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<span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Key decisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_constitutional_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_constitutional_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2023 constitutional crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_constitutional_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Constitucional_de_Turquia" title="Tribunal Constitucional de Turquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunal Constitucional de Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassungsgericht_der_Republik_T%C3%BCrkei" title="Verfassungsgericht der Republik Türkei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassungsgericht der Republik Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Συνταγματικό Δικαστήριο της Τουρκίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνταγματικό Δικαστήριο της Τουρκίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Constitucional_(Turqu%C3%ADa)" title="Tribunal Constitucional (Turquía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tribunal Constitucional (Turquía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="دادگاه قانون اساسی ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادگاه قانون اساسی ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_constitutionnelle_(Turquie)" title="Cour constitutionnelle (Turquie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour constitutionnelle (Turquie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90%EC%86%8C" title="튀르키예 헌법재판소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예 헌법재판소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Konstitusi_Turki" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_costituzionale_della_Turchia" title="Corte costituzionale della Turchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corte costituzionale della Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94)" title="בית המשפט לחוקה (טורקיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית המשפט לחוקה (טורקיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85d_Konstytucyjny_(Turcja)" title="Sąd Konstytucyjny (Turcja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sąd Konstytucyjny (Turcja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti_Anayasa_Mahkemesi" title="Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ترکیہ کی آئینی عدالت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکیہ کی آئینی عدالت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="土耳其宪法法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其宪法法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="latitude">39°50′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°47′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.84500°N 32.79000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.84500; 32.79000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Constitutional Court</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Anayasa Mahkemesi</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitutional_Court_(Turkey)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Constitutional_Court_%28Turkey%29_logo.svg/180px-Constitutional_Court_%28Turkey%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Constitutional_Court_%28Turkey%29_logo.svg/270px-Constitutional_Court_%28Turkey%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Constitutional_Court_%28Turkey%29_logo.svg/360px-Constitutional_Court_%28Turkey%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/250px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/375px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/500px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Constitutional Court building in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="39.845" data-lon="32.79" data-overlays="["_32d1f5048786188595be9daa0d6b34ea33da51eb"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/39.845/32.79/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,39.845,32.79,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&revid=1254616082&groups=_32d1f5048786188595be9daa0d6b34ea33da51eb" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,39.845,32.79,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&revid=1254616082&groups=_32d1f5048786188595be9daa0d6b34ea33da51eb 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&params=39_50_42_N_32_47_24_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°50′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°47′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.84500°N 32.79000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.84500; 32.79000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">25 April 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Ahlatlıbel, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya,_Ankara_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya, Ankara (district)">Çankaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&params=39_50_42_N_32_47_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°50′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°47′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.84500°N 32.79000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.84500; 32.79000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">"Rights and freedoms are dignity and virtue of humanity"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition method</th><td class="infobox-data">Legislative/Executive appointment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data">12 years or until age 65</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/">www<wbr />.anayasa<wbr />.gov<wbr />.tr</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037815#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">President of the Constitutional Court</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kadir_%C3%96zkaya" title="Kadir Özkaya">Kadir Özkaya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lead position ends</th><td class="infobox-data">4 years (renewable)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Vice Presidents of the Constitutional Court</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basri_Ba%C4%9Fc%C4%B1" title="Basri Bağcı">Basri Bağcı</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_G%C3%B6kcan" title="Hasan Tahsin Gökcan">Hasan Tahsin Gökcan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lead position ends</th><td class="infobox-data">4 years (renewable)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitutional Court of Turkey</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>Anayasa Mahkemesi</i>, sometimes abbreviated as <i>AYM</i>) is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey. It "examines the constitutionality, in respect of both form and substance, of laws, decrees having the force of law, and the Rules of Procedure of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a>" (Article 148/1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkish Constitution</a>). If necessary, it also functions as the Supreme Criminal Court (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Yüce Divan</i>) to hear any cases raised about the President, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">Vice President</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a>, or judges of the high courts. In addition to those functions, it examines individual applications on the grounds that one of the fundamental rights and freedoms within the scope of the European Convention on Human Rights which are guaranteed by the Constitution has been violated by public authorities (Article 148/3 of the Turkish Constitution). </p><p>The Court is the seat of the Center for Training and Human Resources Development of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asian_Constitutional_Courts_and_Equivalent_Institutions" title="Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions">Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part Four, Section Two of the Constitution establishes the Constitutional Court that rules on the constitutionality of <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Presidential executive orders</a>. The Court rules on issues referred to it by the President, the members of Parliament, or any judge before whom an exception of unconstitutionality has been raised by a <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a>. The Constitutional Court has the right to both <i>a priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> review (respectively, before and after enactment), and it can invalidate whole laws or governmental decrees and prevent their application in future cases. Challenges to a law must be made within the first two months of its promulgation. The court decides over the parliamentary immunity of the members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and has the authority to ban political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Article 146 of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court is composed of fifteen members. </p><p>The President appoints: </p> <ul><li>three members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> among its own members,</li> <li>two members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Turkish Council of State</a> among its own members,</li> <li>three (at least two of whom being lawyers) members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Higher Education Council</a> among professors of law, economy or political sciences, who are themselves not members of the council, and</li> <li>four members among senior administrative officers, attorneys-at-law, judges, prosecutors, and <a href="/wiki/Rapporteur_Judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapporteur Judges">Rapporteur Judges</a> with at least five years of experience.</li></ul> <p>The Parliament appoints by secret ballot: </p> <ul><li>two members from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the Court of Accounts (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Sayıştay</i>) among its own members,</li> <li>one member from a list of three candidates for each vacant position nominated by the heads of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Bars_Association" title="Turkish Bars Association">bar associations</a> among attorneys-at-law.</li></ul> <p>A two-thirds majority is required in the first ballot; if this majority is not reached, the absolute majority of MP´s is required in the second ballot and. Failing this, a runoff election among the two candidates with the greatest number of votes will determine the winner. Ultimately, therefore, the dominant political force in parliament will decide by relative majority. </p><p>To qualify for appointments as a member of the Court, professors, senior administrative officers, and attorneys-at-law are required to be over the age of 40 and to have completed their higher education or to have served at least 15 years as teaching staff of institutions of higher education or to have actually worked at least 21 years in public service or to have practiced as a lawyer for at least 21 years. </p><p>The Constitutional Court elects a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Constitutional Court of Turkey">president</a> and vice presidents from among its regular members for a renewable term of four years by secret ballot and by an absolute majority of their members. The members of the Constitutional Court are not allowed to assume other official and private functions, apart from their main functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitutional Court consists of 15 members: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.906em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:gray; color:white;"># </th> <th style="background:gray; color:white;">Name </th> <th style="background:gray; color:white;">Rank </th> <th style="background:gray; color:white;">Date appointed </th> <th style="background:gray; color:white;">Term end </th> <th style="background:gray; color:white;">Selected by quota </th> <th style="background:gray; color:white;">Appointed by </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadir_%C3%96zkaya" title="Kadir Özkaya">Kadir Özkaya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of the Constitutional Court of Turkey">President</a></td> <td>18 December 2014</td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-4-17</span> 18 December 2026</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_G%C3%B6kcan" title="Hasan Tahsin Gökcan">Hasan Tahsin Gökcan</a></td> <td>Vice President</td> <td>17 March 2014</td> <td><span style="display:none">2026-3-17</span> 17 March 2026</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basri_Ba%C4%9Fc%C4%B1" title="Basri Bağcı">Basri Bağcı</a></td> <td>Vice President</td> <td>2 April 2020</td> <td><span style="display:none">2020-04-03</span> 2 April 2032</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Engin_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Engin Yıldırım">Engin Yıldırım</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>9 April 2010</td> <td><span style="display:none">2031-02-09</span> 9 February 2031</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Council of Higher Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhterem_%C4%B0nce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhterem İnce (page does not exist)">Muhterem İnce</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>6 October 2022</td> <td><span style="display:none">2022-10-06</span> 6 October 2034</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of Auditors</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">GNAT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenan_Ya%C5%9Far&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenan Yaşar (page does not exist)">Kenan Yaşar</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>31 January 2022</td> <td><span style="display:none">2022-10-13</span> 31 January 2034</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Bars_Association" title="Turkish Bars Association">President of Bar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">GNAT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1lmaz_Ak%C3%A7il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yılmaz Akçil (page does not exist)">Yılmaz Akçil</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>30 January 2024</td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-10-13</span> 16 August 2033</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metin_K%C4%B1ratl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metin Kıratlı (page does not exist)">Metin Kıratlı</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>18 July 2024</td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-5-12</span> 14 February 2034</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Executive</a> or Lawyer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%B1dvan_G%C3%BCle%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rıdvan Güleç (page does not exist)">Rıdvan Güleç</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>13 March 2015</td> <td><span style="display:none">2026-08-18</span> 13 March 2027</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of Auditors</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">GNAT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recai_Akyel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recai Akyel (page does not exist)">Recai Akyel</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>25 August 2016</td> <td><span style="display:none">2033-03-29</span> 25 August 2028</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Executive</a> or Lawyer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_%C5%9Eevki_Hakyemez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf Şevki Hakyemez (page does not exist)">Yusuf Şevki Hakyemez</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>25 August 2016</td> <td><span style="display:none">2028-08-25</span> 25 August 2028</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Council of Higher Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Seferino%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yıldız Seferinoğlu (page does not exist)">Yıldız Seferinoğlu</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>25 January 2019</td> <td><span style="display:none">2031-01-25</span> 25 January 2031</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Executive</a> or Lawyer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selahaddin_Mente%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selahaddin Menteş (page does not exist)">Selahaddin Menteş</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>5 July 2019</td> <td><span style="display:none">2031-07-05</span> 5 July 2031</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Executive</a> or Lawyer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96mer_%C3%87%C4%B1nar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ömer Çınar (page does not exist)">Ömer Çınar</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>20 April 2024</td> <td>20 April 2036</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Council of Higher Education</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0rfan_Fidan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İrfan Fidan (page does not exist)">İrfan Fidan</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>23 January 2021</td> <td>23 January 2033</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history of Turkey</a></div> <p>The Constitutional Court of Turkey was established on 25 April 1962, according to the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">constitution of 1961</a>. Prior to that date, absolute superiority of the parliament was adopted as a constitutional principle, with no <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>. There existed no legal institution to review the constitutionality of laws passed by the parliament, and of acts and actions of governments. The social democratic opposition, intellectuals, and the military junta that came into power by <a href="/wiki/Military_coup_in_Turkey,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup in Turkey, 1960">military coup</a> on 27 May 1960, supported limitation and control of the parliamentary power in the face of abuses of parliamentary majority by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Turkey,_historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)">Democratic Party</a> governments (1950–60) under the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice Party (Turkey)">Justice Party</a>, a descendant of the Democratic Party; as well as <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> have rejected the idea of judicial review, pushing for parliamentary superiority. </p><p>The first decision the court gave is dated 5 September 1962, which was published on the Official Gazette on 3 October 1962. It was about a direct petition by a certain İnaç Tureren for the annulment of an article of the Law of Criminal Procedure (<i>Ceza Muhakemeleri Usûlü Kanunu</i> - <i>CMUK</i>), which was claimed to be violating the provisions of Article 30 of the constitution. The court turned down the case, stating that individual application to the court was constitutionally impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first president of the court was <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCnuhi_Arsan" title="Sünuhi Arsan">Sünuhi Arsan</a>, who served for two years (1962–64). Following the second (Ömer Lütfi Akadlı - 1964–66) and the third (İbrahim Senil - 1966–68) presidents, the court failed to elect a president for 29 months (until 1970) during which it was headed by an acting president. </p><p>The articles of the constitution regulating the structure of the court were slightly amended in 1971 and 1973. </p><p>Although the constitution of 1961 was annulled by the military regime that came into the power with the <a href="/wiki/Military_coup_in_Turkey_(1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup in Turkey (1980)">military coup</a> of 12 September 1980, the court went on operating. It currently operates according to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">constitution of 1982</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_decisions">Key decisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Key decisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Decision no. 1989–12, dated 7 March 1989: The Court, in response to then president <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a>'s application for annulment of a law passed by parliament, ruled that wearing <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarves</a> in public universities violated the <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">separation of religion and state</a>.</li> <li>Decision no. 1994–2, dated 16 June 1994: The Court ruled to close the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">Democracy Party</a> (<i>Demokrasi Partisi</i> – DEP), a pro-Kurdish party, on the grounds that it violated the principle of territorial/national integrity and indivisibility.</li> <li>Decision no. 1998–1, dated 16 January 1998: The Court ruled to close the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a> (<i>Refah Partisi</i> – RP), an Islamist party, on the grounds that it was violating the principle of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.</li> <li>Decision no. 2001–2, dated 21 June 2001: The Court ruled to close the <a href="/wiki/Virtue_Party" title="Virtue Party">Virtue Party</a> (<i>Fazilet Partisi</i> – FP), the successor to the Welfare Party. The decision, however, stated that the Court did not consider the FP to be the continuation of the RP, but cited the Islamist policies followed by the party as the main reasons behind the closure.</li> <li>Decision no. 2001–332, dated 18 July 2001: The Court, in response to applications made by regular courts, ruled that some parts of the Amnesty Law passed by the parliament were unconstitutional, which resulted in a minor expansion in the scope of the proposed amnesty.</li> <li>Decision dated 2008/7/30: In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Justice_and_Development_Party_closure_trial" title="2008 Justice and Development Party closure trial">2008 Justice and Development Party closure trial</a>, the court ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> did not violate the separation of religion and state and did not close it, but noted that it had become "a center for anti-secular activities" and cut the state's funding of the party's activities by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decision dated 2009/12/11: The court decided to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party_closure_case" title="Democratic Society Party closure case">ban the Democratic Society Party</a> (DTP) for its links to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a> (PKK), considered a terrorist group. It argued the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">DTP</a> violated Articles 68 and 69 of the Constitution and the Political Parties Law.<sup id="cite_ref-closure_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-closure-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The party became a focal point for terrorism against the indivisible integrity of the state.", stated <a href="/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fim_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Haşim Kılıç">Haşim Kılıç</a>, president of the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-closure_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-closure-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decision dated 26 December 2019 lifting the <a href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">ban on Wikipedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_constitutional_crisis">2023 constitutional crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2023 constitutional crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Turkish_constitutional_crisis" title="2023–24 Turkish constitutional crisis">2023–24 Turkish constitutional crisis</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_Turkish_constitutional_crisis&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>On 8 November 2023 a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> unfolded in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> and the Constitutional Court when the Court of Cassation intervened to overturn a ruling by the Constitutional Court regarding the release of an imprisoned member of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can_Atalay" title="Can Atalay">Can Atalay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitutional Court had previously ordered the release of Atalay, asserting that his imprisonment infringed upon his rights to security, liberty, and the right to be elected. However the Court of Cassation annulled this decision, instructing lower courts not to abide by it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the appeals court called for a criminal investigation into the Constitutional Court members, alleging that their ruling constituted a violation of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">the constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The opposition parties and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Turkish_Bar_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Turkish Bar Associations">Union of Turkish Bar Associations</a> called this action a "judicial coup attempt". Additionally, certain executives<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="members of parliament? not executives? or former members of parliament? (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> within the ruling <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> criticised the Court of Cassation's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new leader of the main opposition <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a>, called the ruling "a coup attempt against the constitutional order." He further emphasized the significance of the situation, stating, "I called our parliamentary group to an extraordinary closed meeting on the latest developments in the judiciary. The developments cannot be underestimated or ignored. Beyond the crime of violating the Constitution, this is an attempt to oppose the constitutional order. It should be suppressed immediately."<sup id="cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial system of Turkey</a></li> <li>Constitution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule According to Higher Law">Rule According to Higher Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapporteur_Judge" title="Rapporteur Judge">Rapporteur Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asian_Constitutional_Courts_and_Equivalent_Institutions" title="Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions">Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDevereux1963" class="citation journal cs1">Devereux, Robert (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45348898">"Turkey's New Constitutional Court"</a>. <i>SAIS Review (1956-1989)</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0775">0036-0775</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45348898">45348898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAIS+Review+%281956-1989%29&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+New+Constitutional+Court&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45348898%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0036-0775&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45348898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Court+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2435/Constitution%2520of%2520Turkey.pdf">"The constitution of the Republic of Turkey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.byegm.gov.tr</i>. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.byegm.gov.tr&rft.atitle=The+constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.pages=5-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Ftravail%2Fdocs%2F2435%2FConstitution%252520of%252520Turkey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Court+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/eskisite/KARARLAR/IPTALITIRAZ/K1962/K1962-001.htm">Esas No : 1962/2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222627/http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/eskisite/KARARLAR/IPTALITIRAZ/K1962/K1962-001.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman" title="Today's Zaman">Today's Zaman</a>, 19 August 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://todayszaman.com/news-323934-ak-party-to-ask-for-retrial-by-constitutional-court.html">AK Party to ask for retrial by Constitutional Court </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130820065944/http://todayszaman.com/news-323934-ak-party-to-ask-for-retrial-by-constitutional-court.html">Archived</a> 20 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-closure-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-closure_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-closure_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=constitutional-court-votes-to-xx-turkey-pro-kurdish-part-2009-12-11">Turkey's Constitutional Court closes DTP</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214130228/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=constitutional-court-votes-to-xx-turkey-pro-kurdish-part-2009-12-11">Archived</a> 14 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verfassungsblog.de/why-the-turkish-constitutional-courts-wikipedia-decision-is-no-reason-to-celebrate/">Tecimer, Cem: "Why the Turkish Constitutional Court’s Wikipedia Decision is No Reason to Celebrate"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Verfassungsblog" title="Verfassungsblog">Verfassungsblog</a></i>, 20 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_reuters_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-top-appeals-court-files-complaint-against-constitutional-court-judges-2023-11-08/">"Turkey's top appeals court files complaint against constitutional court judges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 2023-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+top+appeals+court+files+complaint+against+constitutional+court+judges&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkeys-top-appeals-court-files-complaint-against-constitutional-court-judges-2023-11-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Court+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231108-turkey-s-two-top-courts-go-to-war-over-jailed-politician">"Turkey's two top courts go to war over jailed politician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>. 2023-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+two+top+courts+go+to+war+over+jailed+politician&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20231108-turkey-s-two-top-courts-go-to-war-over-jailed-politician&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Court+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023–24_Turkish_constitutional_crisis_duvar-63289_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/amp/top-turkish-appeals-court-files-criminal-complaint-against-constitutional-court-justices-regarding-mp-atalay-ruling-news-63289">"Top Turkish appeals court files criminal complaint against Constitutional Court justices regarding MP Atalay ruling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gazete_Duvar" title="Gazete Duvar">Gazete Duvar</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazete+Duvar&rft.atitle=Top+Turkish+appeals+court+files+criminal+complaint+against+Constitutional+Court+justices+regarding+MP+Atalay+ruling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duvarenglish.com%2Famp%2Ftop-turkish-appeals-court-files-criminal-complaint-against-constitutional-court-justices-regarding-mp-atalay-ruling-news-63289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Court+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArik1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arik, K. Fikret (2 July 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ridc_0035-3337_1962_num_14_2_13364">"La Cour constitutionnelle turque"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revue_internationale_de_droit_compar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revue internationale de droit comparé (page does not exist)">Revue internationale de droit comparé</a></i> (in French). <b>14</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e_(web_portal)" title="Persée (web portal)">Persée</a>: 401–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fridc.1962.13364">10.3406/ridc.1962.13364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+internationale+de+droit+compar%C3%A9&rft.atitle=La+Cour+constitutionnelle+turque&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=401-412&rft.date=1962-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fridc.1962.13364&rft.aulast=Arik&rft.aufirst=K.+Fikret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fridc_0035-3337_1962_num_14_2_13364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+Court+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silvia von Steinsdorff, Ece Göztepe, Maria Haimerl, and Felix Petersen. <i>The Constitutional Court of Turkey: Between Legal and Political Reasoning.</i> NOMOS (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783845288628/the-constitutional-court-of-turkey?hitid=01&l=en">doi.org/10.5771/9783845288628</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037815#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Judiciaries_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judiciaries of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial courts</a> <ul><li>Civil courts</li> <li>Criminal courts</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Administrative courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Court of Accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Military justice</a> <ul><li>Military courts</li> <li>Military Court of Cassation</li> <li>Military High Court of Administration</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Civilian justice</a> <ul><li>State Security Courts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal" title="Independence Tribunal">Independence Tribunal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/80px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions<br />and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCht%C3%BC_Arslan" title="Zühtü Arslan">Zühtü Arslan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Main Opposition Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Alliance" title="Charter of Alliance">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Kurdish rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Turkey" title="Child marriage in Turkey">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">Wikipedia ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Template:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Constitution of the Republic of Turkey</a>.</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Justice (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/100px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/150px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/200px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution of 1982">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of the Republic of Turkey">Legal system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of the Constitutional Court of Turkey">Presidents</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court of Accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of Accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Template:Presidents of the Constitutional Court 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCnuhi_Arsan" title="Sünuhi Arsan">Sünuhi Arsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_Akadl%C4%B1" title="Lütfi Akadlı">Lütfi Akadlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Senil" class="mw-redirect" title="İbrahim Senil">İbrahim Senil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C4%B1_Keteno%C4%9Flu" title="Hakkı Ketenoğlu">Hakkı Ketenoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhittin_Taylan" title="Muhittin Taylan">Muhittin Taylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kani_Vrana" title="Kani Vrana">Kani Vrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eevket_M%C3%BCft%C3%BCgil" title="Şevket Müftügil">Şevket Müftügil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Boyac%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Hamdi Boyacıoğlu">Ahmet Hamdi Boyacıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semih_%C3%96zmert" title="Semih Özmert">Semih Özmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Onar" title="Orhan Onar">Orhan Onar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Cuhruk" title="Mahmut Cuhruk">Mahmut Cuhruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_Dar%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Necdet Darıcıoğlu">Necdet Darıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekta_G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r_%C3%96zden" title="Yekta Güngör Özden">Yekta Güngör Özden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bumin" title="Mustafa Bumin">Mustafa Bumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BClay_Tu%C4%9Fcu" title="Tülay Tuğcu">Tülay Tuğcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fim_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Haşim Kılıç">Haşim Kılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCht%C3%BC_Arslan" title="Zühtü Arslan">Zühtü Arslan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of 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