FOSSILES - Encyclopædia Universalis

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Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et v\u00e9g\u00e9taux ont m\u00eame surv\u00e9cu jusqu'\u00e0 nos jours \u00e0 travers les vicissitudes de l'histoire g\u00e9ologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le C\u0153lacanthe, le Sph\u00e9nodon, l'Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc. On les appelle fossiles vivants . Ils sont cependant des exceptions, et si les g\u00e9ologues et les pal\u00e9ontologistes peuvent aujourd'hui reconstituer l'histoire de la Terre et l'\u00e9volution des \u00eatres vivants depuis leur origine, c'est surtout gr\u00e2ce aux vestiges des esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent disparues. 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Les fossiles vivants </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FOSSILES, Fossilisation" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/2-fossilisation/"> 2. Fossilisation </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FOSSILES, Utilité des fossiles" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/3-utilite-des-fossiles/"> 3. Utilité des fossiles </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FOSSILES, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>FOSSILES</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yG972881_0"><i class="anchor" id="yG972881_0"></i><p>Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les <em>fossiles</em>. Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu'à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l'histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l'Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc. On les appelle <em>fossiles vivants</em>. Ils sont cependant des exceptions, et si les géologues et les paléontologistes peuvent aujourd'hui reconstituer l'histoire de la Terre et l'évolution des êtres vivants depuis leur origine, c'est surtout grâce aux vestiges des espèces à présent disparues. On donne le nom de <em>fossilisation</em> aux phénomènes complexes ayant permis la conservation des organismes après leur mort, et se manifestant essentiellement par des modifications et par des échanges plus ou moins importants de substances minérales avec le milieu géologique. Par extension, le terme « fossilisation » peut désigner la conservation d'un relief, d'un sol, etc., ou encore l'enregistrement d'un événement quelconque dans l'écorce terrestre, une inversion du champ géomagnétique, par exemple.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yG972881_1"><i class="anchor" id="yG972881_1"></i><h2>Les fossiles vivants</h2><p> Découvert en 1957 par l'Américain Sanders sur les côtes du Massachusetts, <em>Hutchinsoniella </em>est un Crustacé de trois millimètres de long au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Littéralement, le mot biotope signifie « lieu de vie ». Cette acception reste utilisée — à bon droit — par les systématiciens ou les microbiologistes qui cherchent à désigner le ou les sites que se sont appropriées les différentes espèces (certains à la surface ou à l'intérieur d'autres organismes constituent, pour les espèces ainsi fixées à un hôte, des entobiotopes).. Le ..." title="Article : BIOTOPE" href="/encyclopedie/biotope/">biotope</a> tout à fait original : il vit en effet dans la vase en train de floculer, par trente à quarante mètres de fond. La morphologie d'<em>Hutchinsoniella </em>frappe par son aspect primitif : il est très allongé et possède dix-neuf segments. La tête est en forme de croissant, les neuf segments suivants portent des appendices très généralisés, très semblables entre eux. Les dix derniers n'en possèdent pas. <em>Hutchinsoniella</em> est un représentant des Céphalocarides, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les crustacés forment, avec les myriapodes , les arachnides et les insectes , le plus important des embranchements zoologiques, celui des arthropodes , qui rassemble les quatre cinquièmes des espèces animales actuelles connues. Ils jouent dans le domaine aquatique, et particulièrement dans les mers, un rôle important, comparable à celui des insectes sur la terre. Si ceux-ci l'emportent, ..." title="Article : CRUSTACÉS" href="/encyclopedie/crustaces/">crustacés</a> très anciens, typiques de la structure des crustacés au début du Primaire et qui conservent même des caractéristiques étonnamment primitives et « généralisées » pour les Arthropodes. Il y a lieu de croire que l'habitat très particulier des Céphalocarides correspond à un type de biotope qui a traversé sans grands changements toutes les époques géologiques. Les espèces adaptées à ce milieu s'y sont spécialisées (absence d'yeux), mais en conservant par ailleurs leurs traits primitifs. Nous avons là l'exemple de la pérennité d'un fossile vivant, <em>directement associée à la pérennité d'un milieu</em>.</p><p>En 1958, le Congrès zoologique de Londres est ému par la description du fameux mollusque de la <em>Galathea</em>, baptisé <em>Neopilina galatheae</em>. Il s'agit, en effet, d'un représentant actuel des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Créée en 1940, cette classe de l'embranchement des mollusques ne comprenait alors que des formes paléozoïques (Cambro-Silurien) rappelant des patellacés primitifs, notamment par leur coquille d'une seule pièce, conique ou aplatie. Ils en différaient par la présence de six paires d'insertions musculaires symétriques sur la face interne de cette coquille. Ces mollusques étaient considér..." title="Article : MONOPLACOPHORES" href="/encyclopedie/monoplacophores/">Monoplacophores</a>, classe de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' embranchement des Mollusques est l'un des plus diversifiés de toute la zoologie, car il englobe plusieurs catégories bien distinctes d'espèces animales, qui toutes cependant répondent aux mêmes critères fondamentaux. Ces catégories forment pour les Mollusques actuels sept classes d'importance numérique très inégale, que l'on désigne comme Aplacophores, Polyplacophores , Monop..." title="Article : MOLLUSQUES" href="/encyclopedie/mollusques/">Mollusques</a> connus seulement jusque-là par des coquilles cambrio-siluriennes (début de l'ère primaire). L'étude des parties molles révèle une structure étonnamment primitive. La métamérie (segmentation) du corps est très nette alors qu'elle n'avait jamais été mise en évidence chez les autres mollusques. Les muscles, les branchies, les auricules circulatoires, les organes excréteurs et le système nerveux sont encore organisés de façon régulièrement segmentaire, un peu comme chez les vers annélides. <em>Neopilina</em> conserve ainsi dans la nature actuelle les caractères d'une classe très primitive de mollusques que l'on croyait éteinte depuis le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme silurien, dérivé du nom de la tribu celte des Silures, a été proposé en 1834 par Roderick Murchison pour désigner une série stratigraphique de la Bordure galloise, en Angleterre. Le Silurien représente le système du Paléozoïque (ère primaire) qui est situé entre l' Ordovicien et le Dévonien . Il s'étend de — 443,7 millions d'années (Ma) à — 416 Ma , soit..." title="Article : SILURIEN" href="/encyclopedie/silurien/">Silurien</a>. Mais ces Monoplacophores fossiles étaient sans doute des animaux vivant sur les côtes, à faible profondeur, alors que leurs descendants actuels se sont adaptés à la vie abyssale. Une évolution morphologique minime a donc accompagné une évolution écophysiologique considérable, les Monoplacophores ayant dû <em>changer de milieu pour survivre</em>, en colonisant à leur profit le domaine abyssal qui leur sert actuellement de refuge.</p><p>Dans le cas du cœlacanthe <a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="G972881_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="FURON, Raymond"><a title="Auteur : Raymond FURON" rel="author" href="/auteurs/raymond-furon/"><strong>Raymond FURON</strong></a> : professeur honoraire à la faculté des sciences de Paris, membre de l'Académie des sciences d'outre-mer </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="RICQLÈS, Armand de"><a title="Auteur : Armand de RICQLÈS" rel="author" href="/auteurs/armand-de-ricqles/"><strong>Armand de RICQLÈS</strong></a> : professeur au Collège de France, chaire de biologie historique et évolutionnisme </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : FOSSILES" href="/carte-mentale/fossiles/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yG972881_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la Terre" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/"> Sciences de la Terre </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/"> Géologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Paléontologie"> <a title="Classification : Paléontologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/paleontologie/"> Paléontologie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yG972881_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I182" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Insecte prisonnier de l'ambre" href="/media/insecte-prisonnier-de-lambre-ph00i182/"> <img id="PH00I182" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/4/csm_ph00i182_d3447a65cd.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Insecte prisonnier de l'ambre - crédits : Jochen/ Fotosearch LBRF/ Age Fotostock" data-description="Il y a des millions d'années, de la résine coulant d'arbres blessés a englué insectes, petits reptiles, amphibiens, plumes d'oiseaux ou débris de végétaux. Prises sur le vif, certaines espèces dévoilent des comportements prédateurs ou reproducteurs que les fossiles seuls ne pourraient montrer." data-copyright="Jochen/ Fotosearch LBRF/ Age Fotostock" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Insecte prisonnier de l'ambre </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jochen/ Fotosearch LBRF/ Age Fotostock </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yG972881_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/commerce-des-fossiles/"> <span class="rg">COMMERCE DES FOSSILES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Eric BUFFETAUT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 938 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : COMMERCE DES FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/commerce-des-fossiles/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Bourse-exposition de Tucson (États-Unis) - crédits : Simeon87/ fossilnews.org ; CC BY-SA 3.0" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/6/csm_ph220329_d89aba3069.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Les médias font régulièrement état de ventes aux enchères de squelettes de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les dinosaures constituent un groupe de vertébrés tétrapodes uniquement terrestres qui sont apparus et ont eu leur apogée au cours du Mésozoïque , c'est-à-dire entre quelque 225 et 66 millions d'années (Ma). Ils ont souvent été définis comme des « reptiles géants », mais ces termes ne sont pas adéquats car, d'une part, le concept de reptile ne recouvre pas une réalité zoo..." title="Article : DINOSAURES" href="/encyclopedie/dinosaures/">dinosaures</a> et d’autres grands animaux disparus, qui peuvent atteindre des prix vertigineux. Le record en la matière semble être détenu par un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le squelette varie considérablement, chez les végétaux comme chez les animaux, tant par sa nature physico-chimique que par son mode de formation et par ses relations avec les éléments cellulaires ou tissulaires. Pourtant, il constitue toujours la partie de l'organisme qui assure la rigidité du corps. En ce sens, il est bien plus facile de définir le squelette par sa fonction essentielle –..." title="Article : SQUELETTE" href="/encyclopedie/squelette/">squelette</a> de <em>Tyrannosaurus</em><em> rex</em> vendu 31,8 millions de dollars en 2020 et...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/fossile-notion-de/"> <span class="rg">FOSSILE, notion de</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Eric BUFFETAUT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 241 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le terme fossile dérive du latin <em>fodere</em>, qui signifie « creuser », « extraire en creusant ». Jusqu'au <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, il désignait non seulement les restes « pétrifiés » de plantes et d'animaux, mais aussi toute substance extraite du sol ou du sous-sol (roches, minéraux, minerais...). Ce...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/acanthodiens/"> <span class="rg">ACANTHODIENS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Philippe JANVIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">817 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACANTHODIENS" href="/encyclopedie/acanthodiens/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Acanthodes - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/1/csm_v010099a_7dc0579b8d.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Les acanthodiens (<em>Acanthodii</em> Owen, 1846 ; du gr. <em>acantha</em>, épine) sont un groupe de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le monde animal , les Vertébrés appartiennent au phylum (embranchement) des Cordés caractérisés comme métazoaires, triploblastiques, cœlomates, deutérostomiens à symétrie bilatérale, épineuriens, qui possèdent, à l'état embryonnaire au moins, superposés dans le plan de symétrie bilatérale, des organes dits axiaux : tube nerveux dorsal, corde, tube digestif ventral dont ..." title="Article : VERTÉBRÉS" href="/encyclopedie/vertebres/">vertébrés</a> à mâchoires, ou <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les gnathostomes (du gr. gnathos , mâchoire, et stoma , bouche) représentent un groupe majeur de vertébrés défini par la présence de mâchoires fonctionnant verticalement et généralement pourvues de dents , telles nos propres mâchoires. Dans la nature actuelle, les gnathostomes comprennent environ 50 800 espèces, comprenant la plupart des poissons , mais aussi tous les tét..." title="Article : GNATHOSTOMES" href="/encyclopedie/gnathostomes/">gnathostomes</a>, éteints, connus par des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu'à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l'histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l'Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc..." title="Article : FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/">fossiles</a> de l'ère primaire, ou <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Paléozoïque (terme inventé par le géologue anglais John Phillips en 1818), appelé communément ère primaire, est l'ère géologique la plus ancienne des temps phanérozoïques (temps fossilifères), s'étalant de — 542 (+/— 1) millions d'années (Ma) à — 251 (+/— 0,4) Ma, mais aussi la plus longue, ayant duré 291 Ma. Il est encadré par deux événements biologiques..." title="Article : PALÉOZOÏQUE ou ÈRE PRIMAIRE" href="/encyclopedie/paleozoique-ere-primaire/">Paléozoïque</a>. Ils sont les plus anciens gnathostomes certains à apparaître dans le registre fossile, à...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/actinopterygiens/#c41884"> <span class="rg">ACTINOPTÉRYGIENS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Philippe JANVIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 756 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACTINOPT&Eacute;RYGIENS" href="/encyclopedie/actinopterygiens/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Pteronisculus - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/1/csm_v010233a_bb6be11e37.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les actinoptérygiens fossiles sont abondants depuis la fin du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme Dévonien a été proposé par Adam Sedgwick et Roderick Impey Murchison en 1839 pour désigner la série stratigraphique marine du Devon, dans le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre, qui s'est avérée être contemporaine des Vieux Grès Rouges du pays de Galles, du nord de l'Angleterre et d'Écosse. Il représente un système de l'ère paléozoïque (ère primaire), situé entre le ..." title="Article : DÉVONIEN" href="/encyclopedie/devonien/">Dévonien</a> (370 Ma) et souvent représentés par des individus complets. Ainsi, les données paléontologiques ont largement contribué à la connaissance de l'histoire évolutive et de la phylogénie du groupe. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/louis-agassiz/#c41884"> <span class="rg">AGASSIZ </span><span class="pc">LOUIS </span><span class="rm">(1807-1873)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Stéphane SCHMITT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 397 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AGASSIZ LOUIS (1807-1873)" href="/encyclopedie/louis-agassiz/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Louis Agassiz - crédits : MPI/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/f/csm_ph995109_913276c030.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...partir de 1832, Agassiz enseigne au collège de Neuchâtel, récemment fondé, et continue de publier les résultats de ses recherches sur les animaux actuels et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu'à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l'histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l'Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc..." title="Article : FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/">fossiles</a>, ce qui lui vaut une solide réputation scientifique et son élection dans plusieurs sociétés savantes, comme la Royal<em></em>Society de Londres.... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/age-de-la-terre/#c41884"> <span class="rg">ÂGE DE LA TERRE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pascal RICHET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 145 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : &Acirc;GE DE LA TERRE" href="/encyclopedie/age-de-la-terre/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="La mort thermique de l’ Univers - crédits : D.R." width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/2/csm_ph170563_1063ae622b.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> En parallèle,les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu'à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l'histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l'Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc..." title="Article : FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/">fossiles</a> étaient peu à peu revenus sur le devant de la scène, car leur ubiquité jusqu’aux sommets des hautes montagnes rendait difficile d’attribuer leur dépôt au seul épisode du Déluge. On put douter de leur origine organique en imaginant qu’ils étaient des « jeux de la nature »,... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/fossiles/"> Afficher les 169 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yG972881_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RHIPIDISTIENS" href="/index/rhipidistiens/"> <span class="rg">RHIPIDISTIENS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GÉOCHIMIE ORGANIQUE" href="/index/geochimie-organique/"> <span class="rg">GÉOCHIMIE ORGANIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PALÉOBIOCHIMIE" href="/index/paleobiochimie/"> <span class="rg">PALÉOBIOCHIMIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PHYLOGÉNIE ou PHYLOGENÈSE" href="/index/phylogenie-phylogenese/"> <span class="rg">PHYLOGÉNIE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">PHYLOGENÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ORNITHORYNQUE" href="/index/ornithorynque/"> <span class="rg">ORNITHORYNQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ADAPTATION BIOLOGIQUE" href="/index/adaptation-biologique/"> <span class="rg">ADAPTATION BIOLOGIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FOSSILES VIVANTS" href="/index/fossiles-vivants/"> <span class="rg">FOSSILES VIVANTS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HUTCHINSONIELLA" href="/index/hutchinsoniella/"> <span class="rg">HUTCHINSONIELLA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NEOPILINA" href="/index/neopilina/"> <span class="rg">NEOPILINA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LATIMERIA" href="/index/latimeria/"> <span class="rg">LATIMERIA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BRADYTÉLIE" href="/index/bradytelie/"> <span class="rg">BRADYTÉLIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CÉPHALOCARIDES" href="/index/cephalocarides/"> <span class="rg">CÉPHALOCARIDES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RELIQUE, biologie" href="/index/relique-biologie/"> <span class="rg">RELIQUE, </span><em class="it">biologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RELICTE & MILIEU RELICTUEL" href="/index/relicte-et-milieu-relictuel/"> <span class="rg">RELICTE & MILIEU RELICTUEL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PANCHRONIQUES ESPÈCES" href="/index/especes-panchroniques/"> <span class="rg">PANCHRONIQUES </span><span 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