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Today this increase in the numbers of employed women recasts gender relations and the gender and social contract, with wage employment leading to new sources of mobility and social, economic, and political freedoms for women, but also to contestation over rights and security, and, in some cases, to declines in women's welfare. In this paper, I offer a window on the relationship between macroeconomic changes in the Bangladesh political economy, the meso-institutional changes created by policy reform, and changes in women's labor market relations. I highlight emergent relations of regulation as they create, organize, and control women's social behavior and normative practice. As I will suggest, the emergent gender division of wage employment in Bangladesh unsettles the causality presumed when changes in economic and cultural organization build on an already available pool of surplus labor that can straightforwardly lead to changes in women's behavior. Three themes animate this discussion. One theme emphasizes the contradictory effects that incorporation into export production has for women; they are simultaneously emancipatory and highly exploitative. Second, I note that neoliberal reforms articulate differently in particular places making it crucial to draw attention to how specific antecedent labor force practices, ideologies, and policies contribute to constructing a female labor force. Finally, I suggest that women are increasingly viewed as disposable and redundant even as their labor is becoming central to imaginings of family maintenance and sustainability.","publication_date":"2009,,","publication_name":"Journal of International Women's Studies","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"76769262"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Historicizing Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh: Gender, Generation, and New Regulatory Regimes","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [377357]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/64988364/Historicizing_Garment_Manufacturing_in_Bangladesh_Gender_Generation_and_New_Regulatory_Regimes" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="40244857" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40244857/Women_and_rural_industrialization_Garment_production_reaches_old_land_and_new_labor_in_Bangladesh">Women and rural industrialization: Garment production reaches old land and new labor in Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43997053" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RoslynSchoen">Roslyn Schoen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Women's Studies International Forum, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">After the collapse of the Rana Plaza garment factories in 2013, international attention turned toward the conditions of garment production in Bangladesh. 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Transnational production in its search for “cheap, docile, and dexterous” labor has led to the expansion of the Bangladeshi export-led garment industry, which in turn has resulted in the feminization of labor. While the increase in number of poor women workers entering the formal economy of Bangladesh may give the impression of empowerment, I argue that the disadvantages associated with employment in the garments sector creates a paradox of empowerment and dis-empowerment. Does economic opportunity inevitably lead to the empowerment of all women? 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Tracking (trans) national realities in Bangladeshi factories</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="785915" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/DinaSiddiqi">Dina M Siddiqi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic and Political Weekly, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Miracle worker or womanmachine? Tracking (trans) national realities in Bangladeshi factories","attachmentId":7951436,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1294651/Miracle_worker_or_womanmachine_Tracking_trans_national_realities_in_Bangladeshi_factories","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1294651/Miracle_worker_or_womanmachine_Tracking_trans_national_realities_in_Bangladeshi_factories"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="99944995" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99944995/Economic_Security_for_the_Working_Poor_Trade_Linked_Labor_Standards_Workers_Rights_and_the_Politics_of_Representation_of_Bangladeshs_Garment_Workers">Economic Security for the Working Poor? Trade-Linked Labor Standards, Workers' Rights, and the Politics of Representation of Bangladesh's Garment Workers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245825448" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JakirHossain340">Jakir Hossain</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Economic Security for the Working Poor? Trade-Linked Labor Standards, Workers' Rights, and the Politics of Representation of Bangladesh's Garment Workers","attachmentId":100899337,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99944995/Economic_Security_for_the_Working_Poor_Trade_Linked_Labor_Standards_Workers_Rights_and_the_Politics_of_Representation_of_Bangladeshs_Garment_Workers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99944995/Economic_Security_for_the_Working_Poor_Trade_Linked_Labor_Standards_Workers_Rights_and_the_Politics_of_Representation_of_Bangladeshs_Garment_Workers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="44611556" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44611556/How_Does_the_Labour_of_Women_Unveil_the_Coloniality_of_Power_An_Anthropological_Context_of_the_RMG_Readymade_Garments_Workers_of_Bangladesh">How Does the Labour of Women Unveil the Coloniality of Power? An Anthropological Context of the RMG (Readymade Garments) Workers of Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3867910" href="https://juniv.academia.edu/NishatParvez">Nishat Parvez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: A, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The readymade garments workers in Bangladesh are the most important persons in the economy of Bangladesh. Without their contribution, we have not got the status of a middle-income country. There is a distinct similarity between the garment's workers and slavery in terms of the long work hours, wage gap, and curbing human rights. This research is focused on the relation between power and labor in the garment factory. So, this paper is based on the theory of 'Coloniality of Power' by Anibal Quijano (2000). It is investigating how the labourers have become modern 'slaves', how they are being treated, and how their flesh and blood are used to bear the practice of colonialism. This paper concludes with some recommendations for stopping this practice. Abstract-The readymade garments workers in Bangladesh are the most important persons in the economy of Bangladesh. Without their contribution, we have not got the status of a middle-income country. There is a distinct similarity between the garment's workers and slavery in terms of the long work hours, wage gap, and curbing human rights. This research is focused on the relation between power and labor in the garment factory. So, this paper is based on the theory of 'Coloniality of Power' by Anibal Quijano (2000). It is investigating how the labourers have become modern 'slaves', how they are being treated, and how their flesh and blood are used to bear the practice of colonialism. This paper concludes with some recommendations for stopping this practice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How Does the Labour of Women Unveil the Coloniality of Power? An Anthropological Context of the RMG (Readymade Garments) Workers of Bangladesh","attachmentId":65076524,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44611556/How_Does_the_Labour_of_Women_Unveil_the_Coloniality_of_Power_An_Anthropological_Context_of_the_RMG_Readymade_Garments_Workers_of_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44611556/How_Does_the_Labour_of_Women_Unveil_the_Coloniality_of_Power_An_Anthropological_Context_of_the_RMG_Readymade_Garments_Workers_of_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4705849" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4705849/Globalization_gender_and_poverty_Bangladeshi_women_workers_in_export_and_local_markets">Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women workers in export and local markets</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1998231" href="https://lse.academia.edu/NailaKabeer">Naila Kabeer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of International Development, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women workers in export and local markets","attachmentId":49677080,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4705849/Globalization_gender_and_poverty_Bangladeshi_women_workers_in_export_and_local_markets","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4705849/Globalization_gender_and_poverty_Bangladeshi_women_workers_in_export_and_local_markets"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":76769262,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":76769262,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_76769262" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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