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Casualties and sufferings experienced by the soldiers mobilized public opinion, especially in England. Disparity among French and British health services fails to explain the losses which were mostly illness rather than fighting related. Logistical deficiencies during the first winter (1854-1855) reduced the British Army to one third of its nominal strength. The following winter, although all fighting has resumed, typhus fever striked the French Army confounded by overcrowded camps and deficient sanitation. With the public opinion acting as a catalyst, the Parliament and Royal Commission moved the War Department towards required reforms. 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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":5094239,"created_at":"2013-11-13T18:41:11.668-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-17T23:35:16.949-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The Crimean War (1854-1856) was the result of the protection offered to Turkey by United Kingdom and France. Casualties and sufferings experienced by the soldiers mobilized public opinion, especially in England. Disparity among French and British health services fails to explain the losses which were mostly illness rather than fighting related. Logistical deficiencies during the first winter (1854-1855) reduced the British Army to one third of its nominal strength. The following winter, although all fighting has resumed, typhus fever striked the French Army confounded by overcrowded camps and deficient sanitation. With the public opinion acting as a catalyst, the Parliament and Royal Commission moved the War Department towards required reforms. As the French lack their ally capacity to openly examine their own mistakes, the subsequent Second Empire military campaigns will bear the consequences of this flaw…","location":"Paris : Invalides Hotel","publisher":"Paris : Septentrion","event_date":"2008,10,16","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"La Santé des populations civiles et militaires, E Belmas, S Nonnis-Vigilante Editors"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"fr","title":"[The Army Medical Departments in the Crimean War (1854-1856). 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A Comparative Study on British and French Health Support in the East] Les services de santé face à la guerre de Crimée (1854-1856)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/32318742/mini_magick20190425-29580-eclkbp.png?1556231987" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">[The Army Medical Departments in the Crimean War (1854-1856). A Comparative Study on British and French Health Support in the East] Les services de santé face à la guerre de Crimée (1854-1856)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3162952" href="https://sciencespo-aix.academia.edu/JeanJacquesArzalier"><img alt="Profile image of Jean-Jacques Arzalier" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3162952/1040004/1299155/s65_jean-jacques.arzalier.jpg" />Jean-Jacques Arzalier</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, La Santé des populations civiles et militaires, E Belmas, S Nonnis-Vigilante Editors</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The Crimean War (1854-1856) was the result of the protection offered to Turkey by United Kingdom and France. Casualties and sufferings experienced by the soldiers mobilized public opinion, especially in England. Disparity among French and British health services fails to explain the losses which were mostly illness rather than fighting related. Logistical deficiencies during the first winter (1854-1855) reduced the British Army to one third of its nominal strength. The following winter, although all fighting has resumed, typhus fever striked the French Army confounded by overcrowded camps and deficient sanitation. With the public opinion acting as a catalyst, the Parliament and Royal Commission moved the War Department towards required reforms. As the French lack their ally capacity to openly examine their own mistakes, the subsequent Second Empire military campaigns will bear the consequences of this flaw…</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":32318742,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/5094239/_The_Army_Medical_Departments_in_the_Crimean_War_1854_1856_A_Comparative_Study_on_British_and_French_Health_Support_in_the_East_Les_services_de_sant%C3%A9_face_%C3%A0_la_guerre_de_Crim%C3%A9e_1854_1856_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":32318742,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/5094239/_The_Army_Medical_Departments_in_the_Crimean_War_1854_1856_A_Comparative_Study_on_British_and_French_Health_Support_in_the_East_Les_services_de_sant%C3%A9_face_%C3%A0_la_guerre_de_Crim%C3%A9e_1854_1856_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="32318742" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/5094239/_The_Army_Medical_Departments_in_the_Crimean_War_1854_1856_A_Comparative_Study_on_British_and_French_Health_Support_in_the_East_Les_services_de_sant%C3%A9_face_%C3%A0_la_guerre_de_Crim%C3%A9e_1854_1856_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30726777" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30726777/Guerre_maladie_empire_Les_services_de_sant%C3%A9_militaires_en_situation_coloniale_pendant_le_long_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle">Guerre, maladie, empire. 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L'expérience du Groupement des services chirurgicaux et scientifiques (1917-1918)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21190472" href="https://imep-cnrs.academia.edu/SylvainBertschy">Sylvain Bertschy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">L'histoire du Groupement des Services Chirurgicaux et Scientifiques (1917-1918) - véritable poste avancé de la réforme menée par le cabinet de Justin Godart en zone des armées - permet d’analyser l'ordinaire d’une entreprise de réforme confiée à l’histopathologiste lyonnais Claudius Regaud. La mobilisation, autour de et par Regaud, de segments spécifiques du champ médical (réseaux lyonnais, vivier de Pasteur), et l’alliance avec certains médecins militaires donne à voir ce que la guerre fait au champ et ce que ses agents (certaines fractions) font de la guerre. The case of the Groupement des Services Chirurgicaux et Scientifiques, at the forefront of the the medical reform in the military zone, enables us to analyse, from a different perspective, the daily work of the reform supervised by the Lyon histopathologist Claudius Regaud. The military mobilisation with Regaud as the central figure of specific parts of the medical field (Lyon networks, pasteurians) and the alliance with few military physicians sheds light on how this field wages war and in return how war transform the field.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mise en guerre des médecins et réforme de la médecine militaire. L'expérience du Groupement des services chirurgicaux et scientifiques (1917-1918)","attachmentId":58662259,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38588354/Mise_en_guerre_des_m%C3%A9decins_et_r%C3%A9forme_de_la_m%C3%A9decine_militaire_Lexp%C3%A9rience_du_Groupement_des_services_chirurgicaux_et_scientifiques_1917_1918_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38588354/Mise_en_guerre_des_m%C3%A9decins_et_r%C3%A9forme_de_la_m%C3%A9decine_militaire_Lexp%C3%A9rience_du_Groupement_des_services_chirurgicaux_et_scientifiques_1917_1918_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3883365" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3883365/Article_Souvenir_Napol%C3%A9onien_sur_le_corps_m%C3%A9dical_britannique_%C3%A0_Ste_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne">Article Souvenir Napoléonien sur le corps médical britannique à Ste-Hélène</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2170084" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertBenhamou">Albert Benhamou</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Article Souvenir Napoléonien sur le corps médical britannique à Ste-Hélène","attachmentId":31510272,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3883365/Article_Souvenir_Napol%C3%A9onien_sur_le_corps_m%C3%A9dical_britannique_%C3%A0_Ste_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3883365/Article_Souvenir_Napol%C3%A9onien_sur_le_corps_m%C3%A9dical_britannique_%C3%A0_Ste_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="10144878" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10144878/_A_spectacular_revolution_evolution_of_French_military_health_service_La_r%C3%A9volution_spectaculaire_du_Service_de_sant%C3%A9_aux_arm%C3%A9es">[A spectacular revolution: evolution of French military health service]. La révolution spectaculaire du Service de santé aux armées.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21656968" href="https://univ-lyon1.academia.edu/HuguesLefort">Hugues Lefort</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">After the sanitary disaster caused by the first months of the conflict, the Health service of the French armies undertook a true revolution. By 1918, it had become the most efficient of all the opposing armies. At the end of 1914, through the spacing out of the evacuating hospitals within the zone of the armies, the most efficient teams were placed as close as possible to the front. Injured soldiers were categorized at every step of the chain. Technical progress, especially in war surgery, pushed medicine into the moderne era. Après le désastre sanitaire des premiers mois du conflit de la Grande Guerre, le Service de santé aux armées françaises a connu une véritable révolution pour devenir, en 1918, le plus efficace des armées en présence. Fin 1914, par l’échelonnement des hôpitaux d’évacuation dans la zone des armées, les équipes médicales les plus performantes sont affectées au plus près du front. La catégorisation des blessés a lieu à chacun des échelons de la chaîne d’évacuation. Les progrès techniques, notamment en chirurgie de guerre, font entrer la médecine dans l’ère moderne. the sanitary disaster caused by the first months of the conflict, the Health service of the French armies undertook a true revolution. By 1918, it had become the most efficient of all the opposing armies. At the end of 1914, through the spacing out of the evacuating hospitals within the zone of the armies, the most efficient teams were placed as close as possible to the front. Injured soldiers were categorized at every step of the chain. Technical progress, especially in war surgery, pushed medicine into the moderne era.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"[A spectacular revolution: evolution of French military health service]. La révolution spectaculaire du Service de santé aux armées.","attachmentId":36254756,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10144878/_A_spectacular_revolution_evolution_of_French_military_health_service_La_r%C3%A9volution_spectaculaire_du_Service_de_sant%C3%A9_aux_arm%C3%A9es","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10144878/_A_spectacular_revolution_evolution_of_French_military_health_service_La_r%C3%A9volution_spectaculaire_du_Service_de_sant%C3%A9_aux_arm%C3%A9es"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="21485673" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21485673/Les_probl%C3%A8mes_de_sant%C3%A9_des_combattants_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondialesss">Les problèmes de santé des combattants durant la Première Guerre mondialesss</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42568583" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LaurentDomanski">Laurent Domanski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Soins, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Les problèmes de santé des combattants durant la Première Guerre mondialesss","attachmentId":41910893,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21485673/Les_probl%C3%A8mes_de_sant%C3%A9_des_combattants_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondialesss","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21485673/Les_probl%C3%A8mes_de_sant%C3%A9_des_combattants_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondialesss"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="34750566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34750566/A_Coulaud_N_Tisserand_2016_Organisation_m%C3%A9dicale_pendant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale_lexemple_de_lh%C3%B4pital_am%C3%A9ricain_de_St_Parize_le_Ch%C3%A2tel_in_Arch%C3%A9opages_43_M%C3%A9decines_Inrap_p_68_71">A. Coulaud, N. Tisserand (2016) - Organisation médicale pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, l'exemple de l'hôpital américain de St-Parize-le-Châtel, in Archéopages 43 "Médecines", Inrap, p. 68-71</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3351931" href="https://inrap.academia.edu/AlexandreCoulaud">Alexandre Coulaud</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A. Coulaud, N. Tisserand (2016) - Organisation médicale pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, l'exemple de l'hôpital américain de St-Parize-le-Châtel, in Archéopages 43 \"Médecines\", Inrap, p. 68-71","attachmentId":54608929,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34750566/A_Coulaud_N_Tisserand_2016_Organisation_m%C3%A9dicale_pendant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale_lexemple_de_lh%C3%B4pital_am%C3%A9ricain_de_St_Parize_le_Ch%C3%A2tel_in_Arch%C3%A9opages_43_M%C3%A9decines_Inrap_p_68_71","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34750566/A_Coulaud_N_Tisserand_2016_Organisation_m%C3%A9dicale_pendant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale_lexemple_de_lh%C3%B4pital_am%C3%A9ricain_de_St_Parize_le_Ch%C3%A2tel_in_Arch%C3%A9opages_43_M%C3%A9decines_Inrap_p_68_71"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="10263916" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10263916/_Heath_problems_of_combatants_during_the_First_World_War_Les_probl%C3%A8mes_de_sant%C3%A9_des_combattants_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale">[Heath problems of combatants during the First World War]. Les problèmes de santé des combattants durant la Première Guerre mondiale.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21656968" href="https://univ-lyon1.academia.edu/HuguesLefort">Hugues Lefort</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The First World War because of the use of new weapons, injured more than 3 500 000 people (500 000 in the face), more than diseases (tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.) or even weather circumstances. The healing of the war wounds through surgery undertook a significant evolution thanks to the use of asepsis and antiseptics. Mortality go down, opening the way to the physical and psychological rehabilitation of those injured by the war.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"[Heath problems of combatants during the First World War]. Les problèmes de santé des combattants durant la Première Guerre mondiale.","attachmentId":36349201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10263916/_Heath_problems_of_combatants_during_the_First_World_War_Les_probl%C3%A8mes_de_sant%C3%A9_des_combattants_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10263916/_Heath_problems_of_combatants_during_the_First_World_War_Les_probl%C3%A8mes_de_sant%C3%A9_des_combattants_durant_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="20609056" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20609056/_The_Italian_armed_forces_health_service_during_the_Great_War_">[The Italian armed forces health service during the Great War]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33112712" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/JulitaSansoni">Julita Sansoni</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Soins; la revue de référence infirmière, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Great War had a huge impact on Italian society. The organisation of the armed forces health service faced extreme difficulties due to the extensive loss of life of an almost exclusively terrestrial war. In this context, the role of the medical staff and nursing staff was essential, as the example of the volunteer Red Cross nurses testifies. However, this conflict revealed the need to improve the training of the nursing staff, as was the case in Anglo-Saxon countries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"[The Italian armed forces health service during the Great War]","attachmentId":41463420,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20609056/_The_Italian_armed_forces_health_service_during_the_Great_War_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20609056/_The_Italian_armed_forces_health_service_during_the_Great_War_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":32318742,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":32318742,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_32318742" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="91348436" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91348436/Le_co%C3%BBt_de_la_sant%C3%A9_publique_le_cas_des_h%C3%B4pitaux_militaires_fran%C3%A7ais_XVIIe_XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles">Le coût de la santé publique : le cas des hôpitaux militaires français, XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32959199" href="https://sorbonneparisnord.academia.edu/ElisabethBelmas">Elisabeth Belmas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata 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href="https://www.academia.edu/91348436/Le_co%C3%BBt_de_la_sant%C3%A9_publique_le_cas_des_h%C3%B4pitaux_militaires_fran%C3%A7ais_XVIIe_XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="91348546" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91348546/Le_co%C3%BBt_de_la_sant%C3%A9_publique_le_cas_des_h%C3%B4pitaux_militaires_fran%C3%A7ais_aux_XVIIe_et_XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cles">Le coût de la santé publique: le cas des hôpitaux militaires français aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32959199" 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