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theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historic examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6th_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6th_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>6th century BCE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-6th_century_BCE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 6th century BCE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-6th_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Scythian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Scythian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>European Scythian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Scythian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>4th century BCE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-4th_century_BCE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 4th century BCE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-4th_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-March_of_the_Ten_Thousand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_of_the_Ten_Thousand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>March of the Ten Thousand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_of_the_Ten_Thousand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3rd_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>3rd century BCE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-3rd_century_BCE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 3rd century BCE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-3rd_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Punic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Punic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Second Punic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Punic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>2nd century BCE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2nd_century_BCE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2nd century BCE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2nd_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Punic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Punic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Third Punic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Punic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1st century BCE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1st_century_BCE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1st century BCE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1st_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Gallic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_century_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_century_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>4th century CE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-4th_century_CE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 4th century CE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-4th_century_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_invasion_of_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_invasion_of_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Roman invasion of Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_invasion_of_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7th_century_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_century_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>7th century CE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-7th_century_CE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 7th century CE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-7th_century_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Fitna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Fitna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>First Fitna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Fitna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9th_century_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_century_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>9th century CE</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-9th_century_CE-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 9th century CE subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-9th_century_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viking_invasion_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_invasion_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Viking invasion of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_invasion_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>11th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 11th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harrying_of_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harrying_of_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Harrying of the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harrying_of_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 14th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hundred_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hundred_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Hundred Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hundred_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Wars of Scottish Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_of_Scottish_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Crusades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 15th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moldavian–Ottoman_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldavian–Ottoman_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Moldavian–Ottoman Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldavian–Ottoman_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallachian–Ottoman_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallachian–Ottoman_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Wallachian–Ottoman Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallachian–Ottoman_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 16th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglicisation_of_the_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicisation_of_the_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Anglicisation of the Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicisation_of_the_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Siege_of_Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Siege_of_Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Great Siege of Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Siege_of_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thirty_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirty_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Thirty Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirty_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nine_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Nine Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal–Maratha_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal–Maratha_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Mughal–Maratha Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal–Maratha_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Northern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Northern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Great Northern War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Northern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sullivan–Clinton_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sullivan–Clinton_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Sullivan–Clinton genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sullivan–Clinton_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitian_Revolution_against_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_Revolution_against_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>Haitian Revolution against Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_Revolution_against_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_American_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_American_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>South American War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Greek War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.5</span> <span>Native American Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.6</span> <span>Second Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.7</span> <span>New Zealand Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Turkish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Greco-Turkish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Second Sino-Japanese War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayan_Liberation_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayan_Liberation_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.5</span> <span>Malayan Liberation War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayan_Liberation_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goa_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goa_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.6</span> <span>Goa War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goa_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.7</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemalan_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemalan_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.8</span> <span>Guatemalan Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemalan_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.9</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.10</span> <span>Yugoslav Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet–Afghan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet–Afghan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.11</span> <span>Soviet–Afghan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet–Afghan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1</span> <span>Sri Lankan Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lankan_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.2</span> <span>Myanmar civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_business_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_business_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>In business world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_business_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scorched earth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verskroeideaardebeleid" title="Verskroeideaardebeleid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verskroeideaardebeleid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9" title="سياسة الأرض المحروقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة الأرض المحروقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_quemada" title="Tierra quemada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tierra quemada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yand%C4%B1r%C4%B1lm%C4%B1%C5%9F_torpaq_taktikas%C4%B1" title="Yandırılmış torpaq taktikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yandırılmış torpaq taktikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="يانديريلميش تورپاق سیاستی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="يانديريلميش تورپاق سیاستی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Тактыка выпаленай зямлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тактыка выпаленай зямлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Тактыка выпаленай зямлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тактыка выпаленай зямлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Тактика на опожарената земя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тактика на опожарената земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_cremada" title="Terra cremada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra cremada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktika_sp%C3%A1len%C3%A9_zem%C4%9B" title="Taktika spálené země – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taktika spálené země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_br%C3%A6ndte_jords_taktik" title="Den brændte jords taktik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den brændte jords taktik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbrannte_Erde" title="Verbrannte Erde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verbrannte Erde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bits%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1_bida%CA%BChodi%CA%BCniil" title="Bitsʼáá bidaʼhodiʼniil – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bitsʼáá bidaʼhodiʼniil" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5letatud_maa_taktika" title="Põletatud maa taktika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põletatud maa taktika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_quemada" title="Tierra quemada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra quemada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruligita_tero" title="Bruligita tero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruligita tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur_erre_(estrategia)" title="Lur erre (estrategia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lur erre (estrategia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87" title="راهبرد زمین سوخته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهبرد زمین سوخته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_de_la_terre_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e" title="Politique de la terre brûlée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique de la terre brûlée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_queimada" title="Terra queimada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra queimada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%ED%86%A0%ED%99%94" title="초토화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초토화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Այրված հողի մարտավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այրված հողի մարտավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaljena_zemlja" title="Spaljena zemlja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spaljena zemlja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi_hangus" title="Bumi hangus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bumi hangus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_bruciata_(guerra)" title="Terra bruciata (guerra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra bruciata (guerra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94" title="אדמה חרוכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדמה חרוכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi_branang" title="Bumi branang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bumi branang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izdedzin%C4%81t%C4%81s_zemes_taktika" title="Izdedzinātās zemes taktika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izdedzinātās zemes taktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1deginta_%C5%BEem%C4%97" title="Išdeginta žemė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išdeginta žemė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felperzselt_f%C3%B6ld_taktik%C3%A1ja" title="Felperzselt föld taktikája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felperzselt föld taktikája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi_hangus" title="Bumi hangus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bumi hangus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactiek_van_de_verschroeide_aarde" title="Tactiek van de verschroeide aarde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tactiek van de verschroeide aarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%9C%9F%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="焦土作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="焦土作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_jords_taktikk" title="Brent jords taktikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brent jords taktikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_brende_jords_taktikk" title="Den brende jords taktikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den brende jords taktikk" 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data-title="Terra queimada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactica_p%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului_p%C3%A2rjolit" title="Tactica pământului pârjolit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tactica pământului pârjolit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тактика выжженной земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тактика выжженной земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scorched earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taktika_sp%C3%A1lenej_zeme" title="Taktika spálenej zeme – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taktika spálenej zeme" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEgana_zemlja" title="Požgana zemlja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Požgana zemlja" 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href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaljena_zemlja" title="Spaljena zemlja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spaljena zemlja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltetun_maan_taktiikka" title="Poltetun maan taktiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poltetun maan taktiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4nda_jordens_taktik" title="Brända jordens taktik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brända jordens taktik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military strategy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the agricultural method, see <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scorched_Earth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scorched Earth (disambiguation)">Scorched Earth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/290px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/435px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg/580px-F.O.C._Darley_and_Alexander_Hay_Ritchie_-_Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10417" data-file-height="6837" /></a><figcaption>Sherman's March to the Sea by Darley and Ritchie</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>scorched-earth policy</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> of destroying everything that allows an enemy military force to be able to fight a war, including the deprivation and destruction of water, food, humans, animals, plants and any kind of <a href="/wiki/Tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Tools">tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. Its use is possible by a retreating army to leave nothing of value worth taking, to weaken the attacking force or by an advancing army to fight against <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">unconventional warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scorched earth against <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> has been banned under the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Protocol II">1977 Geneva Conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is prohibited to attack, destroy, remove, or render useless objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies, and irrigation works, for the specific purpose of denying them for their sustenance value to the civilian population or to the adverse Party, whatever the motive, whether in order to starve out civilians, to cause them to move away, or for any other motive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeoxy1954_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeoxy1954-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term was found in English in a 1937 report on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. The retreating Chinese forces burned crops and destroyed infrastructure including cities to sabotage the logistics of the advancing Japanese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_theory">Military theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clausewitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of War">Principles of War</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In defensive just as in offensive warfare, it is necessary to pursue a great aim: the destruction of the enemy army, either by battle or by rendering its subsistence extremely difficult. Thus we shall disorganize it and force it into a retreat, during which it will necessarily suffer great losses. <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras#Holding_the_Lines" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Wellington's campaign</a> in 1810 and 1811 is a good example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1812_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1812-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Clausewitz wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All that the country yields will be taken for the benefit of the retreating army first, and will be mostly consumed. Nothing remains but wasted villages and towns, fields from which the crops have been gathered, or which are trampled down, empty wells, and muddy brooks. The pursuing army, therefore, from the very first day, has frequently to contend with the most pressing wants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1832_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1832-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_examples">Historic examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable historic examples of successful scorched-earth tactics include the failed <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia" title="Swedish invasion of Russia">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_march_to_the_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman's march to the sea">Sherman's march to the sea</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Civil War">the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>'s campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars#American_period" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo Wars</a> in 1863 and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>'s methods in the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Anglo-Boer_War" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Anglo-Boer War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="6th_century_BCE">6th century BCE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 6th century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Scythian_campaign">European Scythian campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European Scythian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> used scorched-earth methods against the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, led by King <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, during his <a href="/wiki/European_Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="European Scythian campaign of Darius I">European Scythian campaign</a>. The Scythians, who were nomadic herders, evaded the Persian invaders and retreated into the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> after they had destroyed food supplies and <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">poisoned wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe2019257_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe2019257-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="4th_century_BCE">4th century BCE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 4th century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_of_the_Ten_Thousand">March of the Ten Thousand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: March of the Ten Thousand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek general <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> recorded in his <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i> that the withdrawing enemy burnt up the grass and everything else that was good for use in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek)">Ten Thousand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXenophon403_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXenophon403-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3rd_century_BCE">3rd century BCE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 3rd century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Punic_War">Second Punic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Punic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> in 218–202 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, both Carthaginians and Romans used the method selectively during Hannibal's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Roman defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Quintus Fabius Maximus</a> instructed those living in the path of the invading Carthaginians to burn their houses and grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausen1945298–299_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausen1945298–299-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2nd_century_BCE">2nd century BCE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2nd century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Punic_War">Third Punic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Third Punic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> in 146 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> also elected to use this method to permanently destroy the Carthaginian capital city, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>). The buildings were torn down, their stones scattered so not even rubble remained, and the fields were burned. However, the story that they <a href="/wiki/Salt_the_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt the earth">salted the earth</a> is <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley1986140–146_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley1986140–146-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_century_BCE">1st century BCE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1st century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallic_Wars">Gallic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system of punitive destruction of property and subjugation of people when accompanying a military campaign was known as <i>vastatio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the first uses of scorched earth recorded happened in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. The first was used when the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> were forced to evacuate their homes in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> because of incursions of unfriendly <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>: to add incentive to the march, the Helvetii destroyed everything they could not bring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillows2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillows2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second case shows actual military value: during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Great Gallic War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> planned to lure the Roman armies into Gaul and then trap and obliterate them. They thus ravaged the countryside of what are now the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> countries and France. This caused immense problems for the Romans, but the Roman military triumphs over the Gallic alliance showed that the ravaging alone was not to be enough to save Gaul from subjugation by Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="4th_century_CE">4th century CE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 4th century CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_invasion_of_Persia">Roman invasion of Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roman invasion of Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year CE 363, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian's Persian War">invasion of Persia</a> was turned back by a scorched-earth policy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The extensive region that lies between the <a href="/wiki/River_Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tigris">River Tigris</a> and the mountains of Media ...was in a very improved state of cultivation. Julian might expect, that a conqueror, who possessed the two forcible instruments of persuasion, steel and gold, would easily procure a plentiful subsistence from the fears or avarice of the natives. But, on the approach of the Romans, the rich and smiling prospect was instantly blasted. Wherever they moved ... the cattle was driven away; the grass and ripe corn were consumed with fire; and, as soon as the flames had subsided which interrupted the march of Julian, he beheld the melancholy face of a smoking and naked desert. This desperate but effectual method of defence can only be executed by the enthusiasm of a people who prefer their independence to their property; or by the rigor of an arbitrary government, which consults the public safety without submitting to their inclinations the liberty of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1788158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1788158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="7th_century_CE">7th century CE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 7th century CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Fitna">First Fitna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First Fitna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (656–661), <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Busr_ibn_Abi_Artat" title="Busr ibn Abi Artat">Busr ibn Abi Artat</a> to a campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to ravage territory loyal to Muawiyah's opponent <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Tabari</a>, 30,000 civilians are estimated to have been killed during that campaign of the civil war. Muawiyah also sent <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_ibn_Awf" title="Sufyan ibn Awf">Sufyan ibn Awf</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to burn the crops and homes of Ali's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabari2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="9th_century_CE">9th century CE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 9th century CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_invasion_of_England">Viking invasion of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Viking invasion of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Viking_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking invasion of England">Viking invasion of England</a>, the Viking chieftain <a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> tried to occupy the ruined Roman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> in late summer 893, planning to raid northern <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> from the refortified fortress. But the Mercians destroyed all crops and livestock in the surrounding countryside and expelled the Vikings successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhifer2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhifer2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="11th_century">11th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harrying_of_the_North">Harrying of the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Harrying of the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>'s solution to stop a rebellion in 1069 was the brutal conquest and subjugation of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>. William's men burnt whole villages from the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> to <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">Tees</a> and slaughtered the inhabitants. Food stores and livestock were destroyed so that anyone surviving the initial massacre would soon succumb to starvation over the winter. The destruction is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEhistoryinanhour2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEhistoryinanhour2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survivors were reduced to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForester1854174_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForester1854174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one report stating that the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skulls</a> of the dead were cracked open so that their brains could be eaten. Between 100,000 and 150,000 perished, and the area took centuries to recover from the damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmblerBaileySeel2018236_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmblerBaileySeel2018236-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_century">14th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hundred_Years'_War"><span id="Hundred_Years.27_War"></span>Hundred Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hundred Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">Chevauchée</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_the_Bruce_stipple_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Robert_the_Bruce_stipple_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, both the English and the French conducted <a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">chevauchée</a> raids over the enemy territory to damage its infrastructure. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> counselled using scorched earth to frustrate the invasion of Scotland by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>, according to an anonymous 14th-century poem: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>in strait places gar keep all store,<br /> And byrnen ye plainland them before,<br /> That they shall pass away in haist<br /> What that they find na thing but waist.<br /> ... This is the counsel and intent<br /> Of gud King Robert's testiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman1905579_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman1905579-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1971_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1971-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_Scottish_Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wars of Scottish Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfe_Castle_57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Corfe_Castle_57.jpg/220px-Corfe_Castle_57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Corfe_Castle_57.jpg/330px-Corfe_Castle_57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Corfe_Castle_57.jpg/440px-Corfe_Castle_57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> was <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> so that its defences could not be reused.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighting</a> is the deliberate destruction, whether partial or complete, of a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> without opposition. Sometimes, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, it was done to render the structure unusable as a fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello2004498_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello2004498-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowry200629_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry200629-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, <a href="/wiki/Adulterine_castle" title="Adulterine castle">adulterine (unauthorised) castles</a> would usually be slighted if captured by a king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir1997173_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir1997173-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, Robert the Bruce adopted a strategy of slighting Scottish castles to prevent them from being occupied by the invading English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraquar1998159_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraquar1998159-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusades">Crusades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Crusades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A strategy of slighting castles in Palestine was also adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamlukes</a> during their wars with the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="15th_century">15th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldavian–Ottoman_Wars"><span id="Moldavian.E2.80.93Ottoman_Wars"></span>Moldavian–Ottoman Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Moldavian–Ottoman Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a> used scorched earth in the Carpathians against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a> in 1475 and 1476.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEagles2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagles2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallachian–Ottoman_Wars"><span id="Wallachian.E2.80.93Ottoman_Wars"></span>Wallachian–Ottoman Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Wallachian–Ottoman Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtaculdeNoapte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AtaculdeNoapte.jpg/220px-AtaculdeNoapte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AtaculdeNoapte.jpg/330px-AtaculdeNoapte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AtaculdeNoapte.jpg/440px-AtaculdeNoapte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The forces of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> were associated with torches, particularly outside <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1462, a massive Ottoman army, led by <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>, marched into Wallachia. <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> retreated to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. During his departure, he conducted scorched-earth tactics to ward off Mehmed's approach. When the Ottoman forces approached <a href="/wiki/Tirgoviste" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirgoviste">Tirgoviste</a>, they encountered over 20,000 people <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impaled</a> by the forces of Vlad the Impaler, creating a "forest" of dead or dying bodies on stakes. The atrocious, gut-wrenching sight caused Mehmed to withdraw from battle and send instead Radu, Vlad's brother, to fight Vlad the Impaler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2014995_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2014995-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_century">16th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicisation_of_the_Irish">Anglicisation of the Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Anglicisation of the Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further use of scorched-earth policies in war was seen during the 16th century in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, where it was used by English commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Devereux,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex">Walter Devereux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bingham_(soldier)" title="Richard Bingham (soldier)">Richard Bingham</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a> were a famous case in Ireland. Much of the province of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> was laid waste. The poet <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> left an account of it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In those late wars in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>; for not withstanding that the same was a most rich and plentiful country, full of corn and cattle, that you would have thought they could have been able to stand long, yet ere one year and a half they were brought to such wretchedness, as that any stony heart would have rued the same. Out of every corner of the wood and glens they came creeping forth upon their hands, for their legs could not bear them; they looked Anatomies [of] death, they spoke like ghosts, crying out of their graves; they did eat of the carrions, happy where they could find them, yea, and one another soon after, in so much as the very carcasses they spared not to scrape out of their graves; and if they found a plot of water-cresses or shamrocks, there they flocked as to a feast for the time, yet not able long to continue therewithal; that in a short space there were none almost left, and a most populous and plentiful country suddenly left void of man or beast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpenser1849510_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser1849510-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Siege_of_Malta">Great Siege of Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Great Siege of Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a></div> <p>In early 1565, Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette" title="Jean Parisot de Valette">Jean Parisot de Valette</a> ordered the harvesting of all the crops in Malta, including unripened grain, to deprive the Ottomans of any local food supplies since spies had warned of an imminent Ottoman attack. Furthermore, the Knights <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">poisoned all of the wells</a> with bitter herbs and dead animals. The Ottomans arrived on 18 May, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> began. The Ottomans managed to capture one fort but were eventually defeated by the Knights, the Maltese militia and a Spanish relief force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirty_Years'_War"><span id="Thirty_Years.27_War"></span>Thirty Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Thirty Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1630, <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Field-Marshal General</a> <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Conti" title="Torquato Conti">Torquato Conti</a> was in command of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>'s forces during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. Forced to retreat from the advancing Swedish army of King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, Conti ordered his troops to burn houses, destroy villages and cause as much harm generally to property and people as possible.: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To revenge himself upon the Duke of Pomerania, the imperial general permitted his troops, upon his retreat, to exercise every barbarity on the unfortunate inhabitants of Pomerania, who had already suffered but too severely from his avarice. On pretence of cutting off the resources of the Swedes, the whole country was laid waste and plundered; and often, when the Imperialists were unable any longer to maintain a place, it was laid in ashes, in order to leave the enemy nothing but ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1799_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1799-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_Years'_War"><span id="Nine_Years.27_War"></span>Nine Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nine Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></div> <p>In 1688, France attacked the German <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>. The German states responded by forming an alliance and assembling a sizeable armed force to push the French out of Germany. The French had not prepared for such an eventuality. Realising that the war in Germany was not going to end quickly and that the war would not be a brief and decisive parade of French glory, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> and War Minister <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Marquis de Louvois</a> resolved upon a scorched-earth policy in the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. The French were intent on denying enemy troops local resources and on preventing the Germans from invading France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChildsChilds199117_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChildsChilds199117-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 20 December 1688, Louvois had selected all the cities, towns, villages and châteaux intended for destruction. On 2 March 1689, the <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Froulay_de_Tess%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="René de Froulay de Tessé">Count of Tessé</a> torched <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, and on 8 March, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Montclar" title="Joseph de Montclar">Montclar</a> levelled <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oppenheim" title="Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> were finally destroyed on 31 May, followed by <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> on 1 June, and Bingen on 4 June. In all, French troops burnt over 20 substantial towns as well as numerous villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2013198_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2013198-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal–Maratha_Wars"><span id="Mughal.E2.80.93Maratha_Wars"></span>Mughal–Maratha Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mughal–Maratha Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaji Maharaj">Shivaji Maharaj</a> had introduced scorched-earth tactics, known as <i>Ganimi Kava</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy202014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy202014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His forces looted traders and businessmen from <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and burnt down his cities, but they were strictly ordered not to rape or hurt the innocent civilians and not to cause any sort of disrespect to any of the religious institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesāī2003351_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesāī2003351-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shivaji's son, <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhaji Maharaj">Sambhaji Maharaj</a>, was detested throughout the Mughal Empire for his scorched-earth tactics until he and his men were captured by <a href="/wiki/Muqarrab_Khan" title="Muqarrab Khan">Muqarrab Khan</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Army">Mughal Army</a> contingent of 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200549_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200549-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 March 1689, a panel of Mughal <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadis</a> indicted and sentenced Sambhaji to death on accusations of casual <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, looting and massacres but most prominently for giving shelter to Sultan Muhammad Akbar, the fourth son of Aurangzeb, who had sought Sambhaji's aid in winning the Mughal throne from the emperor, his father. Sambhaji was particularly condemned for the three days of ravaging committed after the Battle of Burhanpur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1993_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1993-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Northern_War">Great Northern War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Great Northern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, Russian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s forces used scorched-earth tactics to hold back Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a>'s campaign towards <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1707–1708. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sullivan–Clinton_genocide"><span id="Sullivan.E2.80.93Clinton_genocide"></span>Sullivan–Clinton genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sullivan–Clinton genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1779 Congress decided to defeat the four British allied nations of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> decisively during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a>. General John Sullivan used a scorched earth campaign by destroying more than 40 Iroquois villages and their stores of winter crops resulting in many deaths by starvation and cold in the following winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardenberghMcKendryGriffis2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardenberghMcKendryGriffis2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haitian_Revolution_against_Napoleon">Haitian Revolution against Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Haitian Revolution against Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> outlined his plans for defeating the French in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> starting in 1791 using scorched-earth: "Do not forget, while waiting for the rainy reason which will rid us of our foes, that we have no other resource than destruction and fire. Bear in mind that the soil bathed with our sweat must not furnish our enemies with the smallest sustenance. Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations, burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the third <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion of Portugal</a> in 1810, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> population retreated towards <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and was ordered to destroy all the food supplies the French might capture as well as forage and shelter in a wide belt across the country. (Although effective food-preserving techniques had recently been invented, they were still not fit for military use because a suitably-rugged container had not yet been invented.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPivka2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPivka2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The command was obeyed as a result of French plundering and general ill-treatment of civilians in the previous invasions. The civilians would rather destroy anything that had to be left behind, rather than leave it to the French. When the French armies reached the <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Lines of Torres Vedras</a> on the way to Lisbon, French soldiers reported that the country "seemed to empty ahead of them". Low morale, hunger, disease and indiscipline greatly weakened the French army and compelled the forces to retreat, see also <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon" title="Attrition warfare against Napoleon">Attrition warfare against Napoleon</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/220px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/330px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/440px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon's retreat from Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1812, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> was able to render <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">Napoleon's invasion of Russia</a> useless by using a scorched-earth policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990321_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990321-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Russians withdrew from the advancing French army, they burned the countryside over which they passed (<a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">and allegedly Moscow</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1966813_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1966813-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving nothing of value for the pursuing French army. Encountering only desolate and useless land Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> was prevented from using its usual doctrine of living off the lands that it conquered. Pushing relentlessly on despite dwindling numbers, the Grand Army met with disaster as the invasion progressed. Napoleon's army arrived in a virtually-abandoned <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, which was a tattered starving shell of its former self, largely because of scorched-earth tactics by the retreating Russians. Having conquered essentially nothing, Napoleon's troops retreated, but the scorched-earth policy came into effect again because even though some large supply dumps had been established on the advance, the route between them had both been scorched and marched over once already. Thus, the French army starved as it marched along the resource-depleted invasion route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_American_War_of_Independence">South American War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: South American War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1812, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Belgrano" title="Manuel Belgrano">Manuel Belgrano</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Exodus" title="Jujuy Exodus">Jujuy Exodus</a>, a massive forced displacement of people from what is now <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Province" title="Jujuy Province">Jujuy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta</a> Provinces to the south. The Jujuy Exodus was conducted by the patriot forces of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North" title="Army of the North">Army of the North</a>, which was battling a <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">Royalist</a> army. </p><p>Belgrano, faced with the prospect of total defeat and territorial loss, ordered all people to pack their necessities, including food and furniture, and to follow him in carriages or on foot together with whatever cattle and beasts of burden that could endure the journey. The rest (houses, crops, food stocks and any objects made of iron) was to be burned to deprive the Royalists of resources. The strict scorched-earth policy made him ask on 29 July 1812 the people of Jujuy to "show their <a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">heroism</a>" and to join the march of the army under his command "if, as you assure, you want to be free". The punishment for ignoring the order was execution, with the destruction of the defector's properties. Belgrano labored to win the support of the populace and later reported that most of the people had willingly followed him without the need for force. </p><p>The exodus started on 23 August and gathered people from <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_de_Jujuy" title="San Salvador de Jujuy">Jujuy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta</a>. People travelled south about 250 km and finally arrived at the banks of the Pasaje River, in <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán Province</a> in the early hours of 29 August. They applied a scorched-earth policy and so the Spaniards advanced into a wasteland. Belgrano's army destroyed everything that could provide shelter or be useful to the Royalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_War_of_Independence">Greek War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Greek War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> led an Ottoman-Egyptian combined force in a campaign to crush Greek revolutionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. In response to Greek guerrilla attacks on his forces in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, Ibrahim launched a scorched earth campaign that threatened the population with starvation and deported many civilians into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBostock2010155_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBostock2010155-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fires of burning villages and fields were clearly visible from Allied ships standing offshore. A British landing party reported that the population of Messinia was close to mass starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014306_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim's scorched-earth policy caused much outrage in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, which was one factor for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) decisively intervening against him in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg/220px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg/330px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg/440px-Sherman_railroad_destroy_noborder_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>'s troops destroying a railroad near <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Union forces under <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> used the policy widely:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>supplies within the reach of Confederate armies I regarded as much contraband as arms or ordnance stores. Their destruction was accomplished without bloodshed and tended to the same result as the destruction of armies. I continued this policy to the close of the war. Promiscuous pillaging, however, was discouraged and punished. Instructions were always given to take provisions and forage under the direction of commissioned officers who should give receipts to owners, if at home, and turn the property over to officers of the quartermaster or commissary departments to be issued as if furnished from our Northern depots. But much was destroyed without receipts to owners when it could not be brought within our lines and would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end.</p></blockquote> <p>General Sherman used that policy during his <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">March to the Sea</a>. </p><p>Another event, in response to <a href="/wiki/William_Quantrill" title="William Quantrill">William Quantrill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence massacre">raid on Lawrence, Kansas</a>, and the many civilian casualties, including the killing of 150 men, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr." title="Thomas Ewing Jr.">Thomas Ewing Jr.</a>, Sherman's brother-in-law, issued US Army <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)" title="General Order No. 11 (1863)">General Order No. 11 (1863)</a> to order the near-total evacuation of three-and-a-half counties in western <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, south of Kansas City, which were subsequently looted and burned by <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle201020–25_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle201020–25-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Sherman's overall direction, General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> followed that policy in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and then in the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg/220px-Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg/330px-Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg/440px-Richmond_va_1865_cropped_8x5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, after it was burned by retreating Confederate soldiers in April 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>When General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses Grant</a>'s forces broke through the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> ordered the destruction of Richmond's military supplies. The resulting fires quickly spread to other buildings, as well as to the Confederate warships docked on the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a>. Civilians in panic were forced to escape the city as it quickly burned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_Wars">Native American Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Native American Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif/220px-Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif/330px-Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> on the "<a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>During the wars with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes of the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>, under <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Carleton" title="James Henry Carleton">James Henry Carleton</a>'s direction, instituted a scorched-earth policy, burning fields and homes destroying any livestock. He was aided by other Indian tribes with long-standing enmity toward the Navajos, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Ute_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute tribe">Ute tribe</a>. The Navajo were forced to surrender because of the destruction of their livestock and food supplies. In the spring of 1864, 8000 Navajo men, women, and children were forced to march 300 miles to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner" title="Fort Sumner">Fort Sumner</a>, New Mexico. Navajos call it "<a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">The Long Walk</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Boer_War">Second Boer War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Second Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg/220px-VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg/330px-VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg/440px-VerskroeideAarde1_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> civilians watching British soldiers blow up their house with dynamite after they had been given 10 minutes to gather their belongings</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902), British forces applied a scorched-earth policy in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a> under the direction of General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, refusing to accept military defeat, adopted guerrilla warfare despite the capture of both of their capital cities. As a result, under Lord Kitchener's command British forces initiated a policy of the destruction of the farms and the homes of civilians in the republics to prevent the Boers who were still fighting from obtaining food and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boer noncombatants inhabiting the republics (mostly women and children) were interned in <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camps</a> to prevent them from supplying guerillas still in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsahistory2008_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsahistory2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of the concentration camps was exposed by English activist <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hobhouse" title="Emily Hobhouse">Emily Hobhouse</a>, who toured the camps and began petitioning the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> to change its policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1901_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1901-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1907_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1907-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to counter Hobhouse's activism, the British government commissioned the Fawcett Commission, but it confirmed Hobhouse's findings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett1901_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett1901-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government then claimed that it perceived the concentration camps to be humanitarian measure and were established to care for displaced noncombatants until the war's end, in response to mounting criticism of the camps in Britain. A number of factors, including outbreaks of infectious diseases, a lack of planning and supplies for the camps, and overcrowding led to numerous internees dying in the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoel201760_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoel201760-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade after the war, historian P. L. A. Goldman estimated that 27,927 Boers died in the concentration camps, 26,251 women and children (of whom more than 22,000 were under the age of 16) and 1,676 men over the age of 16, with 1,421 being above the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTErootsweb1999_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTErootsweb1999-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Black Africans who also suffered the same is unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand_Wars">New Zealand Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: New Zealand Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1868, the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABhoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tūhoe">Tūhoe</a>, who had sheltered the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Te_Kooti" title="Te Kooti">Te Kooti</a>, were thus subjected to a scorched-earth policy in which their crops and buildings were destroyed and the people of fighting age were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnaith2014125_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnaith2014125-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line,_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line%2C_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg/220px-The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line%2C_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line%2C_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg/330px-The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line%2C_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line%2C_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg/440px-The_German_Withdrawal_To_the_Hindenburg_Line%2C_March-april_1917_Q5216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the church of St. Jean in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a>, blown up by the Germans in March 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> created a zone of destruction by using a massive scorched-earth strategy during their retreat from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German army">Imperial German Army</a> in the summer and the autumn of 1915. The Russian troops, retreating along a front of more than 600 miles, destroyed anything that might be of use to their enemy, including crops, houses, railways and entire cities. They also forcibly removed huge numbers of people. In pushing the Russian troops back into Russia's interior, the German army gained a large area of territory from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> that is now <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochschild2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochschild2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1916 the British army set fire to the <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romanian</a> oil fields in order to prevent the central powers from capturing them. 800 million litres of oil were burned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDologa2020_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDologa2020-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> on 24 February 1917, the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German army</a> made a strategic scorched-earth withdrawal (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme battlefield</a> to the prepared fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> to shorten the line that had to be occupied. Since a scorched-earth campaign requires a <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">war of movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front of World War I">Western Front</a> provided little opportunity for the policy as the war was mostly a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> and was fought mostly in the same concentrated area for its entire duration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Turkish_War">Greco-Turkish War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Greco-Turkish War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)#Greek_scorched_earth_policy" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) § Greek scorched earth policy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg/220px-After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg/330px-After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg/440px-After_Greek_atrocity_August_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Combat_medic" title="Combat medic">medics</a> arrived at a town to rescue wounded on the way to Izmir after Greek forces abandoned the town (August 1922).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>, the retreating <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Greek Army</a> carried out a scorched-earth policy while it was fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the final phase of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1959_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1959-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Nettleton_Fisher" title="Sydney Nettleton Fisher">Sydney Nettleton Fisher</a> wrote, "The Greek army in retreat pursued a burned-earth policy and committed every known outrage against defenceless Turkish villagers in its path".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1959_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1959-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a> noted that "the Greek retreat was even more devastating for the local population than the occupation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL-QLXnX16kACpgPA46_46]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL-QLXnX16kACpgPA46_46]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg/220px-Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg/330px-Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg/440px-Chinese_civilians_to_be_buried_alive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Chinese civilians to be killed, Sino-Japanese War</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> had a scorched-earth policy, known as "<a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a>", which caused immense environmental and infrastructure damage to be recorded. It contributed to the complete destruction of entire villages and partial destruction of entire cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> destroyed dams and levees in an attempt to flood the land to slow down the advancement of Japanese soldiers, which further added to the environmental impact and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">1938 Yellow River flood</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1938_Changsha_fire" title="1938 Changsha fire">1938 Changsha fire</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> was put on fire by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> to prevent any wealth from falling into enemy hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2009158_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2009158-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A,_Russland,_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A%2C_Russland%2C_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A%2C_Russland%2C_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A%2C_Russland%2C_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A%2C_Russland%2C_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A%2C_Russland%2C_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-087-3693-07A%2C_Russland%2C_brennende_Ortschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s scorched-earth policy in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1943. In this photograph, taken by a <a href="/wiki/Propagandakompanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagandakompanie">Wehrmacht propaganda company</a>, the original 1943 caption reads, "Russia. Burning houses / huts in village".</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> in 1939, the Finns used the tactic in the vicinity of the border in order to deprive the invading Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s provisions and shelter for the forthcoming cold winter. In some cases, fighting took place in areas that were familiar to the Finnish soldiers who were fighting it. There were accounts of soldiers burning down their very own homes and parishes. One of the burned parishes was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suomussalmi" title="Battle of Suomussalmi">Suomussalmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuunainen2016112_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuunainen2016112-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941</a>, many district governments took the initiative to begin a partial scorched-earth policy to deny the invaders access to electrical, telecommunications, rail, and industrial resources. Parts of the telegraph network were destroyed, some rail and road bridges were blown up, most electrical generators were sabotaged through the removal of key components, and many mineshafts were collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989241–242_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989241–242-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process was repeated later in the war by the German forces of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Army Group Don</a>, which stole crops, destroyed farms, and razed cities and smaller settlements during several military operations. The rationale for the policy was that it would slow pursuing Soviet forces by forcing them to save their own civilians. The best-known victims of the German scorched-earth policy were the people of the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, which was razed during the winter of 1944 to cover Army Group North's retreat from <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg/220px-Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg/330px-Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg/440px-Sodankyl%C3%A4_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Defence Force">Finnish troops</a> arrive in the church village of <a href="/wiki/Sodankyl%C3%A4" title="Sodankylä">Sodankylä</a>, burned by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germans</a>, in 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>Near the end of the summer of 1944, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, which had made a <a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">separate peace</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, was required to evict the German forces, which had been fighting against the Soviets alongside Finnish troops in northern Finland. The Finnish forces, under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Siilasvuo" title="Hjalmar Siilasvuo">Hjalmar Siilasvuo</a>, struck aggressively in late September 1944 by making a landfall at <a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornio</a>. That accelerated the German retreat, and by November 1944, the Germans had left most of northern Finland. The German forces, forced to retreat because of an overall strategic situation, covered their retreat towards <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> by devastating large areas of northern Finland by using a scorched-earth strategy. More than a third of the area's dwellings were destroyed, and the provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovaniemi" title="Battle of Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a> was burned to the ground. All but two bridges in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland Province</a> were blown up, and all roads were mined. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">northern Norway</a>, which was also being invaded by Soviet forces in pursuit of the retreating <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> in 1944, the Germans also undertook a scorched-earth policy of destroying every building that could offer shelter and thus interposing a belt of "scorched earth" between themselves and the allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry1972_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry1972-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> ordered his minister of armaments, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, to carry out a nationwide scorched-earth policy, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nero_Decree" title="Nero Decree">Nero Decree</a>. Speer, who was looking to the future, actively resisted the order, just as he had earlier refused Hitler's command to destroy French industry when the Wehrmacht was being driven out of France. Speer managed to continue doing so even after Hitler became aware of his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000785_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000785-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_plough" title="Railroad plough">railroad plough</a> was used during retreats in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and other countries to deny enemy use of railways by partially destroying them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForczyk20166_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk20166-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayan_Liberation_War">Malayan Liberation War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Malayan Liberation War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britain was the first nation to employ <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defoliants" class="mw-redirect" title="Defoliants">defoliants</a> (chiefly <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>) to destroy the crops and the bushes of <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA) insurgents in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>. The intent was to prevent MNLA insurgents from utilizing rice fields to resupply their rations and using them as a cover to ambush passing convoys of Commonwealth troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goa_War">Goa War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Goa War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Portuguese Goa</a> in December 1961 during the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Portuguese India">annexation of Portuguese India</a>, orders delivered from <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portuguese President</a> <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Américo Tomás">Américo Tomás</a> called for a scorched-earth policy for Goa to be destroyed before its surrender to India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgoacom2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEgoacom2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, despite his orders from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Governor General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vassalo_e_Silva" title="Manuel António Vassalo e Silva">Manuel António Vassalo e Silva</a> took stock of the superiority of the Indian troops and of his forces' supplies of food and ammunition and took the decision to surrender. He later described his orders to destroy Goa as "a useless sacrifice" (<i>um sacrifício inútil</i>)". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States used <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> as a part of its <a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">herbicidal warfare</a> program <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Operation Ranch Hand</a> to destroy crops and foliage to expose possible enemy hideouts during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agent_Blue" title="Agent Blue">Agent Blue</a> was used on rice fields to deny food to the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemalan_Civil_War">Guatemalan Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Guatemalan Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Efraín Ríos Montt</a> used the policy in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>'s highlands in 1981 and 1982, but it had been used under the previous president, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Fernando Romeo Lucas García">Fernando Romeo Lucas García</a>. Upon entering office, Ríos Montt implemented a new counterinsurgency strategy that called for the use of scorched earth to combat the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a> rebels. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Victoria_82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan Victoria 82 (page does not exist)">Plan Victoria 82</a> was more commonly known by the nickname of the rural pacification elements of the strategy, <i>Fusiles y Frijoles</i> (Bullets and Beans).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirmer1998_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirmer1998-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ríos Montt's policies resulted in the death of thousands, most of them indigenous <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg/220px-Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg/330px-Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg/440px-Bandung_Lautan_Api.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Southern part of Bandung during <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire" title="Bandung Sea of Fire">Bandung Sea of Fire</a>, 23 March 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian military</a> used the method during <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> when the British forces in <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> gave an ultimatum for Indonesian fighters to leave the city. In response, the southern part of Bandung was deliberately burned down in an act of defiance as they left the city on 24 March 1946. This event is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire" title="Bandung Sea of Fire">Bandung Sea of Fire</a> (<i>Bandung Lautan Api</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitaresmi1946_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitaresmi1946-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian military">Indonesian military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-Indonesia_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Indonesia militias">pro-Indonesia militias</a> also used the method in the <a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 East Timorese crisis</a>. The Timor-Leste scorched-earth campaign was around the time of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>'s referendum for independence in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav_Wars">Yugoslav Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Yugoslav Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <p>The method was used during the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> that started in 1991, such as against the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Krajina</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian Army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014213-_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014213--70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavkovic2000154–_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavkovic2000154–-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_paramilitary_formations#Yugoslav_Wars" title="List of Serbian paramilitary formations">Serbian paramilitary groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes2016166–_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes2016166–-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet–Afghan_War"><span id="Soviet.E2.80.93Afghan_War"></span>Soviet–Afghan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Soviet–Afghan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet army used scorched-earth tactics against towns and villages in 1983 to 1984 in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> to prevent the return of the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> by a migratory <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. The Soviet army used mines extensively in the bordering provinces to Pakistan to cut off weapon supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakar1995257_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakar1995257-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lankan_Civil_War">Sri Lankan Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Sri Lankan Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Regional_Information_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Regional Information Centre">United Nations Regional Information Centre</a> accused the government of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> of using scorched-earth tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEunric2017_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEunric2017-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinch2013_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch2013-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall2010_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall2010-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar_civil_war">Myanmar civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Myanmar civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></div> <p>In March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> condemned the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Burmese military</a>'s use of a scorched earth strategy, which has killed thousands of civilians, displaced 1.3 million people and destroyed 39,000 houses throughout the country since the <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 Myanmar coup d'état</a>, as the military has denied <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_access" title="Humanitarian access">humanitarian access</a> to survivors, razed entire villages, and used indiscriminate airstrikes and artillery shelling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEun.org2023_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEun.org2023-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_business_world">In business world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: In business world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth defense">scorched-earth defense</a> is sometimes applied figuratively to the business world in which a firm facing a <a href="/wiki/Takeover" title="Takeover">takeover</a> attempts to make itself less valuable by selling off its assets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillcox1988_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcox1988-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scorched_earth_(military)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scorched earth (military)">Scorched earth (military)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">Area bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Area denial">Area denial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_se_ipsum_alet" title="Bellum se ipsum alet">Bellum se ipsum alet</a></i>, the strategy of relying on occupied territories for resources</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Co._v_Lord_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate">Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_peace" title="Carthaginian peace">Carthaginian peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">Chevauchée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Early thermal weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">Environmental impact of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_chau_(doctrine)" title="Lam chau (doctrine)">Lam chau (doctrine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_plough" title="Railroad plough">Railroad plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_bomb" title="Salted bomb">Salted bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">Salting the earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_neckties" title="Sherman's neckties">Sherman's neckties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The strategy of destroying the supply of food and water to the civilian population in an area of conflict has been banned under Article 54 of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a> of the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2023">Vaughan 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeoxy1954-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeoxy1954_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdeoxy1954">deoxy 1954</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1812-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1812_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1812">Clausewitz 1812</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1832-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1832_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1832">Clausewitz 1832</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe2019257-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe2019257_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2019">Cunliffe 2019</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXenophon403-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXenophon403_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXenophon403">Xenophon 403</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2011">Hoyos 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausen1945298–299-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausen1945298–299_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClausen1945">Clausen 1945</a>, pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley1986140–146-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley1986140–146_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1986">Ridley 1986</a>, pp. 140–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesai2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesai2022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesai2022">Desai 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillows2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillows2008_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBillows2008">Billows 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1788158-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1788158_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1788">Gibbon 1788</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari2015-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabari2015_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabari2015">Tabari 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhifer2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhifer2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhifer2012">Phifer 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEhistoryinanhour2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEhistoryinanhour2012_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFhistoryinanhour2012">historyinanhour 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForester1854174-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForester1854174_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForester1854">Forester 1854</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmblerBaileySeel2018236-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmblerBaileySeel2018236_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmblerBaileySeel2018">Ambler, Bailey & Seel 2018</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman1905579-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman1905579_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOman1905">Oman 1905</a>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1971-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1971_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser1971">Fraser 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello2004498-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello2004498_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManganiello2004">Manganiello 2004</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry200629-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowry200629_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowry2006">Lowry 2006</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryBlackburn2000321_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerryBlackburn2000">Perry & Blackburn 2000</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuir1997173-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuir1997173_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuir1997">Muir 1997</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraquar1998159-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraquar1998159_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTraquar1998">Traquar 1998</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2020-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulton2020_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulton2020">Fulton 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagles2013-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEagles2013_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEagles2013">Eagles 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2014995-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2014995_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2014">Melton 2014</a>, p. 995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser1849510-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpenser1849510_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpenser1849">Spenser 1849</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiller1799-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiller1799_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiller1799">Schiller 1799</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChildsChilds199117-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChildsChilds199117_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChildsChilds1991">Childs & Childs 1991</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn2013198-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn2013198_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn2013">Lynn 2013</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy202014-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy202014_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2020">Roy 2020</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesāī2003351-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesāī2003351_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesāī2003">Desāī 2003</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200549-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200549_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1993-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1993_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1993">Richards 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardenberghMcKendryGriffis2010-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardenberghMcKendryGriffis2010_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardenberghMcKendryGriffis2010">Hardenbergh, McKendry & Griffis 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2022-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey2022_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrey2022">Grey 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPivka2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPivka2013_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPivka2013">Pivka 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990321-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990321_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1966813-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1966813_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1966">Chandler 1966</a>, p. 813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2008_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2008">Kuhn 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2015_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2015">Thomas 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBostock2010155-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBostock2010155_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBostock2010">Bostock 2010</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014306-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackmore2014306_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackmore2014">Blackmore 2014</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2017-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2017_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2017">Grant 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle201020–25-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle201020–25_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2010">Pringle 2010</a>, pp. 20–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes2007-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes2007_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDownes2007">Downes 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEsahistory2008-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsahistory2008_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFsahistory2008">sahistory 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1901-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1901_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1901">Hobhouse 1901</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1907-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1907_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1907">Hobhouse 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett1901-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett1901_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcett1901">Fawcett 1901</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoel201760-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoel201760_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoel2017">Doel 2017</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTErootsweb1999-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTErootsweb1999_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFrootsweb1999">rootsweb 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnaith2014125-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnaith2014125_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnaith2014">Snaith 2014</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochschild2011-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochschild2011_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHochschild2011">Hochschild 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDologa2020-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDologa2020_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDologa2020">Dologa 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1959-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1959_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1959_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher1959">Fisher 1959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL-QLXnX16kACpgPA46_46]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL-QLXnX16kACpgPA46_46]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaimark2002">Naimark 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&pg=PA46">46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd2016-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd2016_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2016">Todd 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2009158-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2009158_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2009">Taylor 2009</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuunainen2016112-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuunainen2016112_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuunainen2016">Tuunainen 2016</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989241–242-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989241–242_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1989">Gilbert 1989</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerry1972-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerry1972_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerry1972">Derry 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000785-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000785_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2000">Kershaw 2000</a>, p. 785.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk20166-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForczyk20166_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForczyk2016">Forczyk 2016</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEgoacom2012-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgoacom2012_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFgoacom2012">goacom 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirmer1998-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirmer1998_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchirmer1998">Schirmer 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitaresmi1946-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitaresmi1946_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSitaresmi1946">Sitaresmi 1946</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014213--70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDykerVejvoda2014213-_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDykerVejvoda2014">Dyker & Vejvoda 2014</a>, pp. 213-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavkovic2000154–-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavkovic2000154–_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavkovic2000">Pavkovic 2000</a>, pp. 154–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes2016166–-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojzes2016166–_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMojzes2016">Mojzes 2016</a>, pp. 166–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakar1995257-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakar1995257_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKakar1995">Kakar 1995</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEunric2017-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEunric2017_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFunric2017">unric 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch2013-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinch2013_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinch2013">Finch 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall2010-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall2010_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall2010">Tisdall 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEun.org2023-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEun.org2023_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFun.org2023">un.org 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcox1988-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillcox1988_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillcox1988">Willcox 1988</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earth&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmblerBaileySeel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_T._Ambler" title="Sophie T. Ambler">Ambler, Sophie</a>; Bailey, Mark; Seel, Graham E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2V17DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA236"><i>British Depth Studies c. 500–1100 (Anglo-Saxon and Norman Britain)</i></a>. London: Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-808-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-808-9"><bdi>978-1-78308-808-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toussaint+Louverture%3A+Self-Freed+Slave+and+Hero+of+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Orrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorethearchive.com%2Fhaitian-revolution-who-was-toussaint-louverture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenberghMcKendryGriffis2010" class="citation book cs1">Hardenbergh, John L.; McKendry, William; Griffis, William Elliott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwRRYgEACAAJ"><i>Narratives of Sullivan's Expedition, 1779: Against the Four Nations of the Iroquois & Loyalists by the Continental Army</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyinanhour.com/2010/06/17/the-harrying-of-the-north-a-great-medieval-massacre-1069/">the original</a> on 2012-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+in+an+Hour&rft.atitle=A+Great+Medieval+Massacre%2C+1069&rft.date=2012&rft.au=historyinanhour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyinanhour.com%2F2010%2F06%2F17%2Fthe-harrying-of-the-north-a-great-medieval-massacre-1069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1901" class="citation book cs1">Hobhouse, E. (1901). <i>Report of a visit to the camps of women and children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies</i>. London: Friars Printing Association Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+a+visit+to+the+camps+of+women+and+children+in+the+Cape+and+Orange+River+Colonies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Friars+Printing+Association+Ltd.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1907" class="citation book cs1">Hobhouse, E. (1907). <i>The Brunt of War and Where it Fell</i>. London: Portrayer Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brunt+of+War+and+Where+it+Fell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Portrayer+Publishers&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild2011" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Adam (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618758289"><i>To End All Wars – a story of loyalty and rebellion 1914-1918</i></a></span>. Boston & New York: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618758289/page/156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-75031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-75031-6"><bdi>978-0-547-75031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+End+All+Wars+%E2%80%93+a+story+of+loyalty+and+rebellion+1914-1918&rft.place=Boston+%26+New+York&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Mariner+Books%2C+Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-547-75031-6&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618758289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyos2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoyos, Dexter (2011). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444393705" title="Special:BookSources/9781444393705"><bdi>9781444393705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444393705&rft.aulast=Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakar1995" class="citation book cs1">Kakar, Mohammed (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTmFj5tUGsC&pg=PA257"><i>Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+The+Soviet+Invasion+and+the+Afghan+Response%2C+1979-1982&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kakar&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyTmFj5tUGsC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers/page/785"><i>Hitler: 1936–1945: Nemesis</i></a></span>. New York: Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers/page/785">785</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7"><bdi>978-0-393-04994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=785&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04994-7&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitler193645neme00kers%2Fpage%2F785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerSonneKim2023" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E.; Sonne, Paul; Kim, Victoria (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/07/world/russia-ukraine-news">"Zelensky warns that hundreds of thousands of people don't have 'normal access to drinking water'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608023116/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/07/world/russia-ukraine-news">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yy9mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198"><i>The Wars of Louis XIV 1667–1714</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV+1667%E2%80%931714&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyy9mAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganiello2004" class="citation book cs1">Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004). <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England,. Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660</i>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 166–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8838-5"><bdi>978-1-4742-8838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavian+Inferno%3A+Ethnoreligious+Warfare+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8838-5&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkbqDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1997" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Richard (1997). <i>The Yorkshire Countryside: A Landscape History</i>. 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Springer. pp. 154–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28584-2"><bdi>978-0-230-28584-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragmentation+of+Yugoslavia%3A+Nationalism+and+War+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=154-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28584-2&rft.aulast=Pavkovic&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du3paCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScorched+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryBlackburn2000" class="citation book cs1">Perry, David R.; Blackburn, M (2000). <i>Castle Park, Dunbar: two thousand years on a fortified headland</i>. Monograph Series. Vol. 16. 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pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_and_war324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Protocols and structure:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><i>Functional specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li><i>Land:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li><i>Naval:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li><i>Air:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li><i>Special units by nation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ground:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Artillery:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li><i>Other infantry weapons:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><i>Facilities:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>By era:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>By type:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li><i>Public policy:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_military_expenditure" title="List of countries by past military expenditure">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita">Per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li><i>Related:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Military lists</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><i>History lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><i>Related lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Vehicles and weapons</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and APC">Infantry fighting vehicles</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries">Modern warships</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)">Aircraft</a>}}</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Specific modern wars</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I">World War I</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">World War II</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War">Cold War</a>}}</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">International cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations">International relations</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_organizations" title="Category:Peace organizations">Peace organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">Category</a></b>  <span 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