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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early political career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joins_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joins_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Joins cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joins_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Minister of finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_role_in_referendum_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_role_in_referendum_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Major role in referendum campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_role_in_referendum_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriation_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriation_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Patriation of the Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriation_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984:_First_leadership_bid_and_relationship_with_Turner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984:_First_leadership_bid_and_relationship_with_Turner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1984: First leadership bid and relationship with Turner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984:_First_leadership_bid_and_relationship_with_Turner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984–1993:_Liberals_in_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984–1993:_Liberals_in_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1984–1993: Liberals in opposition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1984–1993:_Liberals_in_opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1984–1993: Liberals in opposition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1984–1993:_Liberals_in_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1986:_Temporarily_leaves_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986:_Temporarily_leaves_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1986: Temporarily leaves politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986:_Temporarily_leaves_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990:_Returns_to_politics_and_wins_Liberal_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990:_Returns_to_politics_and_wins_Liberal_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1990: Returns to politics and wins Liberal leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990:_Returns_to_politics_and_wins_Liberal_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Leader of the Official Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_1993_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1993_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 The 1993 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1993_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1993–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1993–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prime Minister (1993–2003) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1993–2003)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister (1993–2003) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1993–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1995_Quebec_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1995_Quebec_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 1995 Quebec referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1995_Quebec_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Aftermath of referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarity_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarity_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Clarity Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarity_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Domestic affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Electoral affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Social issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Canada in the Yugoslav Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusal_to_join_the_Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_to_join_the_Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Refusal to join the Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_to_join_the_Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Defence policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reelections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reelections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Reelections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reelections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1997_federal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_federal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 1997 federal election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_federal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_federal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_federal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 2000 federal election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_federal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandals_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandals_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Scandals and controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandals_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shawinigate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shawinigate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Shawinigate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shawinigate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorship_Scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorship_Scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Sponsorship Scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorship_Scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chrétien_and_Martin:_Liberal_Party_infighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chrétien_and_Martin:_Liberal_Party_infighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Chrétien and Martin: Liberal Party infighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chrétien_and_Martin:_Liberal_Party_infighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 Rebellion and resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Supreme Court appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Electoral record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Academic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jean Chrétien</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جان كريتيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان كريتيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Крэцьен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан Крэцьен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%27%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Крэт'ен – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жан Крэт'ен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Кретиен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан Кретиен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ژان کرتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان کرتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%B5" title="장 크레티앵 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장 크레티앵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ժան Կրետիեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժան Կրետիեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ז'אן קרטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן קרטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chretien" title="Jean Chretien – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jean Chretien" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="ज्याँ क्रेटियें – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्याँ क्रेटियें" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جان كريتيان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان كريتيان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جین کریتین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جین کریتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="जेन क्रिटेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेन क्रिटेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3" title="ジャン・クレティエン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン・クレティエン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ژان کرېټین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژان کرېټین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кретьен, Жан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кретьен, Жан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Кретјен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жан Кретјен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8C%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="ฌ็อง เครเตียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฌ็อง เครเตียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94%D0%BD" title="Жан Кретьєн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан Кретьєн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89" title="让·克雷蒂安 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="让·克雷蒂安" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="זשאן קרעטיען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשאן קרעטיען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jean Chrétien" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89" title="让·克雷蒂安 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="让·克雷蒂安" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Guy_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Guy Chrétien">Jean-Guy Chrétien</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jean Chrétien</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba" title="Order of Manitoba">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec" title="Bar of Quebec">AdE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg/220px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg/330px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg/440px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="539" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chrétien in 2010</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 4, 1993 – December 12, 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a> <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a> <a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Senior political offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 21, 1990 – November 4, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 23, 1990 – November 14, 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Paul Martin </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 30, 1984 – September 17, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Erik Nielsen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 30, 1984 – September 17, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources">Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 10, 1982 – June 30, 1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Minister of Justice Attorney General of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 3, 1980 – September 16, 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Trudeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Flynn" title="Jacques Flynn">Jacques Flynn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">Mark MacGuigan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 16, 1977 – June 3, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Trudeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald Stovel Macdonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">John Crosbie</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Ministers_of_Industry,_Trade_and_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Ministers of Industry, Trade and Commerce">Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 14, 1976 – September 15, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Trudeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Don Jamieson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Horner_(politician)" title="Jack Horner (politician)">Jack Horner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Treasury_Board" title="President of the Treasury Board">President of the Treasury Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 8, 1974 – September 13, 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Trudeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Andras" title="Bob Andras">Bob Andras</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)">Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 6, 1968 – August 7, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Trudeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Judd Buchanan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue" title="Minister of National Revenue">Minister of National Revenue</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 18, 1968 – July 5, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> Pierre Trudeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 4, 1967 – January 17, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Lester B. Pearson </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Beaus%C3%A9jour_(electoral_district)" title="Beauséjour (electoral district)">Beauséjour</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 10, 1990 – October 25, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Fernand Robichaud</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Maurice (federal electoral district)">Saint-Maurice</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice%E2%80%94Lafl%C3%A8che" title="Saint-Maurice—Laflèche">Saint-Maurice—Laflèche</a>; 1963–1968)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 25, 1993 – December 12, 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Pronovost" title="Denis Pronovost">Denis Pronovost</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 8, 1963 – February 27, 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Grondin" title="Gilles Grondin">Gilles Grondin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien</div> (1934-01-11) January 11, 1934 (age 90) <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aline_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Aline Chrétien">Aline Chaîné</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1957; died 2020)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/France_Chr%C3%A9tien_Desmarais" title="France Chrétien Desmarais">France Chrétien Desmarais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Michel Chrétien">Michel Chrétien</a> (brother) <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Raymond Chrétien">Raymond Chrétien</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Chrétien's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg/128px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg/192px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg/256px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="63" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba" title="Order of Manitoba">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec" title="Bar of Quebec">AdE</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃ kʁetsjẽɪ̯̃]</a>; born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 20th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> from 1993 to 2003. Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Chrétien is a law graduate from <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a>, he was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in <a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">1963</a>. He served in various cabinet posts under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, most prominently as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development">minister of Indian affairs and northern development</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Treasury_Board" title="President of the Treasury Board">president of the Treasury Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">minister of finance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">minister of justice</a>. He ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of the Liberal Party in <a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1984</a>, losing to <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>. Chrétien served as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy prime minister of Canada">deputy prime minister</a> in Turner's short-lived government which would be defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 federal election</a>. After Turner led the Liberals to their <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">second defeat at the polls in 1988</a>, Chrétien became leader of the Liberals and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1990</a>, returning to politics after briefly working in the private sector. In the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a>, Chrétien led the Liberals to a strong <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> before leading the party to two additional majorities in <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a>. Chrétien became prime minister at a time when Canada was on the brink of a <a href="/wiki/Debt_crisis" title="Debt crisis">debt crisis</a> as a result of a ballooning <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a>. After a series of austerity budgets which included major cuts to healthcare funding transfers to the provinces as well as cuts to welfare programs, <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Premiership of Jean Chrétien">his government</a> produced the first <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">budget surplus</a> in nearly 30 years; the latter half of Chrétien's tenure saw consecutive budget surpluses which were used to fund tax cuts and pay down <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a>. In national unity issues, Chrétien was strongly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a>. He won a narrow victory as leader of the federalist camp in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec referendum</a>, and then pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a> to avoid ambiguity in future referendum questions. His government also established the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Firearms_Registry" title="Canadian Firearms Registry">long-gun registry</a>, advanced the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Criminal_Justice_Act" title="Youth Criminal Justice Act">Youth Criminal Justice Act</a>, and laid the groundwork to legalize <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">same-sex marriage</a>. He implemented several major environmental laws, including an updated <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act,_1999" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999">Canadian Environmental Protection Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pest_Control_Products_Act" title="Pest Control Products Act">Pest Control Products Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species At Risk Act</a>. In foreign policy, Chrétien ordered Canadian military intervention during the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> but opposed participation in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. Although his popularity and that of the Liberal Party were seemingly unchallenged for three consecutive federal elections, he became subject to various political controversies. He was accused of inappropriate behaviour in the <a href="/wiki/Shawinigate" title="Shawinigate">Shawinigate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_scandal" title="Sponsorship scandal">sponsorship</a> scandals, although he has consistently denied any wrongdoing. He also became embroiled in <a href="#Chrétien_and_Martin:_Liberal_Party_infighting">a protracted leadership struggle</a> within the Liberal Party against his <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Canada">finance minister</a> and long-time political rival <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>. In December 2003, as a result of the threat of losing a <a href="/wiki/Leadership_review" title="Leadership review">leadership review</a> and pressure from the pro-Martin faction of the party, Chrétien resigned as prime minister and retired from politics. Chrétien ranks above-average in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Canadian_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers">rankings of Canadian prime ministers</a>. At age 90, Chrétien is the oldest living former Canadian prime minister. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_family,_and_education">Early life, family, and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family, and education">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien was born on January 11, 1934, in <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, as the 18th of 19 children (10 of whom did not survive infancy),<a href="#cite_note-L&T-1">[1]</a> of Marie (née Boisvert, 1892–1954) and Wellie Chrétien (1887–1980).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His younger brother is the <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">neuroendocrinology</a> researcher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Michel Chrétien">Michel Chrétien</a>. The working-class Chrétien family was poor, and Chrétien had to wear clothing that had been worn by his siblings as his parents were too indigent to buy new clothing for him.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._27-3">[3]</a> Chrétien's parents wanted their children to escape a working-class life in Shawinigan by attending a <a href="/wiki/Classical_college" title="Classical college">classical college</a>, which was the only way one could attend university in Quebec at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._27-3">[3]</a> Chrétien's father made him read the dictionary as a young boy. Chrétien's older brother Maurice won a scholarship at the insurance company he was working for, which allowed him to attend medical school, and with the profits from his medical practice, was able to assist his younger siblings to attend the classical colleges.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Wellie Chrétien was a staunch Liberal who once got to shake hands as a young man with his hero, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Sir Wilfrid Laurier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._44-5">[5]</a> The local parish priest, Father Auger, a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> who hated all Liberals as "ungodly", spread malicious rumours about the Liberal Chrétien family, saying he would never let a teenage girl go on a date unchaperoned with any of the Chrétien boys, which caused the young Jean Chrétien to have troubled relations with the Catholic church.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._89-6">[6]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Canadian nationalist Wellie Chrétien had attracted much public disapproval by being a staunch supporter of the war effort, and especially by being one of the few French-Canadians in Shawinigan willing to publicly support sending the conscripts (known as "Zombies") to fight overseas.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Under the 1940 <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Mobilization_Act" title="National Resources Mobilization Act">National Resources Mobilization Act</a>, the federal government could conscript Canadians only for the defence of Canada, and until late 1944, only volunteers went to fight overseas. In 1940s Quebec, where many French-Canadians were opposed to Canada fighting in the war, and especially to sending the "Zombies" overseas, this made Wellie Chrétien and his family outcasts.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._44-5">[5]</a> Furthermore, during the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Noirceur" title="Grande Noirceur">Grande Noirceur</a> ("Great Darkness") when Quebec society was dominated by the corrupt Union Nationale patronage machine, the Chrétien family were excluded because of Wellie Chrétien's support for the war.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Union Nationale Premier <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> had been an outspoken opponent of Canadian participation in World War II. Until 1964, Quebec had no public schools, and Chrétien was educated in Catholic schools. Chrétien disliked the Catholic priests who educated him and in turn was disliked by them with one of Chrétien's former teachers, Father François Lanoue, recalling that Chrétien was the only student he ever grabbed by his ears, as he was too unruly.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In an interview, Chrétien called his education "unnatural", as he recalled an extremely strict regime where the priests beat anyone bloody who dared to question their authority while teaching via rote learning.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-10">[10]</a> One of Chrétien's classmates recalled "We didn't have the right to have feelings or express them".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-10">[10]</a> Chrétien got his early schooling at a private boys' school in <a href="/wiki/Joliette" title="Joliette">Joliette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11">[11]</a> He then attended <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9minaire_Saint-Joseph_de_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières">Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières</a>. He obtained excellent grades and then studied law at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>, the training ground of the French-Canadian elite.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> As a student at Trois-Rivières, Chrétien later recalled that his best day at that school was his first day when he attacked without provocation another student taller than himself, leading him to proudly remember that: "I really socked it to him bad. In front of everybody!"<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._51-13">[13]</a> Chrétien recalled that his assault was meant to send the message to the other students: "Don't mess with Chrétien!"<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._51-13">[13]</a> When asked in an interview by his biographer Lawrence Martin what subject he was best at in high school, Chrétien replied: "It was street fighting that I was best at".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Despite the thuggish image that he cultivated at Séminaire Saint-Joseph, Chrétien's grades were high, with an education that focused mostly on Catholic theology, the classics, philosophy, and French. When Chrétien graduated from Séminaire Saint-Joseph, Duplessis came to address the class and upon meeting Chrétien asked him if his grandfather was François Chrétien, who once served as mayor of St-Étiene-des-Grès, and if his father was Wellie Chrétien. Upon receiving affirmative answers to both questions, the premier said with disgust, "Then you're a damn rouge".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Later at Laval, Chrétien protested the fact that the law faculty gave the Revised Statutes of Quebec free to Union Nationale students while Liberal students had to pay $10 for it, which led him and another student whose family was well connected to meet Duplessis in his office.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Duplessis told Chrétien the Union Nationale only rewarded those who had "faith", and if he wanted the book for free, then he should have had "faith", noting that there were no "rights" in Quebec as he was "Le Chef" ("the boss").<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> At Laval, Chrétien became active in the Young Liberals, becoming president as no one else wanted the job as most students were too frightened to antagonize the Union Nationale.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1958 he attended the Liberal convention in Ottawa that chose Lester Pearson as the party's leader, and where Chrétien supported <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Chrétien later drew attention to his humble origins, calling himself "le petit gars de Shawinigan", or the "little guy from Shawinigan".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In his youth he suffered from an attack of <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_palsy" title="Bell's palsy">Bell's palsy</a>, permanently leaving one side of his face partially paralyzed.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Chrétien used this in his first Liberal leadership campaign, saying that he was "One politician who didn't talk out of both sides of his mouth." He is also deaf in one ear.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> On September 10, 1957, he married <a href="/wiki/Aline_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Aline Chrétien">Aline Chaîné</a>, whom he had met when he was 18 and she was 16. They had three children: France (b. 1958), Hubert (b. 1965) and Michel (b. 1968), who was adopted in 1970. <a href="/wiki/France_Chr%C3%A9tien_Desmarais" title="France Chrétien Desmarais">France Chrétien Desmarais</a>, who is a lawyer, is married to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Desmarais" title="André Desmarais">André Desmarais</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Desmarais,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Desmarais, Sr.">Paul Desmarais, Sr.</a>, and the president and co-chief executive officer of his father's company, <a href="/wiki/Power_Corporation_of_Canada" title="Power Corporation of Canada">Power Corporation</a>, based in Montreal, Canada. Reflecting Chrétien's poor relations with the Catholic church, the local priest in Shawinigan, Father Auger, refused to marry Chrétien in his church, saying only bleus (blues, i.e. Union Nationale supporters) were welcome in his church and rouges (reds, i.e. Liberals) were not.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._89-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien practised law at the Shawinigan firm of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_G%C3%A9linas" title="Alexandre Gélinas">Alexandre Gélinas</a> and Joe Lafond<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> until he was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> as a Liberal from the riding of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice%E2%80%93Lafl%C3%A8che" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Maurice–Laflèche">Saint-Maurice–Laflèche</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">1963 election</a>. He represented this Shawinigan-based riding, renamed <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Maurice (federal electoral district)">Saint-Maurice</a> in 1968, for all but eight of the next 41 years. The riding had been won by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a> party in the 1962 election, and Chrétien won the Liberal nomination for the 1963 election as the previous Liberal member of Parliament (MP) decided to retire.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Chrétien won the election by portraying the Social Credit MP <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lamy" title="Gérard Lamy">Gérard Lamy</a> as a "buffoon" who made French-Canadians look stupid.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Early in his career, Chrétien was described by <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Dalton Camp</a> as looking like "the driver of the getaway car", a condescending assessment which stuck with him, and which was often cited by journalists and others throughout his career, and usually considering his eventual success. The only committee assignment he requested, and obtained, during his first term was to the Finance Committee.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11">[11]</a> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">1965 election</a>, Chrétien very briefly served as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">parliamentary secretary</a> to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._163-26">[26]</a> When Pearson recruited his "Three Wise Men" consisting of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Gérard Pelletier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> into the cabinet, Chrétien was disappointed at being bypassed, telling Pearson he deserved to be promoted to the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._163-26">[26]</a> Starting in 1966, he served for a more substantial period of time as the parliamentary secretary to <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a>. Sharp was to serve as Chrétien's mentor and patron, helping him rise through the ranks.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1967, Chrétien visited western Canada for the first time, which he was curious to see.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> he declared in a speech about the demands for more powers for Quebec being made by Union Nationale Premier <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Sr." title="Daniel Johnson Sr.">Daniel Johnson</a> that "those who are in favour of a special status [for Quebec] are often separatists who don't want to admit they are separatists", which caused an uproar in Quebec, with Johnson saying he just wanted more powers for Quebec, not independence.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> When the French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in a speech during his visit to Montreal said "<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a>!" ("Long Live A Free Quebec!") and compared the Quiet Revolution to the Liberation of France from the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>, Chrétien in a cabinet meeting demanded that the government order de Gaulle to leave Canada.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joins_cabinet">Joins cabinet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Joins cabinet">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien was appointed minister without portfolio in April 1967 and then <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Revenue (Canada)">minister of national revenue</a> in January 1968, making him a junior minister in the cabinet. During the <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968 Liberal leadership race</a>, Chrétien fought hard on behalf of his mentor Sharp, who aspired to lead the Liberal Party.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._184–185-31">[31]</a> When Sharp withdrew from the race, Chrétien followed Sharp in swinging his support behind the man who eventually won the race, Pierre Trudeau.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._184–185-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau,_Turner,_Chretien,_and_Pearson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg/220px-Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg/330px-Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1a/Trudeau%2C_Turner%2C_Chretien%2C_and_Pearson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien, second from right as a minister in <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a>'s Cabinet in 1967. From left to right, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, Chrétien, and Pearson. All four men served as Prime Ministers of Canada.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">June 1968 election</a>, Chrétien was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)">minister of Indian affairs and northern development</a>. Trudeau and Chrétien were never close, as the gulf between the intellectual Trudeau and the decidedly non-intellectual Chrétien was too wide, but Trudeau did value Chrétien as an extremely loyal and competent minister, and as a "tough guy" trouble-shooter who could handle difficult assignments.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Trudeau and his intellectual advisors in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a> (PMO) held Chrétien in contempt as someone who spoke French with a working class accent and whose manners were unpolished, but they appreciated his toughness and ability to get things done.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> While at Indian Affairs, Chrétien introduced the <a href="/wiki/1969_White_Paper" title="1969 White Paper">1969 White Paper</a>, a proposal to abolish <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">treaties between Canada and First Nations</a> and related legislation including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>. Critics charged that the goal was to assimilate First Nations people into the general Canadian population.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The paper was widely opposed by First Nations groups, and later abandoned. It was the 1969 White Paper that first brought Chrétien to widespread public attention in <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>. At a press conference announcing the White Paper, Chrétien openly clashed with Indian activists with one First Nations woman asking Chrétien, "When did we lose our identity?", to which he replied: "When you signed the treaties", which prompted boos and jeers.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._198-35">[35]</a> Another woman from the Iroquois reserve at Brantford asked Chrétien, "How can you come here and ask us to become citizens, when we were here long before you?", noting the Crown had granted the Grand River valley to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> in 1784, to which Chrétien had no reply.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._198-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Cardinal" title="Harold Cardinal">Harold Cardinal</a> attacked Chrétien and Trudeau for the White Paper in his bestselling 1969 book The Unjust Society, accusing them of "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>" against the First Nations.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> To counteract such criticism, Chrétien adopted an <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> boy from a local orphanage during a 1970 visit to the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> As Indian Affairs minister, Chrétien fell in love with the far north of Canada, whose beauty moved him, and he vacationed in the north every summer during his time while holding the Indian Affairs portfolio.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> of 1970, Chrétien told Trudeau to "act now, explain later", when Trudeau was hesitant to invoke the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>. Eighty-five percent of Canadians agreed with the move. In the 1972 election, Chrétien, who was frightened by a near-defeat in 1968, had a friend Antonio Genest win the Progressive Conservative (PC) nomination, and then run a deliberately inept campaign in order to ensure his re-election.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, the Liberal premier of Quebec, was a nationalist who frequently pressed for more devolution of federal powers to his province, making him Trudeau's bête noire, with the two men openly feuding.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._224-40">[40]</a> In 1971, when the Bourassa government began the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_Project" title="James Bay Project">James Bay Project</a> to develop hydro-electric dams on rivers flowing into <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a>, which was opposed by the local Cree bands who claimed the land slated for development, Chrétien intervened on the side of the Cree.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._224-40">[40]</a> In a speech Chrétien said Bourassa "could go to hell", stated he did not have the right to build on or flood the land claimed by the Cree, and hired lawyers to argue for the Cree in the courts.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._224-40">[40]</a> In November 1973, a judge ruled for the Cree, but a few days later the appeals court ruled for Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._224-40">[40]</a> In 1974, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Treasury_Board" title="President of the Treasury Board">President of the Treasury Board</a>; and beginning in 1976, he served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Industry_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Industry (Canada)">Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce</a>. At the Treasury Board, Chrétien become known as "Doctor No", as he refused in a brusque manner requests from other ministers for more money for their departments.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The 1970s were a time of rapid inflation, and Chrétien often clashed with public sector unions who demanded wage increases.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> At a time when deficits were rising and the Trudeau government was widely seen as drifting, Chrétien's "tough guy" image won him widespread attention with many in the media presenting him one of the few people in the Trudeau cabinet willing to make tough decisions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> As industry minister, Chrétien was in charge of the Trudeau government's efforts to "diversify" the economy by trading more with Asia and Europe and less with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._246-44">[44]</a> Chrétien often complained the high Canadian dollar hindered his efforts to "diversify" trade and he became known for his belief in the value of a low dollar.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._246-44">[44]</a> As industry minister, Chrétien moved to the left, being known for his populist policies, imposing tariffs on clothing made abroad to encourage more production in Canada, and having the government fund the development of the <a href="/wiki/Canadair_Challenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadair Challenger">Challenger</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_finance">Minister of finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of finance">edit</a>]</div> In 1977, following the resignation of Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald MacDonald</a>, Chrétien succeeded him. He was the first <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> minister of finance, and remains one of only three francophones to have held that post. Chrétien's time at Finance highlighted his "enforcer" status, namely as someone who often helped to execute Trudeau's policies, but who rarely helped Trudeau to make policy.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._262-266-46">[46]</a> During his time at Finance, Trudeau completely excluded Chrétien from any role in making financial policy, instead expecting Chrétien to simply carry out the policies that he and his advisors at the PMO had decided beforehand without consulting Chrétien at all.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._262-266-46">[46]</a> Trudeau was extremely close to the West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/4th_G7_summit" title="4th G7 summit">1978 G7</a> summit in Bonn, Trudeau had extensive discussions with his friend Schmidt about how best to win re-election in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Schmidt suggested to Trudeau that he respond to criticism of the deficits he had been running by bringing in some big cuts to spending, an idea that Trudeau took up.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1978 Trudeau announced in a press statement $2 billion in cuts without bothering to inform Chrétien beforehand about what he had decided to do, leaving his finance minister looking clueless in the resulting press interview.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._265-266-49">[49]</a> Chrétien found this experience so humiliating that he seriously considering resigning in protest.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._265-266-49">[49]</a> Chrétien was especially humiliated by the fact that Chancellor Schmidt was better informed of about what was going to happen than he was, which underlined that he was not a member of Trudeau's inner circle.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._265-266-49">[49]</a> Chrétien presented the two federal budgets to the House floor in 1978, one in <a href="/wiki/April_1978_Canadian_federal_budget" title="April 1978 Canadian federal budget">April</a> and the other in <a href="/wiki/November_1978_Canadian_federal_budget" title="November 1978 Canadian federal budget">November</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg/220px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg/330px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg/440px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien in 1980</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_role_in_referendum_campaign">Major role in referendum campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major role in referendum campaign">edit</a>]</div> The Liberals lost the <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">federal election of May 1979</a> to a minority <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>. However, the PC government fell when the House of Commons failed to approve <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1979 Canadian federal budget">its budget</a> in December, triggering the <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 Canadian federal election</a> in February. Trudeau had originally resigned the Liberal leadership after his 1979 election loss, but no leadership election had taken place to choose his successor before the fall of the Clark government; this allowed him to rescind his resignation and lead the Liberals to victory with a majority government. Trudeau appointed Chrétien as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice and Attorney General</a>. In this role, Chrétien was a major force in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</a>, being one of the main federal representatives "on the ground" during the campaign. His fiery and emotional speeches would enthrall federalist crowds with his blunt warnings of the consequences of separation. During the referendum, Chrétien fiercely fought behind the scenes with the leader of the Quebec Liberals, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ryan" title="Claude Ryan">Claude Ryan</a>, who served as the chairman of the non committee, about the best course to follow, with Ryan favouring a more Quebec nationalist message as opposed to Chrétien's unabashed Canadian nationalist message.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Chrétien delivered an average of six or seven speeches a day during the 1980 referendum all across Quebec and always managed to work in a local reference in every speech.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriation_of_the_Constitution">Patriation of the Constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Patriation of the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien also served as minister of state for social development and minister responsible for constitutional negotiations, playing a significant role in the debates leading to the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> in 1982. On September 28, 1981, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could patriate the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a> without the consent of the provinces, but also ruled this would be "odious".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Chrétien informed the premiers opposing patriation that Ottawa would unilaterally patriate the Constitution, but was willing to talk at a final conference.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> During the resulting First Ministers conference in November 1981, two of the premiers, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Blakeney" title="Allan Blakeney">Allan Blakeney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Lyon" title="Sterling Lyon">Sterling Lyon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, made it clear that their principal objection to the proposed <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> was that it undermined the ancient British tradition of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siddiquic-54">[54]</a> Ever since the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_of_1688" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorious Revolution of 1688">Glorious Revolution of 1688</a>, the principle had always been that Parliament was the supreme lawmaking body in the land, and both Blakeney and Lyon were concerned that the Charter would give too much power to the courts. Chrétien was the chief negotiator of what would be called the "<a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Accord#The_Kitchen_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen Accord">Kitchen Accord</a>", an agreement which led to the agreement of nine provinces to patriation. In the Kitchen Accord, Chrétien, along with Attorneys-General <a href="/wiki/Roy_McMurtry" title="Roy McMurtry">Roy McMurtry</a> of Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Romanow" title="Roy Romanow">Roy Romanow</a> of Saskatchewan, devised the compromise of <a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 33</a>, the so-called "notwithstanding clause", allowing Parliament and provincial legislatures to overrule the courts in Charter cases.<a href="#cite_note-Siddiquic-54">[54]</a> Chrétien remembered that Trudeau "hated" the idea of Section 33 and that he had to tell him: "Pierre, if you don't take the notwithstanding clause, you don't have the Charter."<a href="#cite_note-Siddiquic-54">[54]</a> Trudeau only accepted Section 33 when Ontario Premier <a href="/wiki/Bill_Davis" title="Bill Davis">Bill Davis</a>, one of only two premiers supporting the federal government (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hatfield" title="Richard Hatfield">Richard Hatfield</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> being the other), phoned him to say he would not support Trudeau in London if Trudeau did not accept Section 33, which Chrétien remembered changed Trudeau's attitude completely.<a href="#cite_note-Faguy-55">[55]</a> In a 2012 interview, Chrétien defended the controversial Section 33, saying: "Because some would argue that in a society the elected people have to be supreme — not judges — and I subscribe to that. Look at what happened in the United States where the judges reign according to their so-called philosophy. That is not the tradition here."<a href="#cite_note-Faguy-55">[55]</a> All of the English-speaking premiers accepted the compromise of Section 33, but Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> did not. Chrétien's role in the dealings would not be forgotten in his native province of Quebec (although the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled that Quebec was bound by it). One of Trudeau's aides, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Strayer" title="Barry Strayer">Barry Strayer</a>, later said about Chrétien's role in the constitutional battle: "He was able to contemplate compromises that Trudeau would not have been able to. Everybody saw him as a honest broker. Without him you could argue it would not have happened."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources">Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, Chrétien was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada)">Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources</a>, putting him in charge of enforcing the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a> (NEP), which helped to make him a hated figure in Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Chrétien himself was doubtful about the value of the NEP, saying at the time of his appointment as Energy Minister that, "We've got to back off on the NEP without destroying our credibility," but upon learning that Trudeau and his right-hand man, Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a>, were in favour of continuing the NEP, Chrétien decided to fall in line rather than risk his chances of one day winning the Liberal leadership.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Chrétien's battles with Alberta Premier <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> over the NEP helped to confirm his disdain for provincial politicians, whom he saw as petty people only interested in their own provinces at the expense of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984:_First_leadership_bid_and_relationship_with_Turner">1984: First leadership bid and relationship with Turner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1984: First leadership bid and relationship with Turner">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Trudeau_(1975).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/150px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/225px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/300px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>When Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> announced his retirement in 1984, Chrétien ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party by portraying himself as the candidate who would best continue Trudeau's policies and defend his legacy.</figcaption></figure> After Trudeau announced his retirement as Prime Minister and Liberal Party leader in early 1984, Chrétien was one of the candidates seeking to replace him as leader. The experience was a hard one for Chrétien, as many of his longtime Cabinet allies supported the bid of <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, who was viewed as more electable, much to Chrétien's intense disappointment.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> During the leadership race in the spring of 1984, Chrétien ran as the defender of the Trudeau era and promised to continue all of Trudeau's policies, unlike Turner, who promised a break with Trudeau.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During the leadership race, Chrétien presented himself as a folksy leftish populist and mocked Turner as a right-wing <a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a> snob who was out of touch with ordinary people.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._332-62">[62]</a> Chrétien opposed Turner that the national deficit was not a problem and arguing in a speech, "We have to use the deficit to keep the dignity of our people."<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._332-62">[62]</a> Chrétien attracted larger and more enthusiastic crowds than anything that Turner ever managed, but most of the Liberal Party establishment had rallied to Turner when he announced his candidacy in March 1984, which proved to be an insurmountable handicap for Chrétien.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Chrétien was thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> until the end but lost on the second ballot to Turner at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">leadership convention</a> that June. Liberal Party president <a href="/wiki/Iona_Campagnolo" title="Iona Campagnolo">Iona Campagnolo</a> introduced Chrétien as "Second on the ballot, but first in our hearts." Turner appointed Chrétien <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)#Secretaries_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(1909–1993)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a>. After winning the leadership race, Turner wanted to reconcile with Chrétien and lead a united party into the coming <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">general election</a>, and so asked Chrétien what terms he would accept.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._339–340-64">[64]</a> Chrétien, angry about losing the leadership race, asked for terms he knew Turner could never give him, demanding to be appointed <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, with control of patronage and organization in Quebec. However, Turner had already promised the position to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a> in exchange for support in the leadership race.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._339–340-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_pp._15-28-65">[65]</a> As a result, Turner compromised by creating a troika of Chrétien, Ouellet, and Lalonde to run Liberal operations in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson_pp._15-28-65">[65]</a> The troika was a sham, and during the 1984 election, its three members spent more time feuding with one another than in combating the Progressive Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson_pp._15-28-65">[65]</a> Chrétien's demand for the Quebec lieutenancy was not his only issue with Turner, as he almost immediately clashed with the Prime Minister over the calling of an early election. As the last general election had been held in February 1980, the next general election could be held no later than February 1985. Chrétien advised Turner not to ask the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> to dissolve Parliament, but to instead keep it in session during the fall of 1984 to give the government a record to run on in a winter election in early 1985.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Turner disregarded Chrétien's advice, believing that a boost in the polls after he assumed the premiership in late June 1984 justified asking for Parliament to be dissolved, and for an election to be held in September 1984.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1984–1993:_Liberals_in_opposition">1984–1993: Liberals in opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1984–1993: Liberals in opposition">edit</a>]</div> Relations between Chrétien and Turner were strained, especially after the Liberals' severe defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 election</a> by the Progressive Conservatives, now led by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>. Chrétien was one of only 17 Liberal MPs elected from Quebec (the party had won 74 out of 75 seats there in 1980), and one of only four elected from a riding outside <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. Chrétien was a major focal point of dissatisfaction with Turner, with many polls showing his popularity. His 1985 book, Straight from the Heart, was an instant bestseller that recounted his early life in Shawinigan, his years spent in the House of Commons of Canada as both a member of Parliament and Cabinet minister, and his failed 1984 leadership bid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986:_Temporarily_leaves_politics">1986: Temporarily leaves politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1986: Temporarily leaves politics">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien, whose relations with Turner were very poor, resigned his seat and left public life for a time. On February 27, 1986, Chrétien, accompanied by his special executive assistant <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carle" title="Jean Carle">Jean Carle</a>, went to Turner's office to hand in his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Turner forced Chrétien to wait a considerable period of time during which Carle broke down in tears, and Chrétien was visibly angry when Turner finally received them, making for a tense and barely civil meeting.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Chrétien's resignation was largely motivated by his desire to better organize against Turner in the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_review" title="Leadership review">leadership review</a>, which was due in the fall of 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy,_John_p._321-70">[70]</a> Now working in the private sector again, Chrétien sat on the boards of several corporations, including the Power Corporation of Canada subsidiary Consolidated Bathurst, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brick_Furniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick Furniture">Brick Warehouse Corporation</a>. Chrétien professed to be retired from politics, but he told reporters within days of his retirement, "I will always be a politician. I love politics."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Crucially, Chrétien did not disband the campaign organization that he founded in 1984, suggesting that his retirement had always been intended to be temporary. In November 1986, when the Liberals held their leadership review, Chrétien attempted to organize against Turner, which led to a bruising battle between factions loyal to the two men.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy,_John_p._321-70">[70]</a> Chrétien used Turner's penchant for heavy drinking to spread rumors that Turner was an alcoholic who was simply too drunk most of the time to lead the Liberals to power effectively.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He formally claimed to be neutral on the question of Turner's management of the Liberal Party, but lobbied as many Liberal MPs and senators as possible behind the scenes for their support in bringing down Turner.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The intense emotions stirred up by the leadership review boiled over when Chrétien arrived to vote in the review, leading to a chaotic scene on the convention floor where police had to be called to quell physical fighting between Chrétien partisans and Turner partisans.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Turner won the leadership review, earning about 75% of the delegate vote. In the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 election</a>, the Liberals only experienced a moderate recovery, doubling the number of seats they won in 1984. However, Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives won a second consecutive <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>, campaigning in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">free trade agreement with the United States</a>. Having lost a second straight general election, Turner announced his resignation as Liberal leader in 1989, triggering the <a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">June 1990 Liberal leadership election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990:_Returns_to_politics_and_wins_Liberal_leadership">1990: Returns to politics and wins Liberal leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990: Returns to politics and wins Liberal leadership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_martin_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Paul_martin_2004.jpg/150px-Paul_martin_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Paul_martin_2004.jpg/225px-Paul_martin_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Paul_martin_2004.jpg/300px-Paul_martin_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> was Chrétien's main opponent for the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1990. The campaign between them started a political rivalry that would endure throughout and beyond Chrétien's premiership.</figcaption></figure> At a press conference in Ottawa on January 23, 1990, Chrétien declared that he would run for the Liberal Party leadership and proudly stated that the day would be remembered as the beginning of the "Chrétien era" in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Chrétien's principal opponent in the contest, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>, was generally seen as the ideological heir to Turner, while Chrétien was seen to be the ideological heir to Trudeau. The fact that most of the Liberals who had supported Turner in the 1980s supported Martin in 1990 confirmed Chrétien's disdain for Martin, whom he saw as a Bay Street "big shot" like Turner.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The most controversial issue facing Canada during the first half of 1990 was the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, a set of proposed constitutional amendments that would have seen a significant devolution of federal powers to the provinces and included a clause that would have recognized Quebec as a "<a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">distinct society</a>" within Canada. Chrétien had announced in a January 1990 speech that he was an opponent of Meech Lake but stated that he would support the accord with amendments, such as scrapping the controversial "distinct society" clause as written; having the preamble to the constitution instead declare that Quebec was a "distinct society"; and adding a new clause saying if any conflict arose between the constitutional recognition of Quebec as a "distinct society" and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the latter would always prevail.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._15-77">[77]</a> The "distinct society" clause theoretically could have been the basis of a wide-ranging devolution of federal power, since the clause might have empowered the Quebec government to pass any law short of secession to protect the "distinct society". This made the clause very popular in Quebec, but aroused passionate opposition in English Canada. In a much-discussed essay, Trudeau had warned that giving Quebec the constitutional right to be a "distinct society" would mean that Quebec could quite legally start to expel its anglophone minority. Chrétien's proposed amendments would have meant that the constitution would have recognized Quebec as a "distinct society" but effectively gutted any attempt to use that to grant any special powers to Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._15-77">[77]</a> In private, Chrétien opposed Meech Lake, but as the accord was extremely popular in Quebec, running as an out-and-out opponent of Meech Lake was judged to be too risky politically, causing him to conditionally oppose the accord in public.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Meech Lake placed Chrétien in a difficult position, as it was very popular in Quebec and loathed by the Trudeau wing of the Liberals; Chrétien needed the support of both entities in the leadership race.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He tried to avoid talking about Meech Lake as much as possible, which was a minefield issue for him; he instead stuck to generalities about national unity.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Martin, by contrast, had declared himself an unconditional supporter of Meech Lake as it was; he was also quite willing to talk about his support.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Chrétien's key campaign man was <a href="/wiki/Jim_Karygiannis" title="Jim Karygiannis">Jim Karygiannis</a>, who specialized in signing up immigrants to serve as Chrétien delegates. He signed 9,500 immigrants as Chrétien delegates between January and June 1990. In large part because of Karygiannis and his team, Chrétien had by late April 1990 signed up 1,500 delegates, which made him the clear front-runner compared to Martin's 500 delegates.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p19-82">[82]</a> A key moment in the leadership contest took place at an all-candidates debate in Montreal on June 2, 1990. The discussion quickly turned to the Meech Lake Accord, which had emerged as the major policy issue dividing Chrétien and Martin. Martin attempted to force Chrétien to abandon his nuanced position on Meech Lake and speak out either for or against it, saying that Chrétien's position of opposing Meech Lake as it was, but being willing to support it with amendments, was trying to have it both ways.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> When Chrétien refused to endorse Meech Lake as it was, young Liberal delegates crowding the hall began to chant vendu ("sellout" in French), "you're selling out to the Anglos," and "<a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a>" at Chrétien.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> One of Chrétien's aides frantically asked that Martin "get the fuck out there and do something," as the Young Liberals continued shouting abuse at Chrétien to his clear discomfort, only to be told that the Quebec youth were "hotheads" whom nobody could control.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p24-85">[85]</a> Privately, Chrétien was deeply enraged by the incident, claimed that the delegates shouting vendu at him were actually Martin supporters from Toronto, and charged that their poor French had betrayed that they had not been from Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p24-85">[85]</a> Martin denied involvement in "coordinating" any response from the floor or a similar outburst by his supporters at the convention.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p24-85">[85]</a> Ultimately, Chrétien defeated Martin for the leadership on the first and only ballot, but his position on Meech Lake had irreversibly damaged his reputation in his home province. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition">Leader of the Official Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leader of the Official Opposition">edit</a>]</div> As Chrétien's leadership victory occurred on June 23, 1990 – the same day that the Meech Lake Accord failed to gain ratification – he was heavily criticized in the Quebec media for his opposition to the accord. Photographs of Chrétien embracing Newfoundland Premier <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kirby_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Kirby Wells">Clyde Wells</a>, a prominent opponent of Meech Lake, at the convention attracted much negative comment in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> His leadership was also shaken by the defection of francophone MPs (and Martin loyalists) <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Jean Lapierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Rocheleau" title="Gilles Rocheleau">Gilles Rocheleau</a> from the caucus to the new <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (BQ); Lapierre and Rocheleau contended that they could not serve under the anti-Meech Lake Chrétien. In a <a href="/wiki/1990_Laurier%E2%80%94Sainte-Marie_federal_by-election" title="1990 Laurier—Sainte-Marie federal by-election">by-election</a> for <a href="/wiki/Laurier%E2%80%94Sainte-Marie" title="Laurier—Sainte-Marie">Laurier—Sainte-Marie</a> on August 13, 1990, the Bloc's <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a> badly defeated Chrétien's hand-picked candidate <a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a>, costing the Liberals a constituency they had held since 1917; many attributed this to Chrétien's opposition to the Meech Lake Accord.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p30-87">[87]</a> Upon becoming Liberal leader, Chrétien appointed his friend <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Goldenberg" title="Eddie Goldenberg">Eddie Goldenberg</a> as his chief of staff, and formed a leadership team comprising John Rae and David Zussman as his policy advisors, his "surrogate son" Jean Carle as his special executive assistant, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Kinsella" title="Warren Kinsella">Warren Kinsella</a> as his media adviser, and <a href="/wiki/George_Radwanski" title="George Radwanski">George Radwanski</a> as his speech-writer.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_p._198-88">[88]</a> All members of this leadership team were later to play prominent roles in the Prime Minister's Office during Chrétien's time as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_p._198-88">[88]</a> In September 1990, Chrétien, seeing a chance to make a strong impression on public opinion after a shaky start as leader, reaped a major windfall after Mulroney introduced an unpopular <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST), which Chrétien decided to vigorously oppose.<a href="#cite_note-Tanguay-p217-239-89">[89]</a> Traditionally in Canada, the government had levied a 13.5% Manufacturer's Sales Tax (MST) paid by manufacturers, who passed on the cost of the tax to consumers in the form of higher prices. Since foreign manufacturers did not pay the MST, however, this placed Canadian companies at a competitive disadvantage in their home market. To compensate, the government had levied tariffs on manufactured imports to maintain a level playing field. When the free trade agreement with the United States came into effect in 1989, the government could no longer levy tariffs on American imports, leading to furious complaints from Canadian industry about having to compete with American companies who did not pay the MST. To save Canadian industry and the jobs of those Canadians employed in manufacturing from being destroyed by American competition, the Mulroney government decided in late 1989 to abolish the MST and replace it with the GST, whose 7% costs would be borne by consumers. On the proposed GST, Chrétien was torn between his belief that the tax was economically necessary and his desire to score political points by opposing a proposed tax that most Canadians hated; consequently, he was initially vague about where he stood on the GST.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Only in September 1990, after months of vacillation, did Chrétien finally make up his mind to oppose the GST.<a href="#cite_note-:3-91">[91]</a> Chrétien's decision to oppose the GST in 1990 was taken for reasons of political expediency rather than principle, namely that he needed an issue to oppose the government on that would allow him to connect with the public; sources close to Chrétien were later to claim that he had wanted to support the GST bill, but his caucus had forced him to oppose it against his will.<a href="#cite_note-:3-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> At a Liberal event in the fall of 1990, Chrétien stated that if he became Prime Minister, "the Mulroney GST will disappear", going on to say: "I am opposed to the GST. I have always been opposed to it. And I will be opposed to it, always".<a href="#cite_note-Tanguay-p217-239-89">[89]</a> To capitalize on widespread public dislike on the proposed GST, Chrétien ordered the Liberal-dominated <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> to defeat the GST bill in late September 1990, leading Mulroney on September 27, 1990, to appoint eight PC senators to give the Tories a majority using a never-before-used section of the Constitution Act, the so-called "Deadlock Clause".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> At that point, Chrétien ordered the Liberal senators to <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> the GST bill, reducing the Senate to scenes of chaos for the entire fall of 1990.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On October 24, 1990, a poll revealed that the Liberals had fallen behind the New Democrats, which Chrétien admitted in an interview might have something to do with the scenes of obstructionist, often childish behaviour by the Liberal senators.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In December 1990, Chrétien returned to the House of Commons after winning a <a href="/wiki/1990_Beaus%C3%A9jour_federal_by-election" title="1990 Beauséjour federal by-election">by-election</a> in the safe Liberal riding of <a href="/wiki/Beaus%C3%A9jour_(electoral_district)" title="Beauséjour (electoral district)">Beauséjour</a> in New Brunswick. The incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a>, stood down in Chrétien's favour, which is traditional practice when a newly elected party leader does not have a seat in the Commons. Initially, Chrétien had planned to wait until the next general election before running, but was advised by <a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a> that: "To have credibility, you're got to be in the House. You can't afford to wait two more years until a general election."<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p31-96">[96]</a> Gray's appeal changed Chrétien's mind about when to seek a seat in the House of Commons. For much of 1991–92, Chrétien found himself emotionally exhausted after his adopted son Michel was charged with kidnapping, rape, and sodomy against a Montreal woman and was convicted.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._53-97">[97]</a> Michel Chrétien suffered from <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a> and had a long history of legal trouble.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._53-97">[97]</a> In October 1991, Chrétien first expressed his views about how best to end the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">recession which had begun in 1990</a>, arguing that the answer was a policy of slow <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> in which the dollar would be allowed to decline against other major world currencies; this would have the effect of both pricing out foreign imports and, by giving Canadian firms a competitive advantage in world markets, boosting exports.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._46-98">[98]</a> However, Chrétien concluded that his planned export offensive powered by a low dollar would come to nothing if other nations maintained tariffs to keep Canadian goods out of their markets.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._46-98">[98]</a> In order to make his plans to export Canada back into prosperity work, Chrétien decided that the solution was <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._46-98">[98]</a> Besides for globalization, Chrétien also argued to combat the recession, the federal government needed to make the system of unemployment insurance less generous, and to end the policy of high interest rates maintained by <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Crow" title="John Crow">John Crow</a> to achieve his target of zero percent inflation, which Chrétien argued was needlessly crippling the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._46-98">[98]</a> In November 1991, Chrétien organized a party conference in <a href="/wiki/Aylmer,_Quebec" title="Aylmer, Quebec">Aylmer, Quebec</a>, where the Liberals formally disavowed most of the economic nationalism and protectionism of the Pearson-Trudeau years and instead embraced globalization as the cure for the ongoing recession.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_pp._47-48-99">[99]</a> Reflecting this changed emphasis, the Liberals declared their support for the free trade agreement with the United States, which the party had famously promised to tear up if they won the 1988 election; instead, Mulroney was now denounced for not going far enough in opening up the economy by signing more free trade agreements with other nations. Chrétien revealed himself to be a staunch "hard federalist" favouring a strong federal government at the expense of the provinces, much along the same lines as his predecessor Trudeau. However, unlike Trudeau, Chrétien supported the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> of August 1992, another package of constitutional amendments which proposed devolving federal powers to the provinces and once again recognized Quebec as a "distinct society".<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p55-100">[100]</a> Chrétien endorsed the Charlottetown Accord on the rather negative grounds that the constitutional debates of the late 1980s and early 1990s were destroying Canada, saying it "was bleeding the nation to death" and that Charlottetown was the best way of ending that debate in order to move the focus back to the economic recession.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p55-100">[100]</a> At a Liberal caucus meeting on September 8, 1992, Chrétien declared that "if we had been the government we would not have made this deal", and that only reason to support Charlottetown was that rejecting it would increase support for Quebec separatism.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> When Mulroney began to lose ground in the polls, Chrétien was the major beneficiary. In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a>, Chrétien won the right to have final approval over riding nominations and to veto any candidate that displeased him.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._56-102">[102]</a> Chrétien's use of this power caused some protests within the party, with <a href="/wiki/John_Nunziata" title="John Nunziata">John Nunziata</a> publicly complaining that, "The backroom guys have taken control of the party. I guess they think they can muzzle us all".<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._56-102">[102]</a> Chrétien was so confident that he was going to win the 1993 election that he formed his transition team in October 1992 to prepare for the hand-over of power 13 months before it actually happened.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._58-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1993_election">The 1993 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The 1993 election">edit</a>]</div> Mulroney announced his retirement in February, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Minister of National Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> in June. Campbell pulled the PCs to within a few percentage points of the Liberals by the time <a href="/wiki/Dropping_the_writ" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping the writ">the writs were dropped</a> in September. On September 19, Chrétien released the Liberal platform. The 112-page document, Creating Opportunity, quickly became known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(Liberal_Party_of_Canada)" title="Red Book (Liberal Party of Canada)">Red Book</a> because of its bright red cover. Chrétien's rival Paul Martin, who led the team that produced the Red Book, was less complimentary about it in private; he was often reported to have said: "Don't tell me about the Red Book, I wrote the damn thing, and I know that it is a lot of crap!"<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-p265-104">[104]</a> The Liberals promised to remove the GST, which had previously been imposed by the Tories;<a href="#cite_note-Tanguay-p217-239-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a> famously promised to resign within a year of taking office if the GST was not repealed.<a href="#cite_note-Tanguay-p217-239-89">[89]</a> Chrétien also promised to renegotiate the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), and reform the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a> system. The Liberals were in favour of a free trade agreement for North America in principle, but accused Mulroney of having given away too much to the Americans and Mexicans when he signed NAFTA in 1992, and stated that the Liberal government would renegotiate NAFTA on more favourable terms to Canada within six months of taking office. Failing that, Chrétien promised that Canada would renounce NAFTA. The main emphasis was on a promise to spend $6 billion on improving infrastructure in a Keynesian move to fight the recession of the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> As regarding the debt situation, Chrétien promised to reduce Canada's deficit to 3 per cent of GDP (the same deficit to GDP ratio required to enter the European Union) within three years of taking office.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-106">[106]</a> Chrétien made it clear that the 3 percent deficit to GDP ratio would apply only to the federal government, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> of 1991 which set out the 3 percent deficit to GDP ratio in order to enter the European Union stated that this applied to all levels of government.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-106">[106]</a> The Liberal government promised to achieve its goal of reducing the deficit to three percent of the GDP by cancelling the contract to replace the Sea King helicopters, privatizing <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson Airport</a>, and by eliminating unspecified "waste" in the government. After the 3 percent target had been achieved within the first three years of taking office, Chrétien promised the deficit would be eliminated at some unspecified time in the future. Martin wanted to promise to eliminate the deficit altogether, but had been overruled by Chrétien, who had wanted to present the Liberals as the "caring" party that would defend social programs, unlike the "heartless" Conservatives and the Reform Party who Chrétien claimed wanted to eliminate the deficit within two or three years by gutting social programs with no thought for any suffering that this might cause.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Chrétien claimed in his campaign speeches that Reform's plans for eliminating the deficit within two or three years of taking office would cause at least a 25 percent unemployment rate, if not higher, which Chrétien claimed starkly in a series of speeches would cause a bloody "revolution".<a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[108]</a> Chrétien had personally chosen the target of reducing the deficit to 3 percent of GDP as it made the Liberals seemed fiscally responsible while at the same time promised that the Liberals would not inflict too much economic pain to achieve that fiscal responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Grady-106">[106]</a> One Liberal candidate <a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Herb Dhaliwal</a> recalled that for Chrétien at time of the 1993 election that the national deficit was not a major issue and that: "His attitude was that the deficit is ok as long as you can manage it".<a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[108]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:216px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> But last night, the Conservative Party reached a new low; they tried to make fun of the way I look. God gave me a physical defect, and I accepted that since I'm a kid. [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] It's true, that I speak on one side of my mouth. I'm not a Tory, I don't speak on both sides of my mouth. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Jean Chretien responding to the "<a href="/wiki/1993_Chr%C3%A9tien_attack_ad" title="1993 Chrétien attack ad">face ad</a>", 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PikszBkfTHM">Source video</a></cite> </div> By late September 1993, the Liberals had a double-digit lead in most opinion polls, and by October they were favourites to win at least a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. Even at this stage, however, Chrétien's personal approval ratings were far behind those of Campbell. Realizing this, the PC campaign team released a series of ads attacking Chrétien. The ads were viewed as a last-ditch effort to keep the Liberals from winning a majority. The <a href="/wiki/1993_Chr%C3%A9tien_attack_ad" title="1993 Chrétien attack ad">second ad</a>, released on October 14, appeared to mock Chrétien's facial paralysis and generated a severe backlash from all sides.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Even some Tory candidates called for the ad to be removed. Campbell was not directly responsible for the ad, and ordered it off the air over her staff's objections. On October 25, the Liberals were elected to a majority government, winning 177 seats – the third-best performance in the Liberals' history, and their most impressive win since their record of 190 seats in <a href="/wiki/1949_Canadian_federal_election" title="1949 Canadian federal election">1949</a>. The PCs were nearly wiped out, winning only two seats in the worst defeat ever suffered by a governing party at the federal level. Chrétien himself yielded Beauséjour back to Robichaud in order to run in his old riding, Saint-Maurice. However, he was unable to lead the Liberals back to their traditional dominance in Quebec, being one of only four Liberal MPs elected from that province outside the Montreal area. With few exceptions, most of the support that had switched from the Liberals to the PCs nine years earlier switched to the Bloc Québécois, which became the Official Opposition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1993–2003)">Prime Minister (1993–2003)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1993–2003)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Premiership of Jean Chrétien">Premiership of Jean Chrétien</a></div> On November 4, 1993, Chrétien became prime minister. While Trudeau, Joe Clark, and Mulroney had been relative political outsiders prior to becoming prime minister, Chrétien had served in every Liberal cabinet since 1965. This experience gave him knowledge of the Canadian parliamentary system, and allowed Chrétien to establish a very centralized government that, although highly efficient, was also lambasted by critics such as <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Jeffrey Simpson</a> and the media as being a "friendly dictatorship" and intolerant of internal dissent.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Chrétien liked to present himself as the heir to Trudeau, but his governing style had little in common with the intense bouts of governmental activism that had characterised the Trudeau era. The Chrétien government had a cautious, managerial approach to governing, reacting to issues as they arose, and was otherwise inclined to inactivity.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p97-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quebec">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1995_Quebec_referendum">1995 Quebec referendum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1995 Quebec referendum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec referendum</a></div> One of Chrétien's main concerns in office was separation of the province of Quebec, which was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereigntist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> for nearly the entirety of his term. When the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec independence referendum</a> began in September, Chrétien was relaxed and confident of victory as polls showed federalist forces were leading by a wide margin.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On October 8, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a> replaced the separatist <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">premier of Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a>, as the de facto chair of the oui committee and, at that point, the support for the oui side started to dramatically increase, aided by the non committee's complacency.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_2010,_pp._278-279-113">[113]</a> In the weeks leading to the referendum on October 30, 1995, the federal government was seized with fear and panic as polls showing that, under the leadership of Bouchard, the oui side was going to win.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On October 30, 1995, the federalist non side won by the narrowest of margins, with 50.58%. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_of_referendum">Aftermath of referendum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath of referendum">edit</a>]</div> On November 5, 1995, six days after the referendum, Chrétien and his wife escaped injury when <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dallaire" title="André Dallaire">André Dallaire</a>, armed with a knife, broke in the prime minister's official residence at <a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a>. Aline Chrétien shut and locked the bedroom door until security came, while Chrétien held a stone Inuit carving in readiness.<a href="#cite_note-CE-115">[115]</a> Dallaire was a separatist who was angered by the result of the referendum. In the aftermath of the narrow victory in the referendum, Chrétien started in late 1995 a new policy of "tough love", also known as "Plan B", where the federal government sought to discredit Quebec separatism by making it clear to the people of Quebec how difficult it would be to leave Canada.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Though Chrétien had promised to enshrine recognition of Quebec as a "distinct society" in the constitution in order to win the referendum, this promise was quickly forgotten in the aftermath of victory with Chrétien arguing that the very vocal opposition of Ontario Premier <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> to amending the constitution to recognize Quebec as a "distinct society" made that impossible.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_2010,_p._284-117">[117]</a> Instead, Chrétien had Parliament pass a resolution recognizing Quebec as a "distinct society", which had no constitutional force and was only a symbolic step.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_2010,_p._284-117">[117]</a> Though Harris's promise to veto any sort of "distinct society" clause in the constitution made fulfilling Chrétien's commitment to put such a clause into the constitution impossible, Chrétien did not seem to champion the idea of a "distinct society" clause with any great conviction.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_2010,_p._284-117">[117]</a> In early 1996, the federal government launched an advertising program to increase the presence of Canada in Quebec, a policy that Chrétien believed would avoid a repeat of the near-defeat of 1995, and was to lead eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_scandal" title="Sponsorship scandal">Sponsorship scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_2010,_p._287-118">[118]</a> As part of his "Plan B" for combatting Quebec separatism, in a speech in January 1996, Chrétien endorsed the idea of partitioning Quebec in the event of a oui vote in another referendum, stating all of the regions of Quebec that voted non would remain part of Canada, regardless of what the Quebec separatists thought.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On February 15, 1996, Chrétien was confronted by a protester, Bill Clennett, during a walkabout in Hull, Quebec. Chrétien responded with a choke-hold. The press referred to it as the "<a href="/wiki/Shawinigan_Handshake" title="Shawinigan Handshake">Shawinigan handshake</a>" (from the name of his home town).<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clarity_Act">Clarity Act</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clarity Act">edit</a>]</div> After the 1995 referendum very narrowly defeated a proposal on Quebec sovereignty, Chrétien started to champion what eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">Clarity Act</a> as part of his "Plan B". In August 1996, the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Guy_Bertrand_(lawyer)" title="Guy Bertrand (lawyer)">Guy Bertrand</a> won a ruling in a Quebec court declaring that the sovereignty question was not just a political matter between the federal and Quebec governments, but also a legal matter subject to court rulings.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._165-121">[121]</a> Following that ruling, Chrétien decided that here was a means of defeating the Quebec sovereignty movement and, in September 1996, ordered the Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Allan Rock</a> to take the question of the legality of Quebec separating to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._165-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Stéphane Dion</a> advised Chrétien that, if the federal government won the reference to the Supreme Court as expected, the government should draft a bill stating the precise rules for Quebec to leave—telling Chrétien if the people of Quebec could be shown how difficult it would be to leave, then support for separatism would fall.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Along the same lines, Dion started to send much-publicised open letters to Quebec ministers questioning the assumptions behind the separatist case.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In December 1999 the Chrétien government tabled the Clarity Act, which passed Parliament in June 2000. The Clarity Act, which was Chrétien's response to his narrow victory in the 1995 referendum requires that no Canadian government may acknowledge any province's declaration of independence unless a "clear majority" supports a "clear question" about sovereignty in a referendum, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, and a constitutional amendment is passed. The size of a "clear majority" is not specified in the Act. After the Clarity Act had passed by the House of Commons in February 2000, a poll showed that the federalist forces enjoyed a 15 percent lead in the polls on the question if Quebec should become independent, which Chrétien argued meant that the sovereignty option was now effectively off the table as Bouchard had always said he would only call another referendum if he could obtain "winning conditions", which he plainly did not possess at the moment.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Domestic affairs">edit</a>]</div> In November 1997, the <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) <a href="/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">summit</a> was held on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (UBC) campus in Vancouver. Students on UBC's campus protested the meeting of some of these leaders because of their poor human rights practices. One of the leaders most criticized was Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. Demonstrators tore down a barrier and were pepper-sprayed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP). Other peaceful demonstrators were subsequently pepper-sprayed as well. There was debate over whether the action was necessary. In response to Suharto's concerns about his "dignity" being called into question by protests, he had been promised by the Canadian government that no protesters would be allowed to get close and in early August 1997, the RCMP was informed by the PMO that the prime minister did not wish for any "distractions" at the up-coming conference.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p198-125">[125]</a> On August 7, 2001, the APEC report was issued by Judge <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes_(judge)" title="Ted Hughes (judge)">Ted Hughes</a>, which cleared Chrétien of wrongdoing, but stated that Jean Carle of the PMO had improperly pressured the RCMP to attack the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p328-126">[126]</a> In August 1999, the Anglo-Canadian media magnate <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a> was due to receive a <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">British peerage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Two days before Black was to receive his title, Chrétien advised the Queen not to accord Black a title of nobility, citing the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Nickle_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickle Resolution">Nickle Resolution</a>, where the Canadian House of Commons asked King George V not to grant any titles of nobility or knighthoods to Canadians, and thereby ensured that Black was not raised to the peerage as he was expecting to be.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Black, who felt humiliated by this episode, sued Chrétien for what he alleged to be an abuse of power, leading to the legal case of <a href="/wiki/Black_v._Chr%C3%A9tien" class="mw-redirect" title="Black v. Chrétien">Black v. Chrétien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._231-129">[129]</a> In 2001, the court ruled in favor of Chrétien, stating it was the prime minister's prerogative to advise the Queen not to raise Canadians to the British peerage if he felt so inclined, and thereforth this was not an abuse of power as Black had claimed.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Black gave up his Canadian citizenship to accept the title.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_affairs">Electoral affairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral affairs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_political_financing_in_Canada" title="Federal political financing in Canada">Federal political financing in Canada</a></div> In July 2003 Chretien passed a bill to reform the way elections are financed.≥<a href="#cite_note-young04-132">[132]</a> In the previous century, the political parties were largely left to their own devices. After these changes to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a> (SC 2000), each vote obtained by a party was subsidized. The subsidy entered into effect on January 1, 2004, at $1.75 per vote (indexed to the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Price Index">Consumer Price Index</a>) as part of a set of amendments made by the <a href="/wiki/37th_Canadian_Parliament" title="37th Canadian Parliament">37th Canadian Parliament</a> to the Canada Elections Act which for the first time set limits on political contributions by individuals and organizations (corporations, unions, non-profit groups). The per-vote subsidy was introduced to replace the reliance of political parties and candidates on corporate, union, and wealthy donors in order to reduce the political influence of such donors.<a href="#cite_note-Party_subsidy_is_democracy_in_action-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-pp-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The law provides a refund for 50% of the expenditure on the most recent election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-gm1-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Social issues">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, the Chrétien government introduced and passed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Firearms_Registry" title="Canadian Firearms Registry">Canadian Firearms Registry</a>, also called the long-gun registry. This would require the registration of all non-restricted firearms in Canada. This <a href="/wiki/Gun_registry" title="Gun registry">gun registry</a> would document and record information of the firearms, their owners, and their owners' licenses. The government under Chrétien's premiership introduced a new and far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Youth_Criminal_Justice_Act" title="Youth Criminal Justice Act">Youth Criminal Justice Act</a> in April 2003, which replaced the <a href="/wiki/Young_Offenders_Act" title="Young Offenders Act">Young Offenders Act</a> and changed the way youths were prosecuted for crimes in Canada. A flurry of major environmental legislation, including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act">Canadian Environmental Protection Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="National Marine Conservation Area">National Marine Conservation Areas Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pest_Control_Products_Act" title="Pest Control Products Act">Pest Control Products Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species at Risk Act</a> were enacted. The cooperation of federal, provincial, and municipal governments also enabled Vancouver to win the bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>. In July 2003, Chrétien reversed his position on gay marriage, which he had previously been opposed to (in 1999 Chrétien had voted for a resolution sponsored by the Reform saying marriage was a union of a man and a woman only).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> After a Toronto court ruled that laws forbidding homosexual marriage violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, legalizing same-sex marriage throughout Ontario, Chrétien embraced the idea of gay marriage and introduced a bill in the House of Commons that would have legalized gay marriage despite the very vocal opposition of the Roman Catholic Church with the bishop of Calgary warning in a sermon that Chrétien's "eternal salvation" was at risk.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien cancelled the privatization of Toronto's Pearson airport.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The consortium that was due to take ownership of Pearson sued for breach of contract, which led the government to settle out of court in April 1997 for $60 million in damages.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/1994_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1994 Canadian federal budget">The first budget</a> introduced by Martin, in February 1994, was described as a "mild and tame" budget focused only on the target of reducing the deficit to 3 percent of <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">Gross National Product</a> (GNP) within three years, and brought in modest cuts, mostly to defence spending.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Until the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Chrétien government tended to be hostile towards defence spending with the government's white paper "Defence 94" declaring that in a post-Cold War world there would be less and less need for armed forces, which accordingly meant reduced budgets for the military.<a href="#cite_note-Bland_pp._964–967-142">[142]</a> Outside of defence spending, there were few cuts in the 1994 budget. In a radio interview with Ron Collister in March 1994, Chrétien stated: "To go to our goal of 3 per cent of GNP, all the cuts have been announced in the budget. There will not be a new round."<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-p265-104">[104]</a> According to the diplomat <a href="/wiki/James_Bartleman" title="James Bartleman">James Bartleman</a>, Chrétien told him in early 1994 that major cuts to government spending outside of defence were out of the question, and instead he hoped that the economy would grow enough on its own that the deficit would disappear without any cuts.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_p._246-143">[143]</a> Chrétien's plans in early 1994 for economic growth were to increase exports by embracing globalization and free trade with as many nations as possible, arguing that the export offensive would stimulate the economy out of the early 1990s recession.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey,_Brooke_p._246-143">[143]</a> The 1994 budget was widely criticized by journalists such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Andrew Coyne</a> as useless in even achieving its target of reducing the deficit to 3 percent of GNP within three years, let alone eliminating the deficit, and led to a celebrated clash between Coyne and Martin in the boardroom of The Globe and Mail newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In April 1994, interest rates in Canada started a steady rise that would continue until early 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-p265-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien,_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien%2C_1996.jpg/250px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien%2C_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien%2C_1996.jpg/375px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien%2C_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien%2C_1996.jpg/500px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien%2C_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien in 1996</figcaption></figure> Chrétien was not keen on making deep cuts to government spending, but given the crisis caused by the skyrocketing interest rates had decided "reluctantly" there was no alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-p266-145">[145]</a> Once he had decided upon making deeper cuts than he promised, Chrétien proved to be firm supporter of the new course, and supported Martin's cuts to other departments despite the complaints of the other ministers.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Chrétien's advisor Eddie Goldenberg later recalled that Chrétien was unyielding in the face of efforts by other ministers to "spare" their departments, and that Chrétien kept on saying "If I change anything, everything will unravel".<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-p266-145">[145]</a> In a 2011 interview, Chrétien recalled about <a href="/wiki/1995_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1995 Canadian federal budget">the 1995 budget</a> that: "There would have been a day when we would have been the Greece of today. I knew we were in a bind and we had to do something."<a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2011_all-147">[147]</a> In order to silence objections from left-wing Liberal backbenchers and Cabinet ministers, Chrétien ensured that the Program Review Committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a> that would decide what programs to end and which to cut had a majority comprising the leftist MPs <a href="/wiki/Brian_Tobin" title="Brian Tobin">Brian Tobin</a>, Sheila Copps, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Sergio Marchi</a> and Herb Gray, people who would not normally be supporting cutting programs, and thereby underlined the seriousness of the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> It was only with the budget that Martin introduced on February 27, 1995, that the Chrétien government began a policy of cuts designed to eliminate the deficit in order to reassure the markets.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Much of the Liberal caucus was deeply unhappy with the 1995 budget, arguing that this was not what they had been elected for in 1993, only to be informed by the prime minister that there was no alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._108-150">[150]</a> Chrétien himself expressed his unhappiness with his budget in a radio interview with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gzowski" title="Peter Gzowski">Peter Gzowski</a> in March 1995, saying about the budget: "It is not our pleasure sir, I have to tell you that. I've been around a long time. It's no pleasure at all. I'm not doctrinaire, a right-winger. I'm a Liberal, and I feel like a Liberal, and it is painful. But it is needed".<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._108-150">[150]</a> The government began a program of deep cuts to provincial transfers and other areas of government finance. During his tenure as prime minister, a $42 billion deficit was eliminated, five consecutive budget surpluses were recorded (thanks in part to favorable economic times), $36 billion in debt was paid down, and taxes were cut by $100 billion (cumulatively) over five years.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia-152">[152]</a> Using the low incomes cut-offs after tax measure, the percentage of Canadians who had low income in 1993 was 14.1 percent; in 1995, when the budget was introduced, that figure had jumped to 14.5; in 2003, the end of Chrétien's time in office, that number had fallen to just 11.6 percent.<a href="#cite_note-:1-153">[153]</a> The share of Canadians living in persistent poverty (i.e. low income for at least 3 years out of 6 years) has declined by almost half since the mid-1990s to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:1-153">[153]</a> Social spending as a percentage of GDP fell from 20.35 percent in 1993, to 18.35 percent in 1995, eventually falling to 16.94 percent in 1997 and 15.76 percent in 2000, and eventually rising to 16.29 percent in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The 1995 budget, which was called by <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Peter C. Newman</a> a "watershed document" that marked the first time in recent memory that anybody had made a serious effort to deal with the deficit, won a favorable reaction from the international markets, and a led to an immediate fall in interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> There were, however, undeniable costs associated with this endeavour. The cuts resulted in fewer government services, most noticeably in the health care sector, as major reductions in federal funding to the provinces meant significant cuts in service delivery. Moreover, the across-the-board cuts affected the operations and achievement of the mandate of most federal departments. Many of the cuts were restored in later years of Chrétien's period in office.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In March 1996, when the Chrétien government presented <a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1996 Canadian federal budget">its third budget</a>, the backbencher Liberal MP John Nunziata voted against the budget under the grounds it failed to repeal the GST as the Liberals had promised in 1993 and singled out for criticism his former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_Rat_Pack" title="Liberal Party of Canada Rat Pack">Rat Pack</a> colleague Sheila Copps, who had promised during the 1993 election to resign within a year if the GST was not repealed.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._156-157">[157]</a> Chrétien's response was to expel Nunziata from the Liberal caucus.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._156-157">[157]</a> However, the expulsion of Nunziata drew attention to the fact that Copps was still in office despite her promise to resign within a year if the GST was not repealed.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._156-157">[157]</a> Chrétien first stated that Copps would stay in Parliament despite her promise of 1993, but then intense public pressure (together with a poll showing Copps would win a by-election) forced Copps to resign from the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._156-157">[157]</a> After resigning, Copps then contested the resulting by-election, where she won and then went straight back into the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._156-157">[157]</a> To help defuse anger over the GST issue, in the spring of 1996 the Chrétien government moved to <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonized Sales Tax">harmonize sales taxes</a> (GST with provincial taxes) by signing an accord with three of the four Atlantic provinces; the other provinces were not interested in the federal offer to harmonize.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._156-157">[157]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1998_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1998 Canadian federal budget">February 1998</a>, for the first time since <a href="/wiki/1969_Canadian_federal_budget" title="1969 Canadian federal budget">1969</a> a balanced budget was presented by the government.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Shortly afterwards, the Chrétien government introduced the National Child Benefit program for the children of low-income parents.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p204-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Flis,_Bishop_Georgije,_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jesse_Flis%2C_Bishop_Georgije%2C_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg/200px-Jesse_Flis%2C_Bishop_Georgije%2C_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jesse_Flis%2C_Bishop_Georgije%2C_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg/300px-Jesse_Flis%2C_Bishop_Georgije%2C_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jesse_Flis%2C_Bishop_Georgije%2C_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg/400px-Jesse_Flis%2C_Bishop_Georgije%2C_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Patriarch_Pavle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien with Bishops and <a href="/wiki/Pavle,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Pavle, Serbian Patriarch">the Patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>, 1994.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars">Canada in the Yugoslav Wars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada in the Yugoslav Wars">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, Chrétien supported Canada's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">bombing campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, even through the operation was unsanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. There had been an Anglo-American resolution asking for the Security Council's approval of the NATO bombing, but it was vetoed by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The idea of bombing Yugoslavia caused some discomfort within the ranks of the Liberal party as the NATO campaign effectively meant supporting Kosovo separatists against a government determined to prevent Kosovo's secession from Yugoslavia. Chrétien was personally uncomfortable with the idea of bombing Yugoslavia, but supported the war because he valued good relations with the United States far more than he cared about Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._217-160">[160]</a> Chrétien's foreign minister at the time, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a> justified Canada's involvement in the bombing of Yugoslavia on the grounds that allegations of massacres against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo made the use of force legitimate on humanitarian grounds, even without the approval of the UN Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._217-160">[160]</a> Likewise, Chrétien was later to tell Lawrence Martin that it was far better to intervene in the internal affairs of Yugoslavia to stop human rights violations in the Kosovo region by Serbian forces than to do nothing.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._217-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien was known to be a <a href="/wiki/Sinophile" title="Sinophile">Sinophile</a> and an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. In November 1994, he led the first of four <a href="/wiki/Team_Canada_Mission" title="Team Canada Mission">"Team Canada"</a> trade missions comprising himself and nine premiers to China (Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau having declined to go), which had as their stated objective increasing Sino-Canadian trade. The Team Canada mission was meant to be the beginning of the export offensive that would stimulate the economy out of the recession, and also to achieve Chrétien's goal going back to the 1970s of a Canadian economy less dependent on trade with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Under his leadership, China and Canada signed several bilateral relations agreements. The Team Canada missions attracted criticism that Chrétien seemed concerned only with economic issues, that he rarely raised the subject of China's poor human rights record, and that on the few occasions that he did mention <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights in China</a> he went out of his way to avoid offending his hosts.<a href="#cite_note-Evertt-p9-48-163">[163]</a> Moreover, Chrétien attracted criticism for presenting the case for improved human rights in purely economic terms, arguing that a better human rights record would allow China to join the WTO and thus sell more goods to the West. Chrétien argued that there was no point in criticizing China's human rights record because the Chinese never listened to such criticism, and instead were greatly annoyed about being lectured by Western leaders about their poor human rights record.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._310-164">[164]</a> Given that Canada could not really do anything to change the views of China's leaders about human rights, Chrétien contended that the best that could be done was to improve Sino-Canadian economic relations while ignoring the subject of human rights.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._310-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg/220px-APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg/330px-APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg/440px-APEC_Summit_1993_-_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bill_Clinton_shaking_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien shaking hands with US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, at the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a> Summit.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></div> Chrétien phoned U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in November 1993 to ask him to renegotiate aspects of NAFTA.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._79-165">[165]</a> Clinton bluntly refused, saying that it had been extremely difficult to get Congress to ratify NAFTA, and if NAFTA was renegotiated, then he would have to submit the renegotiated treaty again for ratification, which was not something that he was going to do just for the sake of Chrétien.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._79-165">[165]</a> Clinton informed the prime minister that he could either scrap NAFTA or accept it as it was, and that the most he could offer were a few cosmetic concessions like writing a letter saying the United States was not interested in taking over Canada's energy and water.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._79-165">[165]</a> Chrétien chose the latter, and sought to portray Clinton's letter as a major American concession that constituted a renegotiated NAFTA, though in fact Clinton's letter was not legally binding and meant nothing.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._79-165">[165]</a> Only treaties ratified by Congress are legally binding on the U.S. government and presidential letters impose only a moral obligation, not a legal one, on the U.S government.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Canadian forces joined with multinational to pursue <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> had also commended how Canada responded to the crisis. Among them included <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a> and the memorial service on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> three days after 9/11. In January 2002, Chrétien together with the Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Art Eggleton</a> were accused of misleading Parliament. When asked in Question Period if Canadian troops had handed over captured Taliban and al-Qaeda members in Afghanistan to the American forces amid concerns about the treatment of POWs at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a>, Chrétien stated this was only a "hypothetical question" that could not be answered as the Canadians had taken no POWs.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-167">[167]</a> Critics of the government, such as Joe Clark, then pointed out that in the previous week, The Globe & Mail had run on its front page a photo of Canadian soldiers turning over POWs to American troops.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-167">[167]</a> Eggleton claimed that he had only learned of the policy of handing over POWs several days after the photo had appeared in The Globe and Mail.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-167">[167]</a> When pressed by opposition critics about his apparent ignorance of what was Canada's policy on turning over POWs captured in Afghanistan, Eggleton then claimed that he had not only forgotten that he had been briefed by senior bureaucrats that Canadian Forces were to hand over POWs to the Americans, but that he had also forgotten to inform the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Globe_and_Mail-168">[168]</a> One year after the 9/11 attacks, Chrétien gave controversial remarks about what led to the attacks, suggesting they were a reaction to Western foreign policy. During the 2002 CBC interview, Chrétien said "I do think that the Western world is getting too rich in relations to the poor world. And necessarily, we're looked upon as being arrogant, self-satisfied, greedy and with no limits. And the 11th of September is an occasion for me to realize it even more. When you are powerful like you are, you guys, it's the time to be nice. And it is one of the problems—you cannot exercise your powers to the point of humiliation of the others. And that is what the Western world—not only the Americans but the Western world—has to realize." The comments were condemned by the new Official Opposition leader and the new Canadian Alliance leader, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, who charged Chretien with <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">victim blaming</a>, while the leaders of the New Democratic Party and Progressive Conservative Party did not interpret Chrétien's comments as critical of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Macleans-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC-170">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg/250px-Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg/375px-Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg/500px-Chr%C3%A9tien_and_Bush_shaking_hands_Sept_9_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Jean Chrétien address the media before a 2002 bilateral meeting.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refusal_to_join_the_Iraq_War">Refusal to join the Iraq War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Refusal to join the Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien's government did not support the US-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. His reasoning was that the war lacked UN Security Council sanction; while not a member of the Security Council, Canada nevertheless attempted to build a consensus for a resolution authorizing the use of force after a short (two- to three-month) extension to UN weapon inspections in Iraq. Critics also noted that, while in opposition, he had also opposed the first US-led <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, which had been approved by the UN Security Council and in 1999 supported NATO air strikes against Serbia, which had no Security Council approval. In order to avoid damaging relations with the United States, Chrétien agreed to another and larger deployment of Canadian troops to Afghanistan on February 12, 2003, in order to prove that Canada was still a good American ally, despite opposing the upcoming Iraq war.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Canada sent 2,000 soldiers to Afghanistan in the summer of 2003.<a href="#cite_note-http-172">[172]</a> Twenty years later, in a French-language interview, Chretien recalled the personalities and events that led up to his refusal. At the time some in the business community were petrified that the US would look elsewhere for Canadian products; 85% of Canadian trade was with the US.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_policy">Defence policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Defence policy">edit</a>]</div> In 1993, Chrétien <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Sea_King_replacement" title="Canadian Sea King replacement">canceled the contract to buy the EH-101 helicopters</a>, requiring the search for new helicopters to start over, and paid a $478 million <a href="/wiki/Termination_fee" title="Termination fee">termination fee</a> to <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland" title="AgustaWestland">AgustaWestland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In January 1998, Chrétien's government announced that the CH-113 helicopters would be replaced by a scaled-down search-and-rescue variant of the EH101, carrying the designation <a href="/wiki/CH-149_Cormorant" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-149 Cormorant">CH-149 Cormorant</a>. Unlike the Petrel/Chimo contract which Chrétien had cancelled in 1993, these 15 aircraft were to be built entirely in Europe with no Canadian participation or industrial incentives. The first two aircraft arrived in Canada in September 2001 and entered service the following year. His Maritime Helicopter Project was supposed to find a low-cost replacement aircraft. The candidates were the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-92" title="Sikorsky S-92">Sikorsky S-92</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">NHIndustries NH90</a> and the EH-101, although critics accused the government of designing the project so as to prevent AgustaWestland from winning the contract. A winner, the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-148_Cyclone" title="Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone">Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone</a>, would not be announced until after Chrétien retired.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reelections">Reelections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Reelections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1997_federal_election">1997 federal election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1997 federal election">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien called <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">an early election</a> in the spring of 1997, hoping to take advantage of his position in the public opinion polls and the continued division of the conservative vote between the Progressive Conservative Party and the upstart <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>. Despite slipping poll numbers, he advised the governor general to call an election in 1997, a year ahead of schedule. Many of his own MPs criticized him for this move, especially in light of the devastating <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Flood,_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Flood, 1997">Red River Flood</a>, which led to charges of insensitivity. Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/John_Godfrey" title="John Godfrey">John Godfrey</a> tried hard to interest Chrétien in an ambitious plan to eliminate urban poverty in Canada as a platform to run on in the election, which was vetoed by Eddie Goldenberg and John Rae of the PMO, who convinced Chrétien that it was better to stick with an "incrementalist" course of small changes than risk any grand project.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The Progressive Conservatives had a popular new leader in <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democrats</a>' <a href="/wiki/Alexa_McDonough" title="Alexa McDonough">Alexa McDonough</a> led her party to a breakthrough in Atlantic Canada, where the Liberals had won all but one seat in 1993. Chrétien benefited when the Reform Party aired a TV ad in English Canada charging that the country was being dominated by French-Canadian politicians, which Chrétien used to accuse <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a> of being anti-French.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In 1997, the Liberals lost all but a handful of seats in Atlantic Canada and Western Canada, but managed to retain a bare majority government due to their continued dominance of Ontario. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000_federal_election">2000 federal election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2000 federal election">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien called another <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">early election in the fall of 2000</a>, again hoping to take advantage of the split in the Canadian right and catch the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> and its neophyte leader <a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a> off guard. At the funeral of Pierre Trudeau in September 2000, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuban President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> happened to meet with Day.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p285-181">[181]</a> Later that same day, Chrétien met with Castro, where Chrétien asked Castro about his assessment of Day and if he should call an early election or not.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p285-181">[181]</a> Castro advised Chrétien to dissolve Parliament early as he considered Day to be a lightweight, and as Castro was a leader whom Chrétien respected, his advice was an important reason for the election.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p285-181">[181]</a> Finance Minister Paul Martin released a 'mini-budget' just before the election call that included significant tax cuts, a move aimed at undermining the Alliance position going into the campaign. Chrétien formed a "war room" comprising his communications director <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Ducros" title="Françoise Ducros">Françoise Ducros</a>, Warren Kinsella, Duncan Fulton and Kevin Bosch to gather material to attack Day as a right-wing extremist.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In the first weeks of the 2000 election, the Canadian Alliance gained in the polls and some voters complained that Chrétien overstayed his time in office and had no agenda beyond staying in power for the sake of staying in power.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._292-183">[183]</a> The fact that the Red Book of 2000 consisted almost entirely of recycled promises from the Red Books of 1993 and 1997 and various banal statements further reinforced the impression of a prime minister with no plans or vision for Canada and whose only agenda was to hang onto power as long as possible.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> However, the Liberal claim that Day planned to dismantle the health care system to replace it with a <a href="/wiki/Two-tier_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-tier health care">"two-tier" health care system</a> along with a number of gaffes on Day's part in addition to Alliance candidate <a href="/wiki/Betty_Granger" title="Betty Granger">Betty Granger</a> warning that Canada was faced with the threat of an "Asian invasion" (which furthered the Liberals' plan to paint the Alliance as a xenophobic and extreme right-wing party)<a href="#cite_note-Harrison,_Trevor_p._84-185">[185]</a> started to turn opinion decisively against the Canadian Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Day's socially conservative views were also attacked by Chrétien as the Liberals claimed that Day would make homosexuality and abortion illegal. The New Democrats and Bloc Québécois also ran lacklustre campaigns, while the Progressive Conservatives, led by former Prime Minister Joe Clark, struggled to retain official party status. On November 27, the Liberals secured a strong majority mandate in the 2000 election, winning nearly as many seats as they had in 1993, largely thanks to significant gains in Quebec and in Atlantic Canada. Without Jean Charest as leader, the PCs who had done well in winning the popular vote in Quebec in 1997 fared poorly in 2000, and most of their voters defected over to the Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandals_and_controversies">Scandals and controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scandals and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shawinigate">Shawinigate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Shawinigate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shawinigate" title="Shawinigate">Shawinigate</a></div> In late 2000 and early 2001, politics were dominated by questions about the Grand-Mere Affair (or the <a href="/wiki/Shawinigate" title="Shawinigate">Shawinigate</a> scandal). Opposition parties frequently charged that Chrétien had broken the law in regards to his lobbying for <a href="/wiki/Business_Development_Bank_of_Canada" title="Business Development Bank of Canada">Business Development Bank of Canada</a> for loans to the Auberge Grand-Mère inn.<a href="#cite_note-L'Affair_Grand-Mere-188">[188]</a> Questions were especially centered around the firing of the president of the bank, François Beaudoin, and the involvement of Jean Carle, formerly of the PMO, in sacking Beaudoin.<a href="#cite_note-L'Affair_Grand-Mere-188">[188]</a> Carle served as Chrétien's chief of operations between 1993 and 1998 before leaving to take up an executive post at the Business Development Bank.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Chrétien claimed that Carle was not involved in any way with the loans to the Grand-Mere Inn, only to be countered by Joe Clark, who produced a leaked document showing that he was.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> After initial denials, Chrétien acknowledged having lobbied the Business Development Bank to grant a $2 million loan to Yvon Duhaime. Duhaime was a friend and constituent to whom the Prime Minister stated that he had sold his interest in the Grand-Mère Inn, a local Shawinigan-area hotel and golf resort, eventually providing evidence of the sale—a contract written on a cocktail napkin. Duhaime was a local businessman with an unsavoury reputation and a criminal record, who received a loan from the Business Development Bank that he was ineligible to collect on the account of his criminal record (Duhaime did not mention his record when applying for the loan).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The bank had turned down the initial loan application, but later approved a $615,000 loan following further lobbying by Chrétien. When the bank refused to extend the loan in August 1999 under the grounds that Duhaime had a bad financial history, Beaudoin was fired by Chrétien in September 1999, which led to a <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">wrongful dismissal</a> suit that Beaudoin was to win in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> It was revealed that Chrétien had never been paid for his share in the sale of the adjoining golf course, and criminal charges were laid against Duhaime. On February 19, 2001, the RCMP announced that there they did not find sufficient evidence to lay criminal charges against anyone in regards to the Grand-Mere Affair, and Chrétien accused Clark of waging a "witch hunt" against the Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-L'Affair_Grand-Mere-188">[188]</a> On March 2, 2001, the federal ethics counselor Howard Wilson cleared Chrétien of wrongdoing in the Grand-Mere Affair.<a href="#cite_note-L'Affair_Grand-Mere-188">[188]</a> On April 5, 2001, the National Post received documents purportedly from an anonymous source within the bank, indicating that Chrétien was still owed $23,040 by Duhaime for his share in the Auberge Grand-Mère.<a href="#cite_note-Cosh_2010-193">[193]</a> The revelation of the Grand-Mère affair did not affect the outcome of the 2000 election. Chrétien and his circle believed that the breaking of the Grand-Mère story was the work of the Martin faction.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sponsorship_Scandal">Sponsorship Scandal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sponsorship Scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsorship Scandal">Sponsorship Scandal</a></div> The major controversy of the later Chrétien years was the <a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsorship Scandal">Sponsorship Scandal</a>, which involved more than $100 million distributed from the Prime Minister's Office to Quebec's federalist and Liberal Party interests without much accountability.<a href="#cite_note-test-195">[195]</a> On May 8, 2002, the Sponsorship Scandal broke when the auditor general, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fraser" title="Sheila Fraser">Sheila Fraser</a>, issued a report accusing Public Works bureaucrats of having broken "just about every rule in the book" in awarding $1.6 million to the Montreal ad firm <a href="/wiki/Groupaction" title="Groupaction">Groupaction</a> Marketing Inc.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._358-196">[196]</a> The money awarded to Groupaction in three dubious contracts appeared to have disappeared, and the firm had a long history of donating to the Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._358-196">[196]</a> Opposition critics further suggested that the public works minister at the time, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Alfonso Gagliano</a>, whom Chrétien had praised as a great patriot, was not just a mere bystander to questionable contacts associated with the sponsorship program that Fraser had identified.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._358-196">[196]</a> In response to the public outrage, Chrétien argued in speech in Winnipeg that all this was necessary to stop Quebec separatism and justified by the results, stating that: "Perhaps there was a few million dollars that might have been stolen in the process. It is possible. But how many millions of dollars have we saved the country because we have re-established the stability of Canada as a united country? If somebody has stolen the money, they will face the courts. But I will not apologize to Canadians."<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._359-197">[197]</a> Chrétien's argument that he had nothing to apologize for in regards to the sponsorship program, and his apparent condoning of corruption as justified by the results of saving Canada fared poorly with the Canadian public, which increasingly started to perceive the prime minister as an autocratic leader with a thuggish streak.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._359-197">[197]</a> A poll taken later in May 2002 showed that over half of Canadians believed that the Chrétien government was corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._361-198">[198]</a> The Sponsorship Scandal would tarnish Chrétien's reputation only a few years after he left office, and contributed to the Liberals losing their majority government in <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a> and losing power altogether in <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chrétien_and_Martin:_Liberal_Party_infighting">Chrétien and Martin: Liberal Party infighting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chrétien and Martin: Liberal Party infighting">edit</a>]</div> Relations between Chrétien and Martin were frequently strained, and Martin was reportedly angling to replace Chrétien as early as 1997. Martin had long hoped that Chrétien would just retire at the end of his second term, thereby allowing him to win the Liberal leadership, and was greatly disappointed in January 2000 when Chrétien's communications director Françoise Ducros had fired "a shot across the bow" by confirming what had been strongly hinted at since the summer of 1999 in an announcement to the caucus that Chrétien would seek a third term.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Chrétien was due to face a leadership review in February 2002, but the Liberal national executive, which was controlled by partisans of Paul Martin, agreed to Chrétien's request in early January 2001 that the leadership review be pushed back to February 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p326-201">[201]</a> In agreeing to this request, Martin believed that this was the quid pro quo for allowing Chrétien a decent interval to retire with dignity sometime in 2002, an interpretation that Chrétien did not hold.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-p326-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebellion_and_resignation">Rebellion and resignation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rebellion and resignation">edit</a>]</div> By early 2002, the long-simmering feud with Martin came to a head. A particular concern that had badly strained relations between the prime minister and the finance minister by early 2002 was Martin's control of the Liberal Party apparatus, especially his control over the issuing of membership forms, which he reserved largely for his own supporters.<a href="#cite_note-:6-202">[202]</a> In January 2002, Brian Tobin complained to Chrétien that the Liberal Party machinery had been "captured" by Martin's followers to the extent that it was now virtually impossible for anyone else to sign up their own followers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-202">[202]</a> This posed a major problem for Chrétien as the Liberals were due to hold a leadership review in February 2003. However, it was still quite possible that Chrétien would win the review by a slim margin.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In January 2002, an incident occurred which was to greatly damage Chrétien's relations with the Liberal caucus. After Chrétien reorganized the Cabinet in late January 2002, Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bennett" title="Carolyn Bennett">Carolyn Bennett</a> criticised Chrétien at a caucus meeting for not appointing more women to the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Chrétien exploded with rage at Bennett's criticism, saying that as a mere backbencher she did not have the right to criticise the prime minister in front of the caucus, and attacked her with such fury that Bennett collapsed in tears.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._356-205">[205]</a> In February 2002, reflecting a growing number of Liberal MPs' displeasure with Chrétien, the Liberal caucus elected the outspoken pro-Martin MP <a href="/wiki/Stan_Keyes" title="Stan Keyes">Stan Keyes</a> (who had already openly mused in 2001 about how it was time for Chrétien to go) as their chairman, who defeated pro-Chrétien MP <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mahoney" title="Steve Mahoney">Steve Mahoney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._358-196">[196]</a> Chrétien had expected Mahoney to win, and was reported to be shocked when he learned of Keyes's victory, which now gave Martin more control of the caucus.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._358-196">[196]</a> In late May 2002, Chrétien tried to curtail Martin's campaign for the leadership of the party by delivering a lecture to Cabinet to stop raising money for leadership bids within the Liberal Party. At what was described as a "stormy" Cabinet meeting on May 30, 2002, Chrétien stated that he intended to serve out his entire term, and ordered the end of all leadership fundraising.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Martin left his cabinet on June 2, 2002. Martin claimed that Chrétien dismissed him from Cabinet, while Chrétien said that Martin had resigned.<a href="#cite_note-thestar-207">[207]</a> In his memoirs, Chrétien wrote that he regretted not having fired Martin a few years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-thestar-207">[207]</a> Martin's departure generated a severe backlash from Martin's supporters, who controlled much of the party machinery, and all signs indicated that they were prepared to oust Chrétien at a leadership review in February 2003. To win the leadership review, Chrétien formed a team in early June 2002 comprising his close associates John Rae, <a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a>, Jean Carle, and David Smith who were ordered to sign up as many pro-Chrétien ("Chrétienist") Liberals as possible for the leadership review.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The open split, which was covered extensively on national media, increasingly painted Chrétien as a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a>. During the summer of 2002, a number of backbencher Liberal MPs associated with Martin started to openly criticise Chrétien's leadership, calling on him to resign now or suffer the humiliation of losing the leadership review.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_pp._375–376-209">[209]</a> Chrétien asked Jim Karygiannis, who had been so effective in signing up supporters for him in 1990 to repeat that performance, only to be told by Karygiannis that Chrétien had never rewarded him by appointing him to the Cabinet as he asked for many times over the years, had not even returned his phone calls to set up a meeting to discuss his possible appointment to the Cabinet and that he was now a Martin man.<a href="#cite_note-Martin,_Lawrence_p._383-210">[210]</a> Karygiannis then called a press conference on July 13, 2002, where he called for Chrétien to retire "with dignity", rather than risk losing a potentially divisive leadership review and avoid having his career end that way.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> After less than half the caucus committed to support him in August 2002 by signing a letter indicating their support for the prime minister in the up-coming leadership review, Chrétien announced that he would not lead the party into the next election, and set his resignation date for February 2004. Martin was not happy with the 2004 departure date, preferring that Chrétien retire at the end of 2002, but considered it better if Chrétien were to retire than having to defeat him at the 2003 leadership review, which would have been more divisive and would have established the ominous precedent of a prime minister being ousted by his own party for no other reason other that someone else wanted the job.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Due to mounting pressure from the Martin camp, Chrétien no longer saw his February 2004 resignation date as tenable. His final sitting in the House of Commons took place on November 6, 2003. He made an emotional farewell to the party on November 13 at the <a href="/wiki/2003_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2003 Liberal leadership convention</a>. The following day, Martin was elected his successor. On December 12, 2003, Chrétien formally resigned as prime minister, handing power over to Martin. Chrétien joined the law firm, <a href="/wiki/Heenan_Blaikie" title="Heenan Blaikie">Heenan Blaikie</a> on January 5, 2004, as counsel. The firm announced he would work out of its Ottawa offices four days per week and make a weekly visit to the Montreal office. In early 2004, there occurred much <a href="/wiki/2004_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_infighting" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Liberal Party of Canada infighting">in-fighting</a> within the Liberal Party with several Liberal MPs associated with Chrétien such as Sheila Copps and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Charles Caccia</a> losing their nomination battles against Martin loyalists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg/220px-Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg/330px-Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg/440px-Liberal_rally_Brampton_2008_election_82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Stéphane Dion</a> makes a speech on October 10, 2008, in <a href="/wiki/Brampton_West_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Brampton West (federal electoral district)">Brampton West</a>. Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien was among notable Liberals at this rally; this was his first time campaigning for anyone since retirement.</figcaption></figure> On February 18, 2004, François Beaudoin won his wrongful dismissal suit against the Business Development Bank of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-213">[213]</a> Justice Andre Denis ruled in favor of Beaudoin's claim that he was fired for political reasons in 1999 for trying to call the loan on the Grand Mère Inn, ruled that Chrétien's former aide Jean Carle and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Vennat" title="Michel Vennat">Michel Vennat</a> was guilty of making false criminal and civil charges of wrongdoing against Beaudoin to discredit him for suing the bank, accused Carle of committing perjury during the trial and declared given the "unspeakable injustice" Beaudoin had suffered, told the government not to appeal his ruling because they would be wasting the tax-payers' money if they did.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-213">[213]</a> The lingering repercussions of the sponsorship scandal of 2002 reduced the Liberal Party to a minority in the 2004 election, may have strengthened the separatist case, and contributed to the government's defeat in the 2006 election. The scandal led to long-running, deep investigations by the RCMP, a federal inquiry, the <a href="/wiki/Gomery_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomery Commission">Gomery Commission</a>, chaired by Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a> (called by Martin in 2004), and several prosecutions and convictions; the legal process continued to late 2011, more than a decade after the scandal began. Jean Chrétien testified for the Gomery Commission regarding the sponsorship scandal in February 2005. Earlier that year his lawyers tried, but failed, to have Justice John Gomery removed from the commission, arguing that he lacked objectivity.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Chrétien contends that the Gomery Commission was set up to tarnish his image, and that it was not a fair investigation. He cites comments Gomery made calling him "small town cheap", referring to the management of the sponsorship program as "catastrophically bad", and calling <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Guit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuck Guité">Chuck Guité</a> a "charming scamp". Subsequent to the release of the first report, Chrétien has decided to take an action in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Canada" title="Federal Court of Canada">Federal Court</a> to review the commission report on the grounds that Gomery showed a "reasonable apprehension of bias", and that some conclusions didn't have an "evidentiary" basis.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Chrétien believes that the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Roy" title="Bernard Roy">Bernard Roy</a>, a former chief of staff to former PC prime minister Brian Mulroney, as chief counsel for the commission was a mistake, as he failed to call some relevant witnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Don_Boudria" title="Don Boudria">Don Boudria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a>. In his report of November 1, 2005, on responsibility for the sponsorship scandal, Justice Gomery ruled that Chrétien was not responsible for the awarding of advertising contracts in Quebec in which millions were stolen, but did accept <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guit%C3%A9" title="Charles Guité">Charles Guité</a>'s claim that he received his instructions on what program to sponsor and to spend how much money on each program from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pelletier" title="Jean Pelletier">Jean Pelletier</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Canada)">chief of staff</a> at the PMO between 1993 and 2001 and Jean Carle, the director of operations at the PMO between 1993 and 1998 as the truth.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_(5663165931).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_%285663165931%29.jpg/220px-Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_%285663165931%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_%285663165931%29.jpg/330px-Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_%285663165931%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_%285663165931%29.jpg/440px-Ignatieff_and_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_Rise_Up_for_Canada_Rally_013_%285663165931%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5562" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien at the Rise Up For Canada rally, 2011</figcaption></figure> In April 2007, Chrétien and Canadian book publishers <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Canada">Knopf Canada</a> and Éditions du Boréal announced they would be publishing his memoirs, My Years as Prime Minister, which would recount Chrétien's tenure as prime minister. The book was announced under the title of A Passion for Politics. It arrived in bookstores in October 2007, in both English and French, but the promotional tour was delayed due to heart surgery. As well Straight from the Heart was republished with a new preface and two additional chapters detailing his return to politics as the leader of the Liberal Party and his victory in the election of 1993. Publisher <a href="/wiki/Key_Porter_Books" title="Key Porter Books">Key Porter Books</a> timed the re-issuing to coincide with the publication of My Years as Prime Minister. On October 1, 2007, Chrétien was playing at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Montreal_Golf_Club" title="Royal Montreal Golf Club">Royal Montreal Golf Club</a>, north of Montreal, at a charity golf event. Playing alongside a <a href="/wiki/Cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologist">cardiologist</a>, he mentioned his discomfort, saying he "had been suffering some symptoms for some time" and the doctor advised he come for a check up. After examination, Chrétien was hospitalized at the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Heart_Institute" title="Montreal Heart Institute">Montreal Heart Institute</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Unstable_angina" title="Unstable angina">unstable angina</a>, a sign a heart attack might be imminent. He underwent <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_heart_bypass_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruple heart bypass surgery">quadruple heart bypass surgery</a> as a result on the morning of October 3, 2007. The operation forced Chrétien to delay a promotional tour for his book. He was "expected to have a full and complete recovery".<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In November 2008, Chrétien and former NDP leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a> came out of retirement to negotiate a formal coalition agreement between the Liberals, the New Democratic Party and the Bloc Québécois, the first power-sharing coalition since the Union government of 1917–1918 founded in response to the conscription crisis caused by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in a bid to form a new government to replace the government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Harper's request to prorogue parliament was granted by Governor General <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, staving off the opposition's scheduled motion of non-confidence.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> On August 5, 2010, Chrétien complained of experiencing difficulty walking, and was admitted to a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-natpost-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-brainsurgery-221">[221]</a> A brain scan was conducted the next day, and it revealed that a 3 centimeter wide <a href="/wiki/Subdural_hematoma" title="Subdural hematoma">subdural hematoma</a> was pushing 1.5 centimeters into his brain. Emergency surgery was then performed that afternoon, and the blood was successfully drained.<a href="#cite_note-brainsurgery-221">[221]</a> He was released from hospital on August 9, 2010. Doctors, who were impressed with the speed of his recovery, ordered him to rest for two to four weeks.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Chrétien's name was rumoured as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">secretary-general of the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Chrétien is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac_Foundation_for_Sustainable_Development_and_Cultural_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Chirac Foundation for Sustainable Development and Cultural Dialogue">Fondation Chirac</a>'s honour committee,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> ever since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace. He is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Club_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de Madrid">Club de Madrid</a>, a group of former leaders from democratic countries, that works to strengthen democracy and respond to global crises.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Jean Chrétien is also an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Chrétien is named in the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a>, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to <a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">offshore investment</a> that were leaked to the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Chrétien was appointed a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> on June 29, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in July 2009<a href="#cite_note-Chrétien_grateful_for_honour_from_Q-230">[230]</a> and received the insignia of the order from the Queen on October 20, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg/330px-Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg/440px-Justin_Trudeau_and_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_at_campaign_rally_in_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Chrétien at a rally in support of <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> In December 2011, Chrétien claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> and their majority government would overturn the legalization of same-sex marriage and abortion.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In March 2013, Chrétien criticized Stephen Harper's foreign policy, sparking some debate about the different degrees of influence Canada has held in foreign affairs under the two prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> On September 12, 2015, Chrétien published an open letter to Canadian voters in multiple newspapers in which he criticized Harper's response to the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>, stating that Harper has turned Canada into a "cold hearted" nation and he has "shamed Canada". "I am sad to see that in fewer than 10 years, the Harper government has tarnished almost 60 years of Canada's reputation as a builder of peace and progress.", Chrétien stated before imploring voters to topple the Harper government in <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">the upcoming election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In October 2021, Chrétien faced controversy during a promotional press interview for his recent book publication in which he denied having knowledge of the ongoing abuse happening to indigenous children in residential schools during his time as Indian Affairs Minister.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> He went on to compare the experience of Indian Residential Schools, which inflicted lifelong psychological and physical trauma and led either directly or indirectly to the deaths of thousands of children who attended the schools, to his own experience at a private boarding school. NDP MP <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Angus" title="Charlie Angus">Charlie Angus</a> contested that the residential school abuse was reported to the department while Chrétien was minister, citing a letter from a teacher at St. Anne's Residential School in Fort Albany, Ont. It was dated 1968. In it, the teacher told him "that crimes are being committed against children," and "that he as Indian affairs minister had to step up and do something." Chrétien never responded.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> In September 2022, Chrétien attended Elizabeth II's <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">state funeral</a>, along with other former Canadian prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_(5034822983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_%285034822983%29.jpg/250px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_%285034822983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_%285034822983%29.jpg/375px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_%285034822983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_%285034822983%29.jpg/500px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_wax_figure_-_Royal_London_Wax_Museum_%285034822983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption>Wax figure of Chrétien at the Royal London Wax Museum</figcaption></figure> Chrétien was ranked the 9th greatest prime minister in a survey of Canadian scholars in 1999, which appeared in Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by <a href="/wiki/J.L._Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Granatstein">J.L. Granatstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> has consistently ranked Chrétien in the top ten on their assessments of Canadian prime ministers; he was ranked 9th greatest in 1997, 6th greatest in 2011 and 7th greatest in 2016. Writing in Policy Options, historian and author <a href="/wiki/Bob_Plamondon" title="Bob Plamondon">Bob Plamondon</a> pointed out that "After demonizing Chrétien, Quebec nationalists could not reconcile themselves to the reality that he gave their province new tools to protect the French language and culture. Canada had not been as united in the previous 50 years as when Chrétien left office. Economists were left to wonder how Chrétien turned around the national finances without triggering a recession. Canadians said in a survey that staying out of Iraq was the country's greatest foreign policy achievement. University presidents still marvel at how Chrétien rebuilt Canada's intellectual infrastructure, turning a brain drain into a brain gain."<a href="#cite_note-GoodKind-239">[239]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bliss" title="Michael Bliss">Michael Bliss</a> wrote that Chrétien was "moderately competent and only moderately corrupt."<a href="#cite_note-GoodKind-239">[239]</a> Bliss also wrote, "Jean Chrétien's career shows how much can be accomplished in Canadian politics by someone who is ambitious, hard-working, and has good luck — even if they speak English with a very thick accent."<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appointments">edit</a>]</div> Chrétien chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Bastarache" title="Michel Bastarache">Michel Bastarache</a> (September 30, 1997 – June 30, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ian_Corneil_Binnie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ian Corneil Binnie">William Ian Corneil Binnie</a> (January 8, 1998 – October 21, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a> (September 15, 1999 – June 30, 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_LeBel" title="Louis LeBel">Louis LeBel</a> (January 7, 2000 – November 30, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_McLachlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly McLachlin">Beverly McLachlin</a> (as chief justice, July 7, 2000 – December 15, 2017; appointed a <a href="/wiki/Puisne_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne Justice">puisne justice</a> under Prime Minister Mulroney, March 30, 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Deschamps" title="Marie Deschamps">Marie Deschamps</a> (August 7, 2002 – August 7, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_J._Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris J. Fish">Morris J. Fish</a> (August 5, 2003 – August 31, 2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/105px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/158px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/210px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/112px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/168px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/224px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Canada125_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/QEII_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Orden_of_Friendship-wide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Orden_of_Friendship-wide.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/100px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/150px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/200px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:silver; text-align:center;"> <td>Ribbon</td> <td>Description</td> <td>Notes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/80px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/120px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/160px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (O.M.)</td> <td> <ul><li>July 13, 2009<a href="#cite_note-Chrétien_grateful_for_honour_from_Q-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CC)_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/120px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg/160px-Order_of_Canada_%28CC%29_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> (C.C.)</td> <td> <ul><li>Awarded on May 3, 2007</li> <li>Invested on February 22, 2008<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png/80px-Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial_Medal" title="Canadian Centennial Medal">Centennial Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1967</li> <li>As a minister of the Crown and an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/80px-QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal</a> for Canada</td> <td> <ul><li>1977</li> <li>As a minister of the Crown and an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Canada125_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png/80px-Canada125_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Canada125_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal" title="125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal">125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1993</li> <li>As the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a> and an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/QEII_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/80px-QEII_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/QEII_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal</a> for Canada</td> <td> <ul><li>2002</li> <li>As the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> and an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, the Right Honourable Jean Chrétien would be awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/80px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a> for Canada</td> <td> <ul><li>2012</li> <li>As a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> and having been awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>, Jean Chrétien was awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominionofcanada.com-243">[243]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_of_Friendship-wide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Orden_of_Friendship-wide.png/80px-Orden_of_Friendship-wide.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Orden_of_Friendship-wide.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship" title="Order of Friendship">Order of Friendship</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td> <td> <ul><li>2014<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/80px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/120px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/160px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun</a> from the Japanese government</td> <td> <ul><li>2023<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Jean Chrétien </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png/220px-Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png/330px-Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png/440px-Chr%C3%A9tien_Escutcheon.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="938" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>Issuant from flames Or a phoenix wings elevated and addorsed Azure beaked and crested Gules holding in its beak an open scroll proper;</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Gules a beehive Or with three bees Argent embellished Sable, in the canton the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada (four maple leaves conjoined in cross) Argent;</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Two polar bears proper each charged on the shoulder with a Latin cross pendent from each crossbeam two balance pans Gules, standing on a rocky mount proper set with maple leaves Gules and fleurs-de-lis Azure and issuant from barry-wavy Argent and Azure;</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>LABORARE AD AEDIFICANDUM (Work To Build)<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Alberta</td> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of the University">Doctor of the University</a> (D.Univ)<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> New Brunswick</td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Moncton" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Moncton">University of Moncton</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japan</td> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meiji_University" title="Meiji University">Meiji University</a></td> <td>Doctorate </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> Poland</td> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw School of Economics">Warsaw School of Economics</a></td> <td>Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> Michigan</td> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israel</td> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Newfoundland and Labrador</td> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dominican Republic</td> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_Madre_y_Maestra" title="Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra">Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ukraine</td> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" title="National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>October 23, 2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Quebec</td> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières">Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Quebec</td> <td>June 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Quebec</td> <td>2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Manitoba</td> <td>June 12, 2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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(April 2015)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Electoral record">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Electoral history of Jean Chrétien">Electoral history of Jean Chrétien</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McMaster+University+Honorary+Degree+Recipients+%28Chronological%29+1892%E2%80%93present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretariat.mcmaster.ca%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2FHonorary_Degrees_Recipients_1892-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf">"Honorary Degrees Awarded"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723022840/https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees+Awarded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwo.ca%2Funivsec%2Fpdf%2Fsenate%2Fhonorary%2Fhonorary_degrees_by_year.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concordia.ca/offices/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/2010/06/jean-chretien.html">"Honorary Degree Citation – Jean Chrétien"</a>. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degree+Citation+%E2%80%93+Jean+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordia.ca%2Foffices%2Farchives%2Fhonorary-degree-recipients%2F2010%2F06%2Fjean-chretien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/university-of-winnipeg-will-grant-jean-chretien-an-honorary-degree-1.1813668">"University of Winnipeg will grant Jean Chrétien an honorary degree"</a>. CTVNews. May 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=University+of+Winnipeg+will+grant+Jean+Chr%C3%A9tien+an+honorary+degree&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Funiversity-of-winnipeg-will-grant-jean-chretien-an-honorary-degree-1.1813668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/awards-distinctions/honorary-doctorate/chretien.html">"Honorary Doctorate - Jean Chrétien"</a>. University of Winnipeg. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Winnipeg&rft.atitle=Honorary+Doctorate+-+Jean+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwinnipeg.ca%2Fawards-distinctions%2Fhonorary-doctorate%2Fchretien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=623515&lang=eng">Jean Chrétien fonds</a>. Ottawa, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada#Jean_Chrétien" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada">List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada § Jean Chrétien</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrétien2007" class="citation book cs1">Chrétien, Jean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myyearsasprimemi00chrt">My Years as Prime Minister</a>. Toronto: Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97900-8"><bdi>978-0-676-97900-8</bdi></a>. <q>Prime Ministers of Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Years+as+Prime+Minister&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-676-97900-8&rft.aulast=Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyyearsasprimemi00chrt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrétien1985" class="citation book cs1">Chrétien, Jean (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/straightfromhear00chre">Straight from the Heart</a>. Toronto: Key Porter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55013-576-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55013-576-7"><bdi>1-55013-576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+from+the+Heart&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Key+Porter+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=1-55013-576-7&rft.aulast=Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstraightfromhear00chre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Brooke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividedloyalties00jeff">Divided Loyalties: The Liberal Party of Canada, 1984–2008</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442610651" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442610651"><bdi>978-1442610651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Loyalties%3A+The+Liberal+Party+of+Canada%2C+1984%E2%80%932008&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1442610651&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdividedloyalties00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1995" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Lawrence (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chretienvolume1w0000mart">Chrétien: The Will to Win</a>. Toronto: Lester Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895555-95-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-895555-95-7"><bdi>1-895555-95-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien%3A+The+Will+to+Win&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Lester+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-895555-95-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchretienvolume1w0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Lawrence (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironmandefiantre0000mart">Iron Man: The Defiant Reign of Jean Chrétien</a>. Toronto: Penguin Group (Canada). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-04310-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-04310-9"><bdi>0-670-04310-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Man%3A+The+Defiant+Reign+of+Jean+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28Canada%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-670-04310-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironmandefiantre0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Double Vision: The Inside Story of the Liberals in Power, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenspon" title="Edward Greenspon">Edward Greenspon</a> and Anthony Wilson-Smith, Toronto 1996, Doubleday Canada publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-25613-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-25613-2">0-385-25613-2</a>.</li> <li>One-Eyed Kings, by Ron Graham, Toronto 1986, Collins Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-217749-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-217749-8">0-00-217749-8</a>.</li> <li>Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by <a href="/wiki/J.L._Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="J.L. Granatstein">J.L. Granatstein</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_Hillmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normal Hillmer (page does not exist)">Normal Hillmer</a>, Toronto, HarperCollinsPublishersLtd., 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X">0-00-200027-X</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic">Academic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Academic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarderPatten2006" class="citation book cs1">Harder, Lois; Patten, Steve, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSiZO2mBYuQC&q=The%20Chr%C3%A9tien%20Legacy%3APublic%20Policy%20in%20Canada&pg=PP1">The Chrétien Legacy:Public Policy in Canada</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-3107-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-3107-6"><bdi>0-7735-3107-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chr%C3%A9tien+Legacy%3APublic+Policy+in+Canada&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7735-3107-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSiZO2mBYuQC%26q%3DThe%2520Chr%25C3%25A9tien%2520Legacy%253APublic%2520Policy%2520in%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhinney2003" class="citation book cs1">McWhinney, Edward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chretiencanadian0000mcwh">Chrétien and Canadian Federalism: Politics and the Constitution, 1993–2003</a>. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55380-006-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55380-006-0"><bdi>1-55380-006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+and+Canadian+Federalism%3A+Politics+and+the+Constitution%2C+1993%E2%80%932003&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Ronsdale+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55380-006-0&rft.aulast=McWhinney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchretiencanadian0000mcwh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Chr%C3%A9tien" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=306">Jean Chrétien – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721022428/http://www.mackaycartoons.net/dotcom/chretien.html">Jean Chrétien Editorial Cartoon Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/topic/jean-chretien-from-pool-hall-to-parliament-hill/topic---jean-chretien-from-pool-hall-to-parliament-hill.html">CBC Digital Archives – Jean Chrétien: From Pool hall to Parliament Hill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-jacques-jean-chretien/">Joseph-Jacques-Jean Chrétien, by Robert Bothwell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903054943/http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/party/liberal/chretien/red-book.html">The Red Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0160793/">Jean Chrétien</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=4014">Order of Canada Citation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.concordia.ca/chretien">Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation</a>, June 2010, Concordia University Records Management and Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?17162">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Succession">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Official Opposition</a> 1990–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Deputy Leader of the Official Opposition</a> 1984–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lamy" title="Gérard Lamy">Gérard Lamy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice%E2%80%94Lafl%C3%A8che" title="Saint-Maurice—Laflèche">Member for Saint-Maurice—Laflèche</a> 1963–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">District abolished </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New district </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Maurice (federal electoral district)">Member for Saint-Maurice</a> 1968–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Grondin" title="Gilles Grondin">Gilles Grondin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Beaus%C3%A9jour_(electoral_district)" title="Beauséjour (electoral district)">Member for Beauséjour</a> 1990–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Pronovost" title="Denis Pronovost">Denis Pronovost</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Saint-Maurice (federal electoral district)">Member for Saint-Maurice</a> 1993–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">District abolished </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a> 1990–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party</a> 1984–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3">26th Ministry – Cabinet of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet post (1) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> 1993–2003 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3">23rd Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (2) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister of Canada</a> 1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Erik Nielsen</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a> 1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3">22nd Ministry – Second cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (2) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada)">Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources</a> 1982–1984 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Flynn" title="Jacques Flynn">Jacques Flynn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice</a> 1980–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">Mark MacGuigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3">20th Ministry – First cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (5) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald Stovel Macdonald</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a> 1977–1979 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">John Crosbie</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Don Jamieson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Industry,_Trade_and_Commerce_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce (Canada)">Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce</a> 1976–1977 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Horner_(politician)" title="Jack Horner (politician)">Jack Horner</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Treasury_Board_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Treasury Board (Canada)">President of the Treasury Board</a> 1974–1976 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Andras" title="Bob Andras">Bob Andras</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Canada)">Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development</a> 1968–1974 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Judd Buchanan</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;">cont'd from 19th Min. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Revenue (Canada)">Minister of National Revenue</a> 1968 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #EA6D6A" colspan="3">19th Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (2) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Revenue (Canada)">Minister of National Revenue</a> 1968 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">cont'd into 20th Min. </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Minister without Portfolio 1967–1968 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Chairperson of the G7</a> 1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairperson of <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> 1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Chairperson of the G8</a> 2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a> as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien&action=edit">[update]</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Deputy prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Deputy prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_finance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Finance_of_Canada" title="Template:Ministers of Finance of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Finance_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Ministers of Finance of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Finance_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Finance of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Ministers of finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rose,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Hincks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nowlan" title="George Nowlan">Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flaherty" title="Jim Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Oliver_(politician)" title="Joe Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morneau" title="Bill Morneau">Morneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Justice_and_Attorneys_General" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Justice_and_Attorneys_General" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Justice_and_Attorneys_General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Ministers of justice and attorneys general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Aim%C3%A9_Dorion" title="Antoine-Aimé Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_James_Smith" title="Albert James Smith">Smith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lesphore_Fournier" title="Télesphore Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Laflamme" title="Rodolphe Laflamme">Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Mowat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fitzpatrick" title="Charles Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bristol_Aylesworth" title="Allen Bristol Aylesworth">Aylesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reginald_Geary" title="George Reginald Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garson" title="Stuart Garson">Garson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Fulton" title="Davie Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Flynn" title="Jacques Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Cotler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Toews" title="Vic Toews">Toews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">Lametti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Virani" title="Arif Virani">Virani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of foreign affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of external affairs (1983–95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Treasury_Board" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Andras" title="Bob Andras">Andras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Stevens" title="Sinclair Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Carney" title="Pat Carney">Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Edwards_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Edwards (Canadian politician)">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Alcock" title="Reg Alcock">Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Toews" title="Vic Toews">Toews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Clement" title="Tony Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brison" title="Scott Brison">Brison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Philpott" title="Jane Philpott">Philpott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Qualtrough" title="Carla Qualtrough">Qualtrough</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Murray" title="Joyce Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Duclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Fortier" title="Mona Fortier">Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_national_revenue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_National_Revenue" title="Template:CA-Ministers of National Revenue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_National_Revenue" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of National Revenue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_National_Revenue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of National Revenue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_national_revenue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of national revenue</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Customs and Inland Revenue (1918–21)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burrell" title="Martin Burrell">Burrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Wilson_Wigmore" title="Rupert Wilson Wigmore">Wigmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Customs and Excise (1921–27)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Wilson_Wigmore" title="Rupert Wilson Wigmore">Wigmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Babington_Macaulay_Baxter" title="John Babington Macaulay Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bureau" title="Jacques Bureau">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Henri_Boivin" title="Georges Henri Boivin">Boivin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daum_Euler" title="William Daum Euler">Euler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Revenue (Canada)">Ministers of National Revenue</a> (1927–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Daum_Euler" title="William Daum Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Baird_Ryckman" title="Edmond Baird Ryckman">Ryckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Matthews" title="Robert Charles Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Lawson_(politician)" title="Earl Lawson (politician)">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Angus_MacKinnon" title="James Angus MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laurence_MacLaren" title="David Laurence MacLaren">D. MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Angus_MacKinnon" title="James Angus MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_McCann" title="James Joseph McCann">McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nowlan" title="George Nowlan">Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Flemming" title="Hugh John Flemming">Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garland_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Garland (Canadian politician)">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanbury" title="Robert Stanbury">Stanbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Cullen" title="Bud Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philippe_Guay" title="Joseph-Philippe Guay">Guay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott_(Ontario_politician)" title="Tony Abbott (Ontario politician)">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bussi%C3%A8res" title="Pierre Bussières">Bussières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">R. MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Turner" title="Garth Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stewart_(politician)" title="Jane Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Dhaliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Caplan" title="Elinor Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Keyes" title="Stan Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Skelton" title="Carol Skelton">Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_O%27Connor" title="Gordon O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blackburn" title="Jean-Pierre Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Ashfield" title="Keith Ashfield">Ashfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Shea" title="Gail Shea">Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry-Lynne_Findlay" title="Kerry-Lynne Findlay">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Lebouthillier" title="Diane Lebouthillier">Lebouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Bibeau" title="Marie-Claude Bibeau">Bibeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_international_trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_for_International_Trade" title="Template:CA-Ministers for International Trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_for_International_Trade" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers for International Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_for_International_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers for International Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_international_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Trade_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of International Trade (Canada)">Ministers of international trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Trade and Commerce (1892–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">William Bullock Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costigan" title="John Costigan">John Costigan</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">William Bullock Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Richard John Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">George Eulas Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Henry Herbert Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">James Alexander Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Low" title="Thomas Andrew Low">Thomas Andrew Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">James Alexander Robb</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Henry Herbert Stevens</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dew_Chaplin" title="James Dew Chaplin">James Dew Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Malcolm_(politician)" title="James Malcolm (politician)">James Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Henry Herbert Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Richard Burpee Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daum_Euler" title="William Daum Euler">William Daum Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Angus_MacKinnon" title="James Angus MacKinnon">James Angus MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">Clarence Decatur Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Churchill" title="Gordon Churchill">Gordon Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">George Harris Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wallace_McCutcheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Wallace McCutcheon">Malcolm Wallace McCutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell William Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Henry Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Mills Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Industry (1963–69)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Mills Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Industry, Trade and Commerce (1969–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Gillespie" title="Alastair Gillespie">Alastair William Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Donald Campbell Jamieson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Horner_(politician)" title="Jack Horner (politician)">John Henry Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Robert de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herbert Eser Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Edward Lumley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State for International Trade (1979–80)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State (Trade) (1980–82)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Edward Lumley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State (International Trade) (1982–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Edward Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of International Trade (1983–2018)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kelleher" title="James Kelleher">James Francis Kelleher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Carney" title="Pat Carney">Patricia Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">John Carnell Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hockin" title="Tom Hockin">Thomas Hockin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Art Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Sergio Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peterson" title="Jim Peterson">Jim Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">David Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortier" title="Michael Fortier">Michael Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Peter Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Ed Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">François-Philippe Champagne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of International Trade Diversification (2018–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carr" title="Jim Carr">Jim Carr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Jean_Chrétien_(1993–2003)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Template:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Template talk:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chrétien Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Jean_Chrétien_(1993–2003)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a> (1993–2003)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">David Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Augustine" title="Jean Augustine">Jean Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Baker (Canadian politician)">George Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bevilacqua" title="Maurizio Bevilacqua">Maurizio Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Blondin-Andrew" title="Ethel Blondin-Andrew">Ethel Blondin-Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Boudreau" title="Bernie Boudreau">Bernie Boudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Boudria" title="Don Boudria">Don Boudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Bradshaw" title="Claudette Bradshaw">Claudette Bradshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Byrne_(politician)" title="Gerry Byrne (politician)">Gerry Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Caplan" title="Elinor Caplan">Elinor Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Carstairs" title="Sharon Carstairs">Sharon Carstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Martin Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chan_(politician)" title="Raymond Chan (politician)">Raymond Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Denis Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_DeVillers" title="Paul DeVillers">Paul DeVillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Herb Dhaliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">David Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Stéphane Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Drouin" title="Claude Drouin">Claude Drouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Duhamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Duhamel">Ronald Duhamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Dupuy" title="Michel Dupuy">Michel Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Easter" title="Wayne Easter">Wayne Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Art Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Fairbairn" title="Joyce Fairbairn">Joyce Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Finestone" title="Sheila Finestone">Sheila Finestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Fry" title="Hedy Fry">Hedy Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Alfonso Gagliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Gerrard" title="Jon Gerrard">Jon Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Graham" title="Alasdair Graham">Alasdair Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Irwin" title="Ron Irwin">Ron Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kilgour" title="David Kilgour">David Kilgour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Knutson" title="Gar Knutson">Gar Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">Lawrence MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mahoney" title="Steve Mahoney">Steve Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Sergio Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Diane Marleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Marcel Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">Anne McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mifflin" title="Fred Mifflin">Fred Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Minna" title="Maria Minna">Maria Minna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Andy Mitchell (politician)">Andy Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Nault" title="Bob Nault">Bob Nault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Normand" title="Gilbert Normand">Gilbert Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Stephen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Rey Pagtakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Paradis" title="Denis Paradis">Denis Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Peters">Doug Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peterson" title="Jim Peterson">Jim Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Robichaud" title="Fernand Robichaud">Fernand Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Lucienne Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Allan Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Scott_(politician)" title="Andy Scott (politician)">Andy Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stewart" title="Christine Stewart">Christine Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stewart_(politician)" title="Jane Stewart (politician)">Jane Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thibault" title="Robert Thibault">Robert Thibault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tobin" title="Brian Tobin">Brian Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Vanclief" title="Lyle Vanclief">Lyle Vanclief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whelan" title="Susan Whelan">Susan Whelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Doug Young</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_John_Turner_(1984)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turner_Ministry" title="Template:Turner Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turner_Ministry" title="Template talk:Turner Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turner_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turner Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_John_Turner_(1984)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="23rd Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> (1984)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Breau" title="Herb Breau">Herb Breau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Bujold" title="Rémi Bujold">Rémi Bujold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Charles Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Campbell" title="Bennett Campbell">Bennett Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Erola" title="Judy Erola">Judy Erola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ferguson" title="Ralph Ferguson">Ralph Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Frith" title="Doug Frith">Doug Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Don Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Serge Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaplan" title="Bob Kaplan">Bob Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lapierre" title="Jean Lapierre">Jean Lapierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Charles Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Ed Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Bill Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(Canadian_senator)" title="David Smith (Canadian senator)">David Smith</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1980–84)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template:Second Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template talk:Second Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1980–84)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a> (1980–84)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazen_Argue" title="Hazen Argue">Hazen Argue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Austin_(politician)" title="Jack Austin (politician)">Jack Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bussi%C3%A8res" title="Pierre Bussières">Pierre Bussières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Charles Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Campbell" title="Bennett Campbell">Bennett Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">David Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cosgrove" title="Paul Cosgrove">Paul Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ban%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Bané">Pierre de Bané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Erola" title="Judy Erola">Judy Erola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fleming_(York_West_MP)" title="James Fleming (York West MP)">James Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Hervieux-Payette" title="Céline Hervieux-Payette">Céline Hervieux-Payette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Don Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Serge Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaplan" title="Bob Kaplan">Bob Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Gilles Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Charles Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lumley" title="Ed Lumley">Ed Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">Daniel J. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">Mark MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">John Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Olivier" title="Jacques Olivier">Jacques Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Olson" title="Bud Olson">Bud Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Perrault" title="Ray Perrault">Ray Perrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Yvon Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Gerald Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Bill Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Simmons" title="Roger Simmons">Roger Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(Canadian_senator)" title="David Smith (Canadian senator)">David Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Whelan" title="Eugene Whelan">Eugene Whelan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1968–79)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template:First Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Template talk:First Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Trudeau_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Trudeau Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau_(1968–79)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a> (1968–79)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott_(Ontario_politician)" title="Tony Abbott (Ontario politician)">Tony Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Allmand" title="Warren Allmand">Warren Allmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Andras" title="Bob Andras">Bob Andras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Ron Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Monique Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Jean-Jacques Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Judd Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Léo Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cafik" title="Norman Cafik">Norman Cafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Campagnolo" title="Iona Campagnolo">Iona Campagnolo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Cullen" title="Bud Cullen">Bud Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Danson" title="Barney Danson">Barney Danson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Davis_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Davis (Canadian politician)">Jack Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ban%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Bané">Pierre de Bané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Jean-Eudes Dubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Faulkner_(politician)" title="Hugh Faulkner (politician)">Hugh Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Francis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Gillespie" title="Alastair Gillespie">Alastair Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Goyer" title="Jean-Pierre Goyer">Jean-Pierre Goyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Granger_(politician)" title="Charles Granger (politician)">Charles Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greene_(Ontario_politician)" title="Joe Greene (Ontario politician)">Joe Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philippe_Guay" title="Joseph-Philippe Guay">Joseph-Philippe Guay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Haidasz" title="Stanley Haidasz">Stanley Haidasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Horner_(politician)" title="Jack Horner (politician)">Jack Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Don Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Juneau" title="Pierre Juneau">Pierre Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kierans" title="Eric Kierans">Eric Kierans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Gilles Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Otto Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">Roméo LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lessard" title="Marcel Lessard">Marcel Lessard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">Daniel J. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Donald Stovel Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Bryce Mackasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Mahoney" title="Pat Mahoney">Pat Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">Leonard Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">George McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">John Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Connell_(politician)" title="Martin O'Connell (politician)">Martin O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Olson" title="Bud Olson">Bud Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Gérard Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Perrault" title="Ray Perrault">Ray Perrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Reid" title="John Mercer Reid">John Mercer Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">James Armstrong Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9dard_Robichaud" title="Hédard Robichaud">Hédard Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Maurice Sauvé">Maurice Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanbury" title="Robert Stanbury">Robert Stanbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Teillet" title="Roger Teillet">Roger Teillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Whelan" title="Eugene Whelan">Eugene Whelan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Lester_B._Pearson_(1963–68)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pearson_Ministry" title="Template:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearson_Ministry" title="Template talk:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearson_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearson Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Lester_B._Pearson_(1963–68)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> (1963–68)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Moore_Benidickson" title="William Moore Benidickson">William Moore Benidickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Edgar Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Léo Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Lucien Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Lionel Chevrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Connolly" title="John Joseph Connolly">John Joseph Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Jean-Pierre Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azellus_Denis" title="Azellus Denis">Azellus Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Deschatelets" title="Jean-Paul Deschatelets">Jean-Paul Deschatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Charles Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Dupuis" title="Yvon Dupuis">Yvon Dupuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Guy Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garland_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Garland (Canadian politician)">Jack Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Walter L. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Granger_(politician)" title="Charles Granger (politician)">Charles Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greene_(Ontario_politician)" title="Joe Greene (Ontario politician)">Joe Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hays" title="Harry Hays">Harry Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Arthur Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">Judy LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Maurice Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Macdonald" title="William Ross Macdonald">William Ross Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">Allan MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">George McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Mackasey" title="Bryce Mackasey">Bryce Mackasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_MacNaught" title="John Watson MacNaught">John Watson MacNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Nicholson" title="John Robert Nicholson">John Robert Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Pennell" title="Lawrence Pennell">Lawrence Pennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Jack Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9dard_Robichaud" title="Hédard Robichaud">Hédard Robichaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Maurice Sauvé">Maurice Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Teillet" title="Roger Teillet">Roger Teillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Tremblay" title="René Tremblay">René Tremblay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Winters</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2000_Canadian_federal_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_2000A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 2000A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_2000A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 2000A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_2000A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 2000A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2000_Canadian_federal_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/36th_Canadian_Parliament" title="36th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/37th_Canadian_Parliament" title="37th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Canadian Action Party candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Canadian Alliance candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (de-registered, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_Figueroa" title="Miguel Figueroa">Miguel Figueroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_Russow" title="Joan Russow">Joan Russow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_(Canada)" title="Marijuana Party (Canada)">Marijuana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marc-Boris_St-Maurice" title="Marc-Boris St-Maurice">Marc-Boris St-Maurice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Marijuana Party candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (Sandra L. Smith, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a> (Neil Paterson, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Natural Law Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexa_McDonough" title="Alexa McDonough">Alexa McDonough</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li></ul> Bold indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 2000 Canadian federal election">Results overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding" title="Results of the 2000 Canadian federal election by riding">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election_by_student&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 2000 Canadian federal election by student (page does not exist)">Results by student</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who stood down at the 2000 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who stood down</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2000 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who lost their seat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2000 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endorsements_from_individuals_and_organizations_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endorsements from individuals and organizations in the 2000 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Other endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2000 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinion_polling_for_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election,_by_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling for the 2000 Canadian federal election, by constituency (page does not exist)">by constituency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Candidate_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Star Candidate in the 2000 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Star candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the 2000 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1997_Canadian_federal_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1997A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 1997A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_1997A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 1997A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1997A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 1997A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1997_Canadian_federal_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="35th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/36th_Canadian_Parliament" title="36th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Canadian Action Party candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (Ron Gray, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_Russow" title="Joan Russow">Joan Russow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a> (Neil Paterson, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Natural Law Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexa_McDonough" title="Alexa McDonough">Alexa McDonough</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Reform Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_(1963%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93)">Rhinoceros</a> (de-registered, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Rhinoceros_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent Rhinoceros candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li></ul> Bold indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 1997 Canadian federal election">Results overview</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 1997 Canadian federal election by riding (page does not exist)">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election_by_student&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 1997 Canadian federal election by student (page does not exist)">Results by student</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who stood down at the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who stood down</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who lost their seat in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who lost their seat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endorsements_from_individuals_and_organizations_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endorsements from individuals and organizations in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Other endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 1997 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election,_by_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling for the 1997 Canadian federal election, by constituency (page does not exist)">by constituency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Candidate_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Star Candidate in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Star candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1993_Canadian_federal_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1993A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 1993A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_1993A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 1993A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1993A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 1993A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1993_Canadian_federal_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/34th_Canadian_Parliament" title="34th Canadian Parliament">Progressive Conservative majority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="35th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada">Abolitionist</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Turmel" title="John Turmel">John Turmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Party" title="Canada Party">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thauberger" title="Joseph Thauberger">Joseph Thauberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Party_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Canada Party candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heather_Stilwell" title="Heather Stilwell">Heather Stilwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Canada" title="Party for the Commonwealth of Canada">Commonwealth</a> (Gilles Gervais, <a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Party for the Commonwealth of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chris_Lea" title="Chris Lea">Chris Lea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a> (Hilliard Cox, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Libertarian Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Canada" title="National Party of Canada">National</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="National Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a> (Neil Paterson, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Natural Law Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Audrey_McLaughlin" title="Audrey McLaughlin">Audrey McLaughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Reform Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li></ul> Bold indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Chr%C3%A9tien_attack_ad" title="1993 Chrétien attack ad">1993 Chrétien attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="List of MPs who stood down at the 1993 Canadian federal election">MPs who stood down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="List of MPs who lost their seat in the 1993 Canadian federal election">MPs who lost their seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election">Results overview</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election by riding (page does not exist)">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 1993 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_Liberal_Party" title="Prince Edward Island Liberal Party">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta</a> (1905–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BC_United" title="BC United">British Columbia</a> (1903–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party" title="Manitoba Liberal Party">Manitoba</a> (1870–WW1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal Party">North-West Territories</a> (1898–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Ontario</a> (1867–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec</a> (1867–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Liberal Party">Saskatchewan</a> (1905–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party" title="Yukon Liberal Party">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/50px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/75px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg/100px-Maple_leaf_--_Liberal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="325" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_elections" title="Liberal Party of Canada leadership elections">Leadership elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1919 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1948 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1958 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1968</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1980 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1980</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="2nd Canadian Ministry">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Ministry" title="8th Canadian Ministry">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Canadian_Ministry" title="12th Canadian Ministry">King I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Canadian_Ministry" title="14th Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Canadian_Ministry" title="16th Canadian Ministry">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Ministry" title="17th Canadian Ministry">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Ministry" title="20th Canadian Ministry">P. E. Trudeau I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Ministry" title="22nd Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="23rd Canadian Ministry">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Ministry" title="26th Canadian Ministry">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Ministry" title="27th Canadian Ministry">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada">Graham/Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Parliament of Canada">Dion/Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada">Rae/Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary election candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1867_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1867 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1878_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1878 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1887_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1887 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1891_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1891 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1896_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1896 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1900_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1900 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1904_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1904 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1908_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1908 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1911_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1911 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1917_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1917 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1921_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1921 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1925_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1925 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1926_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1926 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1930_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1930 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1935_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1935 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1940 Canadian federal election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1945 Canadian federal election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1949_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1949 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1957_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1957 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1958_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1958 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1962_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1962 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1963_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1963 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1965_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1965 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1968 Canadian federal election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1972_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1972 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1974 Canadian federal election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2021 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">Predecessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Liberal Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_canadien_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Institut canadien de Montréal">Institut canadien de Montréal</a> (1844–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a> (1848–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reformers</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_pre-confederation_Newfoundland" title="Liberal parties in pre-confederation Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protectionist" title="Liberal Protectionist">Liberal Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Progressive" title="Liberal-Progressive">Liberal-Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(Canada)" title="Liberal–Labour (Canada)">Liberal–Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_Liberals" title="Laurier Liberals">Laurier Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist" title="Liberal–Unionist">Liberal–Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Progressive">National Liberal Progressive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Canadian Newsmaker of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> <ul><li>1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott" title="Barbara Ann Scott">Barbara Ann Scott</a> <ul><li>1947</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> <ul><li>1948</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> <ul><li>1949</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1950–1953</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Bell" title="Marilyn Bell">Marilyn Bell</a> <ul><li>1954</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1955–1956</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1957–1960</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a> <ul><li>1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elliott_Coyne" title="James Elliott Coyne">James Coyne</a> <ul><li>1961</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a> <ul><li>1962</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1963–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rivard" title="Lucien Rivard">Lucien Rivard</a> <ul><li>1965</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1966</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1967</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1968–1975</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> <ul><li>1976–1977</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1978</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> <ul><li>1979</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a> <ul><li>1980–1981</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a> <ul><li>1982</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1983–1984</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fonyo" title="Steve Fonyo">Steve Fonyo</a> <ul><li>1985</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Hansen" title="Rick Hansen">Rick Hansen</a> <ul><li>1986–1987</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a> <ul><li>1988</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> <ul><li>1989</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Harper" title="Elijah Harper">Elijah Harper</a> <ul><li>1990</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1991</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord</a> <ul><li>1992</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> <ul><li>1993</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a> <ul><li>1994</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a> <ul><li>1995</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a> <ul><li>1996</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Kennedy" title="Sheldon Kennedy">Sheldon Kennedy</a> <ul><li>1997</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>1998</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a> <ul><li>2001</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>2002</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> <ul><li>2003–2004</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a> <ul><li>2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">The Canadian Soldier</a> <ul><li>2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a> <ul><li>2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> <ul><li>2008–2009</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Williams_(criminal)" title="Russell Williams (criminal)">Russell Williams</a> <ul><li>2010</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> <ul><li>2011</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">Luka Magnotta</a> <ul><li>2012</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a> <ul><li>2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Patrice Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa" title="2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa">Nathan Cirillo</a> <ul><li>2014</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2015</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_Downie" title="Gord Downie">Gord Downie</a> <ul><li>2016–2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Broncos" title="Humboldt Broncos">Humboldt Broncos</a> <ul><li>2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> <ul><li>2019</li></ul></li> <li>Front-line workers in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li>2020</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">Children lost in residential schools</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protesters</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> <ul><li>2023</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128543#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128543#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120992842">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14918782">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/369541/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcjDd3rgHQc33ffxVKVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119238497">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96008929">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334178w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334178w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p261803301">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O2633">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007449540605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119238497.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/120240246">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kp8gfn">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chrétien&oldid=1256695115">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chrétien&oldid=1256695115</a>"</div></div> <div 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