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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geological characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_Zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_Zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Development Zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_Zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mt.Yuelu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mt.Yuelu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Mt.Yuelu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mt.Yuelu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Orange Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hua_Ming_Lou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hua_Ming_Lou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Hua Ming Lou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hua_Ming_Lou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunan_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunan_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Hunan Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunan_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Historical culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_and_Innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_Innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Research and Innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_Innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>International schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_high_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_high_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Notable high schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_high_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_primary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_primary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Notable primary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_primary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_honors_and_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_honors_and_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>City honors and rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_honors_and_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulates_General/Consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulates_General/Consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Consulates General/Consulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulates_General/Consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Changsha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="تشانغشا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشانغشا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ansa" title="Çansa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çansa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="ছাংশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছাংশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-soa-chh%C4%AB" title="Tn̂g-soa-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-soa-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_Shi" title="Changsha Shi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Changsha Shi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchang-%C5%A1a" title="Čchang-ša – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čchang-ša" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_Shi" title="Changsha Shi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Changsha Shi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CE%AC" title="Τσανγκσά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσανγκσά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ang%C5%9Da" title="Ĉangŝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉangŝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="چانگشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چانگشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99" title="長沙 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="長沙" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B2ng-s%C3%A2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Chhòng-sâ-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhòng-sâ-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="창사시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창사시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A1" title="Չանշա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չանշա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="चांगशा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चांगशा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%94" title="צ'אנגשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אנגשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="ჩანშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changxa" title="Changxa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Changxa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Can%C5%A1a" title="Čanša – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čanša" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cang%C5%A1a" title="Čangša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čangša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csangsa" title="Csangsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csangsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="छांग्षा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छांग्षा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="ჩანშა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩანშა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ng-s%C4%83" title="Diòng-să – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diòng-să" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ချန်ဆားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချန်ဆားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82" title="長沙市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長沙市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଚାଙ୍ଗସା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାଙ୍ଗସା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%99%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਛਾਂਙਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛਾਂਙਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="چانگشا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانگشا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чангша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чангша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE" title="சாங்ஷா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாங்ஷா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="ฉางชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฉางชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ang%C5%9Fa" title="Çangşa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çangşa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Чанша – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чанша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="چانگشا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چانگشا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B1" title="چاڭشا شەھىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاڭشا شەھىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangzsah" title="Cangzsah – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cangzsah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Sa,_H%E1%BB%93_Nam" title="Trường Sa, Hồ Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường Sa, Hồ Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82" title="長沙市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="長沙市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Changsha" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82" title="长沙市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长沙市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Changsha&params=28.228_N_112.939_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-43_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°13′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">112°56′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.228°N 112.939°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.228; 112.939</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Hunan, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Changsha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Changsha (disambiguation)">Changsha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prefecture-level city in Hunan, China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Changsha</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh-Hans">长沙市</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png/268px-Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png/402px-Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png/536px-Skyline_with_Xiang_River.png 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div><div>Skyline with <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg/140px-%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg/210px-%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg/280px-%E7%88%B1%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%AD%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%8B-%E4%BE%A7%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Aiwan_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiwan Pavilion">Aiwan Pavilion</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall,_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall%2C_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg/124px-Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall%2C_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall%2C_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg/186px-Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall%2C_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall%2C_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg/248px-Four_Heavenly_Kings_Hall%2C_Baoning_Temple_20220225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Baoning_Temple_(Changsha)" title="Baoning Temple (Changsha)">Baoning Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_Yuelu_Shuyuan_2014.03.04_08-10-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Changsha_Yuelu_Shuyuan_2014.03.04_08-10-05.jpg/250px-Changsha_Yuelu_Shuyuan_2014.03.04_08-10-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Changsha_Yuelu_Shuyuan_2014.03.04_08-10-05.jpg/330px-Changsha_Yuelu_Shuyuan_2014.03.04_08-10-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_mao_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Changsha_mao_statue.jpg/124px-Changsha_mao_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Changsha_mao_statue.jpg/186px-Changsha_mao_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Changsha_mao_statue.jpg/248px-Changsha_mao_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue" title="Young Mao Zedong statue">Young Mao Statue</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-%E6%A2%85%E6%BA%AA%E6%B9%96%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Meixihu_International_Culture_%26_Arts_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Meixihu International Culture & Arts Center">Meixihu International Culture & Arts Center</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">星城</span></span>" (Star City)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">心忧天下，敢为人先</span></span>" <br />(Care About the World, Dare to Be Pioneers)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="7" data-overlays="["_0c72227a86c06ee5ef56762e063294e19eeaf268"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Changsha&revid=1281213710&groups=_0c72227a86c06ee5ef56762e063294e19eeaf268" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Changsha&revid=1281213710&groups=_0c72227a86c06ee5ef56762e063294e19eeaf268 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_of_Changsha,_Hunan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Changsha City in Hunan"><img alt="Location of Changsha City in Hunan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Location_map_of_Changsha%2C_Hunan.png/250px-Location_map_of_Changsha%2C_Hunan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Location_map_of_Changsha%2C_Hunan.png/375px-Location_map_of_Changsha%2C_Hunan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Location_map_of_Changsha%2C_Hunan.png/500px-Location_map_of_Changsha%2C_Hunan.png 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1055" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Changsha City in Hunan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Changsha is located in Hunan"><img alt="Changsha is located in Hunan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg/250px-Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg/375px-Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg/500px-Location_map_China_Hunan_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="716" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.704%;left:73.971%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Changsha"><img alt="Changsha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Changsha</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the city centre in Hunan</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates (Changsha municipal government): <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Changsha&params=28.228_N_112.939_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-43_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°13′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">112°56′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.228°N 112.939°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.228; 112.939</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipal seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu District">Yuelu District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b>9 <a href="/wiki/County-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level division">County-level divisions</a>, 172 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Township_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China">Township divisions</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha_Municipal_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changsha Municipal People's Congress (page does not exist)">Changsha Municipal People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">CCP Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guiying" title="Wu Guiying">Wu Guiying</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha_Municipal_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changsha Municipal People's Congress (page does not exist)">Congress</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Xie Weidong</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhou Haibing</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Wen Shuxun</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,819 km<sup>2</sup> (4,563 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,154.1 km<sup>2</sup> (831.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,911.1 km<sup>2</sup> (1,510.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">63 m (207 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,420,600 </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,980,707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,800/km<sup>2</sup> (7,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km<sup>2</sup> (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank in China<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population">19th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></th><td class="infobox-data">99.22%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minorities</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.78%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a> 1.397 trillion<br /><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 207.7 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥ 133,992<br />US$ 19,925</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">China Standard</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in China">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><b>4100</b>00</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0731</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">CN-HN-01</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2016)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.817– <span style="color:#090;">very high</span><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China" title="Vehicle registration plates of China">License Plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">湘A</span></span><br /> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">湘O</span></span> (police and authorities)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camphor_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphor tree">Camphor tree</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Hunanese</a>(<a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha dialect</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.changsha.gov.cn/">en<wbr />.changsha<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Changsha</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Changsha_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Changsha_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Changsha_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Changsha_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Changsha_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Changsha_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="474" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Changsha" in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a> (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:长沙">长沙</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:長沙">長沙</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chángshā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">[tsã13<span class="wrap"> </span>sɔ33]</a></span> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f6\/Csn-Changsha.wav\/Csn-Changsha.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Csn-Changsha.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Csn-Changsha.wav/Csn-Changsha.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Csn-Changsha.wav" title="File:Csn-Changsha.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">"Long Sandbar"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chángshā</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄔㄤˊ   ㄕㄚ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chʻang<sup>2</sup>-sha<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎŋ.ʂá]</a></span> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Pth-Changsha.wav\/Pth-Changsha.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pth-Changsha.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Pth-Changsha.wav/Pth-Changsha.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pth-Changsha.wav" title="File:Pth-Changsha.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Zan<sup>平</sup>-so<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Xiang Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hsn-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">[tsã13<span class="wrap"> </span>sɔ33]</a></span> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f6\/Csn-Changsha.wav\/Csn-Changsha.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Csn-Changsha.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Csn-Changsha.wav/Csn-Changsha.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Csn-Changsha.wav" title="File:Csn-Changsha.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chèuhngsā</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Coeng4-saa1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰœŋ˩.sa˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tn̂g-soa</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Former names</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Qing Yang</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%99%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:青陽">青陽</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%98%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:青阳">青阳</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qīngyáng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ching-yang</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Lin Xiang</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%B9%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:臨湘">臨湘</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B9%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:临湘">临湘</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Línxiāng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lin-hsiang</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Tan Zhou</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AD%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:潭州">潭州</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (administrative subdivision)">Prefecture</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tánzhōu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">T‘an-chou</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Changsha</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, China. It is the 15th most populous city in China with a population of 10,513,100,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Central_China#Cities_with_urban_area_over_one_million_in_population" title="Central China">third-most populous city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a>, and the most livable city in China,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a> in northeastern Hunan. </p><p>The city forms a part of the <a href="/wiki/Changzhutan" title="Changzhutan">Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Changzhutan" title="Changzhutan">Changzhutan</a> City Cluster. Greater Changsha was named one of the 13 emerging <a href="/wiki/Mega-cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega-cities">mega-cities</a> in China in 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a National Comprehensive Transportation Hub,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Famous_Historical_and_Cultural_Cities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China">National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China</a>. Changshanese, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang Chinese</a>, is spoken in the downtown area, while Ningxiangnese and Liuyangnese are also spoken in the counties and cities under its jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Chinese_census" title="2020 Chinese census">2020 Chinese census</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">prefecture-level city</a> of Changsha had a population of 10,047,914 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha has a history of more than 2,400 years of urban construction,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the name "Changsha" first appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_Zhou_Shu" title="Yi Zhou Shu">Yi Zhou Shu</a></i> written in the pre-Qin era.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">Changsha Commandery</a> was set up, and in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Kingdom" title="Changsha Kingdom">Changsha Kingdom</a> was established. The <a href="/wiki/Tongguan_Kiln" title="Tongguan Kiln">Tongguan Kiln</a> in Changsha during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> produced the world's earliest <a href="/wiki/Underglaze" title="Underglaze">underglaze porcelain</a>, which was exported to <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">period of the Five Dynasties</a>, Changsha was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Southern Chu</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a>) was one of the four major private academies over the last 1000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Changsha was one of the four major trade cities for rice and tea in China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, it was opened to foreign trade, and gradually became a revolutionary city. In Changsha, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a> established the School of Current Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Huaxinghui" title="Huaxinghui">China Arise Society</a> with the slogan "Expel the Tatar barbarians and revive Zhonghua" (驱除鞑虏，复兴中华), and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> also carried out his early political movements here. During the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican Era</a>, Changsha became one of the major home fronts in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, but the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1938_Changsha_fire" title="1938 Changsha fire">Wenxi Fire</a> in 1938 and the three Battles of Changsha from 1939 to 1942 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">1939</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">1941</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–42)">1941–42</a>) hit Changsha's economy and urban construction hard.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha is now one of the core cities in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a> Economic Belt and the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">GaWC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_tier_system" title="Chinese city tier system">new Chinese first-tier city</a><sup id="cite_ref-:13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the "Construction machinery capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xiangjiang_New_Area" title="Xiangjiang New Area">Xiangjiang New Area</a>, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, more than 180 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Global 500</a> companies have established branches in Changsha.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">27th largest skyline in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.worldbank.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, Changsha hosts 59 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">institutions of higher education</a>, ranking 8th nationwide among all cities in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city houses four <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a> universities of <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">Defense Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_South_University" title="Central South University">Central South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal</a>, making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a major center of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research, ranking <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_scientific_output" title="List of cities by scientific output">23rd globally</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rice" title="Hybrid rice">super hybrid rice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tianhe-1" title="Tianhe-1">Tianhe-1 supercomputer</a>, China's first laser 3D printer,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Broadcasting_System" title="Hunan Broadcasting System">Hunan Broadcasting System</a> (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chángshā</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> name <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:長沙">長沙</a></span> or <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:长沙">长沙</a></span>, meaning "long sandy place". The name's origin is unknown. It is attested as early as the 11th <span class="nowrap">century BC</span>, when a vassal lord of the area sent <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng of Zhou</a> a gift described as a "Changsha <a href="/wiki/Softshell_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Softshell turtle">softshell turtle</a>" (<span lang="zh-Hans">长沙<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B3%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:鳖">鳖</a></span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">長沙<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BC%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:鼈">鼈</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chángshā biē</span></i>). In the 2nd century AD, historian <a href="/wiki/Ying_Shao" title="Ying Shao">Ying Shao</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> use of the name "Changsha" for the area was a continuance of its old name.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name originally described the area. The Chu metropolis was known as <b>Qingyang</b>. The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Changsha">Kingdom of Changsha</a>—within the present-day city of Changsha—was known as <b>Linxiang</b>, meaning "[place] Overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Changsha" title="History of Changsha">History of Changsha</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Changsha" title="Special:EditPage/Changsha">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Changsha%22">"Changsha"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Changsha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Changsha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Changsha%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Changsha%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Changsha%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG/220px-Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG/330px-Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG/440px-Lacquer_Coffin_Unearthed_from_the_2nd-century-BC_Han_Tomb_No.1_at_Mawangdui_2011-07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lacquered" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacquered">lacquered</a> coffin of lady <a href="/wiki/Xin_Zhui" title="Xin Zhui">Xin Zhui</a> (217–168 BC). Unearthed from Tomb No. 1 at <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a>. Han dynasty, 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg/250px-Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg/330px-Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg/500px-Square_zun_with_four_sheep_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Four-goat_Square_Zun" title="Four-goat Square Zun">Four-goat Square Zun</a></i>, a bronze vessel of the late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, circa 1000 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Development started around <span class="nowrap">3000 BC</span> when Changsha developed with the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a>, although there is no firm evidence of such a link.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence exists that people lived and thrived in the area during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age in China">Bronze Age</a>. Numerous examples of pottery and other objects have been discovered. </p><p>Later Chinese legends related that the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Flame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperors</a> visited the area. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">history</a> states that the Yellow Emperor granted his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Shaohao" title="Shaohao">Shaohao</a> the lands of Changsha and its neighbors. During the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (8th–5th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC), the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Yue culture</a> spread into the area around Changsha. During the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> took control of Changsha. Its capital, Qingyang, became an important southern outpost of the kingdom. In 1951–57 archaeologists explored numerous large and medium-sized Chu tombs from the Warring States Era. More than 3,000 tombs have been discovered. Under the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> <span class="nowrap">(221–206 BC)</span>, Changsha was a staging post for expeditions south into <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> that led to its conquest and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changshadragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Changshadragon.jpg/220px-Changshadragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Changshadragon.jpg/330px-Changshadragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Changshadragon.jpg/440px-Changshadragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Silk_painting_depicting_a_man_riding_a_dragon" title="Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon">Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (475-221 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> <span class="nowrap">(3rd century BC –</span> <span class="nowrap">3rd century AD),</span> Linxiang was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Changsha">kingdom of Changsha</a>. At first this was a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> ally <a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui_(King_of_Changsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Rui (King of Changsha)">Wu Rui</a> that served as a means of controlling the restive Chu people and as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> against Nanyue. By <span class="nowrap">202 BC,</span> Linxiang had <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese city walls">city walls</a> to protect it against uprisings and invasions. The famous <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a> tombs were constructed between 186 and <span class="nowrap">165 BC.</span> <a href="/wiki/Xin_Zhui" title="Xin Zhui">Lady Xin Zhui</a> was buried in the earliest tomb <span class="nowrap">(No. 2)</span> and, during its excavation in the 1970s, was found to have been very well preserved. More importantly, the tombs included the earliest surviving copies of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and other important literary and historical documents. </p><p>When Wu Rui's descendant Wu Zhu <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:吳">吳</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:著">著</a></span></span>,</span> <i>Wú Zhù</i>) died childless in <span class="nowrap">157 BC</span>, the kingdom was granted to a cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(early)#Han_dynasty,_Xin_dynasty_and_Shu_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (early)">imperial family</a> as their fief. The kingdom was abolished under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a>'s short-lived <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a> and briefly revived by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a>. In <span class="nowrap">AD 33,</span> its prince was demoted and the area administered as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linxiang_County,_Hunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linxiang County, Hunan (page does not exist)">Linxiang County</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B9%98%E5%8E%BF_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89)" class="extiw" title="zh:临湘县 (西汉)">zh</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changsha Commandery (page does not exist)">Changsha Commandery</a>. </p><p>The Three Kingdoms state of Wu ruled Changsha for several decades, a period whose administration is well known because its documents have been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Wu of Jin">Emperor Wu of Jin</a> granted Changsha to his sixth son <a href="/wiki/Sima_Ai" title="Sima Ai">Sima Yi</a>. The local government had over 100 counties at the beginning of the dynasty. Over the course of the dynasty, the local government of Changsha lost control over a few counties, leaving them to local rule. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> dynasty (6th century) renamed Xiangzhou to Changsha <a href="/wiki/Tan_Prefecture_(Hunan)" title="Tan Prefecture (Hunan)">Tan Prefecture</a> or Tanzhou. It was named after Zhaotan in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589 A.D.) of the Sui dynasty, and the Tanzhou General Manager was established. During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty, Tanzhou was abolished, and Changsha County, a first-level administrative unit, was established, but the jurisdiction area was reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha's 3-tier administration was simplified to a 2-tier state and county system, eliminating the middle canton region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, Changsha prospered as a center of trade between central China and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> but suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Anshi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anshi Rebellion">Anshi Rebellion</a>, when it fell to the rebels. </p><p>In early 10th century, Changsha served as the capital of the state of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Nanchu</a> (南楚), or Southern Chu, established by Ma Yin (马殷) in 907, one of the ten southern war loads. Nanchu, lasted about 50 years, was the only independent state in the history that has ever been built in Hunan with Changsha as the capital, being eventually overthrown by Nantang (南唐) in 951. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a> was founded in 976. It was destroyed by war in 1127 and rebuilt in 1165, during which year the celebrated philosopher <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> taught there. It was again destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> during the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> before being restored in the late 15th century under the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a>. Early 19th-century graduates of the academy formed what one historian called a "network of messianic alumni", including <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a>, architect of the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cai_E" title="Cai E">Cai E</a>, a major leader in the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903 the academy became Hunan High School. Modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a> is also a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a>. Some of its buildings were remodeled from 1981 to 1986 according to their presumed original Song design. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song</a>, Tanzhou was fiercely defended by the local Song troops. After the city finally fell, the defenders committed mass suicide. Under the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> (14th–17th centuries), Tanzhou was again renamed Changsha and made a superior prefecture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%83%E9%98%8101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%83%E9%98%8101.jpg/220px-%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%83%E9%98%8101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%83%E9%98%8101.jpg/330px-%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%83%E9%98%8101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BF%83%E9%98%8101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Tianxin Pavilion, from where <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a> made an attack on Changsha</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> (17th–20th centuries), Changsha was the capital of Hunan and prospered as one of China's chief rice markets. During the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, the city was besieged by the rebels in 1852 or 1854<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2019)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> for three months but never fell. The rebels moved on to <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, but Changsha then became the principal base for the government's suppression of the rebellion. </p><p>The 1903 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Shanghai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Shanghai (page does not exist)">Treaty of Shanghai</a> between the Qing and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese</a> empires opened the city to foreign trade effective 1904. <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">Most favored nation</a> clauses in other <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a> extended the Japanese gains to the Western powers as well. Consequently, international capital entered the town and factories, churches, and schools were built. A college was started by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> alumni, which later became a medical centre named Xiangya and a secondary school named the <a href="/wiki/Yali_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Yali School">Yali School</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg/250px-%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg/330px-%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg/440px-%E6%96%87%E5%A4%95%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1938_Changsha_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 Changsha Fire">1938 Changsha Fire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, further development followed the opening of the railway to <a href="/wiki/Hankou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou District">Hankou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> province in 1918, which was later extended to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong Province">Guangdong Province</a> in 1936. Although Changsha's population grew, the city remained primarily commercial in character. Before 1937, it had little industry apart from some small <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>-<a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, glass, and <a href="/wiki/Nonferrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonferrous">nonferrous</a>-metal plants and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> enterprises. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> but has since been restored. The former office of the Hunan <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party">Communist Party</a> Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s. </p><p>Until May 1927, communist support remained strong in Changsha before the massacre carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">KMT</a> troops. The faction owed its allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> during its offensive against the KMT's <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> faction under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, who was then allied closely with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communists</a>. The purge of communists and suspected communists was part of Chiang's plans for consolidating his hold over the KMT, weakening Wang's control, and thereby over the entire China. In a period of twenty days, Chiang's forces killed more than ten thousand people in Changsha and its outskirts. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–45), Changsha's strategic location made it the focus of four campaigns by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> to capture it from the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Nationalist Army</a>: these campaigns were the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">1st Changsha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">2nd Changsha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Changsha (1942)">3rd Changsha</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)" title="Battle of Changsha (1944)">4th Changsha</a>. The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to <a href="/wiki/Xue_Yue" title="Xue Yue">Xue Yue</a>'s leadership, but ultimately fell into Japanese hands in 1944 for a year until the Japanese were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fail1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fail1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before these Japanese campaigns, the city was already virtually destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/1938_Changsha_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 Changsha Fire">1938 Changsha Fire</a>, a deliberate fire ordered by Kuomintang commanders who mistakenly feared the city was about to fall to the Japanese; Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> had suggested that the city be burned so that the Japanese force would gain nothing after entering it.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, Changsha slowly recovered from its former damage. Since <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up Policy">Reform and Opening Up Policy</a>, Changsha has rapidly developed since the 1990s, becoming one of the important cities in the central and western regions. At the end of 2007, Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan received approval from the State Council for the "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Changsha_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region">Chang-Zhu-Tan</a> (Greater Changsha) Resource-Saving and Environment-Friendly Society Comprehensive Reform Pilot Area", an important engine in the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China plan</a>. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Xiangjiang_New_Area" title="Xiangjiang New Area">Xiangjiang New Area</a> was approved as a national <a href="/wiki/New_Area_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Area (China)">new area</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg/250px-Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg/330px-Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg/500px-Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3795" /></a><figcaption>Map including Changsha (labeled as CH'ANG-SHA <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">長沙</span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Army_Map_Service" title="Army Map Service">AMS</a>, 1953)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Isle_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orange_Isle_10.jpg/220px-Orange_Isle_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orange_Isle_10.jpg/330px-Orange_Isle_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Orange_Isle_10.jpg/440px-Orange_Isle_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orange_Isle" title="Orange Isle">Orange Isle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Changsha is in northeast Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a> and the western part of the <i>Changliu Basin</i>. It lies between 111°53' to 114°15' east longitude and 27°51' to 28°41' north latitude. The city borders <a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yichun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi Province</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a> in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a> in the north. It is about 230 kilometres from east to west and about 88 kilometres from north to south. Changsha covers an area of 11,819 km<sup>2</sup> (4,563 sq mi), of which the urban area of 2,150.9 km<sup>2</sup> (830.5 sq mi), the urban built-up area is 374.64 km<sup>2</sup> (144.65 sq mi). Changsha's highest point is Mount Qixing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">七星岭</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Daweishan" title="Daweishan">Daweishan Town</a>, 1,607.9 m (5,275 ft). The lowest point is Zhanhu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">湛湖</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Qiaokou_Town" title="Qiaokou Town">Qiaokou Town</a>, 23.5 m (77 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-natural_environment_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natural_environment-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a> is the main river in the city, running 74 km (46 mi) northward through the territory. 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, of which the <a href="/wiki/Liuyang_River" title="Liuyang River">Liuyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laodao_River" title="Laodao River">Laodao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_River_(Xiang_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin River (Xiang River)">Jinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Xiang_tributary)" title="Wei River (Xiang tributary)">Wei</a> are the four largest.<sup id="cite_ref-natural_environment_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natural_environment-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Xiang divides the city into two parts. The eastern part is mainly commercial and the west is mainly cultural and educational. On 10 October 2001, the seat of Changsha City was transferred from <i>Fanzheng Street</i> to <i>Guanshaling</i>. Since then, the economy of both sides of the Xiang River has achieved a balanced development.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the rivers in Changsha belong to the Xiang River system. In addition to the Xiangjiang River, 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, mainly including Liuyang River, Laodao River, Minjiang River, and Qinshui River.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 302 tributaries are more than five kilometers long, including 289 in the Xiang River Basin. According to the tributary grading there are 24 primary tributaries, 128 secondary tributaries, 118 third tributaries, and 32 tributaries; and 13 are Zijiang water systems; a fairly complete water system is formed, and the river network is densely distributed. Hydrological characteristics of Changsha: the water system is complete, the river network dense; the water volume greater, the water energy resources abundant; the winter not frozen, and the sediment content small.<sup id="cite_ref-changsha.gov.cn_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changsha.gov.cn-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_characteristics">Geological characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geological characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geological features of Changsha City are: the formation is fully exposed, the granite body is widely distributed, and the geological structure is complex. The strata of each geological and historical period are exposed in Changsha City, and the oldest stratum was formed about one billion years ago. About 600 million years ago, Changsha was a sea, but the sea was not deep. Later, seawater gradually withdrew from the east and west, and most of Liuyang, Changsha, and Wangcheng rose out of the sea and became the northwestern edge of the ancient land of Jiangnan. About 140 million years ago, the sea leaching in the Changsha area ended and it became a land. Due to the influence of crustal movement and geological structure, a long-shaped mountain depression basin, the Chang (Sha) Ping (Jiang) Basin, was formed. Beginning of the new generation, the entire Changping Basin has risen to land. About 3.5 million years ago, the third ice age occurred on the earth, and Liuyang retained the remains of glacier landforms.<sup id="cite_ref-changsha.gov.cn_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changsha.gov.cn-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changsha has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Cfa</i>), with annual average temperature being at 17.8 °C (64.0 °F), with a mean of 5.3 °C (41.5 °F) in January and 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation is 1,499 millimetres (59.0 in), with a 275-day frost-free period. With a monthly possible-sunshine percentage ranging from 20% in January to 53% in July, the city receives 1,532.8 hours of bright sunshine annually. The four seasons are distinct. The summers are long and very hot, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable and is the driest season. Winter is chilly and overcast with lighter rainfall more likely than downpours; cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing. Spring is especially rainy and humid with the sun shining less than 30% of the time. The minimum temperature ever recorded since 1951 at the current Wangchengpo Weather Observing Station was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), recorded on 9 February 1972. The maximum was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 13 August 1953 and 2 August 2003 [the unofficial record of 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) was set on 10 August 1934]. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Changsha, elevation 119 m (390 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.5<br />(2.93) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0<br />(3.35) </td> <td style="background: #20FF20; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.2<br />(5.87) </td> <td style="background: #00F300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.1<br />(6.81) </td> <td style="background: #00D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.7<br />(7.94) </td> <td style="background: #00A400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">224.3<br />(8.83) </td> <td style="background: #0CFF0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.8<br />(6.41) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.5<br />(4.23) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.6<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5<br />(2.38) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5<br />(2.11) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,456.4<br />(57.33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">151.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #767676; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.7 </td> <td style="background: #858585; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.5 </td> <td style="background: #B3B371; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.0 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.1 </td> <td style="background: #C2C218; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.5 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.2 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.0 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.4 </td> <td style="background: #ABAB9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.8 </td> <td style="background: #BABA44; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,532.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: China Meteorological Administration<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cma_graphical_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cma_graphical-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The municipality of Changsha exercises jurisdiction over six <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of China">districts</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of China">county</a> and two <a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">county-level cities</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Map </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><div style="position: relative" class="center"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 800px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Administrative_Division_Changsha.png/800px-Administrative_Division_Changsha.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Administrative_Division_Changsha.png/1200px-Administrative_Division_Changsha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Administrative_Division_Changsha.png/1600px-Administrative_Division_Changsha.png 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1060" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:363.23076923077px; top:169.37556561086px"><a href="/wiki/Furong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Furong District"><b>Furong</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:341.51131221719px; top:220.05429864253px"><a href="/wiki/Tianxin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianxin District"><b>Tianxin</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:298.07239819005px; top:201.95475113122px"><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu District"><b>Yuelu</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:355.99095022624px; top:129.55656108597px"><a href="/wiki/Kaifu_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaifu District, Changsha"><b>Kaifu</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:388.57013574661px; top:234.53393665158px"><a href="/wiki/Yuhua_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhua District, Changsha"><b>Yuhua</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:283.592760181px; top:82.497737556561px"><a href="/wiki/Wangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangcheng District"><b>Wangcheng</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:406.66968325792px; top:118.69683257919px"><a href="/wiki/Changsha_County" title="Changsha County"><b>Changsha<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:124.31674208145px; top:194.7149321267px"><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang"><b>Ningxiang<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(city)</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:594.90497737557px; top:158.51583710407px"><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang"><b>Liuyang<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(city)</span></b></a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Subdivision </th> <th align="right">Simplified Chinese </th> <th align="right">Pinyin </th> <th align="right">Pop. <p>(2010 census) </p> </th> <th align="right">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th align="right">Dens. (/km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><i>City Proper</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Furong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Furong District">Furong District</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">芙蓉区</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Fúróng Qū</i></span> </td> <td align="right">523,730 </td> <td align="right">42 </td> <td align="right">12,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianxin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianxin District">Tianxin District</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">天心区</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tiānxīn Qū</i></span> </td> <td align="right">475,663 </td> <td align="right">74 </td> <td align="right">6,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu District">Yuelu District</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">岳麓区</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yuèlù Qū</i></span> </td> <td align="right">801,861 </td> <td align="right">552 </td> <td align="right">1,453 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaifu_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaifu District, Changsha">Kaifu District</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">开福区</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Kāifú Qū</i></span> </td> <td align="right">567,373 </td> <td align="right">187 </td> <td align="right">3,034 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuhua_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhua District, Changsha">Yuhua District</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">雨花区</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yǔhuā Qū</i></span> </td> <td align="right">725,353 </td> <td align="right">114 </td> <td align="right">6,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangcheng District">Wangcheng District</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">望城区</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wàngchéng Qū</i></span> </td> <td align="right">523,489 </td> <td align="right">970 </td> <td align="right">540 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><i>Suburban and rural</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang City</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">浏阳市</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Liúyáng Shì</i></span> </td> <td align="right">1,278,928 </td> <td align="right">4,999 </td> <td align="right">256 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang City</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">宁乡市</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Níngxiāng Shì</i></span> </td> <td align="right">1,168,056 </td> <td align="right">2,906 </td> <td align="right">402 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Changsha_County" title="Changsha County">Changsha County</a> </td> <td align="right"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">长沙县</span></span> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chángshā Xiàn</i></span> </td> <td align="right">979,665 </td> <td align="right">1,997 </td> <td align="right">491 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Changsha" title="Politics of Changsha">Politics of Changsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Changsha">Government of Changsha</a></div> <p>The current CPC Party Secretary of Changsha is <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guiying" title="Wu Guiying">Wu Guiying</a> and the current mayor is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Jianxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheng Jianxin (page does not exist)">Zheng Jianxin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:郑建新">zh</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Changsha" title="Economy of Changsha">Economy of Changsha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg/260px-Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg/390px-Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg/520px-Changsha_Downtown_Dongpailou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Changsha central area at night</figcaption></figure> <p>Changsha is one of China's 15 most "developed and economically advanced" cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's GDP per capita exceeded $20,000 in <a href="/wiki/GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (nominal)">nominal</a> ($30,000 in <a href="/wiki/GDP_PPP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP PPP">PPP</a>) in 2021, which is considered a high-income status by the World Bank and a primary developed city according to the international standard.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.worldbank.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.worldbank.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha is now one of the core cities in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a> Economic Belt and the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_tier_system" title="Chinese city tier system">new Chinese first-tier city</a><sup id="cite_ref-:14_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the "Construction Machinery Capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg/220px-%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg/330px-%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg/440px-%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82_%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E5%8C%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Furong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Furong District">Furong District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xiangjiang_New_Area" title="Xiangjiang New Area">Xiangjiang New Area</a>, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha also has a prominent media and publishing industry, and has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha is home to the <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Broadcasting_System" title="Hunan Broadcasting System">Hunan Broadcasting System</a> (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg/250px-South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg/330px-South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg/500px-South_Huangxing_Road_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Huangxing Road Pedestrian Street</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2017, Changsha made its way into the 1-trillion-yuan GDP club, becoming the 13th city in China with a GDP of one trillion yuan (154 billion US dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the financial news portal Yicai.com released its 2017 ranking of China's new first-tier cities, and Changsha was a newcomer.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, more than 164 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Global 500</a> companies have established branches in Changsha.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a new first-tier city, Changsha is rated #10 in terms of its commercial worth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, Changsha's GDP exceeded RMB 1.327 trillion (US$208 billion in <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal</a> and US$318 billion in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>), making it the 5th most wealthy city in the South-Central China region after <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> and the 2nd richest city in the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> region after Wuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha's <a href="/wiki/GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> was US$208 billion in 2021, exceeding that of Ukraine and Hungary, with GDPs of US$200 billion and US$182 billion, the 22nd and 23rd <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">largest economies in Europe</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha has also led the development of the night economy and as of 2021, it ranked 2nd nationwide after <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> in terms of nighttime economic power according to the "China City Night Economy Impact Report 2021-2022".<sup id="cite_ref-:28_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Hoogewerf#Hurun_Report" title="Rupert Hoogewerf">Hurun</a> Global Rich List, Changsha ranked among the top 35 cities globally as of 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2024, it ranked first in the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> region and 9th in <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a> (after Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, Taipei, Guangzhou, and Ningbo) in terms of resident billionaires.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world's top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035<sup id="cite_ref-:8_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_Zones">Development Zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development Zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lugu-zhonglian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lugu-zhonglian.jpg/250px-Lugu-zhonglian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lugu-zhonglian.jpg/330px-Lugu-zhonglian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lugu-zhonglian.jpg/500px-Lugu-zhonglian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Lugu Hi-tech Industry Development Zone</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone" title="Changsha Economic and Technological Development Zone">Changsha ETZ</a> was founded in 1992. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Xingsha" title="Xingsha">Xingsha</a> in eastern Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km<sup>2</sup> (14.9 sq mi) and the current<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> area is 38.6 km<sup>2</sup> (14.9 sq mi). Near the zone are National Highways <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_319" title="China National Highway 319">319</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_107" title="China National Highway 107">107</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/G4_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Expressway" title="G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway">G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway</a>. The zone is also very close to Changsha's downtown area and the railway station, while the distance between the zone and the city's airport is a mere 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in the zone include the high-tech industry, the biology project technology industry, and the new material industry.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liuyang_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone" title="Liuyang Economic and Technological Development Zone">Liuyang ETZ</a> is a national <a href="/wiki/Biological_Industries" title="Biological Industries">biological industry</a> base created on 10 January 1998, located in <a href="/wiki/Dongyang,_Liuyang" title="Dongyang, Liuyang">Dongyang Town</a>. Its pillar industry comprises <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biological pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Health food">Health food</a>. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, It has more than 700 registered enterprises. The total industrial output value of the zone hits 85.6 billion yuan (US$13.7 billion) and its <a href="/wiki/Adjusted_gross_income" title="Adjusted gross income">business income</a> is 100.2 billion yuan (US$16.1 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-letz_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letz-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its builtup area covers 16.5 km<sup>2</sup> (6.4 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-year2015_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-year2015-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Changsha" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Changsha">Category:Tourist attractions in Changsha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha-IFS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Changsha-IFS_2.jpg/220px-Changsha-IFS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Changsha-IFS_2.jpg/330px-Changsha-IFS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Changsha-IFS_2.jpg/440px-Changsha-IFS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Changsha_IFS_Tower" title="Changsha IFS Tower">Changsha IFS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism is a major industry in Changsha. Changsha has been consistently ranked as China's top tourist city.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several sites in Changsha, notably the <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Meixihu_International_Culture_and_Arts_Centre" title="Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Arts Centre">Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Arts Centre</a>, a cultural complex designed by the British firm <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid_Architects" title="Zaha Hadid Architects">Zaha Hadid Architects</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Meixi_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Meixi Lake">Meixi Lake</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Meixihu" title="Meixihu">Meixihu</a> subdistrict of the city. Others include the <a href="/wiki/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue" title="Young Mao Zedong statue">Young Mao Zedong statue</a> on <a href="/wiki/Orange_Isle" title="Orange Isle">Orange Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meixi_Lake_Park" title="Meixi Lake Park">Meixi Lake Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changsha_IFS_Tower" title="Changsha IFS Tower">Changsha IFS Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_of_the_World_(Changsha)" title="Window of the World (Changsha)">Window of the World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaifu_Temple" title="Kaifu Temple">Kaifu Temple</a> and Changsha Ice World.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mt.Yuelu">Mt.Yuelu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mt.Yuelu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yuelu Mountain is named after the "Nanyue Ji" written in the Liu and Song dynasties in the Southern and Northern dynasties, which states that "the surrounding area of Nanyue is eight hundred miles, with Huiyan as the head and Yuelu as the foot." Yuelu Mountain is located on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province; Orange Island is located in the middle of the Xiangjiang River, running through the center of the river from south to north, looking at Yuelu to the west and the ancient city to the east. There are 977 species of plants in 559 genera and 174 families in Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area. They are mainly typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and subtropical warm coniferous forests. In some areas, large areas of native evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests are preserved. A large number of precious endangered tree species and ancient and famous trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orange_Island">Orange Island</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orange Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orange Island is located in the center of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The original area is about 17 hectares, and the overall developed land area of the scenic spot reaches 91.64 hectares. It is the largest sandbar among the many alluvial sandbars in the lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, and is known as "China's First Continent" . Orange Island has Mao Zedong Youth Art Sculpture, Wen Tiantai and other attractions. According to historical records, Orange Island was formed in the second year of Yongxing (305), the second year of Emperor Hui of the Jin dynasty. It was formed by the alluvial accumulation of rapids and sand and gravel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hua_Ming_Lou">Hua Ming Lou</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hua Ming Lou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huaming Tower: Liu Shaoqi's former residence is a national high-end tourist attraction in China and a national key cultural relics protection unit.Huaming Tower, formerly known as Huamen Tower, is a beautiful town in the southeast of Ningxiang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province. It is the former residence of Comrade Liu Shaoqi, the revolutionary great man and former president of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hunan_Museum">Hunan Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hunan Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hunan Museum, located at No. 50 Dongfeng Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, is one of the first batch of national first-level museums in China, one of the eight national key museums jointly built by the central and local governments, and the largest comprehensive history and art museum in Hunan Province. The Hunan Provincial Museum was founded in the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing dynasty (1897), and the current site is its new museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Chinese_census" title="2020 Chinese census">2020 Chinese census</a>, Changsha was home to 10,047,914 people, whom 7,355,198 lived in its built-up (<i>or metro</i>) area made of the 6 urban Districts plus Changsha County largely conurbated. The majority of people living in Changsha are Han Chinese. A sizeable population of ethnic minority groups also live in Changsha. The three largest are the Hui, Tujia, and Miao peoples. The 2000 census showed that 48,564 members of ethnic minorities live in Changsha, 0.7% of the population. The other minorities make up a significantly smaller part of the population. Twenty ethnic minorities have fewer than 1,000 members living in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-湖南人口信息服务网_-_人口普查资料_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-湖南人口信息服务网_-_人口普查资料-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg/220px-201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg/330px-201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg/440px-201906_Malanshan_HBS_Culture_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Broadcasting_System" title="Hunan Broadcasting System">Hunan Broadcasting System</a> main building</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Broadcasting_System" title="Hunan Broadcasting System">Hunan Broadcasting System</a> is China's largest television after China Central Television (CCTV). Its headquarters is in Changsha and produces some of the most popular programs in China, including <a href="/wiki/Super_Girl_(TV_series)" title="Super Girl (TV series)"><i>Super Girl</i></a>. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry into the city, which includes singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses including hair salons, fashion stores, and shops for hot spicy snacks at night (especially during summer). While Changsha has developed into an entertainment hub, the city has also become increasingly westernized and has attracted a growing number of foreigners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various types of cuisine are found in Changsha, yet the hot and spicy <a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan cuisine</a> typical of the region remains the most popular. The snack chain <a href="/wiki/Juewei_Duck_Neck" title="Juewei Duck Neck">Juewei Duck Neck</a>, which now has over 10,000 outlets, originates from Changsha. </p><p>The city has its own <a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">siu yeh</a> culture. </p><p>In May 2008, the BBC broadcast, as part of its <i>Storyville</i> documentary series, the four-part <i>The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World</i>, which explored the inner workings of the 5,000-seating-capacity <a href="/wiki/West_Lake_Restaurant" title="West Lake Restaurant">West Lake Restaurant</a> (<i>Xihu Lou Jiujia</i>) in Changsha. </p><p>During the Warring States period, Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, recorded many dishes in Hunan in his famous poem "The Soul"(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">招魂</span></span>). During the Western Han dynasty, there were 109 varieties of dishes in Hunan, and there were nine categories of cooking methods. After the Six Dynasties, Hunan's food culture was rich and active. The Ming and Qing dynasties are the golden age for the development of Hunan cuisine. The unique style of Hunan cuisine is basically a foregone conclusion. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there were two kinds of Hunan cuisine restaurants in Changsha. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous Dai (Yang Ming) School, Sheng (Shan Zhai) School, Xiao (Lu Song) School, and Zuyu School appeared in various genres, which laid the historical status of Hunan cuisine. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, it has been better developed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changsha has one of China's largest multi-purpose sports stadiums—<a href="/wiki/Helong_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helong Stadium">Helong Stadium</a>, with 55,000 seats. The stadium was named after the Communist military leader <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a>. It is the home ground of local football team <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Billows_F.C." title="Hunan Billows F.C.">Hunan Billows F.C.</a>, which plays in <a href="/wiki/China_League_Two" title="China League Two">China League Two</a>. The more modest 6,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Provincial_People%27s_Stadium" title="Hunan Provincial People's Stadium">Hunan Provincial People's Stadium</a>, also located in Changsha, is used by the team for their smaller games.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_culture">Historical culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg/220px-%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg/330px-%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg/440px-%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD-%E6%BD%87%E6%B9%98%E9%98%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Xiaoxiang Pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Martyr%27s_Park" title="Hunan Martyr's Park">Hunan Martyr's Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Changsha hosts the <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Provincial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan Provincial Museum">Hunan Provincial Museum</a>. 180,000 historical significant artifacts ranging from the Zhou dynasty to the recent Qing dynasty are hosted in the 51,000 acres (210 km<sup>2</sup>; 80 sq mi; 21,000 ha) of space in the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a> is a well-known tomb located 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Changsha.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered with numerous artifacts from the Han dynasty. Numerous Silk Funeral banners surround the tomb, along with <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">a wealth of classical texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Xin_Zhui" title="Xin Zhui">Lady Dai</a> lies in Mawangdui is well known due to its well-preserved state: scientists were able to detect blood, conduct an autopsy and determined that she died of heart disease due to a poor diet.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha is a sister city with <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>. St. Paul is developing a China garden at <a href="/wiki/Phalen_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalen Park">Phalen Park</a>, based on the design of architects from Changsha.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current plans include a pavilion replicating one in Changsha, while in return St. Paul will send the city five statues of the <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i> characters. They will be placed in Phalen's sister park, Yanghu Wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_Innovation">Research and Innovation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Research and Innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changsha is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rice" title="Hybrid rice">super hybrid rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_China" title="Supercomputing in China">Yinhe-1</a>, the first China's supercomputer built in the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tianhe-1" title="Tianhe-1">Tianhe-1 supercomputer</a>, China's first laser 3D printer,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev_Express" title="Changsha Maglev Express">China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, the National Supercomputing Changsha Center was established at <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a>, becoming the first National Supercomputing Center in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> and third National Supercomputing Center in China, after those in Tianjin and Shenzhen.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha is a major city for research and innovation in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a>, as well as in the Asia-Pacific region.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranked 23rd globally, 15th in the Asia & Oceania region, 13th in China, 5th in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> region after (Guangzhou, Wuhan, Hong Kong and Shenzhen), and 2nd in the Central China region after Wuhan by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> 2024 Science Cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha was also ranked 32nd globally and 3rd in the South Central region after (Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou and Wuhan) in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings based on "publishing and patent performance" released by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, Changsha ranked 8th in the top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 6th (behind Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Beijing) in the Top 10 China's most attractive cities for talent, according to the 21st Century Business Herald report.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha has held the title "China's Leading Smart City" since 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, Changsha had 97 independent scientific research institutions, 14 national engineering and technology research centers, 15 national key engineering and technology laboratories, and 12 national enterprise technology centers.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">List of universities and colleges in Hunan</a></div> <p>Changsha has long been the seat of several <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">ancient schools and academies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a> (later to become Hunan University) was one of the four most prestigious academies in China over the last 1000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also the site of the Hunan Medical University (later to become <a href="/wiki/Central_South_University" title="Central South University">Central South University</a>), which was established in 1914. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg/220px-%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg/330px-%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg/440px-%E5%8E%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a></figcaption></figure><p> As of June 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 8th nationwide and 4th among all cities in the South Central China region after Guangzhou, Wuhan and Zhengzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha ranked among the top 10 cities in the whole country and among the top three cities in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a> region with strong education based on an evaluation of Chinese universities' discipline levels, including A+, A, and A− issued by the Ministry of Education as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhongnandaxue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zhongnandaxue.jpg/220px-Zhongnandaxue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zhongnandaxue.jpg/330px-Zhongnandaxue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zhongnandaxue.jpg/440px-Zhongnandaxue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_South_University" title="Central South University">Central South University</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>National key public universities</b> </p><p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a> universities in Changsha: Central South University, Hunan University, and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a>, the third highest among all cities in China after Beijing and Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal University</a> is the key construction university of the national <a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">211 Project</a>. These four <a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">national key universities</a> are <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a>. Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan Province, is home to a significant number of top-tier educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, among the twelve universities in Hunan Province included in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a>, eight are based in Changsha, accounting for almost two-thirds of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-:26_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> This concentration of highly ranked universities further solidifies Changsha's status as a prominent hub for higher education within the province. </p><p>Hunan University and Central South University are included in the world's top 300 in several global university-rankings, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, the <a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS Leiden Ranking</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for World University Rankings">Center for World University Rankings</a>,</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, these two universities are placed among the world's top 50 universities ranked by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hunan Normal University and the National University of Defense and Technology were ranked in the world's top 501-600 of the <i>Academic Ranking of World Universities</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-shanghairanking.com_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanghairanking.com-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Central South University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)</li> <li>Hunan University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)</li> <li>Hunan Normal University (Project 211, Double First Class University)</li> <li>National University of Defense Technology (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)</li></ul> <p><b>Provincial key public universities</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Changsha_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Changsha University of Science and Technology">Changsha University of Science and Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Agricultural_University" title="Hunan Agricultural University">Hunan Agricultural University</a> were ranked in the world's top 701 and 801 respectively of the <i>Academic Ranking of World Universities.</i><sup id="cite_ref-shanghairanking.com_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanghairanking.com-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Central_South_University_of_Forestry_and_Technology" title="Central South University of Forestry and Technology">Central South University of Forestry and Technology</a> was ranked # 1429 in the 2022 Best Global Universities by <i>the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Chinese_Medicine" title="Hunan University of Chinese Medicine">Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</a> was ranked the best in the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China region</a> and 26th nationwide among Chinese medical universities,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ranked #1854 globally in the 2023 Best Global Universities by <i>the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Technology_and_Business" title="Hunan University of Technology and Business">Hunan University of Technology and Business</a> was ranked # 2341 in the world by the <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a> 2022–2023.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Central South University of Forestry and Technology</li> <li>Changsha University of Science and Technology</li> <li>Hunan Agricultural University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_First_Normal_University" title="Hunan First Normal University">Hunan First Normal University</a></li> <li>Hunan University of Technology and Business</li> <li>Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</li></ul> <p><b>General undergraduate universities (public)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_University" title="Changsha University">Changsha University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Hunan University of Finance and Economics">Hunan University of Finance and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Police_Academy" title="Hunan Police Academy">Hunan Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Women%27s_University" title="Hunan Women's University">Hunan Women's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Normal_University" title="Changsha Normal University">Changsha Normal University</a></li></ul> <p><b>General undergraduate universities (private)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Medical_University" title="Changsha Medical University">Changsha Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_International_Economics_University" title="Hunan International Economics University">Hunan International Economics University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan_Institute_of_Information_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunan Institute of Information Technology (page does not exist)">Hunan Institute of Information Technology</a></li></ul> <p><b>Vocational and technical colleges/universities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Aeronautical_Vocational_and_Technical_College" title="Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College">Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Social_Work_College" title="Changsha Social Work College">Changsha Social Work College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Mass_Media_Vocational_and_Technical_College" title="Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College">Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College</a></li></ul> <p><i>Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_schools">International schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_WES_Academy" title="Changsha WES Academy">Changsha WES Academy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_high_schools">Notable high schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable high schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yali_High_School" title="Yali High School">Yali High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_High_School_Attached_to_Hunan_Normal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University">The High School Affiliated to Hunan Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjun_High_School" title="Changjun High School">Changjun High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_High_School_of_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="The First High School of Changsha">The First High School of Changsha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_primary_schools">Notable primary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable primary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Experimental_Primary_School" title="Changsha Experimental Primary School">Changsha Experimental Primary School</a></li> <li>Datong Primary School</li> <li>Qingshuitang Primary School</li> <li>Shazitang Primary School</li> <li>Yanshan Primary School</li> <li>Yucai Primary School</li> <li>Yuying Primary School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG/220px-Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG/330px-Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG/440px-Changsha_South_Railway_Station_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Changsha_South_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha South Railway Station">Changsha South Railway Station</a> (<a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">high-speed rail</a> service)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg/220px-Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg/330px-Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg/440px-Changsha_Huanghua_Airport_T2_Departure_hall_20131122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Terminal of <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Huanghua_International_Airport" title="Changsha Huanghua International Airport">Changsha Huanghua International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors. </p><p>The city's <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> system consists of an extensive bus network with over 100 lines. <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Metro" title="Changsha Metro">Changsha Metro</a> is the city’s 6-line network.<sup id="cite_ref-officialmap_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialmap-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Line_2,_Changsha_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 2, Changsha Metro">Metro Line 2</a>, the first line, opened on 29 April 2014<sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette2014_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette2014-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 20 stations for <a href="/wiki/Line_2,_Changsha_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 2, Changsha Metro">Line 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-officialmap_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialmap-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened on 28 June 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette2014_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette2014-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Line 3 runs southwest–northeast and is 33.4 kilometres (20.8 mi) long, <a href="/wiki/Line_4_(Changsha_Metro)" title="Line 4 (Changsha Metro)">Line 4</a> northwest-southeast and 29.1 kilometres (18.1 mi) long.<sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette2011_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette2011-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Maglev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha Maglev">A maglev link</a> running 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) between <a href="/wiki/Changsha_South_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha South Railway Station">Changsha South station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Huanghua_International_Airport" title="Changsha Huanghua International Airport">Changsha airport</a> opened in April 2016, with a construction cost of €400m.<sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette2014_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette2014-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-railwaygazette2016_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette2016-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecting Changsha with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, <a href="/wiki/Changsha%E2%80%93Zhuzhou%E2%80%93Xiangtan_Intercity_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Intercity Railway">Changzhutan Intercity Rail</a> opened on 26 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-czt_inauguration_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czt_inauguration-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/G4_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Expressway" title="G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway">G4</a>, <a href="/wiki/G4E_Wuhan%E2%80%93Shenzhen_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="G4E Wuhan–Shenzhen Expressway">G4E</a>, <a href="/wiki/G4W2_Xuchang%E2%80%93Guangzhou_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="G4W2 Xuchang–Guangzhou Expressway">G4W2</a>, <a href="/wiki/G5513_Changsha%E2%80%93Zhangjiajie_Expressway" title="G5513 Changsha–Zhangjiajie Expressway">G5513</a> and <a href="/wiki/G0401_Changsha_Ring_Expressway" title="G0401 Changsha Ring Expressway">G0401</a> of National Expressways, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_107" title="China National Highway 107">G107</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_106" title="China National Highway 106">G106</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_319" title="China National Highway 319">G319</a> of National Highways, S20, S21, S40, S41, S50, S60 and S71 of Hunan provincial Expressways, connect the Changsha metro area nationally. There are three main bus terminals in Changsha: the South Station, East Station and West Station, dispatching long- and short-haul trips to cities within and outside the province of Hunan. Changsha is surrounded by major rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">湘江</span></span>) and its tributaries such as the <a href="/wiki/Liuyang_River" title="Liuyang River">Liuyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_River_(Xiang_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin River (Xiang River)">Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wei_River_(Xiang_tributary)" title="Wei River (Xiang tributary)">Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longwanggang_River" title="Longwanggang River">Longwanggang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laodao_River" title="Laodao River">Laodao</a>. Ships mainly transport goods from Xianing port in North Changsha domestically and internationally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha Railway Station">Changsha Railway Station</a> is in the city center and provides express and regular services to most Chinese cities via the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Guangzhou Railway">Beijing–Guangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimen%E2%80%93Changsha_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimen–Changsha Railway">Shimen–Changsha Railways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Changsha_South_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha South Railway Station">Changsha South Railway Station</a> is a new high-speed railway station in Yuhua district on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway">Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway</a> (as part of the planned <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway">Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway</a>). The station, with eight platforms,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened on 26 December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then passenger volume has increased greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-Speedy_Trains_Transform_China._126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speedy_Trains_Transform_China.-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hangzhou-Changsha-Huaihua sector of the Shanghai-Changsha-Kunming high-speed railway entered service in 2014. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Huanghua_International_Airport" title="Changsha Huanghua International Airport">Changsha Huanghua International Airport</a> is a regional hub for <a href="/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines" title="China Southern Airlines">China Southern Airlines</a>. The airport has daily flights to major cities in China, including <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations. The airport provides direct flights to 45 major international cities, including <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Los Angeles, Singapore, Seoul, Pusan, Osaka, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, London (<a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>), Frankfurt and Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 5 August 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the airport handled 70,011 people daily.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was the 34th <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">busiest airport</a> in the world in 2020, making its debut in the world's top 50 busiest airports for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_honors_and_rankings">City honors and rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: City honors and rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The city ranked 27th in the world by numbers of 150m+completed buildings as of 2021<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_IFS_Tower_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="Changsha IFS Tower T1">Changsha IFS Tower T1</a> ranked the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">16th</a> tallest completed building in the world as of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>China's Top 2nd Most Influential City of Nighttime Economy in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-:28_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Top 10 "China's Happiest Cities"<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One of China's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_tier_system" title="Chinese city tier system">new first-tier cities</a> in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>32nd globally in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings by "publishing and patent performance" released by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> 2024<sup id="cite_ref-:25_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>23rd globally and 15th in the Asia & Oceania region in the "Top 200 cities" by scientific research outputs released by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> 2024 Science Cities Rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>67th worldwide in the Global Cities Outlook rankings of the 2018 Global Cities Report released by AT Kearney<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>68th worldwide in terms of "Urban Economic Competitiveness" in 2019 jointly released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first Chinese city to be recognized as a "World Creative City in Media Arts" by UNESCO<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Changsha was classified as a Beta- (global second tier) city together with Manchester (the U.K), Geneva (Switzerland) and Seattle (the U.S) by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 10 fastest growing cities in the world<sup id="cite_ref-:4_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.worldbank.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in China">List of twin towns and sister cities in China</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the end of June 2018, Changsha has established friendly city relationship with 49 foreign cities.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gumi,_North_Gyeongsang" title="Gumi, North Gyeongsang">Gumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsangbuk-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongsangbuk-do">Gyeongsangbuk-do</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture" title="Kagoshima Prefecture">Kagoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev Region">Mogilev Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Canton of Fribourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Auburn" title="City of Auburn">City of Auburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulates_General/Consulates"><span id="Consulates_General.2FConsulates"></span>Consulates General/Consulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Consulates General/Consulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </p><p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following people are from the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Changsha_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region">Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> – Founding father of the People's Republic of China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a> – Most influential politician of China in 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> – President of the People's Republic of China (PRC), 1959–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> – Premier of the People's Republic of China, 1998–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> – General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1982–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kaihui" title="Yang Kaihui">Yang Kaihui</a> – Mao Zedong's second wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a> – Chinese revolutionary leader and the first army <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a> – Author of the lyrics to "<a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a>", China's national anthem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Wang_(economist)" title="Tao Wang (economist)">Wang Tao</a> – Economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guangzhao" title="Zhou Guangzhao">Zhou Guangzhao</a> – Theoretical physicist and recipient of the "<a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a>" Meritorious Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianping" title="Zhou Jianping">Zhou Jianping</a> – Aerospace engineer and chief designer of <a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">China Manned Space Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xueqi" title="Qi Xueqi">Qi Xueqi</a> – General in the Kuomintang (KMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a> – A People's Liberation Army's cultural icon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Heng" title="Liang Heng">Liang Heng</a> – Writer and literary scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> – Contemporary composer (soundtracks for the films <i><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zuqia" title="Huang Zuqia">Huang Zuqia</a> – Theoretical and nuclear physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Sulan" title="Tang Sulan">Tang Sulan</a> – Writer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ye_(singer)" title="Zhang Ye (singer)">Zhang Ye</a> – Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Ni" title="Xiong Ni">Xiong Ni</a> – Olympic male diver and gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Li" title="Leo Li">Leo Li</a> – Actress and singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiaopeng_(gymnast)" title="Li Xiaopeng (gymnast)">Li Xiaopeng</a> – Olympic male gymnast and gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yun_(actress)" title="Liu Yun (actress)">Liu Yun</a> – Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xuan_(gymnast)" title="Liu Xuan (gymnast)">Liu Xuan</a> – Olympic female gymnast and gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Jia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meng Jia">Meng Jia</a> – Singer and actress, former member of the Korean-Chinese girl group <a href="/wiki/Miss_A" title="Miss A">Miss A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay (entertainer)">Lay (entertainer)</a> – A member of South Korean-Chinese boy band under SM entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Exo_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exo (group)">Exo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Baishi" title="Qi Baishi">Qi Baishi</a> – Painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Wei" title="Shen Wei">Shen Wei</a> – Dancer and the choreographer of modern dance for the 2008 Beijing Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiong" title="He Jiong">He Jiong</a> – One of the most famous TV show hosts in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexie_Liu" title="Lexie Liu">Lexie Liu</a> – Singer-songwriter and rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_Xue" title="Can Xue">Can Xue</a> – <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> fiction writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xue_Yiwei" title="Xue Yiwei">Xue Yiwei</a> - Writer living in Montreal<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Wendi" title="Zhao Wendi">Zhao Wendi</a> (born 2001) - footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changsha is represented by the star <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Corvi" title="Zeta Corvi">Zeta Corvi</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Changsha)" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Changsha)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Changsha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in China">List of twin towns and sister cities in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">长沙</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">長沙</span>; Changsha <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang Chinese</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">[tsã˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>sɔ˧]</a></span> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f6\/Csn-Changsha.wav\/Csn-Changsha.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Csn-Changsha.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Csn-Changsha.wav/Csn-Changsha.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Csn-Changsha.wav" title="File:Csn-Changsha.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Chángshā (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Pth-Changsha.wav\/Pth-Changsha.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pth-Changsha.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Pth-Changsha.wav/Pth-Changsha.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pth-Changsha.wav" title="File:Pth-Changsha.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changsha&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html">"Changsha City"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207065815/http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Changsha">the original</a> on 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changsha&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FChangsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hongheiku.com/shijirenkou/612.html">"2024年长沙市人口第七次人口普查和历史人口数据年龄金字塔结构民族组成情况-红黑人口库"</a>. <i>www.hongheiku.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hongheiku.com&rft.atitle=2024%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%AC%A1%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE+%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84+%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5-%E7%BA%A2%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%BA%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hongheiku.com%2Fshijirenkou%2F612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF网易2024" class="citation web cs1">网易 (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/JDET3KO505563WUS.html">"我国10大宜居城市调整：长沙稳居第1，西安第4，青岛刚好入围"</a>. <i>www.163.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.163.com&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD10%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9C%E5%B1%85%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4%EF%BC%9A%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E7%A8%B3%E5%B1%85%E7%AC%AC1%EF%BC%8C%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E7%AC%AC4%EF%BC%8C%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E5%88%9A%E5%A5%BD%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%B4&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.au=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fdy%2Farticle%2FJDET3KO505563WUS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Megalopolis2012">"Supersized cities: China's 13 megalopolises"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142341/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Megalopolis2012">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supersized+cities%3A+China%27s+13+megalopolises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fpublic%2Ftopical_report.aspx%3Fcampaignid%3DMegalopolis2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-02/28/content_5171345.htm">"State Council on the issuance of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" modern comprehensive transport system development plan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630054729/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-02/28/content_5171345.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> State Council, State Development [2017] No. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Linguistics, CASS. <i>Language atlas of China</i>. The Commercial Press. Beijing. December, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/hunan/">"Húnán (China): Prefectural Division & Major Cities - Population Statistics 2020"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211160023/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/hunan/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=H%C3%BAn%C3%A1n+%28China%29%3A+Prefectural+Division+%26+Major+Cities+-+Population+Statistics+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fchina%2Fcities%2Fhunan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Changsha Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. <i>Archaeological Discoveries and Studies of Ancient City Sites in Changsha</i>. Hunan Yuelu Publishing House. 1 December 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zhs">Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Hui</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zhs">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>:"长沙鳖，其西，鱼复鼓钟钟牛"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Xiga. <i>The History of Changsha</i>. Social Science Literature Press. December, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fan Chengda (1126-1193). <i>Shigushanji(石鼓山记)</i>："天下有书院四：徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Changsha Culture, Changsha University. <i>The prosperity of commerce in ancient Changsha and its causes (below)</i> Journal of Changsha University. 2011 No. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei Jing (2008). "A Study of the Modernization Process in Changsha 1800-1949". Xiangtan University, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjjjd.ndrc.gov.cn/zoujinchangjiang/zhanlue/">"Strategy Basics - Yangtze River Economic Belt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613105914/http://cjjjd.ndrc.gov.cn/zoujinchangjiang/zhanlue/">Archived</a> 13 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. 13 July 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ydyl.hunan.gov.cn/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Hunan One Belt, One Road Official Website"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154901/http://ydyl.hunan.gov.cn/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Hunan+One+Belt%2C+One+Road+Official+Website%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fydyl.hunan.gov.cn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>www.lboro.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lboro.ac.uk&rft.atitle=GaWC+-+The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/ranking-of-chinese-cities-business-attractiveness-2022#:~:text=The%202022%20edition%20mostly%20uses,Foshan,%20Hefei,%20and%20Qingdao.">"Ranking of Chinese Cities' Business Attractiveness 2022"</a>. <i>www.yicaiglobal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601032717/https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/ranking-of-chinese-cities-business-attractiveness-2022#:~:text=The%202022%20edition%20mostly%20uses,Foshan,%20Hefei,%20and%20Qingdao.">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yicaiglobal.com&rft.atitle=Ranking+of+Chinese+Cities%27+Business+Attractiveness+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yicaiglobal.com%2Fnews%2Franking-of-chinese-cities-business-attractiveness-2022%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%25202022%2520edition%2520mostly%2520uses%2CFoshan%2C%2520Hefei%2C%2520and%2520Qingdao.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202106/07/WS60bd4effa31024ad0bac3e5f.html">"15 new Chinese first-tier cities"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612035742/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202106/07/WS60bd4effa31024ad0bac3e5f.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=15+new+Chinese+first-tier+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202106%2F07%2FWS60bd4effa31024ad0bac3e5f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zfhzlt2018/chn/zfgx/jmhz/t1847285.htm">"Hunan: Building an pioneering zone for in-depth China-Africa economic and trade cooperation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607122349/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zfhzlt2018/chn/zfgx/jmhz/t1847285.htm">Archived</a> 7 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. 19 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjfx/sxfx/zss/201710/t20171013_4596436.html">"Study on industrial restructuring and upgrading in Changsha"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154902/https://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjfx/sxfx/zss/201710/t20171013_4596436.html">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bureau of Statistics of Changsha. 16 Oct. 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/20/c_1124520200.htm">"Changsha: "Capital of Construction Machinery" explores world coordinates"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813094721/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/20/c_1124520200.htm">Archived</a> 13 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Xinhuanet. 20 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Huaizhong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0822/c1004-28656154.html">"Changsha's GDP grows 460% in 10 years, leading the country in growth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823175922/http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0822/c1004-28656154.html">Archived</a> 23 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> People's Daily Online Finance. 22 August 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20150524/13728009_0.shtml">"Central China's First State-Level New Area Xiangjiang New District Officially Launched"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200630/http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20150524/13728009_0.shtml">Archived</a> 31 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ifeng Finance. 24 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202312/21/WS658385dba310b04771b9c2cc.html">"Clusters driving Changsha's push for global recognition - Chinadaily.com.cn"</a>. <i>epaper.chinadaily.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epaper.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Clusters+driving+Changsha%27s+push+for+global+recognition+-+Chinadaily.com.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepaper.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202312%2F21%2FWS658385dba310b04771b9c2cc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/changsha">"Changsha - The Skyscraper Center"</a>. <i>www.skyscrapercenter.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515170222/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/changsha">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.skyscrapercenter.com&rft.atitle=Changsha+-+The+Skyscraper+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Fcity%2Fchangsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2019-china">"National Human Development Report 2019: China | Human Development Reports"</a>. <i>www.hdr.undp.org</i>. January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012174039/http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2019-china">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=National+Human+Development+Report+2019%3A+China+%7C+Human+Development+Reports&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fnational-human-development-report-2019-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogs.worldbank.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.worldbank.org_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/competitive-cities-changsha-china-coordination-competition-construction-and-cars">"Competitive Cities: Changsha, China – coordination, competition, construction and cars"</a>. <i>blogs.worldbank.org</i>. 23 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092035/https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/competitive-cities-changsha-china-coordination-competition-construction-and-cars">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Competitive+Cities%3A+Changsha%2C+China+%E2%80%93+coordination%2C+competition%2C+construction+and+cars&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fpsd%2Fcompetitive-cities-changsha-china-coordination-competition-construction-and-cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/">"全国普通高等学校名单 (National List of Higher Education Institutions)"</a>. <i>Government Portal Website of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</i>. 15 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Portal+Website+of+the+Ministry+of+Education+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95+%28National+List+of+Higher+Education+Institutions%29&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudong.moe.gov.cn%2Fqggxmd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name=">"US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Changsha"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 26 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416074210/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name=">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=US+News+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings+in+Changsha&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Fsearch%3Fregion%3D%26city%3Dchangsha%26subject%3D%26name%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map">"Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Nature Index Supplements | Nature Index"</a>. <i>www.natureindex.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002014918/https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.natureindex.com&rft.atitle=Nature+Index+2018+Science+Cities+%7C+Nature+Index+Supplements+%7C+Nature+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureindex.com%2Fsupplements%2Fnature-index-2018-science-cities%2Fglobal-city-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall">"Leading 200 science cities 2024 | | Supplements | Nature Index"</a>. <i>www.nature.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nature.com&rft.atitle=Leading+200+science+cities+2024+%7C+%7C+Supplements+%7C+Nature+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature-index%2Fsupplements%2Fnature-index-2024-science-cities%2Ftables%2Foverall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Municipal Local Records Editorial Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/zsgl/200907/t20090727_5686409.html">"Changsha City Profile"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313140620/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/zsgl/200907/t20090727_5686409.html">Archived</a> 13 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official website of Changsha, China. 13 April 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crrczelc-europe.com/medium-low-speed-maglev-changsha/">"Medium-Low Speed Maglev in Changsha"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512113110/https://crrczelc-europe.com/medium-low-speed-maglev-changsha/">Archived</a> 12 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CRRC ZELC EUROPE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha">"Changsha | Creative Cities Network"</a>. <i>en.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705024638/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Changsha+%7C+Creative+Cities+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fcreative-cities%2Fchangsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvtv.hk/archives/6077.html">"TV ratings rankings 2009-2017 Hunan TV No. 1 for the ninth consecutive year"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201152740/http://www.tvtv.hk/archives/6077.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> tvtv.hk. 14 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/ent/2020-12/17/c_1126868499.htm">"2020 "TV Landmark" and "Voice of the Times" List Released"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/http://www.xinhuanet.com/ent/2020-12/17/c_1126868499.htm">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Xinhuanet. 7 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">中国古今地名大词典</bdi> [<i>Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern</i>]. Shanghai: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Lexicographical_Publishing_House" title="Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House">Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House</a>. 2005. p. 505.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Shanghai+Lexicographical+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icswb.com/h/152/20150630/10197_0.html">"zh:追寻浏阳河文脉从"旧石器"到马王堆汉墓"</a> (Press release). Changsha Daily. 30 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zh%3A%E8%BF%BD%E5%AF%BB%E6%B5%8F%E9%98%B3%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E8%84%89+%E4%BB%8E%E2%80%9C%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E2%80%9D%E5%88%B0%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%A0%86%E6%B1%89%E5%A2%93&rft.pub=Changsha+Daily&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icswb.com%2Fh%2F152%2F20150630%2F10197_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanderLingWen2023" class="citation book cs1">Lander, Brian; Ling, Wenchao; Wen, Xin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/64057?language=en"><i>State and Local Society in Third Century South China: Administrative Documents Excavated at Zoumalou, Hunan</i></a>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Local+Society+in+Third+Century+South+China%3A+Administrative+Documents+Excavated+at+Zoumalou%2C+Hunan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Ling%2C+Wenchao&rft.au=Wen%2C+Xin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F64057%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurck1996" class="citation journal cs1">Murck, Alfreda (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050">"The "Eight Views of Xiao-Xiang" and the Northern Song Culture of Exile"</a>. <i>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</i> (26): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-3152">1059-3152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050">23496050</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117143852/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%22Eight+Views+of+Xiao-Xiang%22+and+the+Northern+Song+Culture+of+Exile&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23496050%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1059-3152&rft.aulast=Murck&rft.aufirst=Alfreda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23496050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowe_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William T. Rowe. <i>China's Last Empire: The Great Qing.</i> (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, History of Imperial China, 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036123" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036123">9780674036123</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA162">p. 162-163</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210729/https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> 3 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel McMahon, "The Yuelu Academy and Hunan's Nineteenth-Century Turn toward Statecraft", <i>Late Imperial China </i>26.1 (2005): 72–109 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v026/26.1mcmahon.html">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133001/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v026/26.1mcmahon.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van De Ven, Hans J., <i>War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945</i>, pg. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuxiu_ChenGregor_Benton1998" class="citation book cs1">Duxiu Chen; Gregor Benton (1998). Gregor Benton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRpVWJLxHUC&pg=PA45"><i>Chen Duxiu's last articles and letters, 1937–1942</i></a> (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824821122" title="Special:BookSources/0824821122"><bdi>0824821122</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210731/https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRpVWJLxHUC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>24. Xi'an never fell. Under the Guonaindang General Xue Yue, Changsha was successfully defended three times against the Japanese; Changsha (and the vital Guangzhou-Hankou Railway) did not fall to the Japanese until early 1945.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chen+Duxiu%27s+last+articles+and+letters%2C+1937%E2%80%931942&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0824821122&rft.au=Duxiu+Chen&rft.au=Gregor+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jRpVWJLxHUC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fail1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fail1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatkiel1985" class="citation book cs1">Natkiel, Richard (1985). <i>Atlas of World War II</i>. Brompton Books Corp. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890221-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-890221-20-1"><bdi>1-890221-20-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Brompton+Books+Corp&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=1-890221-20-1&rft.aulast=Natkiel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jay (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl"><i>The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Making of Modern China</i></a></span>. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674033382" title="Special:BookSources/9780674033382"><bdi>9780674033382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generalissimo%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674033382&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralissimochi00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natural_environment-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natural_environment_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natural_environment_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023435/http://tjj.changsha.gov.cn/zstj/tjsj/tjnj/2017/1.htm"><bdi lang="zh">长沙统计年鉴2017</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Changsha">Government of Changsha</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjj.changsha.gov.cn/zstj/tjsj/tjnj/2017/1.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Section 1-1, "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">自然环境</span></span>" (Natural environment)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42017&rft.pub=Government+of+Changsha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftjj.changsha.gov.cn%2Fzstj%2Ftjsj%2Ftjnj%2F2017%2F1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hunan.sina.com.cn/city/whyq/2013-05-08/125851276.html?from=wap">sina.com (2013-5-8)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184003/http://hunan.sina.com.cn/city/whyq/2013-05-08/125851276.html?from=wap">Archived</a> 19 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-zjj.net/html/20120328/20120328164045.htm">china-zjj</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010359/http://www.china-zjj.net/html/20120328/20120328164045.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinli110.com/luyoi/mjxz/hunan/201209/321713.html">"Changsha"</a>. <i>www.xinli110.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117012943/http://www.xinli110.com/luyoi/mjxz/hunan/201209/321713.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.xinli110.com&rft.atitle=Changsha.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinli110.com%2Fluyoi%2Fmjxz%2Fhunan%2F201209%2F321713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-changsha.gov.cn-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-changsha.gov.cn_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changsha.gov.cn_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814053435/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/zjcs/kncs/zyhj/">"Environmental Resources in Changsha"</a>. <i>www.changsha.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changsha.gov.cn/zjcs/kncs/zyhj/">the original</a> on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.changsha.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Environmental+Resources+in+Changsha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changsha.gov.cn%2Fzjcs%2Fkncs%2Fzyhj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3">"China Meteorological Administration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold-cdc.cma.gov.cn%2Fshuju%2Fsearch1.jsp%3Fdsid%3DSURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES%26tpcat%3DSURF%26type%3Dtable%26pageid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cma_graphical-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cma_graphical_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html">"Index" <bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923231541/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherbk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BD%91+%E2%80%93+WeatherBk+Data&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.cma.cn%2Fdata%2FweatherBk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps"><bdi lang="zh">CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)</bdi></a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CMA%E5%8F%B0%E7%AB%99%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%80%BC%281991-2020%29&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexperience.arcgis.com%2Ftemplate%2Fe724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55%2Fpage%2F%25E7%25BA%25AF%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E7%25BB%259F%25E8%25AE%25A1-%28%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E6%25AF%25948110%25E5%258F%2598%25E5%258C%2596%29%2F%3Forg%3DUQmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508092732/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/CHANGSHA_57687.csv">"Changsha Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/CHANGSHA_57687.csv">the original</a> on 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changsha+Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fdata%2Foceans%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FChina%2FCSV%2FCHANGSHA_57687.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180104/73840.html">"13 cities in China join the 1 trillion yuan GDP club in 2017"</a>. <i>chinaplus.cri.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160111/http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180104/73840.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinaplus.cri.cn&rft.atitle=13+cities+in+China+join+the+1+trillion+yuan+GDP+club+in+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaplus.cri.cn%2Fnews%2Fchina%2F9%2F20180104%2F73840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html">"Per capita GDP in 14 Chinese cities hits $20,000 in 2020"</a>. <i>global.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232145/https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=global.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Per+capita+GDP+in+14+Chinese+cities+hits+%2420%2C000+in+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202004%2F24%2FWS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://min.news/en/economy/e04c8d93983c1fa90b6d09208903526d.html">"In 2021, the GDP of each city and state in Hunan will exceed US$20,000 per capita in Changsha"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+2021%2C+the+GDP+of+each+city+and+state+in+Hunan+will+exceed+US%2420%2C000+per+capita+in+Changsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmin.news%2Fen%2Feconomy%2Fe04c8d93983c1fa90b6d09208903526d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/05/WS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html">"Two more cities join China's trillion yuan GDP club in 2017 - Chinadaily.com.cn"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012504/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/05/WS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Two+more+cities+join+China%27s+trillion+yuan+GDP+club+in+2017+-+Chinadaily.com.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201802%2F05%2FWS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html">"2017"新一线"城市排行榜发布成都、杭州、武汉蝉联三甲郑州、东莞新晋入榜"</a>. <i>www.yicai.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211456/https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yicai.com&rft.atitle=2017%22%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%BF%22%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%A6%9C%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E3%80%81%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E3%80%81%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E8%9D%89%E8%81%94%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E3%80%81%E4%B8%9C%E8%8E%9E%E6%96%B0%E6%99%8B%E5%85%A5%E6%A6%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yicai.com%2Fnews%2F5293378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:20_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/20200923/t20200923_525272176.shtml">The Rise of Central China is Gaining Momentum - Hunan Chapter-Changsha: Endless Innovation to Create a New High Ground for Business Environment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/20200923/t20200923_525272176.shtml">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNR News. 23 Sep 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/29/WS62bb834fa310fd2b29e691cc.html">"Top 10 new first-tier cities by commercial appeal"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032830/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/29/WS62bb834fa310fd2b29e691cc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Briefing+News&rft.atitle=Decoding+China%27s+2021+GDP+Growth+Rate%3A+A+Look+at+Regional+Numbers&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-briefing.com%2Fnews%2Fchinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=HK&year_high_desc=true">"GDP (current US$) - Hong Kong SAR, China | Data 2021"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050015/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=HK&year_high_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29+-+Ukraine%2C+Hungary+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Flocations%3DUA-HU%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html">"Top 10 cities in China by nighttime economic power"</a>. <i>www.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905081355/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Top+10+cities+in+China+by+nighttime+economic+power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202208%2F16%2FWS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=JRR6VNQE6I8R">"胡润百富 - 资讯 - 2022家大业大酒·胡润全球富豪榜"</a>. <i>www.hurun.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525031224/https://hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=JRR6VNQE6I8R">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurun.net&rft.atitle=%E8%83%A1%E6%B6%A6%E7%99%BE%E5%AF%8C+-+%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF+-+2024%E8%A1%A1%E6%98%8C%E7%83%A7%E5%9D%8A%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%B6%A6%E7%99%BE%E5%AF%8C%E6%A6%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurun.net%2Fzh-CN%2FInfo%2FDetail%3Fnum%3DWPL66CL83267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIwamoto" class="citation web cs1">Iwamoto, Kentaro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035">"China's cities to rise to the top ranks by 2035"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820075003/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=China%27s+cities+to+rise+to+the+top+ranks+by+2035&rft.aulast=Iwamoto&rft.aufirst=Kentaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FChina-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seasia.co/2020/04/03/world-s-richest-cities-in-2030-and-where-southeast-asian-cities-stand">"World's Richest Cities in 2030, and Where Southeast Asian Cities Stand | Seasia.co"</a>. <i>Good News from Southeast Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109203037/https://seasia.co/2020/04/03/world-s-richest-cities-in-2030-and-where-southeast-asian-cities-stand">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shanghairanking.com&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Farwu%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321">"ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking"</a>. <i>www.shanghairanking.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721034947/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shanghairanking.com&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Best+Chinese+Universities+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Fbcur%2F202321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023">"URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance"</a>. <i>urapcenter.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206162625/https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=railwaygazette.com&rft.atitle=Changsha+metro+opens&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Furban%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fchangsha-metro-opens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112538/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2016-06/29/c_129100065.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=1"><bdi lang="zh">长沙地铁1号线正式开通试运营告别单线出行迎来换乘时代_图片频道_新华网</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua News">Xinhua News</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=railwaygazette.com&rft.atitle=Metro+projects+underway+in+Changsha%2C+Xi%27an%2C+Wuhan+and+Xiamen&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Furban%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fmetro-projects-underway-in-changsha-xian-wuhan-and-xiamen.html%3Fsword_list%255B%255D%3DChangsha%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-railwaygazette2016-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-railwaygazette2016_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/changsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html">"Changsha airport maglev line openes"</a>. <i>Railway Gazette</i>. 4 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408062929/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/changsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=Changsha+airport+maglev+line+openes&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Findex.php%2Fasia%2Fchangsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html">Changsha to Construct Maglev Train</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116080757/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2014-01-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-czt_inauguration-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-czt_inauguration_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/zxdt_ggxx/201612/t20161225_7694.html"><bdi lang="zh">广铁集团公司关于长株潭城际铁路开通运营的公告</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). 12306.cn. 25 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150554/http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/zxdt_ggxx/201612/t20161225_7694.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%9A%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%87%E7%9C%BC%E7%98%BE&rft.date=2010-01-02&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Chen+%28%E9%BB%84%E7%90%9B%29&rft.au=Su+Yi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinmin.cn%2Frollnews%2F2010%2F01%2F02%2F3231455.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200524/http://news.0731fdc.com/fc/200912/26/20091226_17_3723_1.html"><bdi lang="zh">抢占先机武广高速铁路通车长沙商圈又添新丁</bdi></a>. <i>0731fdc.com news</i> (in Chinese). 26 December 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Speedy+Trains+Transform+China&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.aulast=Bradsher&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Fhigh-speed-train-system-is-huge-success-for-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE=US&PAGE=FLMP">"???ALLP.list.sharingTitle.FLMP???"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911181123/https://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE=US&PAGE=FLMP">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Civil+Airports+Statistics+Report&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Transport+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mot.gov.cn%2Ftongjishuju%2Fminhang%2F202104%2FP020210419539594659351.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/changsha">"Changsha - The Skyscraper Center"</a>. <i>www.skyscrapercenter.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913163954/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com:80/city/changsha">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Changsha+appears+on+Global+Cities+lists-+China.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2F2018-06%2F07%2Fcontent_51720348.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>2018 Global Cities Report</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ifeng.com&rft.atitle=%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E5%8A%9B%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%22%E5%8D%81%E5%BF%AB%22%E5%B1%85%E9%A6%96_%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93_%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fgundong%2Fdetail_2013_04%2F25%2F24618340_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2016" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Rhiannon (4 February 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Chinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them/">"China's fastest-growing cities and why you should visit them"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Chinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=China%27s+fastest-growing+cities+and+why+you+should+visit+them&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Fchina%2Farticles%2FChinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/SisterCities/201809/t20180903_6459172.html">"International Sister Cities of Changsha"</a>. <i>Official website of Changsha, China</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419012743/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/SisterCities/201809/t20180903_6459172.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+Changsha%2C+China&rft.atitle=International+Sister+Cities+of+Changsha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.changsha.gov.cn%2Faboutcs%2FSisterCities%2F201809%2Ft20180903_6459172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017114033/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/">"友好城市"</a>. <i>changsha.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Changsha. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/">the original</a> on 17 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=changsha.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changsha.gov.cn%2Fxfzs%2Fzjmlzs%2Fyhcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/News/Localnews/202306/t20230630_29388701.html">"Consulate General of the Republic of Malawi in Changsha Opens-Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn"</a>. <i>www.enghunan.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.enghunan.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Consulate+General+of+the+Republic+of+Malawi+in+Changsha+Opens-Hunan+Government+Website+International-enghunan.gov.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enghunan.gov.cn%2Fhneng%2FNews%2FLocalnews%2F202306%2Ft20230630_29388701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://china.usc.edu/calendar/fate-novel-amid-chinas-reform">"The Fate of a Novel Amid China's Reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Los Angeles">University of California Los Angeles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914083955/https://china.usc.edu/calendar/fate-novel-amid-chinas-reform">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hunan">County-level divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changsha</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changsha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Furong District">Furong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifu_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaifu District, Changsha">Kaifu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianxin District">Tianxin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangcheng District">Wangcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu District">Yuelu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhua_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhua District, Changsha">Yuhua District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_County" title="Changsha County">Changsha County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetang District">Hetang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukou District">Lukou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusong District">Lusong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shifeng District">Shifeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianyuan District">Tianyuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaling_County" title="Chaling County">Chaling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanling_County,_Hunan" title="Yanling County, Hunan">Yanling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_County" title="You County">You County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuetang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuetang District">Yuetang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhu District">Yuhu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_County" title="Xiangtan County">Xiangtan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanyue District">Nanyue District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shigu District">Shigu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanfeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanfeng District">Yanfeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengxiang District">Zhengxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuhui District">Zhuhui District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengdong_County" title="Hengdong County">Hengdong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengnan_County" title="Hengnan County">Hengnan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshan_County" title="Hengshan County">Hengshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang_County" title="Hengyang County">Hengyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidong_County" title="Qidong County">Qidong County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beita_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Beita District">Beita District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daxiang District">Daxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangqing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuangqing District">Shuangqing District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaodong" title="Shaodong">Shaodong city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengbu_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Chengbu Miao Autonomous County">Chengbu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongkou_County" title="Dongkou County">Dongkou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhui_County" title="Longhui County">Longhui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County" title="Shaoyang County">Shaoyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining_County,_Hunan" title="Suining County, Hunan">Suining County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinning_County,_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinning County, Hunan">Xinning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinshao_County" title="Xinshao County">Xinshao County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Junshan District">Junshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyanglou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yueyanglou District">Yueyanglou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunxi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunxi District">Yunxi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Hunan" title="Linxiang, Hunan">Linxiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_City" title="Miluo City">Miluo city</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quyuan_Management_District" title="Quyuan Management District">Quyuan Mgmt Dist</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarong_County" title="Huarong County">Huarong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingjiang_County" title="Pingjiang County">Pingjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyin_County" title="Xiangyin County">Xiangyin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang_County" title="Yueyang County">Yueyang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingcheng District">Dingcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling District">Wuling District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_City" title="Jinshi City">Jinshi city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiang_County" title="Anxiang County">Anxiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshou_County" title="Hanshou County">Hanshou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_County,_Hunan" title="Li County, Hunan">Li County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linli_County" title="Linli County">Linli County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimen_County" title="Shimen County">Shimen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_County" title="Taoyuan County">Taoyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulingyuan District">Wulingyuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongding_District,_Zhangjiajie" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongding District, Zhangjiajie">Yongding District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cili_County" title="Cili County">Cili County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangzhi_County" title="Sangzhi County">Sangzhi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heshan_District,_Yiyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshan District, Yiyang">Heshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyang District">Ziyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang" title="Yuanjiang">Yuanjiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhua_County" title="Anhua County">Anhua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_County" title="Nan County">Nan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taojiang_County" title="Taojiang County">Taojiang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beihu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Beihu District">Beihu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxian District">Suxian District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zixing" title="Zixing">Zixing City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anren_County" title="Anren County">Anren County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidong_County" title="Guidong County">Guidong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_County" title="Guiyang County">Guiyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiahe_County" title="Jiahe County">Jiahe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwu_County" title="Linwu County">Linwu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucheng_County" title="Rucheng County">Rucheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhang_County" title="Yizhang County">Yizhang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongxing_County" title="Yongxing County">Yongxing County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuitan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lengshuitan District">Lengshuitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingling District">Lingling District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang" title="Qiyang">Qiyang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_County" title="Dao County">Dao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27an_County" title="Dong'an County">Dong'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianghua_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Jianghua Yao Autonomous County"> Jianghua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyong_County" title="Jiangyong County">Jiangyong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanshan_County" title="Lanshan County">Lanshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningyuan_County" title="Ningyuan County">Ningyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangpai_County" title="Shuangpai County">Shuangpai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintian_County" title="Xintian County">Xintian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecheng District">Hecheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang" title="Hongjiang">Hongjiang city</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang_District" title="Hongjiang District">Hongjiang Mgmt Dist</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenxi_County" title="Chenxi County">Chenxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitong_County" title="Huitong County">Huitong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_Miao_and_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County">Jingzhou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Mayang Miao Autonomous County">Mayang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Tongdao Dong Autonomous County">Tongdao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhuang_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County">Xinhuang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xupu_County" title="Xupu County">Xupu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanling_County" title="Yuanling County">Yuanling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Zhijiang Dong Autonomous County">Zhijiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfang_County" title="Zhongfang County">Zhongfang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louxing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Louxing District">Louxing District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyuan" title="Lianyuan">Lianyuan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_County" title="Shuangfeng County">Shuangfeng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_County" title="Xinhua County">Xinhua County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xiangxi56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baojing_County" title="Baojing County">Baojing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhang_County" title="Guzhang County">Guzhang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayuan_County" title="Huayuan County">Huayuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_County" title="Longshan County">Longshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxi_County,_Hunan" title="Luxi County, Hunan">Luxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongshun_County" title="Yongshun County">Yongshun County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hunan_topics535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunan_topics" title="Template:Hunan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunan_topics" title="Template talk:Hunan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunan_topics535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changsha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hunan" title="Category:Hunan">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan#History" title="Hunan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan" title="Politics of Hunan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan#Economy" title="Hunan">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Hunan" title="Category:Geography of Hunan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changzhutan" title="Changzhutan">Changzhutan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi_River" title="Zi River">Zi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanjiang River">Yuanjiang River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui_River" title="Lishui River">Lishui River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Mountains" title="Xuefeng Mountains">Xuefeng Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxiao_Mountains" title="Luoxiao Mountains">Luoxiao Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Dongting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dongting">Lake Dongting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Arts_and_Science" title="Hunan University of Arts and Science">Hunan University of Arts and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Agricultural_University" title="Hunan Agricultural University">Hunan Agricultural University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan#Culture" title="Hunan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hunan" title="Culture of Hunan">Culture of Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunanese_people" title="Hunanese people">Hunanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nüshu script">Nü shu writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_embroidery" title="Xiang embroidery">Xiang embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaguxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaguxi">Huaguxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinky_tofu" title="Stinky tofu">Stinky tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27an_chicken" title="Dong'an chicken">Dong'an chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshao_rou" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongshao rou">Hongshao rou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_cha" title="Lei cha">Lei cha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_Hallelujah_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatar Hallelujah Mountain">Avatar Hallelujah Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)" title="Mount Heng (Hunan)">Mount Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hunan" title="Category:Hunan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hunan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hunan">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_cities_of_China351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_China351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population" title="List of cities in China by population">Metropolitan cities of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_metropolitan_regions351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Major metropolitan regions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing-Jin-Ji" title="Jing-Jin-Ji">Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongyuan_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongyuan Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_Economic_Circle" title="Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle">Chengyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-Strait_Western_Coastal_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-Strait Western Coastal Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Cross-Strait Western Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanzhong_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanzhong Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mid-Southern_Liaoning_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mid-Southern Liaoning Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Mid-Southern Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandong_Peninsula_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shandong Peninsula Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Shandong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Midstream_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangtze River Midstream Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_cities351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Central_City" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central City">National Central Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><sup>b2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a><sup>a2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a><sup>a2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Central_City" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central City">Regional Central Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a><sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><sup>b2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a><sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial capitals<br />(<a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taibei</a></i><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparatively large cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prefecture-level_cities_by_province351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a> by province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shijiazhuang*</li> <li>Tangshan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li>Handan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Taiyuan*</li> <li>Datong*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangquan" title="Yangquan">Yangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong" title="Jinzhong">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hohhot*</li> <li>Baotou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shenyang*</li> <li>Dalian*</li> <li>Anshan*</li> <li>Fushun*</li> <li>Benxi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huludao" title="Huludao">Huludao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changchun*</li> <li>Jilin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping,_Jilin" title="Siping, Jilin">Siping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyuan" title="Liaoyuan">Liaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishan" title="Baishan">Baishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng" title="Baicheng">Baicheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Harbin*</li> <li>Qiqihar*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yīchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanjing*</li> <li>Wuxi*</li> <li>Xuzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li>Suzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancheng" title="Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Tàizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hangzhou*</li> <li>Ningbo*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Tāizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hefei*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu" title="Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a></li> <li>Huainan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongling" title="Tongling">Tongling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_City" title="Huangshan City">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang" title="Fuyang">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Sùzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fuzhou*</li> <li>Xiamen*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan" title="Longyan">Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanchang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyu" title="Xinyu">Xinyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingtan" title="Yingtan">Yingtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yíchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fǔzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jinan*</li> <li>Qingdao*</li> <li>Zibo*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiwu" title="Laiwu">Laiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Zhengzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li>Luoyang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxiang" title="Xinxiang">Xinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wuhan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshi" title="Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changsha*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guangzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></li> <li>Shenzhen*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunfu" title="Yunfu">Yunfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanning*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangchenggang" title="Fangchenggang">Fangchenggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yùlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise" title="Baise">Baise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechi" title="Hechi">Hechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a><sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Haikou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansha" title="Sansha">Sansha</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chengdu*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijiang" title="Neijiang">Neijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou" title="Dazhou">Dazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhong" title="Bazhong">Bazhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang" title="Ziyang">Ziyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guiyang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren" title="Tongren">Tongren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kunming*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lhasa*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet" title="Shannan, Tibet">Shannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Xi'an*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan" title="Tongchuan">Tongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yúlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangluo" title="Shangluo">Shangluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lanzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Xining*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yinchuan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuishan" title="Shizuishan">Shizuishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ürümqi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i><sup>5</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(none)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_cities_(partly_shown_below)351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Other cities</a> (partly shown below)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" title="Prefecture (China)">Prefecture-level capitals</a><br />(County-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulanhot" title="Ulanhot">Ulanhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinhot" title="Xilinhot">Xilinhot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiagedaqi_District" title="Jiagedaqi District">Jiagedaqi</a><sup>3</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshi_City" title="Enshi City">Enshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>：<a href="/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkam" title="Barkam">Barkam</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xingyi,_Guizhou" title="Xingyi, Guizhou">Xingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_City" title="Kaili City">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duyun" title="Duyun">Duyun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezuo" title="Hezuo">Hezuo</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yushu_City,_Qinghai" title="Yushu City, Qinghai">Yushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delingha" title="Delingha">Delingha</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Province-governed cities<br />(Sub-prefecture-level)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Jiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xiantao" title="Xiantao">Xiantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei" title="Qianjiang, Hubei">Qiánjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen">Tianmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a><sup>1</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Wuzhishan_City" title="Wuzhishan City">Wuzhishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai">Qionghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning">Wanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan">Dongfang</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> - <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">XPCC(Bingtuan) cities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitun_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitun City">Beitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" title="Prefecture (China)">Former Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a>，<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashi District">Shashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuling District">Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanzhou District">Wanxian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meihekou" title="Meihekou">Meihekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongzhuling" title="Gongzhuling">Gongzhuling</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Sub-prefecture-level cities</a><br />(Prefecture-governed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian%27an,_Hebei" title="Qian'an, Hebei">Qian'an, Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erenhot" title="Erenhot">Erenhot, Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud, Qinghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County-level_cities_by_province351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level cities</a> by province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinji" title="Xinji">Xinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou,_Hebei" title="Jinzhou, Hebei">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle,_Hebei" title="Xinle, Hebei">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunhua" title="Zunhua">Zunhua</a></li> <li>Qian'an*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27an" title="Wu'an">Wu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangong" title="Nangong">Nangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahe,_Hebei" title="Shahe, Hebei">Shahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuozhou" title="Zhuozhou">Zhuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Dingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguo" title="Anguo">Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaobeidian" title="Gaobeidian">Gaobeidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botou" title="Botou">Botou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renqiu" title="Renqiu">Renqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanghua" title="Huanghua">Huanghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejian" title="Hejian">Hejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhou,_Hebei" title="Bazhou, Hebei">Bazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhe,_Hebei" title="Sanhe, Hebei">Sanhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_City" title="Shenzhou City">Shenzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujiao" title="Gujiao">Gujiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucheng_District,_Changzhi" title="Lucheng District, Changzhi">Lucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoping" title="Gaoping">Gaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiexiu" title="Jiexiu">Jiexiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongji,_Shanxi" title="Yongji, Shanxi">Yongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejin" title="Hejin">Hejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanping" title="Yuanping">Yuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Shanxi" title="Houma, Shanxi">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huozhou" title="Huozhou">Huozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyi" title="Xiaoyi">Xiaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenyang" title="Fenyang">Fenyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holingol" title="Holingol">Holingol</a></li> <li>Manzhouli*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakeshi" title="Yakeshi">Yakeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalantun" title="Zalantun">Zhalantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergun_City" title="Ergun City">Ergun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genhe" title="Genhe">Genhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengzhen" title="Fengzhen">Fengzhen</a></li> <li>Ulanhot*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arxan" title="Arxan">Arxan</a></li> <li>Erenhot*</li> <li>Xilinhot*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinmin,_Liaoning" title="Xinmin, Liaoning">Xinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wafangdian" title="Wafangdian">Wafangdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanghe" title="Zhuanghe">Zhuanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haicheng,_Liaoning" title="Haicheng, Liaoning">Haicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donggang,_Liaoning" title="Donggang, Liaoning">Donggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Liaoning" title="Fengcheng, Liaoning">Fengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghai" title="Linghai">Linghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beizhen" title="Beizhen">Beizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaizhou" title="Gaizhou">Gaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiqiao" title="Dashiqiao">Dashiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengta" title="Dengta">Dengta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaobingshan" title="Diaobingshan">Diaobingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Liaoning" title="Kaiyuan, Liaoning">Kaiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipiao" title="Beipiao">Beipiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingyuan" title="Lingyuan">Lingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingcheng" title="Xingcheng">Xingcheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushu,_Jilin" title="Yushu, Jilin">Yushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehui" title="Dehui">Dehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe,_Jilin" title="Jiaohe, Jilin">Jiaohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadian,_Jilin" title="Huadian, Jilin">Huadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulan" title="Shulan">Shulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panshi" title="Panshi">Panshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongzhuling" title="Gongzhuling">Gongzhuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangliao" title="Shuangliao">Shuangliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meihekou" title="Meihekou">Meihekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin" title="Ji'an, Jilin">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linjiang" title="Linjiang">Linjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu,_Jilin" title="Fuyu, Jilin">Fuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taonan" title="Taonan">Taonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27an,_Jilin" title="Da'an, Jilin">Da'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanji" title="Yanji">Yanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen,_Jilin" title="Tumen, Jilin">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhua" title="Dunhua">Dunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunchun" title="Hunchun">Hunchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing,_Jilin" title="Longjing, Jilin">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong" title="Helong">Helong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang District">Wuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehe" title="Nehe">Nehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulin" title="Hulin">Hulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishan" title="Mishan">Mishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieli" title="Tieli">Tieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_City" title="Fujin City">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan,_Heilongjiang" title="Fuyuan, Heilongjiang">Fuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suifenhe" title="Suifenhe">Suifenhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailin" title="Hailin">Hailin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27an" title="Ning'an">Ning'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muling" title="Muling">Muling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongning,_Heilongjiang" title="Dongning, Heilongjiang">Dongning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei%27an" title="Bei'an">Bei'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudalianchi" title="Wudalianchi">Wudalianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anda,_Heilongjiang" title="Anda, Heilongjiang">Anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaodong" title="Zhaodong">Zhaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailun" title="Hailun">Hailun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin" title="Jiangyin">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yixing" title="Yixing">Yixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Jiangsu" title="Xinyi, Jiangsu">Xinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizhou" title="Pizhou">Pizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liyang" title="Liyang">Liyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changshu" title="Changshu">Changshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiagang" title="Zhangjiagang">Zhangjiagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunshan" title="Kunshan">Kunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taicang" title="Taicang">Taicang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidong,_Jiangsu" title="Qidong, Jiangsu">Qidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugao" title="Rugao">Rugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Haimen">Haimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongtai" title="Dongtai">Dongtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizheng" title="Yizheng">Yizheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoyou" title="Gaoyou">Gaoyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danyang,_Jiangsu" title="Danyang, Jiangsu">Danyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhong" title="Yangzhong">Yangzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurong,_Jiangsu" title="Jurong, Jiangsu">Jurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjiang" title="Jingjiang">Jingjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixing" title="Taixing">Taixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinghua,_Jiangsu" title="Xinghua, Jiangsu">Xinghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiande" title="Jiande">Jiande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin'an District">Lin'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyao" title="Yuyao">Yuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cixi,_Zhejiang" title="Cixi, Zhejiang">Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenghua District">Fenghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an" title="Rui'an">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqing" title="Yueqing">Yueqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haining" title="Haining">Haining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghu" title="Pinghu">Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxiang" title="Tongxiang">Tongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuji" title="Zhuji">Zhuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengzhou" title="Shengzhou">Shengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxi,_Zhejiang" title="Lanxi, Zhejiang">Lanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyang" title="Dongyang">Dongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongkang,_Zhejiang" title="Yongkang, Zhejiang">Yongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan" title="Jiangshan">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenling" title="Wenling">Wenling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhai" title="Linhai">Linhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan" title="Longquan">Longquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieshou" title="Jieshou">Jieshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongcheng,_Anhui" title="Tongcheng, Anhui">Tongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianchang" title="Tianchang">Tianchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingguang" title="Mingguang">Mingguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningguo" title="Ningguo">Ningguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing" title="Fuqing">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle District">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an" title="Yong'an">Yong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishi,_Fujian" title="Shishi, Fujian">Shishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinjiang, Fujian">Jinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian" title="Nan'an, Fujian">Nan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai City">Longhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu" title="Shaowu">Shaowu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyishan,_Fujian" title="Wuyishan, Fujian">Wuyishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou" title="Jian'ou">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangping" title="Zhangping">Zhangping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an" title="Fu'an">Fu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuding" title="Fuding">Fuding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leping" title="Leping">Leping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruichang" title="Ruichang">Ruichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongqingcheng" title="Gongqingcheng">Gongqingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_City" title="Lushan City">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guixi" title="Guixi">Guixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggangshan_City" title="Jinggangshan City">Jinggangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Jiangxi" title="Fengcheng, Jiangxi">Fengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangshu" title="Zhangshu">Zhangshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao%27an" title="Gao'an">Gao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexing,_Jiangxi" title="Dexing, Jiangxi">Dexing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangqiu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangqiu District">Zhangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimo District">Jimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdu" title="Pingdu">Pingdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laixi" title="Laixi">Laixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longkou" title="Longkou">Longkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyang" title="Laiyang">Laiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizhou" title="Laizhou">Laizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penglai,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Penglai, Shandong">Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyuan,_Shandong" title="Zhaoyuan, Shandong">Zhaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia,_Shandong" title="Qixia, Shandong">Qixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">Haiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Qingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shouguang" title="Shouguang">Shouguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqiu" title="Anqiu">Anqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaomi" title="Gaomi">Gaomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyi,_Shandong" title="Changyi, Shandong">Changyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintai" title="Xintai">Xintai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feicheng" title="Feicheng">Feicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongcheng,_Shandong" title="Rongcheng, Shandong">Rongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushan,_Shandong" title="Rushan, Shandong">Rushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoling" title="Laoling">Laoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucheng,_Shandong" title="Yucheng, Shandong">Yucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gongyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinmi" title="Xinmi">Xinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Henan" title="Wugang, Henan">Wugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzhou" title="Ruzhou">Ruzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzhou,_Henan" title="Linzhou, Henan">Linzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihui" title="Weihui">Weihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian" title="Huixian">Huixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinyang" title="Qinyang">Qinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou" title="Mengzhou">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou,_Henan" title="Yuzhou, Henan">Yuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changge" title="Changge">Changge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yima,_Henan" title="Yima, Henan">Yima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_City" title="Lingbao City">Lingbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengzhou" title="Dengzhou">Dengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongcheng" title="Yongcheng">Yongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangcheng_City" title="Xiangcheng City">Xiangcheng</a></li> <li>Jiyuan*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daye" title="Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danjiangkou" title="Danjiangkou">Danjiangkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidu" title="Yidu">Yidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangyang" title="Dangyang">Dangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang,_Hubei" title="Zhijiang, Hubei">Zhijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohekou" title="Laohekou">Laohekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaoyang" title="Zaoyang">Zaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng,_Hubei" title="Yicheng, Hubei">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongxiang" title="Zhongxiang">Zhongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingcheng" title="Yingcheng">Yingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlu" title="Anlu">Anlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanchuan" title="Hanchuan">Hanchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishou" title="Shishou">Shishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghu" title="Honghu">Honghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songzi" title="Songzi">Songzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macheng" title="Macheng">Macheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxue" title="Wuxue">Wuxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibi,_Hubei" title="Chibi, Hubei">Chibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangshui" title="Guangshui">Guangshui</a></li> <li>Enshi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichuan,_Hubei" title="Lichuan, Hubei">Lichuan</a></li> <li>Xiantao*</li> <li>Qianjiang*</li> <li>Tianmen*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_City" title="Miluo City">Miluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Hunan" title="Linxiang, Hunan">Linxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_City" title="Jinshi City">Jinshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang" title="Yuanjiang">Yuanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zixing" title="Zixing">Zixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang" title="Hongjiang">Hongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyuan" title="Lianyuan">Lianyuan</a></li> <li>Jishou*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lechang" title="Lechang">Lechang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanxiong" title="Nanxiong">Nanxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiping" title="Kaiping">Kaiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshan,_Guangdong" title="Heshan, Guangdong">Heshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enping" title="Enping">Enping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianjiang,_Guangdong" title="Lianjiang, Guangdong">Lianjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou" title="Leizhou">Leizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchuan,_Guangdong" title="Wuchuan, Guangdong">Wuchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozhou" title="Gaozhou">Gaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huazhou,_Guangdong" title="Huazhou, Guangdong">Huazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Guangdong" title="Xinyi, Guangdong">Xinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihui" title="Sihui">Sihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingning,_Guangdong" title="Xingning, Guangdong">Xingning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufeng,_Guangdong" title="Lufeng, Guangdong">Lufeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangchun" title="Yangchun">Yangchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingde" title="Yingde">Yingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianzhou" title="Lianzhou">Lianzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puning" title="Puning">Puning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoding" title="Luoding">Luoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenxi" title="Cenxi">Cenxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxing,_Guangxi" title="Dongxing, Guangxi">Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiliu" title="Beiliu">Beiliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingxi,_Guangxi" title="Jingxi, Guangxi">Jingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Prefecture_(Guangxi)" title="Yi Prefecture (Guangxi)">Yizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshan,_Guangxi" title="Heshan, Guangxi">Heshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Guangxi" title="Pingxiang, Guangxi">Pingxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wuzhishan*</li> <li>Qionghai*</li> <li>Wenchang*</li> <li>Wanning*</li> <li>Dongfang*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan_City" title="Dujiangyan City">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengzhou" title="Pengzhou">Pengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionglai_City" title="Qionglai City">Qionglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzhou" title="Chongzhou">Chongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang,_Sichuan" title="Jianyang, Sichuan">Jianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghan" title="Guanghan">Guanghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifang" title="Shifang">Shifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianzhu" title="Mianzhu">Mianzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyou" title="Jiangyou">Jiangyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_City" title="Emeishan City">Emeishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaying" title="Huaying">Huaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanyuan" title="Wanyuan">Wanyuan</a></li> <li>Barkam*</li> <li>Kangding*</li> <li>Xichang*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhen" title="Qingzhen">Qingzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishui_City" title="Chishui City">Chishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renhuai" title="Renhuai">Renhuai</a></li> <li>Xingyi*</li> <li>Kaili*</li> <li>Duyun*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuquan,_Guizhou" title="Fuquan, Guizhou">Fuquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a></li> <li>Chuxiong*</li> <li>Mengzi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a></li> <li>Wenshan*</li> <li>Jinghong*</li> <li>Dali*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a></li> <li>Mangshi*</li> <li>Lushui*</li> <li>Shangri-La*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(none)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingping" title="Xingping">Xingping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancheng" title="Hancheng">Hancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayin" title="Huayin">Huayin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li>Linxia*</li> <li>Hezuo*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yushu*</li> <li>Golmud*</li> <li>Delingha*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtongxia" title="Qingtongxia">Qingtongxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changji*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a></li> <li>Bole*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a></li> <li>Korla*</li> <li>Aksu*</li> <li>Artush*</li> <li>Kashgar*</li> <li>Hotan*</li> <li>Yining*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Korgas</a></li> <li>Tacheng*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Wusu</a></li> <li>Altay*</li> <li>Shihezi*</li> <li>Aral*</li> <li>Tumxuk*</li> <li>Wujiaqu*</li> <li>Beitun*</li> <li>Tiemenguan*</li> <li>Shuanghe*</li> <li>Kokdala*</li> <li>Kunyu*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i><sup>5</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(none)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notes351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Notes</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">* Indicates this city has already occurred above.<br /> <p><sup>a</sup><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities</a>. <sup>b</sup><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals</a>. <sup>c</sup><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Separate state-planning cities</a>. <sup>1</sup><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic-zone cities</a>. <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Open coastal cities</a>.<br /> <sup>3</sup>Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_Autonomous_Banner" title="Oroqen Autonomous Banner">Oroqen Autonomous Banner</a>, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.<br /> <sup>4</sup>Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.<br /> <sup>5</sup>The claimed province of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a> no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See <a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan</a> instead.<br /> </p> All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_China_by_jurisdiction195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Template:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Template talk:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_China_by_jurisdiction195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_China" title="List of capitals in China">Capitals of China by jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <p><b>National:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">ROC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provinces:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">AH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">FJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> (PRC) / <span style="color:black;background:lightpink"><a href="/wiki/Jincheng,_Kinmen" title="Jincheng, Kinmen">Jincheng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuchien_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Fuchien Province, Republic of China">ROC</a>¹)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">GD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">GS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">GZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">HA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">HB</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">HE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">HL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">HN</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changsha</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">JL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">JS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">JX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">LN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">QH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">SN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">SX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><span style="color:black;background:lightpink"><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">TW</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (PRC)¹ / <a href="/wiki/Zhongxing_New_Village" title="Zhongxing New Village">Zhongxing NV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">ROC</a>)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">YN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">ZJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li></ul> <p><b>Autonomous Regions:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">GX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">NX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">XJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">XZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li></ul> <p><b>Municipalities:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">BJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">CQ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yuzhong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuzhong District">Yuzhong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">SH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangpu District, Shanghai">Huangpu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">TJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hexi_District,_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexi District, Tianjin">Hexi</a></li></ul> <p><b>SARs:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">HK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>¹ — Taiwan and Fujian are administered as a streamlined provinces by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, but those are claimed by the PRC.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" title="Prefecture-level divisions of China">Prefecture-level divisions of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: *<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_current_and_former_capitals_of_the_subdivisions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the current and former capitals of the subdivisions of China">Provincial capitals</a></b>, ★<a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division#Sub-provincial_municipalities" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities</a>, ☆<a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division#Sub-provincial_autonomous_prefecture" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture</a> <i>*<a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Sub prefectural-level divisions</a></i>, ✧"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparatively_larger_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparatively larger city (page does not exist)">Comparatively larger city</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="zh:较大的市">zh</a>]</span>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">较大的市</span></span>) as approved by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei"><b>Hefei</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu" title="Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongling" title="Tongling">Tongling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_City" title="Huangshan City">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang" title="Fuyang">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou"><b>Fuzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan" title="Longyan">Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou"><b>Lanzhou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia (Hui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Gannan (Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou"><b>Guangzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunfu" title="Yunfu">Yunfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang"><b>Guiyang</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren" title="Tongren">Tongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianxinan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiannan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Qiannan (Buyei and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandongnan_Miao_and_Dong_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture">Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou"><b>Haikou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansha" title="Sansha">Sansha</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wuzhishan_City" title="Wuzhishan City"><i>Wuzhishan</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai"><i>Qionghai</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang"><i>Wenchang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning"><i>Wanning</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan"><i>Dongfang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Ding%27an_County" title="Ding'an County"><i>Ding'an County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tunchang_County" title="Tunchang County"><i>Tunchang County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Chengmai_County" title="Chengmai County"><i>Chengmai County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Lingao_County" title="Lingao County"><i>Lingao County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Baisha_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Baisha Li Autonomous County"><i>Baisha County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Changjiang Li Autonomous County"><i>Changjiang County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Ledong_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Ledong Li Autonomous County"><i>Ledong County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Lingshui_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Lingshui Li Autonomous County"><i>Lingshui County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Baoting_Li_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County"><i>Baoting County</i> (Li and Miao)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qiongzhong_Li_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County"><i>Qiongzhong County</i> (Li and Miao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang"><b>Shijiazhuang</b></a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou "Kalgan"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou"><b>Zhengzhou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxiang" title="Xinxiang">Xinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan"><i>Jiyuan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan"><b>Wuhan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshi" title="Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Enshi (Tujia and Miao)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Xiantao" title="Xiantao"><i>Xiantao</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei" title="Qianjiang, Hubei"><i>Qianjiang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen"><i>Tianmen</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia"><i>Shennongjia Forestry District</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin"><b>Harbin</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxing%27anling_Prefecture" title="Daxing'anling Prefecture">Daxing'anling Prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Changsha</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun"><b>Changchun</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping,_Jilin" title="Siping, Jilin">Siping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyuan" title="Liaoyuan">Liaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishan" title="Baishan">Baishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng" title="Baicheng">Baicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian (Korean)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing"><b>Nanjing</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancheng" title="Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang"><b>Nanchang</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyu" title="Xinyu">Xinyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingtan" title="Yingtan">Yingtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang"><b>Shenyang</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huludao" title="Huludao">Huludao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining"><b>Xining</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibei_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haibei (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangnan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Huangnan (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Hainan (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golog_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushu_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Yushu (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haixi_Mongol_and_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu"><b>Chengdu</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijiang" title="Neijiang">Neijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou" title="Dazhou">Dazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhong" title="Bazhong">Bazhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang" title="Ziyang">Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Liangshan (Yi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an"><b>Xi'an</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan" title="Tongchuan">Tongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangluo" title="Shangluo">Shangluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan"><b>Jinan</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan"><b>Taiyuan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangquan" title="Yangquan">Yangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong" title="Jinzhong">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei"><i><b>Taibei</b></i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Gaoxiong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="New Taipei">Xinbei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taizhong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">Taoyuan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming"><b>Kunming</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong (Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe (Hani and Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna (Dai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali (Bai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang (Lisu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên (Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou"><b>Hangzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous <br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning"><b>Nanning</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangchenggang" title="Fangchenggang">Fangchenggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise" title="Baise">Baise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechi" title="Hechi">Hechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan"><b>Yinchuan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuishan" title="Shizuishan">Shizuishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner <br />Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot"><b>Hohhot</b></a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng "Ulankhad"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur "Bayannao'er"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinggan_League" title="Hinggan League">Hinggan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilingol_League" title="Xilingol League">Xilingol League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alxa League "Ālāshàn League"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi"><b>Ürümqi</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji (Hui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala (Mongol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin (Mongol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)</a></li> <li>( ☆<a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili (Kazakh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi"><i>Shihezi</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang"><i>Aral</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk"><i>Tumxuk</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu"><i>Wujiaqu</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang"><i>Beitun</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City"><i>Tiemenguan</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe"><i>Shuanghe</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala"><i>Kokdala</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang"><i>Kunyu</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe"><i>Huyanghe</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang"><i>Xinxing</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)"><b>Lhasa</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse "Xigazê"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo "Qamdo"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi "Linzhi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet" title="Shannan, Tibet">Shannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagqu" title="Nagqu">Nagqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari Prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prefectures_in_China" title="List of prefectures in China"><i>List of prefectures in China</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China"><i>List of cities in China</i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1760" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1760" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174091#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1313073/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfHw6BgjrRwcKbgjxv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009742-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81066397">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170038211">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170038211">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00641497">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Changsha (Čína)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0037258&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4784764">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564526805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/67fba220-706a-459a-b506-a59fefe7c280">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038563">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changsha&oldid=1281213710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changsha&oldid=1281213710</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>90 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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