zoologiques/"> 3. Catégories systématiques (groupes zoologiques) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Habitat et comportement alimentaire" href="/encyclopedie/primates/4-habitat-et-comportement-alimentaire/"> 4. Habitat et comportement alimentaire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Biologie sexuelle et reproduction" href="/encyclopedie/primates/5-biologie-sexuelle-et-reproduction/"> 5. Biologie sexuelle et reproduction </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Structures sociales" href="/encyclopedie/primates/6-structures-sociales/"> 6. Structures sociales </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Dynamique des groupes sociaux" href="/encyclopedie/primates/7-dynamique-des-groupes-sociaux/"> 7. Dynamique des groupes sociaux </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Ontogenèse" href="/encyclopedie/primates/8-ontogenese/"> 8. Ontogenèse </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Socialisation des jeunes" href="/encyclopedie/primates/9-socialisation-des-jeunes/"> 9. Socialisation des jeunes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Modes de communication" href="/encyclopedie/primates/10-modes-de-communication/"> 10. Modes de communication </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Processus cognitifs" href="/encyclopedie/primates/11-processus-cognitifs/"> 11. Processus cognitifs </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, La culture chez les primates non humains" href="/encyclopedie/primates/12-la-culture-chez-les-primates-non-humains/"> 12. La culture chez les primates non humains </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Protection et conservation des Primates" href="/encyclopedie/primates/13-protection-et-conservation-des-primates/"> 13. Protection et conservation des Primates </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/primates/14-bibliographie/"> 14. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PRIMATES</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072614_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072614_0"></i><p>Au sein des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'état actuel des connaissances, définir scientifiquement ces vertébrés que l'on nomme couramment mammifères est une véritable gageure que nous ne nous proposons pas de tenir. Il semble pourtant, a priori, parfaitement possible, voire facile, de trouver des caractères généraux et communs à l'homme, au cheval et au rat . D'une façon plus générale, il est possible de définir..." title="Article : MAMMIFÈRES" href="/encyclopedie/mammiferes/">Mammifères</a>, l'ordre des Primates occupe une place particulière dans la mesure où il inclut l'Homme. Mais il présente une hétérogénéité suffisante pour nourrir les débats relatifs aux traits qui sont censés différencier à coup sûr les Primates des autres Mammifères.</p><p>L'hétérogénéité de l'ordre est souvent associée à un gradient <em>scala naturae</em>, allant d'espèces primitives jusqu'à l'<em>Homo sapiens</em>. Selon cette conception, l'Homme est considéré comme la référence ultime de l'évolution des Primates, si bien que l'encéphalisation est implicitement le seul critère alors pris en compte. Mais le danger de privilégier ce gradient est double : on risque de voir la phylogenèse des Primates comme linéaire, alors que cette phylogenèse est buissonnante ; on risque aussi de négliger les nombreux critères qui permettent de reconstituer autrement la phylogenèse ou <em>des</em> phylogenèses, au sein de ce groupe zoologique. En effet, taxonomie et phylogénie des Primates, toujours plus ou moins interdépendantes, sont en plein développement, d'une part, à cause de la découverte, encore à l'heure actuelle, de nouvelles espèces dans des régions jusqu'à présent inexplorées, et, d'autre part, du fait de la prise en compte de nouveaux critères (analyse chromosomique, analyse de protéines sanguines, étude comparative des vocalisations...) et du recours aux techniques informatiques pour la reconstruction de la phylogenèse.</p><p>Il faut encore tenir compte du fait que certaines caractéristiques, fondamentales quant à leurs implications éco-éthologiques, n'appartiennent pas au domaine de l'anatomie mais à celui du développement, autrement dit des « histoires de vie » (<em>life histories</em>). C'est ainsi qu'une longue gestation, relativement au poids de la mère, des croissances fœtale et postnatale lentes, mais aussi un petit nombre de jeunes par portée et une maturité sexuelle tardive aboutissent en effet à un renouvellement lent des populations. Cela souligne l'intérêt des études biodémographiques et éthologiques auprès des populations de Primates.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072614_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC072614_1"></i><h2>Diagnose</h2><p> Les Primates sont des Mammifères placentaires euthériens plantigrades. Leur neurocrâne est considérablement développé par rapport à leur massif facial réduit ; les orbites sont en position frontale et entourées d'un anneau osseux complet. L'orientation des orbites <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le langage courant, le terme « ver » désigne des animaux caractérisés essentiellement par une forme allongée, une certaine mollesse, le corps ne comprenant aucun élément dur, ni extérieur ni intérieur, et enfin l'absence de pattes ou la présence de pattes très réduites. C'est pourquoi des animaux aussi différents qu'un ver plat (Ténia), un ver rond (Ascaris), un ver de terr..." title="Article : VERS, invertébrés" href="/encyclopedie/vers-invertebres/">vers</a> l'avant est un caractère « allométrique », c'est-à-dire qu'il acquiert sa signification (ou la renforce) lorsqu'il est considéré relativement à la mesure d'un autre caractère, ici la taille du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L 'ambiguïté de la notion de crâne traduit bien la dualité anatomique du squelette céphalique humain. Souffrir de névralgie faciale ou se plaindre de douleurs crâniennes (céphalées) ne prête guère à confusion : massif facial et boîte crânienne réagissent différemment. Cependant, cet objet composite dont la souffrance sépare les deux parties est couramment désigné dans sa gl..." title="Article : CRÂNE" href="/encyclopedie/crane/">crâne</a>.</p><p>Il existe chez les Primates, des familles les plus primitives aux plus récentes, une tendance au développement du cerveau, en particulier du néocortex. Martin a souligné (1986) que la prise en compte de l'allométrie ne permet pas de dire que ce développement est associé à la réduction des structures olfactives. Les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Bien des siècles avant l'Antiquité classique, on admettait déjà un étroit rapport entre les hémisphères cérébraux et les fonctions mentales supérieures : sensation consciente, motricité volontaire, mémoire , etc. Les anciens auteurs ont abondamment spéculé sur la région des hémisphères où pouvaient résider ces facultés généralement désignées par le terme global d..." title="Article : HÉMISPHÈRES CÉRÉBRAUX" href="/encyclopedie/hemispheres-cerebraux/">hémisphères cérébraux</a> présentent une scissure de Sylvius typique et une scissure calcarine triradiée. L'organisation de la projection des champs visuels est unique ; chacun d'eux se projette dans chacun des hémisphères cérébraux (50 p. 100 dans l'hémisphère contralatéral).</p><p>La denture est de type diphyodonte et hétérodonte, avec des molaires multituberculées ; elle est peu réduite par rapport aux Mammifères placentaires ancestraux – la formule maximale est I 2/2, C 1/1, PM 3/3, M 3/3, soit 36 dents – et traduit la perte d'une incisive et d'une prémolaire par rapport aux Mammifères primitifs. Chez les Primates, la mandibule a des mouvements verticaux qui conviennent au régime frugivore, phytophage ou omnivore.</p><p>La colonne vertébrale comprend de 26 à 33 éléments, en excluant les vertèbres caudales. Une longue queue est une caractéristique des Primates,<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C072614_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DEPUTTE, Bertrand L."><a title="Auteur : Bertrand L. DEPUTTE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/bertrand-l-deputte/"><strong>Bertrand L. DEPUTTE</strong></a> : docteur en éthologie, docteur ès sciences, professeur à l'École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : PRIMATES" href="/carte-mentale/primates/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072614_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Monde animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/"> Monde animal </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Cordés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/"> Cordés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Craniates" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/"> Craniates </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Vertébrés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/"> Vertébrés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Tétrapodes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/tetrapodes/"> Tétrapodes </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Mammifères"> <a title="Classification : Mammifères" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/tetrapodes/mammiferes/"> Mammifères </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Anatomie animale"> <a title="Classification : Anatomie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/anatomie-animale/"> Anatomie animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie de la reproduction animale"> <a title="Classification : Biologie de la reproduction animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/biologie-de-la-reproduction-animale/"> Biologie de la reproduction animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éthologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/"> Éthologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Sociétés animales"> <a title="Classification : Sociétés animales" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/societes-animales/"> Sociétés animales </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie du développement animal"> <a title="Classification : Biologie du développement animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/biologie-du-developpement-animal/"> Biologie du développement animal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éthologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/"> Éthologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Comportement animal"> <a title="Classification : Comportement animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/comportement-animal/"> Comportement animal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Environnement" href="/classification/environnement/"> Environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Protection et gestion de l'environnement" href="/classification/environnement/protection-et-gestion-de-l-environnement/"> Protection et gestion de l'environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Protection des espèces"> <a title="Classification : Protection des espèces" href="/classification/environnement/protection-et-gestion-de-l-environnement/protection-des-especes/"> Protection des espèces </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072614_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990904" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Singes douroucoulis" href="/media/singes-douroucoulis-ph990904/"> <img id="PH990904" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_ph990904_025d9c5e4a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Singes douroucoulis - crédits : Gérard Lacz /Biosphoto/ Photononstop" data-description="Douroucoulis (Aotus oedipus), seuls singes nocturnes d'Amérique du Sud." data-copyright="Gérard Lacz /Biosphoto/ Photononstop" width="1024" height="679" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Singes douroucoulis </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gérard Lacz /Biosphoto/ Photononstop </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990902" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Tamarin" href="/media/tamarin-ph990902/"> <img id="PH990902" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/5/csm_ph990902_087467f849.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Tamarin - crédits : Steve Clancy Photography/ Moment/ Getty Images" data-description="Le tamarin pinché (Saguinus oedipus), petit singe primitif d'Amérique du Sud à longue queue non préhensible." data-copyright="Steve Clancy Photography/ Moment/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="770" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tamarin </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Steve Clancy Photography/ Moment/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990899" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ouistiti" href="/media/ouistiti-ph990899/"> <img id="PH990899" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_ph990899_212193e4ef.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ouistiti - crédits : Stuart Westmorland/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" data-description="Ouistiti à pinceaux (Callithrix jacchus), petit singe peuplant les forêts tropicales et les savanes d'Amérique du Sud." data-copyright="Stuart Westmorland/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="676" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ouistiti </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Stuart Westmorland/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/primates/"> Afficher les 12 médias de l'article <span class="rg">PRIMATES</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072614_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/babouin/"> <span class="rg">BABOUIN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Claude BOMSEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">414 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BABOUIN" href="/encyclopedie/babouin/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Babouins - crédits : Manoj Shah/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/d/csm_ph990855_231cf406bf.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Singe au corps puissant, caractérisé par un museau allongé et nu comme celui du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Carnivore domestique dont l'histoire accompagne celle de l'homme. Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Carnivores ; sous-ordre : Caniformes ; famille : Canidés.. D'une race à l'autre, les chiens présentent une grande variété morphologique du fait de la sélection effectuée par l'homme, ce dernier ayant exploité au maximum toutes les possibilités de l'espèce (multiples croisements..." title="Article : CHIEN" href="/encyclopedie/chien/">chien</a>, d'où leur autre nom commun de cynocéphale (signifiant « tête de chien »). Répartition géographique : Afrique centrale, Afrique du Sud et Arabie. Habitat : savanes, collines rocheuses et forêts. Classe : Mammifères...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cercopitheque/"> <span class="rg">CERCOPITHÈQUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Claude BOMSEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">435 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Singe de taille moyenne, au corps svelte et à longue queue non préhensile, vivant dans les forêts africaines, au sud du Sahara. Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Primates ; famille : Cercopithécidés.</p><p>Autrefois appelés « guenons », les cercopithèques, représentés par plus de vingt espèces, ont...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chasseurs-cueilleurs-archeologie/"> <span class="rg">CHASSEURS-CUEILLEURS </span><span class="rm">(archéologie)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul DEMOULE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 727 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHASSEURS-CUEILLEURS (arch&eacute;ologie)" href="/encyclopedie/chasseurs-cueilleurs-archeologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les San, un peuple nomade - crédits : N. Cirani/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/0/csm_ph00i147_706f643edc.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Que l’on remonte aux premières formes humaines identifiées, il y a près de 7 millions d’années, ou seulement à l’apparition d’<em>H</em><em>omo sapiens</em>, il y a quelque 300 000 ans, l’humanité a pour l’essentiel vécu de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La chasse est passée en quelques milliers d'années d'une pratique de survie à celle d'un loisir, en passant par la splendeur d'une représentation de l'autorité seigneuriale et royale. Un encadrement juridique de rigueur croissante et une intolérance à la mort animale conduisent cette pratique ancestrale à une remise en cause inédite.. Actuellement, alors qu'il n'existe en France aucun..." title="Article : CHASSE" href="/encyclopedie/chasse/">chasse</a>, de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La pêche est la seule activité de chasse et de cueillette à avoir atteint un développement comparable à celui des grandes productions animales terrestres qui s'appuient toutes sur la domestication. Elle fournit un sixième des protéines animales consommées par l'homme. Pendant longtemps, elle a progressé plus rapidement que les élevages terrestres. Mais au cours des années 1990 sa cr..." title="Article : PÊCHE" href="/encyclopedie/peche/">pêche</a> et de cueillette. Les premières sociétés agricoles ne...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chimpanze/"> <span class="rg">CHIMPANZÉ</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Claude BOMSEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">639 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHIMPANZ&Eacute;" href="/encyclopedie/chimpanze/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Chimpanzé - crédits : Manoj Shah/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/8/csm_ph990856_f54a30262a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Grand singe au pelage noir, moins lourd que le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le plus grand des Primates vivant sur notre planète, possédant un pelage brun noir et fréquentant les forêts denses de l'ouest et du centre de l'Afrique. Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Primates ; famille : Hominidés ; effectifs : 320 000.. Les gorilles (genre Gorilla ), représentés par deux espèces (gorille de l'Ouest ou Gorilla gorilla ; gorille de l'Est ou Gorilla b..." title="Article : GORILLE" href="/encyclopedie/gorille/">gorille</a>, vivant dans les forêts denses et les savanes boisées de l'ouest et du centre de l'Afrique (du Sénégal au côté ouest de la Tanzanie). Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Primates ; famille : <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La connaissance de notre histoire, conditionnée par la découverte de fossiles , est forcément biaisée par le fait que les données sont fragmentaires, et ce pour toutes les périodes. Les scénarios évoluent donc continuellement en fonction de nouvelles découvertes et de la réinterprétation des fossiles qui est liée à l'amélioration des techniques et de nos connaissances. C'est pour ce..." title="Article : HOMINIDÉS" href="/encyclopedie/hominides/">Hominidés</a>. Effectifs : 320 000....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/primates/"> Afficher les 28 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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